INTELLIGENT BIRDS SCARCER MACHINE WITH SOLAR POWER

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

During harvesting birds are disturbing the crops and in earlier days, a person used
to guard the fields and throw stones against the birds to scarce away them in the fields,
and now we don’t have any guard to scarce away the birds during harvesting which are
spoiling the crops. This is a machine which will be scanning all around, being powered by
solar panel, once hearing sound will throw the disc or the stone pellets in that direction to
scarce away the birds. Once in a day, the discs are to be collected if disc are used, or else
pellets or stones and loaded on the machine which runs automatically.
This is a machine used to scarce birds which disturb the crop during harvesting. In
this we are making the rotary mechanism with cams, gears, DC motors and link
mechanism to operate the throwing mechanism to throw the preloaded disks in the
direction of the sound. The rotary will be rotating and scanning and if any sound is heard,
it will activate the throwing mechanism to throw the disk in that direction. Disks are
plastic plates being preloaded at least 20nos in the container and the work is automatic.
Solar panel is used in this project which gives the supply to the DC batteries to get
charged.
Robots or automation is one of the fastest growing engineering fields of today.
Millions of currency is been spent in the developments of robots or automation to be used
in all sorts of field. The use of automation is more common today than ever before and it
is no longer exclusively used by the heavy production industries. Robots or automation is
designed to remove the human factor from labor intensive or dangerous work.
Where mechanization has been introduced, farmers observed that timeliness of
operations improved, as did the efficiency and quality of the end product. Land was much
better prepared, weed growth declined, crops were harvested at higher moisture content
and grains were stored safely and much earlier.
Birds cause problems to the crops during harvesting. In disturbing the full grown
crops, birds are only following their instincts and taking advantage of opportunities in the
same way that all of us do. Birds are of habit of searching food in the leaf litter and crops.
And it can disturb the sprinkler system, newly planted seedlings uprootment.

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In the earlier days these birds were scarced away by hitting or throwing stones in
that direction manually handled. The stones were wrapped in the rubber sting and were
thrown in that direction to scarce away the birds.
We have chosen project in this field to make the birds scarcing through various
parts and activation by the control circuit automatically using sound sensors.
We wanted to utilize our till now derived engineering skills to develop such a
mechanism to scarce the birds away by hitting the plastic disk in that direction
automatically.
This is autonomous machine designed to frighten birds away from crop avoiding
the disturbance of crops during harvesting.

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CHAPTER 2
HISTORICAL REVIEW AND SCOPE OF THE
PROJECT
2.1 Historical Review:
Birds cause problems to the crops during harvesting. And disturbing the full
grown crops, birds are only following their instincts and taking advantage of
opportunities in the same way that all of us do. Birds are of habit of searching food in the
leaf litter and crops. And it can disturb the sprinkler system, newly planted seedlings
uprootment.
In the earlier days these birds were scarced away by hitting or throwing stones in
that direction manually handled. The stones were wrapped in the rubber sting and were
thrown in that direction to scarce away the birds.
To scare the birds many more techniques were used and still improving the
developments. As per the survey these are the techniques using to scare the birds.

1) Scarecrow:
One of the oldest designs of bird scarer is the scarecrow in the shape of a human
figure. The scarecrow idea has been built upon numerous times, and not all visual scare
devices are shaped like humans. The "Flashman Birdscarer," Iridescent tape,
"TerrorEyes" balloons, and other visual deterrents are all built on the idea of visually
scaring birds. This method doesn't work so well with all species, considering that some
species frequently perch on scarecrows.

2) Hawk kite:
Many species of bird are also naturally afraid of predators such as birds of prey.
"Hawk kites" are designed to fly from poles in the wind and hover above the field to be
protected. They are shaped to match the silhouette of a bird of prey.

3) Helikites:
The Helikite birdscarer is a lighter-than-air combination of a helium balloon and a
kite. Helikites fly up to 200 ft in the air with or without wind. Although they do not look

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like hawks, they fly and hover high in the sky behaving like birds of prey. Helikites
successfully exploit bird pests' instinctive fear of hawks and can reliably protect large
areas of farmland.

4) Lasers:
The use of lasers can be an effective method of bird scaring, although there is
some evidence to suggest some birds are "laser-resistant." The equipment is expensive
and specialised training is required, adding to the costs. As the effectiveness of the laser
decreases with increasing light levels, it is likely to be most effective at dawn and dusk.
Its usefulness may therefore be confined to night time roosts and feeding sites at dawn.
The method relies on birds being startled by the strong contrast between the ambient light
and the laser beam. During low light conditions this technique is very selective and can be
attuned to frequencies and wavelengths that individual bird species don't like, but at night
the light beam is visible over a large distance and can cause widespread (non-species
specific) disturbance.

5) Dead birds:
The use of model or actual dead birds is used to signal danger to others. Initially
birds often approach the corpse but usually leave when they see the unnatural position of
the bird. This approach has been frequently used in attempts to deter gulls from airports.
Pheasant feed sacks often have an image of an owl with large eyes so that when empty
they can be strung up to scare predators.

6) Balloons:

Fig 2.1 An example of a visual bird-scare balloon

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Balloons are an inexpensive deterrent. However, this method relies on the

movement of balloons, which is something that birds can become used to. The addition of
eye illustrations on the balloons has been shown to increase this method's effectiveness as
it combats the birds' ability to adapt. Commercially available "scare-eye" balloons have
holographic eyes that follow birds wherever they go. The long-term effectiveness of this
method can be increased by periodically moving the placement of the scare devices.
In the United Kingdom the use of balloons is subject to approval from the Civil Aviation
Authority, especially around airfields.

7) Auditory scarers:
Audible bird scarers use noise stimuli that makes birds uncomfortable. However,
once birds realise these pose no real threats, they can easily become habituated to sounds
that seemed initially frightening. If just being placed in situ and left, audible bird scarers
can easily become ineffective bird control solutions, however when managed on an on-
going basis or used as part of a greater bird deterrent system, sound methods can deliver
quality results.

8) Propane cannons (propane gas guns):

Fig 2.2 A typical propane gas gun bird scarer.

