ME F341 Prime Movers & Fluid

Machines
Chapter 1: Introduction &
Dimensional analysis
BITS Pilani Abhilash K. Tilak
K K Birla Goa Campus
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Introduction

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Prime Movers

I Any machine (or component of a machine) that converts

energy from a source energy into ’mechanical’ energy.
Source Prime Mechanical
Energy Mover energy

I Example: Steam turbine in power plants, Engine in

locomotives.

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Fluid Machines

Stored
Fluid Mechanical
energy
machine energy
in fluid

I Example:Turbines,Compressors,Pumps,Fans etc.
Hydraulic machines?
I Fluid machines using liquid mainly water.

I Example: Hydraulic turbines,pumps

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Turbomachines
I The word turbo is of Latin origin and implies that which spins
or whirls around.
I An important class of fluid machine has, as its characteristic,
the transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid
and an element rotating about a fixed axis.
I Turbomachines are subset of Hydraulic machines.
I Example: Pumps,compressors,fans and turbines.
I Two categories: 1) Power producing 2) Power absorbing

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Classification of Fluid machines

Classification of Fluid machines

Direction of Principle of Direction of fluid

Type of fluid
energy transfer operation path in the rotor

Power Power Dynamic Static Radial Axial

Liquid Gas
absorbing producing action action Flow Flow

−Hydraulic −Air/Gas −Roto− −Positive

−Pumps
−Turbines Turbines Turbines dynamic displacement
−Compressors
−Pumps −Compressors machines machines

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Positive Displacement Machines
& Turbomachines
Positive Displacement Turbomachine
Action
1. Static 1. Dynamic
2. Volume of fluid changes 2. Pressure and momentum
of fluid changes

Operation
1. Reciprocating motion. Ex: 1. Pure rotary motion of
Reciprocating Pump & mechanical element.
2. Rotary motion. Ex: Gear
Pump

Mechanical
features 1. Low speed machine 1. High rotational speed
2. Relatively complex in 2. Relatively simple in design
design

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Continued.....

Efficiency
of energy 1. Higher than 1. Relatively Lower
conversion Turbomachine

Volumetric
efficiency 1. Well below that of 1. Higher value
Turbomachine 2. High fluid handling
2. Low fluid handling capacity
capacity

Examples

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Views used in turbomachinery

I Cascade view: The rotary motion in the 3D model becomes

2D linear motion in cascade view.

I Meridional view: It is much straightforward than cascade

view.
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Relative & Absolute motion

I For a stationary observer, the fluid particle on the rotating

frame at arbitrary time ’t’ has a position vector ~r & a relative
velocity V~r . In addition, it is subjected to an inherent rotation
of the frame causing the fluid particle to rotate with the
~ × ~r
velocity ω
I Observer located outside the rotating frame observes the
~ = V~r + (~
velocity as: V ω × ~r )
~ = V~r + U
V ~

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Relative & Absolute motion

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 Dimensional analysis

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Need of Dimensional analysis

I To study the performance characteristics of turbomachines, a

large number of variables are involved. Use of dimensional anal-
ysis reduces the variables to a number of manageable dimen-
sional groups.
I Dimensional analysis applied to turbomachines has two more
important uses:
1. Prediction of prototype‘s performance from tests conducted on
a scale model.
2. Determination of the most suitable type of machine, on the basis
of maximum efficiency, for a specified range of head, speed, and
flow rate.

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Buckingham‘s π-Theorem

"If there are n variables (independent and dependent variables) in a

physical phenomenon and if these variables contain m fundamental
dimensions (M,L,T), then the variables are arranged into (n-m)
dimensionless terms. Each term is called π term."
Step by Step Procedure
1. Write the functional relation and compute number of π terms
involved by using (n-m).
2. Choose the repeating variables as per the guide listed in next
slide.
3. List the π terms in equation form with powers.
4. Solve the π terms based on dimensional homogeneity basis.
5. Express the π terms in function relation form.

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Continued.....

Repeating Variables
1. The number of repeating variables is equal to number of
fundamental dimensions of the problem.
2. As far as possible, the dependent variable should not be
selected as repeating variable.
3. The repeating variables should be chosen in such a way:
Geometric property: l, d, H, etc.
Flow property: V, Acceleration, etc.
Fluid property: µ, ρ, etc.
4. The repeating variables selected should not form a
dimensionless group.
5. No two repeating variables should have the same dimensions.

