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Format for References, Citations and Quotations The following discussions are based from the American Psychological Association (APA) format1. 1.0 Handling Quotations in your Text When using APA format, the author-date method of citation is being followed. This means that the authors last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear in the reference/bibliography list. Examples: Smith (1970) compared reaction times In a recent study of reaction times (Smith, 1970), 2 In 1970, Smith compared reaction times 2.0 Short Quotations To indicate short quotations (fewer than 40 words) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the text, and include a complete reference in the reference list. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are part of the quotation but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of the text. Examples: She stated, The placebo affect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner: (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.* According to Miele (1993), the placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner (p. 276). Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect disappeared in this case (p. 276), but what will the next step in researching this issue be? 3.0 Long Quotations Place quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five
1 2

From the book entitled The publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (4th Edition) Highly recommended

spaces from paragraph double spacing consistent all come after Example:

the left margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain throughout. If you choose to use single spacing, then it has to be throughout the document/essay. The parenthetical citation should closing punctuation mark.

Mieles 1993 study found the following: The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies conducted by the same group of researchers at the hospital were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276) 4.0 Reference List The reference list should appear at the end of your essay/document. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the essay. The reference list is arranged alphabetically regardless of its sources. Each source you cite in the essay must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. Basic Rules: Authors names are inverted (last name first); give last name and initials for all author of a particular work. Your reference list should be alphabetized by authors last names. If you have more than one work by a particular author , order them by publication date, oldest to newest (thus a 1991 article would appear before a 1996 article. When an author appears as a sole author and as the first author of the group, list the oneauthor entries first. If no author is given for a particular source, alphabetized by the title of the piece and use a shortened version of the title for parenthetical citations. Use & instead of and when listing multiple authors of a single work. The first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented onehalf inch from the left margin. Subsequent lines must be flush with the left margin. All references should be double-spaced. Capitalized only the first word of the title or subtitle of the work. Underline titles of books and journals. Note that the underlining of these entries often continues beneath commas and periods. Each entry is separated from the next by a double space (thus the entire reference list is double spaced, with no extra returns added).

5.0 Basic Forms for Sources in Prints 5.1 An article in a periodical (such as a journal, newspaper, or magazine) Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of publication, add month and of publication for daily, weekly, or monthly publications). Title of Article. Title of periodical, Volume Number, pages. N.B. You need list only the volume number if the periodical uses continuous pagination throughout a particular volume. If each issue begins with page 1, then you should list the issue number as well: Title of Periodical, Volume (Issue), pages. 5.2 A non-periodical (such as a book, report, brochure, or audiovisual media) Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of Work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. N.B. For Location, you should always list the city, but you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state. 5.3 Part of a non-periodical (such as a book chapter or an article in a collection) Author, A. A., & Author B. B. (Year of Publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds), Title of Book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher. N.B. when you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title. Use pp. before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references. 6.0 Basic Forms of Electronic Sources 6.1 A web page Author, A. A. (Date of Publication or Revision). Title of full work [online]. Available: full web address (Date of Access). N.B. Date of Access should indicate the date you visited the website. This is important because online information is frequently altered. A web page Daly, B. (1997) Writing augmented essays. [online]. Available: http://www.eslplanet.com/teachertools/argueweb/frntpage.htm (May 12, 1998) 6.2 An online journal or magazine Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of Publication). Title of article. In Title of full work [online]. Available: full web address (Date of access).

Examples: Journal article, one author Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychological journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893896. Journal article, more than one author Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). Theres more to self esteem then whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204. Work discussed in a secondary source Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608. N.B. give the secondary source in the reference list; in the text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClellands work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation: Seidenberg and McClellands study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) Magazine article, one author Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in todays schools. Time, 135, 28-31. Book Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. An article or chapter of a book ONeil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Mens and womens gender rolle journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer. A government publication National Institute for Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in various mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. A book or article with no author or editor named Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

N.B. For parenthetical citation of sources with no author named, use a short-end version of the title instead of an authors name. Use quotation marks and underlining as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the two sources above would appear as follows: (MerriamWebsters, 1993) and (New Drug, 1993) A translated work and/or a republished work Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Trucott & F. L. Emory, Trans.) New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814) A review of a book, film, television program, etc. Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467 An entry in an encyclopedia Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britanica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago. Encyclopedia Britanica. An online journal article Kenneth, I. (1995). A buddhist response to the nature of human rights. [9 pars.] Journal of Buddheist Ethics [online serial], 2. Available: htt://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html. (June 15, 1998) 6.3 Email Because email is a personal communication, not easily retrieved by the general public, no entry appears in your reference lists. When you cite an email message in the body of your paper, acknowledge it in your parenthetical citation: The novelist has repeated this idea recently (Salman Rushdie, eamil to author, May 1, 1995). Example: The Publication Manual of the APA provides extensive examples covering a wide variety of potential sources. Below are some of the most commonly cited kinds of sources. If your particular source is not listed below, use the basic forms (above) to determine the correct format, check the Publication Manual, or call or email the Writing Lab for help at (765) 494-3723 or [email protected] (Many of these examples are taken from the publication manual) 7.0 A Note on Footnotes and Endnotes Because long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, most academic style guidelines (including APA) recommend limited use of footnotes/endnotes. An exception is Chicago-style documentation, which relies on notes for all citations as well as explanatory notes. But even in that case, extensive discursive notes are discouraged. Proper use of notes would include: 1. Evaluative bibliographic comments, for example: 1 See Blackmur (1995), especially chapters three and four, for an insightful analysis of this trend.

On the problems related to repressed memory recovery, see Wollens (1989) pp. 120-135; for a contrasting view, see Pyle (1992). 2. Occasional explanatory notes or other brief additional information that would seem digressive if included in the main text but might be interesting to readers, for example: 3 In a recent interview, she reiterated this point even more strongly: I am an artist, not a politician! (Weller, 1998, p. 124) Footnotes in APA format are indicated by consecutive superscript arabic numbers in the text. The notes themselves are listed by consecutive Arabic numbers and appeared double-spaced in regular paragraph format (a new paragraph for each note) on a separate page under the word Footnotes (centered, in plain text without quotation marks).