Towards the end of the 20th century, one of the most popular types of bird scarer
used by farmers in Europe and America is the propane powered gas gun which produces a
periodic loud explosion. The audible bang can reach volumes in excess of 150 decibels
near the gun.
One of the problems with gas gun scarers is that the loud bangs can also irritate
people living on nearby properties, or other people using the countryside. Also, birds
adapt quickly to any sound that does not randomize its magnitude, pitch, or time interval.
Propane cannons become ineffective after a short while.

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9) Electronic repellers (digitally recorded distress sounds):

One of the most effective sonic repellers on the market. Usually consisting of a
central unit and several speakers, the system emits the distress calls, and, if it is a quality
product, calls of predators of the target species as well. Effective emitters randomize
pitch, magnitude, time interval, sound sequence and other factors to prevent birds from
getting used to them.

10) Ultrasonic scarers:

Ultrasonic devices are static sound-emitting bird deterrents, which, in theory, will
annoy birds to keep them away from enclosed or semi-enclosed areas. Ultrasonic scarers
are not harmful to birds; however there is debate around birds' ability to hear these
frequencies at loud enough decibels. Birds are believed to have similar hearing to humans
with studies showing birds do not hear on an ultrasonic level. Thus ultrasonic scarers
often have little or no effect in deterring birds.

11) Cartridge scarers:

Cartridge scarers include a wide variety of noise-producing cartridges usually
fired from rockets or rope bangers, or on aerodromes from modified pistols or shotguns,
which produce a loud bang and emit flashes of light. They include shell crackers,
screamer shells and whistling projectiles, exploding projectiles, bird bangers and flares.
Bird banger cartridges commonly use a low explosive known as flash powder.
Cartridges are projected from a shotgun with a range of 45–90 m, or pistol (range
approximately 25 m), and then explode. Bird scaring cartridges can produce noise levels
of up to 160 dB at varying ranges but both the cartridges and the gun require a firearms
certificate in some countries.
Pyrotechnics have proved effective in dispersing birds at airports, landfill sites,
agricultural crops and aquaculture facilities. At airports in the UK, shellcrackers fired
from a modified pistol are the most common means of dispersing birds, as they allow the
bird controller to have some directional control over birds in flight, so they can be steered
away from runways.
However, as with all similar noises, there is a high risk of birds becoming used to any
pyrotechnics or cartridge explosions.

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12) Benign acoustic deterrence, aka sonic nets:

In 2013, Dr. John Swaddle and Dr. Mark Hinders at the College of William and
Mary created a new method of deterring birds using benign sounds projected by
conventional and directional (parametric) speakers. The initial objectives of the
technology were to displace problematic birds from airfields to reduce bird strike risks,
minimize agricultural losses due to pest bird foraging, displace nuisance birds that cause
extensive repair and chronic clean-up costs, and reduce bird mortality from flying into
man-made structures. The sounds, referred to as a “Sonic Net,” do not have to be loud
and are a combination of wave forms - collectively called "colored" noise - forming non-
constructive and constructive interference with how birds talk to each other. Technically,
the Sonic Nets technology is not a bird scarer, but discourages birds from flying into or
spending time in the target area. The impact to the birds is similar to talking in a crowded
room, and since they cannot understand each other they go somewhere else. Early tests at
an aviary and initial field trials at a landfill and airfield indicate that the technology is
effective and that birds do not habituate to the sound. The provisional and full patents
were filed in 2013 and 2014 respectively, and further research and commercialization of
the technology are ongoing.

2.1.1 Major Problem Caused by Birds:

Also we did the survey that the birds are causes the some major problems to the crops
and to the human beings. Some of them are discussed below.

1) Birds-Pests and Problems:

What to do about some birds which can cause problems for you or your property.
Although most New Zealand birds are completely harmless as far as human activities are
concerned, there are a few species which can pose various kinds of problems to your
property or business. Some may even threaten your health. Please remember, however,
that the birds are only following their instincts and taking advantage of opportunities in
the same way that all of us do.
There is also a distinction between native/endemic and introduced birds;
native/endemic birds are protected by law while introduced species are not (except
waterfowl out of the hunting season) so you cannot just destroy birds Willy nilly.

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However, some forethought or lateral thinking can avoid or solve problems with
minimal inconvenience to you. If the problem is minor or only occasional and does not
seriously threaten your health or livelihood, consider tolerating it as a small price to pay
for the pleasure of living with wildlife around you. However, if birds continue to be pests
despite all the preventative measures that you take, you may need to talk to your local
department of conservation officers about further control possibilities.

2) Birds spoiling the Garden:

A variety of birds are considered at times to be garden pests because of their habit
of searching for food in the leaf litter and upper layers of the soil by scratching and
digging. In your garden this may mean that your mulch gets thrown around everywhere,
your sprinkler system disturbed and newly planted seedlings uprooted. The blackbird and
thrush can cause trouble in this way and the bigger the bird, the heavier the objects they
can kick around. Where you have problems, it is recommended that you.

3) Birds Attacking:
Many people have experienced attacks by magpies and spur winged plovers and
falcon. This may happen when breeding pairs of these birds are trying to nest and protect
their eggs and chicks from the humans and dogs that are seen as potential predators. Such
attacks are usually very seasonal and will normally cease. Remedies include wearing hats
or helmets with big eyes painted or glued on the back, carrying sticks or flags to hold or
wave above your head when in the swoop zone and simply choosing a different route to
avoid the birds while the swooping occurs. A supply of decorated sticks with flags on can
be stocked where, for example, schoolchildren have to cross swoop-prone open spaces.
Staring at the birds when they swoop may also deter them, but it is not recommended that
this be tried without wearing eye protection such as safety goggles. Cyclists should
dismount and walk through the swoop zone.

4) Birds taking the fruit:

Whether you have just one tree and a couple of fruit bushes in your back garden or
own a large commercial orchard or vineyard, you will probably have found that some bird
love the energy rich berries and fruits produced. Silver eyes, blackbirds, starlings and
Kaka, may try to harvest some of your fruit before you can. The best remedy for this is

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the use of bird proof netting to stop the birds getting access to the fruit in the first place,
combined with leaving a tree un-netted for the birds, to keep them away from the rest of
the orchard.