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Problem 1.

The resistance force R of a supersonic plane during flight can be

considered as dependent upon the length of aircraft l, velocity V,
air viscosity µ, air density ρ and bulk modulus of air K. Express the
functional relationship between these variables and the resisting
force.
I Among V and g, V is taken as repeating variable.
I Among ρ, µ, σ and K , ρ is taken as repeating variable,
since µ, σ and K may not be desirable in all π terms.

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Problem 2.

Using Buckingham‘s π-Theorem, show that the discharge Q

consumed by
" an oil ring is given
# by:
µ σ w
Q = Nd 3 φ ρNd 2 , ρN 2 d 3 , ρN 2 d

where d is the internal diameter of the ring, N is rotational speed,

ρ is density, µ is viscosity, σ is surface tension and w is specific
weight of oil.

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Dimensionless quantities in
turbomachines

Performance of a turbomachine depends on the following variables:

Discharge (Q), Speed (N), Rotor diameter (D), Energy per unit
mass flow (gH), Power (P), Density of fluid (ρ), Dynamic viscosity
of fluid (µ).

f (Q, N , D, gH , P, ρ, µ) = 0

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Significance of π terms

π1 Specific capacity or Capacity coefficient

Q
π1 = ND 3

I It signifies the volume flow rate of fluid through a

turbomachine of unit diameter of runner operating at unit
speed.
I Specific capacity is constant for similar rotors.
I For fan or pump of certain diameter running at various
speeds, the discharge is proportional to the speed. Also known
as ’First Fan Law’

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Continued.....

π2 Specific head or Head coefficient

gH
π2 = N 2 D2

I It signifies the ratio of the fluid potential energy and the fluid
kinetic energy while moving at speed, u (rotational speed of
the wheel).
I (Representative) K.E. of fluid/ K.E. of fluid moving at
rotor-tip speed.
I Specific head is constant for similar rotors.
I For a machine of specified diameter, the head varies directly
as the square of the speed. Also known as ’Second Fan Law’

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Continued.....

π3 Specific power or Power coefficient

P
π3 = ρN 3 D 5

I It represents the relationship between the power, fluid density,

wheel speed and diameter.
I For a given machine, the power is directly proportional to the
cube of the speed of the runner or rotor. Also known as
’Third Fan Law’

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Specific Speed Ns

I A dimensionless term of extremely great importance in incom-

pressible flow devices is obtained by manipulating the discharge
and head-coefficients to eliminate the characteristic dimension
D.
I A parameter involving N , P and H but not D is obtained by
dividing (π3 )1/2 by (π2 )5/4 . Let this parameter be designated
by KsT .
(P/ρN 3 D 5 )1/2 NP 1/2
KsT = (gH /N 2 D 2 )5/4
= ρ1/2 ·(gH )5/4
I Similarly, a parameter involving N , Q and H but not D is
obtained by dividing (π1 )1/2 by (π2 )3/4 . Let this parameter be
designated by KsP .
(Q/ND 3 )1/2 NQ 1/2
KsP = (gH /N 2 D 2 )3/4
= (gH )3/4

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Continued.....

I The machines of particular homologous series, that is, of a par-

ticular shape, correspond to a particular value of Ks for their
maximum efficient operation. Machines of different shapes
have, in general, different values of Ks (KsT or KsP ), hence
also refered as Shape factor of the machines.
I Considering the fluids used by the machines to be incompress-
ible, (for hydraulic turbines and pumps), and since the accel-
eration due to gravity dose not vary under this situation, the
terms g, ρ are taken out from the expression of KsT and KsP .
I The portion left is termed as Specific Speed (Ns ) of Pumps
and Turbines.

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Continued.....

Specific√Speed (Ns ) of Turbine.

N P
Ns = (H )5/4
where, N is rotational speed in r.p.m, P is power in kW and H
is Head in meters.
I For a turbine, Specific Speed (Ns ) is the speed of a member of
the same homologous series as the actual turbine, so reduced
in size as to generate unit power (1 kW) under a unit head (1
m) of the fluid.
I It plays an important role in selecting the type of turbine. The
performance of turbine can be predicted through it.