5) Birds stealing grain:

Birds that receive a lot of bad press as being devourers and despoilers of grain
crops include the feral pigeons, game birds etc., these birds have been implicated as pests
of some crops. However, damage caused early in a growing season is not easy to quantify
as apportion of the final harvest; crop plants can recover from early losses. Moreover,
because of patchy impact regional loses may be trivial even though some individual
farmers may be more seriously affected. Effective measures to eliminate or reduce
damage include the use of decoy crops or decoy food dumps, the development of
regionally integrated crop management and the use of scare tactics occasionally
reinforced by selective shooting (Remember native and endemic birds are protected by
law). A long term remedy would be compensation or insurance scheme to recompense
badly affected individual farmers.
The unsupervised use of poisons to kill birds is a technique that threatens other
wildlife, human health and the environment. The hawk, falcon and more pork may get
secondary poisoning from eating a targeted bird that is just about to die.

6) Birds causing problem on runway:

Fig 2.3 Birds on the run way

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Birds are a serious hazard to aviation. A bird or a flock of birds that suddenly rises
from a runway or surrounding area may collide with incoming or departing aircraft and
cause the aircraft to crash, possibly resulting in the loss of human life.
Damage caused to aircraft usually results from collision of one or more birds with
the engines and/or fuselage. Although most bird strikes do not result in crashes, they do
involve expensive structural and mechanical damage to aircraft.

2.2 Scope of the Project:

 As we studied the history in this field, we came to know that the problems are
arises in the agricultural field and in some areas. And human being especially
farmers are struggling by the birds. So we decided to make project in this field.

 We have chosen project in this field to make the birds scarcing through
mechanical parts and activation by the control circuit automatically using sound
sensors.

 We wanted to utilize our till now derived engineering skills to develop such a
mechanism to scarce the birds away by hitting the plastic disk in that direction
automatically.

 This is autonomous machine designed to frighten birds away from crop avoiding
the disturbance of crops during harvesting.

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CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS

3.1 MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE MACHINE:

1. Frame. Mild steel

2. Rotating mechanism

3. Motor

4. Spring mechanism

5. Tilting stand

6. Pellet or stone holder

7. Sound sensor

8. Control circuit

9. Battery with charger

10. Solar panel

11. Ball bearing housing

12. Ball bearing

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3.2 DETAILS OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS:

3.2.1 Capacitors:
A capacitor is a device for storing charge and electrical energy. In its simplest
form it consists of two parallel conductors of any shape separated from each other by a
narrow gap which may be empty or filled with one or more dielectric materials.
Capacitance of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of charge either
conductor to potential difference from the conductors forming the capacitor capacitance
depends on
1) Shape and size of the conductors
2) Separation between the conductors and
3) Dielectric medium between the conductors.
C=Q/v The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F)

3.2.2 Resistors:
According to ohms law
“Electrical resistance of a conductor is the effective opposition offered by the conductor
to the now of charges through it and is defined as the rate of p.d between the ends of the
conductor to the current flowing through the conductor. The SI unit of resistance is the
Ohm (Ω)
Color code of resister:
Resistors are available in various shapes and sizes. Among them carbon
composition resistors are most commonly used. Carbon composition resistors are
physically very small and hence it is difficult to print the resistance value on the
component. Instead it is indicted by a colour code in the form of circular colour bands
round the resistor. The tolerance i.e., the percentage deviation from the rated value is also
indicated in figure

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First Tolerance
band band
Second Thrid
band band

Fig 3.1 Colour code of Resistor in different bands

Color bands of Resistors

In the color band system, generally a resistor has 4 bands on it. The band at the
end of the resistor indicates the first digit, the next band (moving towards the center of the
resistor) indicates the second digit, while the 3rd band indicates the number of Zeros.
Which follow the two previous digits. The fourth band indicates the tolerance.

3.2.3 Transformer:
A transformer is a static electrical device, which transfer electrical power from
one electrical circuit to the other which are magnetically coupled together with or without
change of voltage and without any change in power and frequency. The basic use of
transformer is to increase or decrease a.c. voltage. If it is used to increase the voltage, it
is called a step-up transformer, if it is used to decrease the voltage, it is called a step down
transfer. If the voltage is not changed, it is called one to one transformer.
As the transformer is a static apparatus, there are no moving parts. Hence, there are no
mechanical losses in a transformer. Hence, there are no mechanical losses in a
transformer. Hence ‘η’ is of order 95% to 98%. There are no slots, no teeth, and no air
gaps. Hence the maintenance of transformer is very easy.
It works on the principle of mutual induction between two magnetically coupled coils.

3.2.4 Power Supply:

Our entire circuit operates using 12 Volts DC

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3.2.5 Integrated Circuits:

An integrated circuit (abbreviated as IC) is a small Silicon semiconductor crystal,
called a Chip, containing electrical components such as transistors, diodes, resistors and
capacitors. The various components are interconnected inside the chip to form a electric
circuit. The chip is mounted on a metal or plastic package, and connections are welded to
external pins to form the IC.
Integrated circuits differ from other electronic circuits composed of detachable
components in that individual components in the IC cannot be separated or disconnected
and the circuit inside the package is accessible only through the external pins.
Integrated circuits come in two types of packages, the3 flat package and the dual-
in-line (DIP) package
The Dual in Line Package is the most widely used type because of the low price
and easy installation on circuit boards. The envelope of the IC package is made of plastic
or ceramic. Most packages have standard sizes and the number of pins ranges from 8 to
64. Each IC has a numeric designation printed on the surface of the package for
identification.
The size of IC packages is very small. For example, four AND gates are enclosed
inside a 14 pin dual in line package with dimensions of 20 x 8 x 3 millimeters.
Besides a substantial reduction in size, ICs offer other advantages and benefits
compared to electronic circuits with discrete components. The cost of ICs is very low,
which makes them economical to use. Their reduced powder consumption makes the
digital system more economical to operate. They have high reliability against failure. So
the digital system needs less repairs. The operating speed is higher, which makes them
suitable for high-speed operations. The use of ICs reduces the number of external wiring
connections because many of the connections are internal to the package. Because of all
these advantages digital systems are always constructed with integrated circuits.
ICs are classified in two general catetgories, linear and digital. Linear ICs operate
with continuous signals to provide electron functions such as amplifiers and voltage
comparators. Digital ICs operate with binary signals and are made up of interconnected
digital gates.
IC 7400 :- (7400 Quad NAND)

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3.2.6 Diode:
It is a combination of P-type and n-type semiconductors. Or a P-n junction is
called a crystal diode or a semiconductor diode. Symbolically it has shown above figure.
Note: Arrow indicates the direction of conventional current
i.e., hole current
In p type semiconductor Holes are the majority charge carriers and electrons
minority carriers.
In n type semiconductor electrons are the majority charge carriers and holes are
the applied voltage opposes the junction p.d and for values of the applied voltage greater
than the junction p.d. the charge carries easily cross the junction from either side. The
motion of the majority carries constitutes a current in the external circuit. This current
rises sharply with the applied voltage. Thus a forward baised p-n junction offers a small
resistance.