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Continued.....

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Continued.....

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Continued.....

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Continued.....

Specific√Speed (Ns ) of Pump.

N Q
Ns = (H )3/4
where, N is rotational speed in r.p.m, Q is discharge in m 3 /s
and H is Head in meters.
I For a Pump, Specific Speed (Ns ) is speed of a hypothetical
pump with reduced size but representing a homologous series
so that it delivers unit flow rate (1 m 3 /s) at a unit head (1 m).
I It plays an important role in selecting the type of Pump. The
performance of Pump can be predicted through it.

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Continued.....

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Continued.....

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Problem 3.

A turbine operates under a head of 30 m at 300 r.p.m. The discharge

is 10 m 3 /s and power generated is 2648.7 kW. Determine the specific
speed and type of turbine.
Solution: Ns =219.9

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Problem 4.

Water is to be pumped out of a deep well under a total head of 156

m. There are a number of identical pumps of design speed of 1000
r.p.m and a specific speed of 20 with rated capacity of 0.15 m 3 /s.
Find the number of pumps required.
Solution: 3 Pumps

find Hm from Ns then Ns=NQ^(1/

2)/H^(3//2)
NO of pump = H/Hm

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Model Testing & Similitude

I For predicting the performance of turbomachines, before actu-

ally constructing or manufacturing, models are made and tests
are performed on them to obtain desired information.
I Model is small scale replica of the actual machine. While, The
actual machine is called a Prototype. The study of models of
actual machines is known as Model analysis.
I Similitude is defined as the similarity between the model and
its prototype in every respect.
I Three types of similarities must exist:
1. Geometric Similarity
2. Kinematic Similarity
3. Dynamic Similarity

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Continued.....
1. Geometric Similarity
I The ratio of all corresponding linear dimension in the model
and prototype are equal.
Lp bp Dp
Lm = bm = Dm = Lr
where, Lr is called the Scale Ratio.
A
Ap 2
Am = Lr ,
A p
= Lr 3
m

2. Kinematic Similarity
I It means similarity of motion between model & prototype.
I It is said to exist between the model & prototype, if the ratios
of the velocity and acceleration at the corresponding points in
the model and at the corresponding points in the prototype are
the same.
For Kinematic similarity, we must have:
VP1 VP2
Vm1 = Vm2 = Vr
where Vr is the velocity ratio

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Continued.....

aP1 a
am1 = amP2 = ar
2
where ar is the acceleration ratio
I Since velocity and acceleration are vector quantities, hence not
only the ratio of magnitude of velocity and acceleration at the
corresponding points in the model & prototype should be same;
but the directions of velocity and accelerations at the corre-
sponding points in the model and prototype also should be par-
allel.
3. Dynamic Similarity
I It means similarity of forces between model & prototype.
I It is said to exist between the model & prototype, if the ratios
of the corresponding forces acting at the corresponding points
are equal. Also the directions of the corresponding forces at
the corresponding points should be same.

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Continued.....

(Fi )P (Fv )P
(Fi )m = (Fv )m = − − − = Fr

Prototype and Model Efficiency

ηm = ηp (Similiarity Laws are satisfied)
Types of forces acting in moving fluid
1. Inertia, Fi
2. Viscous, Fv
3. Gravity, Fg
4. Pressure, Fp
5. Surface Tension, Fs
6. Elastic force, Fe

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Non-dimensional numbers
& Model Laws

Reynolds number !
Fi ρL2 V 2 ρVL
Re = Fv = µVL = µ

(Re)m = (Re)p → Reynolds model Law

Froude number
q q 2
Fr = FFgi = ρAV √V
ρALg = Lg
(Fr )m = (Fr )p → Froude model Law
Euler number
q q
Fi ρAV 2
Eu = FP = p×A = √V
p/ρ
(Eu )m = (Eu )p → Euler model Law

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Continued.....

Weber number
q q
Fi ρAV 2
We = Fs = σ×L = √V
σ/ρL
(We )m = (We )p → Weber model Law
Mach number
q q
Fi ρAV 2
Ma = Fe = K ×L2 = √V
K /ρ
(Ma)m = (Ma)p → Mach model Law

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Problem 5.