3.2.7 Transistor:
A transistor is a 3 terminal two junction semi-conducting device whose basic
action is amplification. There are two types of transistors (i) npn transistor. (ii) pnp
transistor.
In our circuit we have use npn transistor. Symbolically it can be represented as
below

Fig.3.2 Transistor
In an npn transistor a very narrow p-region is sandwiched between two n-regions. It is
represented as below:

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Emitter Collector
N P N

Fig 3.3 NPN Transistor

Here note that emitter is heavily doped than collector.

Transistor Action:

N P N

F C

Fig 3.4 Transistor Action

In the normal operation of a transistor, emitter junctions forward biased while

collector base junction is reverse biased. The polarities of the applied voltage in the case
of an npn transistor are shown above in figure. Emitter being an n-type material, it
possesses electrons as majority carriers. Since emitter base junction is forward biased,
electrons from the emitter cross the junction and enter the base region. This constitutes
the emitter current Ic. As there electrons flow through p type base regions they tend to
combine with holes in that region. This loss of charge from the base results in base
current Is,. The number of electrons combining with the holes in the base region is very
small as the base is very thin and is lightly depend. The remaining electrons cross the
base collector junction and are collected by collector. This results in collector current Ic.

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Thus Ic=Ic, Also Ic=Ib+ Ic

By controlling the fare current the collector current can be controlled. Thus
transistor is a current controlled device.
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a
set of contacts. Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices. In fact, some of the first
computers ever built used relays to implement Boolean gates.

3.2.8 Relay Construction:

Relays are amazingly simple devices. There are four parts in every relay:
 Electromagnet
 Armature that can be attracted by the electromagnet
 Spring
 Set of electrical contacts

Fig 3.5 Relay

Relay consists of two separate and completely independent circuits. The first is at the
bottom and drives the electromagnet. In this circuit, a switch is controlling power to the
electromagnet. When the switch is on, the electromagnet is on, and it attracts the armature

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(blue). The armature is acting as a switch in the second circuit. When the electromagnet is
energized, the armature completes the second circuit and the light is on. When the
electromagnet is not energized, the spring pulls the armature away and the circuit is not
complete. In that case, the light is dark.
When you purchase relays, you generally have control over several variables:
 The voltage and current that is needed to activate the armature
 The maximum voltage and current that can run through the armature and the
armature contacts
 The number of armatures (generally one or two)
 The number of contacts for the armature (generally one or two -- the relay shown
here has two, one of which is unused)
 Whether the contact (if only one contact is provided) is normally open (NO) or
normally closed (NC)
Relay Applications
In general, the point of a relay is to use a small amount of power in the
electromagnet -- coming, say, from a small dashboard switch or a low-power electronic
circuit -- to move an armature that is able to switch a much larger amount of power. For
example, you might want the electromagnet to energize using 5 volts and 50 milliamps
(250 milliwatts), while the armature can support 120V AC at 2 amps (240 watts
Relays are quite common in home appliances where there is an electronic control
turning on something like a motor or a light. They are also common in cars, where the
12V supply voltage means that just about everything needs a large amount of current. In
later model cars, manufacturers have started combining relay panels into the fuse box to
make maintenance easier
An electromagnetic relay is a type of electrical switch controlled by an
electromagnet. The electromagnetic relay is used in a variety of applications, including
alarms and sensors, signal switching, and the detection and control of faults on electrical
distribution lines. The electromagnetic relay was invented in 1835, and its straightforward
function has not changed much since. Consumers interact with the electromagnetic relay
in a variety of forms daily, from timed office lights to test buttons and other quality
control devices.
The core of the electromagnetic relay, naturally, is an electromagnet, formed by
winding a coil around an iron core. When the coil is energized by passing current through

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it, the core in turn becomes magnetized, attracting a pivoting iron armature. As the
armature pivots, it operates one or more sets of contacts, thus affecting the circuit. When
the magnetic charge is lost, the armature and contacts are released. Demagnetization can
cause a leap of voltage across the coil, damaging other components of the device when
turned off. Therefore, the electromagnetic relay usually makes use of a diode to restrict
the flow of the charge, with the cathode connected at the most positive end of the coil.
Contacts on an electromagnetic relay can take three forms. Normally opened
contacts connect the circuit when the device is activated and disconnect it when the
device is not active, like a light switch. Normally closed contacts disconnect the circuit
when the relay is magnetized, and a change-over incorporates one of each type of contact.
The configuration of the contacts is dependant upon the intended application of the
device.
The electromagnetic relay is capable of controlling an output of higher power than
the input, and it is often used as a buffer to isolate circuits of varying energy potentials as
a result. When a low current is applied to the electromagnet, throwing the switch, the
device is capable of allowing a higher current to flow through it. This is advantageous in
some applications, such as tripping alarms and other safety devices, because a safer low
current can be used to activate an application requiring more energy.

3.2.9Switch:
In electronics a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical
circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most
familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more
sets of electrical contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed'
meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open',
meaning the contacts are separated and non-conducting.
Since the advent of digital logic in the 1900s, the term has spread to a variety of
digital active devices such as transistors and logic gates whose function is to change their
output state between two logic levels or connect different signal lines, and even
computers, network switches, whose function is to provide connections between different
ports in a computer network. The term 'switched' is also applied to telecommunications
networks, and signifies a network that is circuit switched, providing dedicated circuits for
communication between end nodes, such as the public switched telephone network. The

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common feature of all these usages is they refer to devices that control a binary state: they
are either on or off, closed or open, connected or not connected.

Selecting a Switch
There are three important features to consider when selecting a switch:
 Contacts (e.g. single pole, double throw)
 Ratings (maximum voltage and current)
 Method of Operation (toggle, slide, key etc.)
Switch Contacts
Several terms are used to describe switch contacts:
 Pole - number of switch contact sets.
 Throw - number of conducting positions, single or double.
 Way - number of conducting positions, three or more.
 Momentary - switch returns to its normal position when released.
 Open - off position, contacts not conducting.
 Closed - on position, contacts conducting, there may be several on positions.
For example: the simplest on-off switch has one set of contacts (single pole) and one
switching position which conducts (single throw). The switch mechanism has two
positions: open (off) and closed (on), but it is called 'single throw' because only one
position conducts.
Switch Contact Ratings
Switch contacts are rated with a maximum voltage and current, and there may be
different ratings for AC and DC. The AC values are higher because the current falls to
zero many times each second and an arc is less likely to form across the switch contacts.
For low voltage electronics projects the voltage rating will not matter, but you
may need to check the current rating. The maximum current is less for inductive loads
(coils and motors) because they cause more sparking at the contacts when switched off.

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Toggle switch:

Fig 3.6 Toggle switch

A toggle switch in the "on" position.

In the simplest case, a switch has two pieces of metal called contacts that touch to
make a circuit, and separate to break the circuit. The contact material is chosen for its
resistance to corrosion, because most metals form insulating oxides that would prevent
the switch from working. Contact materials are also chosen on the basis of electrical
conductivity, hardness (resistance to abrasive wear), mechanical strength, low cost and
low toxicity[4].
Sometimes the contacts are plated with noble metals. They may be designed to
wipe against each other to clean off any contamination. Nonmetallic conductors, such as
conductive plastic, are sometimes used.
A pair of contacts is said to be 'closed' when there is no space between them,
allowing electricity to flow from one to the other. When the contacts are separated by an
insulating air gap, an air space, they are said to be 'open', and no electricity can flow at
typical voltages.
Switches can be and are classified according to the arrangement of their contacts
in electronics fields— but electricians in the electrical wiring service business and their
electrical supplier industries use different nomenclature, such as "one-way", "two-way",
"three-way" and "four-way" switches—which have different meanings in North American
and British cultural regions as is delineated in the table below.
Some contacts are normally open (Abbreviated "n.o." or "no") until closed by
operation of the switch, while others are normally closed ("n.c. or "nc") and opened by
the switch action, where the abbreviations given are commonly used on electronics
diagrams for clarity of operation in assembly, analysis or troubleshooting. They serve to
synchronize meaning with possible mistakes in wiring assembly, where wiring part of

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switch one way and part another (usually opposite) way will pretty much guarantee things
won't work as designed.
A switch with both types of contact, that can switch on a circuit in one position &
can switch an other circuit on in other position, is called a changeover switch or "make-
before-break" switch contact, whereas most switches have a spring loaded action which
momentarily disconnect the load and so are "break-before-make" types by contrast—
which type is used could be important, if for example, the switch selects two different
power sources instead of switching circuit loads, or the circuit load will not and cannot
tolerate any interruption in applied power.
The terms pole and throw are also used to describe switch contact variations. A
pole is a set of contacts, the switch's electrical terminals that are connected to and belong
to a single circuit, usually a load. A throw is one of two or more positions (the
nomenclature is also applied to rotary switches, which can have many 'throw' positions)
that the switch can adopt, which normally, but not always correspond to the number
positions the switch handle or rotor can take when connecting between the common lead
of the switch and a pole or poles. A throw position which connects no terminals (poles),
has a mis-match between positions and positions which connect terminals, but are quite
useful to turn things "Off" or for example, alternatively select between two scaled modes
of operation. (e.g. Bright illumination, moderate illumination, no illumination.)
These terms give rise to abbreviations for the types of switch which are used in
the electronics industry such as "single-pole, single-throw" (SPST) (the simplest type, "on
or off") or "single-pole, double-throw" (SPDT), connecting either of two terminals to the
common terminal. In electrical power wiring (i.e. House and building wiring by
electricians) names generally involving the suffixed word "-way" are used; however,
these terms differ between British and American English and the terms two way and three
way are used in both with different meanings.

3.3 MOTORS:
There are a variety of motors used in the modern robots, they include DC motors,
DC screw-motors stepper motors and AC screw-motors. These motors find a variety of
applications in various robots, field of application as per the design and consideration of
the person who uses them.

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In the model we have used the DC motors. The main components of the motor are
the “rotors” and the “stators”. Usually the rotors include the armature and the commutator
assembly and the stator includes the permanent magnet and the bushes assembly. The
current is made to flow through the windings of the armature; it sets up a magnetic field
opposing the field set up by the magnets. This produces a torque on the rotor. This causes
the rotor to rotate. As the rotor starts rotating the bushes and the commutator assemblies
supply the current to the armature so that the field remains opposed to the field set up by
the magnets. In this way the torque produced by the rotor is constant throughout the
rotation.

3.3.1 D.C. motor principles:

Fig 3.7 DC Motor

DC motors consist of rotor-mounted windings (armature) and stationary windings
(field poles). In all DC motors, current must be conducted to the armature windings by
passing current through carbon brushes that slide over a set of copper surfaces called a
commutator, which is mounted on the rotor. The commutator bars are soldered to
armature coils. The brush/commutator combination makes a sliding switch that energizes
particular portions of the armature, based on the position of the rotor. This process creates
north and south magnetic poles on the rotor that are attracted to or repelled by north and
south poles on the stator, which are formed by passing direct current through the field
windings. It's this magnetic attraction and repulsion that causes the rotor to rotate.

3.3.2 The advantages:

The greatest advantage of DC motors may be speed control. Since speed is directly
proportional to armature voltage and inversely proportional to the magnetic flux produced
by the poles, adjusting the armature voltage and/or the field current will change the rotor

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speed. Today, adjustable frequency drives can provide precise speed control for AC
motors, but they do so at the expense of power quality, as the solid-state switching
devices in the drives produce a rich harmonic spectrum. The DC motor has no adverse
effects on power quality.