A radial flow hydraulic turbine produces 32 kW under a head of 16

m and running at 100 rpm. A geometrically similar model producing
42 kW and a head of 6 m is to be tested under geometrically similar
conditions. If the model efficiency is assumed to be 92%, find the
diameter ratio between the model and prototype, the volume flow
rate through the model, and speed of the model.
Solution: a) 0.058 b) 0.776 m 3 /s c) 1059 r.p.m

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Problem 6.

1
The pressure drop in an aeroplane model of size 10 of its prototype
2
is 80 N /cm . The model is tested in water. Find the corresponding
pressure drop in the prototype. Take density of air = 1.24 kg/m 3 .
The viscosity of water is 0.01 poise while the viscosity of air is
0.00018 poise.
Solution: 0.01306 N /cm 2

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 Impact of Jets

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Impact of Jets & its relevance

I A stream of fluid emerging from a nozzle having high velocity

and possessing kinetic energy is known as Jet.
I If some plate, which may be fixed or moving, is placed in the
path of the jet, a force is exerted by the jet on the plate.
I This force is obtained from Newton‘s second law of motion or
from Impulse-Momentum equation.
I Knowledge of Jets is important to understand force interaction
and energy transfer in turbomachines.

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Impact of Jets-Cases

Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate when:

1. Plate is vertical to the jet
2. Plate is inclined to the jet
3. Plate is curved - Important for Turbomachinery
Force exerted by the jet on a moving plate when:
1. Plate is vertical to the jet
2. Plate is inclined to the jet
3. Plate is curved - Important for Turbomachinery

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 Stationary Vertical Plate

Force exerted by the jet on the

plate in the direction of jet,
Fx = Rate of change of
momentum in the direction of
force

Fx = mass flow rate × (Initial velocity - Final velocity)

Fx = ρaV × [V − 0]
Fx = ρaV 2

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 Stationary Inclined Plate

Force exerted by the jet on the

plate in the direction normal to
the plate,
Fn = mass of jet striking per
second × (Initial velocity of jet
before striking in the direction of
n - Final velocity of jet after
striking in the direction of n)
Fn = ρaV × [V sin θ − 0] = ρaV 2 sin θ
Two components: One in the direction of jet, other perpendicular
to the direction of flow
Fx = Fn cos(90◦ − θ) = Fn sin θ = ρaV 2 sin2 θ
Fy = Fn sin(90◦ − θ) = Fn cos θ = ρaV 2 sin θ cos θ

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 Stationary Curved Plate

Jet strikes the curved plate at the center

Force exerted by the jet on the

plate in the direction of jet,
Fx = Mass per sec ×[V1x − V2x ]
Fx = ρaV 2 (1 + cos θ)
Fy = Mass per sec ×[V1y − V2y ]
Fy = −ρaV 2 sin θ

-ve sign means force is acting in the downward direction.

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 Continued.....

Jet strikes the curved plate at one end tangentially when the
plate is symmetrical

Force exerted by the jet on the

plate in the direction of jet,
Fx = Mass per sec ×[V1x − V2x ]
Fx = 2ρaV 2 cos θ
Fy = Mass per sec ×[V1y − V2y ]
Fy = 0

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 Continued.....

Jet strikes the curved plate at one end tangentially when the
plate is unsymmetrical

Force exerted by the jet on the

plate in the direction of jet,
Fx = Mass per sec ×[V1x − V2x ]
Fx = ρaV 2 [cos θ + cos φ]
Fy = Mass per sec ×[V1y − V2y ]
Fy = ρaV 2 [sin θ − sin φ]

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 Moving Vertical Plate

Relative velocity of jet w.r.t plate

= V −u
Mass of water striking/ sec on
the plate = ρa(V − u)
Force exerted by jet on the
moving plate in the direction of
jet

Fx = mass of water striking/sec × (Initial velocity - Final velocity)

Fx = ρa(V − u) × [(V − u) − 0]
Fx = ρa(V − u)2
Work done per second by the jet on the plate =
Fx × u = ρa(V − u)2 u