3.3.3 The drawbacks:

Power supply, initial cost, and maintenance requirements are the negatives associated
with DC motors.
 Rectification must be provided for any DC motors supplied from the grid. It can
also cause power quality problems.
 The construction of a DC motor is considerably more complicated and expensive
than that of an AC motor, primarily due to the commutator, brushes, and armature
windings. An induction motor requires no commutator or brushes, and most use
cast squirrel-cage rotor bars instead of true windings-two huge simplifications.
 Maintenance of the brush/commutator assembly is significant compared to that of
induction motor designs.

In spite of the drawbacks, DC motors are in wide use, particularly in niche applications
like cars and small appliances.

3.4 Modern Batteries:

Depending on use, special batteries are available for specific applications e.g.
application in spacecraft or to be used in extremely cold areas or in extremely hot areas,
etc. In some cases power factor may important not the volume or weight, whereas, in
others both volume and weight may have to be kept as low as possible. Amongst various
batteries the lowest cost and most versatile is lead/acid battery.
Lead /Acid battery: In a lead/acid battery, a grid of lead or lead alloy, serves as
both the current collector and the support for active material. The electrodes are
immersed in an electrolyte, which consists of a concentrated aqueous solution of H 2SO4
( 35 wt %). Thin sheet soft porous insulators (separators) are used to separate the positive
and negative plates from each other. The active material of both electrode polarities is

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converted into lead sulphate during discharge of battery. Thus, sulphuric acid electrolyte
takes part in the cell reaction as third active material.
Lead acid battery is versatile and has following major advantages:
 Highest cell voltage of all batteries using aqueous electrolyte.
 Ability to supply both high and low currents. Good reversibility with high energy
efficiency ( ~80%)
 Low cost compared to other secondary batteries.
 Established manufacturing and recycling facilities.
 However, its disadvantages are:
 Heavy weight of basic material of constructional
 Low cycle life.
 Long recharging time.

Recently the recharging time has been considerably reduced. Moreover, fast
recharging by new methods improvesx life span of a battery. Moreover, present
nanotechnology method of making plates seems to have improved the life span of lead
acid batteries by three times approximately. In the near future, the life span may easily be
about twelve years.

Battery charging:
If batteries are used for traction such as to run linear motors or cars etc, it would
be desirable to recharge the battery in as short time as possible.
In recent years considerable progress in the process of charging has been made.
There are two types of charging, namely, conductive and inductive. In conductive type of
charging process, direct wires are connected between eh electric supply source, the
charger and the battery. In inductive charging, there is no direct wire connection between
the source of electricity and the battery. In the inductive type charging an AC supply
activates the primary coil of transformer. Whereas, the secondary forms part of the
system in which the battery is to be charged (say a vehicle). For inductive charger, an on-
board rectifier is required to convert the a.c. into DC for battery. Pulse technique is
another efficient method to reduce the time taken for recharging. Considerable research
is being done for achieving faster charging without degrading battery performance.

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The advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) of USA has developed a

procedure, wherein the battery is charged via series fof current pulses. Average current of
consecutive sets of pulses is reduced on decreasing current amplitude and duty cycle
simultaneously. Triggering of change in these two parameters is initiated by either
resistance free voltage or by amount of charge return. The voltage component (V=IR0 is
subtracted from the pulsed voltage during ON time to give resistance free, pulsed voltage.
Constant voltage charging stage is initiated at a low average pulsed current (~0.5A). This
keeps overcharge to a minimum. Thus water loss is minimized.
This indicates that new areas of research are open, in the field of materials, new
battery designs; etc. Recently using nanotechnology for development of lead-acid battery
plates has increased the average life of batteries three to four times.

3.5 Solar Panels:

Solar panel refers either to a photovoltaic module, or to a set of solar photovoltaic
(PV) modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure. A PV
module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. Solar panels can be used as a
component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in
commercial and residential applications.
Solar panel is provided to charge the battery.

3.5.1 Solar Tile:

Solar modules are the main components of photovoltaic systems. Completely
silent, without any emissions or residues, they turn sunlight into electrical power the
ultimate in environmental compatibility photovoltaic plants work without any moving
parts and are practically maintenance-free Sloping roofs are ideal for installing solar
modules. And the solar Tile now makes it possible to integrate these modules for laying
solar Tiles on conventional battens. The modular concept allows photovoltaic systems of
any size to be assembled. Solar tiles are designed for shopping roofs on new and old
buildings, including
Detached houses and apartment blocks Barns and industrial buildings

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Small systems for the handyman Medium and large size plants up to several
kWGrid-connected and stand alone system solar tiles are just as weatherproof as normal
tiles.

3.5.1.1 Solar Cell (Photovoltaic Conversion):

The devices used in photovoltaic conversion are called Solar Cells. When solar
radiation falls on these devices, it is converted directly into dc electricity. The principal
advantages associated with solar cells are that they have no moving parts, required little
maintenance, and work quite satisfactorily with beam or diffused radiation. Also they are
readily adopted for varying power requirements because a cell is like a ‘building block’.
The main factors limiting their use are still rather costly and that there is very little
economy associated with the magnitude of power generated in an installation.
However significant developments have taken place in the last few years. New
types of cells have been developed, innovative manufacturing processors introduced
conversion efficiency of existing types increased, costs reduce and the volume of
production steadily increased. The present annul production of photovoltaic devices is
already about 60 MWp, while production in India is about 1.5MWp. As a result of the
above developments, solar cells are now being used extensively in many consumer
products and appliances, and it is possible that in future they may become one of the
important sources of power for providing small amounts of electrical energy for localized
use, particularly in remote locations.

Shell Solar B.V. (@1000W/m2, 25degree C, AM1.5.)

 Nominal peak power--------------------------10 W.
 Peak power voltage---------------------------14.5V
 Open circuit voltage----------------------- ---17V.
 Short circuit current---------------------------0.57A.
 The tolerance on the peak power is---------10%.
 Maximum permitted system voltage-------100V.

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Principle of Working of a Solar Cell:

Two Important steps are involved in the principle of working of solar cell. These are,
(1) Creation of pairs of positive and negative charges in the solar cell by absorbed
solar radiation
(2) Separation of the positive and negative charges by a potential gradient within the
cell

For the first step to occur, the cell must be made of a material, which can absorb
the energy associated with the photons of sunlight. The energy (E) of a photon is related
to the wavelength (9) by the equation
E=hc/9

Where h=Planck’s constant=6.62 x 10-27 –erg-s

And c=velocity of light=3 x 108 m/s
Substituting these values, we get

E=1.24/9
Where E is in electron-volts (eV) and 9 is in μm

The only materials suitable for absorbing the energy of the photons of sunlight are
semi conductors like silicon cadmium sulphide galliumarsenide etc. In a semiconductor,
the electron occupies one of two energy bands-the valence band and the conduction band.
The valence band has electrons at lower energy levels and is fully occupied, while the
conduction band has the electrons at higher energy levels and is not fully occupied the
difference between the energy levels of the electrons in the two bands is called the band
gap energy, Eg. photons of sunlight having energy E greater than the band gap energy Eg
are absorbed in the cell material and excite some of the electrons---- these electrons jump

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across the band gap from the valence band to the conduction band leaving behind holes in
the valence band. Thus electron-hole pair is created.
The electrons in the conduction band and hole in the valence band are mobile.
They can be separated and made to flow through an external circuit (Thereby executing
the second step of the photo voltaic cell) if a potential gradient exists within the cell in the
case of silicon, the potential gradient is obtained by making the cell as a sand witch of
two types of silicon, p-type and n-type. Silicon of p type is silicon ‘doped’ with some
atoms of phosphorous the energy level of the conduction and valence bands in p-type
silicon are slightly higher than the corresponding levels in n-type silicon. Thus when a
composite of the two types of silicon is formed, a jump in energy levels occurs at junction
interface. Potential gradient is adequate to separate the electrons and holes, and cause a
direct electric current to flow in the external load.
In a silicon cell, the junction is a thin region separating the n-type and p-type
portions since the basic materials all silicon, such a junction is more specifically called a
Homo junction. Solar cell can also be made from dissimilar materials. For example, the
junction is being formed along the contact between the two materials. Such a junction is
called hetero junction.
Warnings:
 This module produces electricity when exposed to Sun light.
 Cover glass before opening junction box.
 Be aware of dangerous high DC voltage when connecting modules in series.
 Do not produce sparks near flammable vapors.
 Do not shadow solar cells.
 Do not damage or scratch the rear foil of the solar module.

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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN DETAILS

1. Base frame: This is made out of mild steel angel being cut from the size of 20mm
x 20mm x 5mm for the lengths of 200mm----4nos, hammered for flattening and then
corner cut and joined to make the rectangular frame of outside size 200mmx 200mm
and then legs of 25mm x 25mm x 5mm angle cut for the lengths of 490mm----4nos
and hammered for flattening and then joined to this rectangular frame to make the
frame to hold various parts on it. Flat of 25mmx 5mm are cut for the length of
195mm-----2nos and then flattened and joined to the rectangular frame at the top to
hold the rotary mechanism bearing housing on it and welded to the frame by arc
welding. This frame is then ground to remove the welding burr.

2. 20mm diameter ball bearing housings: This is made out of mild steel round
bar being cut from the size of 55mm cut for the length of 20mm and turned on lathe
machine to make the diameter as 50mm and drilled and bored to make the hole
diameter as 22mm and counter bored to make the diameter as 42mm to suit the ball
bearing outer diameter for the depth of 10mm and then faced from the other side to
make the total thickness as 15mm. such two number of ball bearing housings are
made for this project.

3. 20mm diameter ball bearings: These are the standard roller type ball bearings
used of inner diameter 20mm and outer diameter 42mm and thickness 10mm. such
two number of ball bearings are used in this project.

4. Center axle: This is made out of C30 steel round bar being cut from the diameter
of 30mm of length 75mm and then turned on lathe machine to make the diameter as
25mm for the entire length and then step turned at one side to make 10mm diameter
for 4mm length and the other side 20mm diameter for the 30mm length and center
drilled for the hole diameter of 10mm to suit motor axle in it and on the circumference
5mm drilling is done and M6 tapping is made to secure the M6 bolt on it with the
motor axle.

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5. Spring release lock pin guide bush: This is made out of mild steel round bar
being cut from the diameter of 25mm of length 35mm and turned on lathe machine to
make the diameter as 20mm for the entire length and center drilled to make the hole
diameter as 10mm and faced from the other side to make the total length as 30mm

6. Spring release lock pin: This is made out of C30 steel round bar being cut from
the diameter of 15mm of length 170mm and turned on lathe machine to make the
diameter as 10mm for the entire length to suit the bush inner diameter.

7. Center rotary plate: This is made out of mild steel plate of thickness 4mm being
gas cut for the diameter of 210mm and then turned on lathe machine to make the
diameter as 200mm and center drilled for the hole diameter of 10mm to suit the center
axle step diameter. This is welded on the center axle and rest of the assembly are held
on this plate.
8. Compression spring guide pin: This is made out of C30 steel round bar being
cut from the diameter of 15mm of length 150mm and turned on lathe machine to
make the diameter as 10mm for the entire length to suit the bush inner diameter of
10mm.

9. Compression spring guide bush: This is made out of mild steel round bar
being cut from the diameter of 25mm of length 35mm and turned on lathe machine to
make the diameter as 20mm for the entire length and center drilled to make the hole
diameter as 10mm and faced from the other side to make the total length as 30mm

10.Tension spring: Round tension spring is used of size outside diameter of 32mm,
height 30mm, with 3mm wire diameter and 10 number of turns. The spring is put in
tension for half of the rotation by the lever which makes the hitter to release by the
cam mechanism to hit the disc towards the sound

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Fig 4.1 Tension spring

P = force exerted on spring

M = Moment arm.

Deg = Deflection in degrees.

k = Spring constant.

Equation k = P x M/deg

11.Motor holder: Mild steel flat is taken of size 25mmx5mm for the length of 225mm
and it is bent to the circle to maintain the diameter of 75mm to hold the motor. Same
size two number of motor clamp are made. It is welded at the end and m10 nut is
welded on it after drilling on the circumference.

12.Rotating plate: This is made out of mild steel plate of thickness 4mm being gas
cut for the diameter of 130mm and then turned on lathe machine to make the diameter
as 125mm and center drilled for the hole diameter of 10mm to suit the motor axle
diameter. This is fixed with the bush which is fixed on the motor axle.