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 Moving Inclined Plate

Force exerted by the jet on the

plate in the direction normal to
the plate,

Fn = ρa(V − u) × [(V − u) sin θ − 0] = ρa(V − u)2 sin θ

Fx = Fn cos(90◦ − θ) = Fn sin θ = ρa(V − u)2 sin2 θ
Fy = Fn sin(90◦ − θ) = Fn cos θ = ρa(V − u)2 sin θ cos θ
Work done per second by the jet on the plate =
Fx × u = ρa(V − u)2 u sin2 θ
Output of jet/sec
Efficiency of the jet (η) = Input of the jet/sec

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 Moving Curved Plate

Force exerted by the jet on the

plate in the direction of the jet,
Fx = ρa(V − u)2 (1 + cos θ)
Work done by the jet on the
plate per sec =
Fx ×u = ρa(V −u)2 ×u(1+cos θ)

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 Problem 7.

a) A stationary vane having an inlet angle of zero degree and an

outlet angle of 25◦ , receives water at a velocity of 50 m/s. Determine
the components of force acting on it in the direction of jet velocity
and normal to it. Also find the resultant force in magnitude and
direction per unit weight of flow.
b) If the vane is moving with a velocity
of 20 m/s in the direction of jet,
calculate the force components in the
direction of the vane velocity and across
it, also the resultant force in magnitude
and direction. Calculate the work done
and power developed per unit weight of
the flow.

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 Problem 8.

A jet of water of diameter 50

mm moving with a velocity of 25
m/s impinges on a fixed curved
plate tangentially at one end at
an angle of 30◦ to the horizontal.
Calculate the resultant force of
the jet on the plate if the jet is
deflected through an angle of
50◦ .

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Moving Curved Plate

Force exerted by a jet of water on an unsymmetrical moving

curved plate when jet strikes tangentially at one of the tip

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Continued.....

Force exerted by the jet in the direction of motion,

Fx = ρaVr1 [Vw1 ± Vw2 ]
Work done per second on the vane by the jet =
Fx × u = ρaVr1 [Vw1 ± Vw2 ] × u
Work done per sec per unit weight of fluid striking per second =
1
g [Vw1 ± Vw2 ] × u
ρaVr1 [Vw1 ±Vw2 ]×u
Efficiency of Jet, ηjet = 1
(ρaV1 )×V1 2
2

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 Problem 9.

A jet of water having a velocity of 20

m/s strikes a curved vane, which is
moving with a velocity of 10 m/s. The
jet makes an angle of 20◦ with the
direction of motion of vane at inlet and
leaves at an angle of 130◦ to the
direction of motion of vane at outlet.
Calculate:
1. Vane angles, so that the water
enters and leaves the vane without
shock.
2. Work done per sec per unit weight
of water striking the vane per sec.
Solution: 1) θ = 37.875◦ , φ = 6.56◦ 2) 20.24 Nm/N

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 Problem 10.

A jet of water having a velocity of 40

m/s strikes a curved vane, which is
moving with a velocity of 20 m/s. The
jet makes an angle of 30◦ with the
direction of motion of vane at inlet and
leaves at an angle of 90◦ to the direction
of motion of vane at outlet. Determine
the vane angles at inlet and outlet so
that water enters and leaves the vane
without shock.

Solution: θ = 53.79◦ , φ = 36.18◦

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 Problem 11.

A jet of water of diameter 50 mm,

having a velocity of 20 m/s strikes a
curved vane which is moving with a
velocity of 10 m/s in the direction of
the jet. The jet leaves the vane at an
angle of 60◦ to the direction of motion
of vane at outlet. Determine:
1. The force exerted by the jet on the
vane in the direction of motion.
2. Work done per sec by the jet.
Solution: 1) 294.45 N 2)2944.5 W

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Force exerted by a jet of water
on a series of vanes

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Continued.....

The force exerted by the jet in the direction of motion of plate,

Fx = ρaV [V − u]
Work done by the jet on the series of plates per sec =
Fx × u = ρaV [V − u] × u
2u[V −u]
Efficiency = V2

For a given jet velocity V , the efficiency will be maximum when

dη V
du = 0 → u = 2
ηmax = 50%

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Force exerted on a series of
Radial curved vanes

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Continued.....

u1 = ωR1 , u2 = ωR2
The mass of water striking per second for a series of vanes = Mass
of water coming out from nozzle per second = ρaV1
Torque exerted by the water on the wheel, T = Rate of change of
angular momentum = ρaV1 [Vw1 × R1 + Vw2 × R2 ]
Work done per second on the wheel =
T × ω = ρaV1 [Vw1 × u1 ± Vw2 × u2 ]
2[Vw1 ×u1 ±Vw2 ×u2 ]
Efficiency, η = V1 2
→ For maximum efficiency, the angle φ should be minimum.

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 Problem 12.

A jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/s

strikes a series of radial curved vanes mounted
on a wheel which is rotating at 200 r.p.m. The
jet makes an angle of 20◦ with the tangent to
the wheel at inlet and leaves the wheel with a
velocity of 5 m/s at an angle of 130◦ to the
tangent to the wheel at outlet. Water is
flowing from outward in a radial direction. The
outer and inner radii of the wheel are 0.5 m
and 0.25 m respectively. Determine:
1. Vane angles at inlet & outlet
2. Work done per unit weight of water/s
3. Efficiency of the wheel

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 Basic equation of Energy Transfer

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Rotodynamic Machines

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Rotodynamic Machines
I Consists of a rotor with number of blades.
I Always exists a relative motion between rotor vanes and the
fluid.
I The fluid has a component of velocity and hence of
momentum in a direction tangential to the rotor. While
flowing through rotor,tangential velocity and hence the
momentum changes.
I The rate at which this tangential momentum changes
corresponds to a tangential force on the rotor.
I In a turbine, the tangential momentum of the fluid is reduced
and therefore work is done by the fluid to the moving rotor.
I In case of pumps & compressors there is an increase in the
tangential momentum of the fluid and therefore work is
absorbed by the fluid from the moving rotor.

Abhilash K. Tilak Department of Mechanical Engineering January 9, 2020 66 / 72

Basic equation of energy transfer

I From moment of momentum theorem: Torque (T ) exerted by

the rotor on the moving fluid is given by:

T = m(Vw2 r2 − Vw1 r1 )

I The rate of energy transfer to the fluid is given by:

E = T ω = mω(Vw2 r2 − Vw1 r1 ) = m(Vw2 U2 − Vw1 U1 )

I This is known as Euler‘s equation in relation to fluid machines.

I In terms of Head gained ’H’ by the fluid as:
Vw2 U2 − Vw1 U1
H =
g

Abhilash K. Tilak Department of Mechanical Engineering January 9, 2020 67 / 72

Components of energy transfer

Abhilash K. Tilak Department of Mechanical Engineering January 9, 2020 68 / 72

Components of energy transfer

From inlet velocity triangle:

Vr1 2 = V1 2 + U1 2 − 2U1 V1 cos α1 = V1 2 + U1 2 − 2U1 Vw1
U1 Vw1 = 12 (V1 2 + U1 2 − Vr1 2 )
From outlet velocity triangle:
Vr2 2 = V2 2 + U2 2 − 2U2 V2 cos α2 = V2 2 + U2 2 − 2U2 Vw2
U2 Vw2 = 12 V2 2 + U2 2 − Vr2 2
H = g1 (Vw2 U2 − Vw1 U1 )
2
H = 1
2g [(V1 − V2 2 ) + (U1 2 − U2 2 ) + (Vr2 2 − Vr1 2 )]
I This is very important form of Euler‘s equation.
I Three distinct components throw light on the nature of
energy transfer.

Abhilash K. Tilak Department of Mechanical Engineering January 9, 2020 69 / 72

Impulse & Reaction machines
Change in static head in the rotor
Degree of Reaction = Change in total head
1
[(U1 2 −U2 2 )+(Vr
2 1
2
−Vr 2
)]
R = 2g H
Impulse machines: R = 0, Reaction machines: 0 < R <1

Abhilash K. Tilak Department of Mechanical Engineering January 9, 2020 70 / 72

Efficiencies of fluid machines

Useful energy delivered

η= Energy supplied
Two types:
1. Hydraulic efficiency (ηh )
2. Overall efficiency (ηo )

Abhilash K. Tilak Department of Mechanical Engineering January 9, 2020 71 / 72

 THANK YOU

Abhilash K. Tilak Department of Mechanical Engineering January 9, 2020 72 / 72