13.Rotating plate holding bush: This is made out of mild steel round bar being cut
from the diameter of 25mm of length 25mm and turned on lathe machine to make the

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diameter as 20mm for the entire length and center drilled to make the hole diameter as
10mm and faced from the other side to make the total length as 20mm. On the
circumference, marking is done and drilling and tapping of M6 is done to secure this
bush with the motor axle by the bolt. This bush is welded with the rotating plate.

14.Motor axle: This is made out of C30 steel round bar being cut from the diameter of
15mm of length 140mm and then turned on lathe machine to make the diameter as
10mm for the entire length of 140mm.

15.Free bush for hitter: This is made out of mild steel round bar being cut from the
diameter of 25mm of length 25mm and turned on lathe machine to make the diameter
as 20mm for the entire length and center drilled to make the hole diameter as 10mm
and faced from the other side to make the total length as 20mm.

16.Guide for pin slide: This is made out of mild steel round bar being cut from the
diameter of 35mm of length 40mm and then turned on lathe machine to make the
diameter as 30mm and center hole drilled for the diameter of 22mm and then faced
from the other side to make the total length of 35mm. then this is loaded on milling
machine to mill the slot in it of 11mm width as per the requirement.

17.Battery box: This is made out of mild steel flat being cut from the size of 12mm x
3mm of length 340mm---1nos, 200mm---1nos and then flattened by hammering and
then 340mm is bent to make the rectangle of out side size 100mm x 70mm and joined
by arc welding and second flat is bent to U shape with 50mm legs and is joined to this
rectangle frame to make the box to hold the battery as per the requirement.

18.Disc hitter: This is made out of mild steel flat being cut from the size of 20mm x
4mm of length 130mm and a square bar of 6mm x 6mm of length 100mm and then
both are hammered for flattening and then joined to make the single unit as per the
sketch which is used for hitting the disc.

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19.Base frame: This is made out of mild steel angel being cut from the size of 25mm x
25mm x 5mm thick of length 560mm----2nos, 250mm----2nos and then flattened by
hammering and then corner cutting is done and then joined to make the rectangular
frame on which the base frame is welded as required.

20.Cam plate for spring pin actuation: This is made out of mild steel round plate
being cut from the 3mm thick plate for the diameter of 75mm and used in this project.

21.Base plate for disc holder: This is made out of mild steel plate being cut from
the thickness of 3mm for the diameter of 125mm and finished to the diameter to
remove the cutting burr by grinding and used in this on which the disc are held.

22.Vertical small leg: This is made out of mild steel angle being cut from the size of
25mm x 25mm x 5mm cut for the length of 890mm and then hammered for flattening
and then cutting burr is removed by grinding and this is used in our project to hold the
solar panel holder.

23.Vertical big leg: This is made out of mild steel angle being cut from the size of
25mm x 25mm x 5mm cut for the length of 960mm and then hammered for flattening
and then cutting burr is removed by grinding and this is used in our project to hold the
solar panel holder.

24.Solar panel holder: This is made out of mild steel angel being cut from the size
of 25mm x 25mm x 5mm of length 340mm-----2nos, 350mm----1nos and then all are
hammered for flattening and then cutting burr is removed by grinding and then flat of
25mm x 5mm is taken of length 350mm and all are joined to make the frame to be
able to hold the solar panel which can be slide inside this frame from top side and this
frame is welded to the vertical legs from the main frame.

25.Vertical support for disc cage: This is made out of mild steel angle being cut
from the size of 20mm x 20mm x 4mm of length 200mm and then hammered for

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flattening and used as vertical support for disc holding cage and this is welded on the
rotary plate at the base.

26.Cross support for disc cage: This is made out of mild steel angel being cut
from the size of 20mm x 20mm x 4mm of length 150mm and then hammered for
flattening and used as cross support for disc cage and is welded.

27.Disc cage: This is made using 10mm round bar cut for the lengths of 210mm----
1nos, 200mm----3nos and all re welded using 12mm x 3mm flat which is bent to
make the ring to surround the rods to make the diameter to be able to hold the disc
within this cage as per the requirement.

28.Circuit holder: This is made out of mild steel flat being cut from the size of 12mm
x 3mm of length 180mm and hammered for flattening and then bent to the L shape
with leg of 70mm and on 110mm length ,marking for holes drilling is done and holes
are drilled of 4mm diameter to be able to fix screw to hold the circuit and switch on it.

29.Vertical support for lock spring holder: This is made out of mild steel angle
being cut from the size of 20mm x 20mm x 4mm cut for the length of 125mm and
hammered for flattening and then used in this project.

30.Cross support for lock spring holder: This is made out of mild steel angle
being cut from the size of 20mm x 20mm x 4mm cut for the length of 125mm and
hammered for flattening and then used in this project.

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CHAPTER 5
WORKING PRINCIPLE

The discs are loaded in the disc holder (holds approximately 20discs) which is
held with the rotary base. The rotary base is held on the frame in the particular angle. On
the rotary is the disc hitting mechanism being operated by the motor which is holding the
bush on which the arm is welded which is rotating by the DC motor axle rotation and is
stopped at the particular place by the pin which is held within the bush with spring push
back and locked from backside by the washer being welded to the pin. This pin is pushed
by the cam mechanism being welded on the rotating disc. The hitting arm when rotating
is increasing the tension of the spring and is stopped by the pin and the pin is pushed
inside by the cam mechanism to release the hitting arm with force to hit the disc being
held within the holder.
The base is rotating by the rotary mechanism being powered by the DC motor for
355 degree and is reversed back by the switch being hit by the rotation end by the stopped
being provided which changes the direction of the rotary mechanism.
The activation is taken by the sound (any sound here instead of bird chirping
sound for which sensors are not available which can be developed commercially) by
which the rotary will stop in that instant and will release the shooting mechanism to
release the disc towards the bird to scarce away the bird.
Solar panel is mounted on the head of this project on the stand to give the supply
to the DC batteries to get charged.

5.1 Working of the sound activation circuit:

Here we are buying the ready circuit available in the market for switching the bulb
by sound activation, here instead of the bulb we are taking the triggering to connect next
circuit which we are making to connect the action of stopping of the rotary motor and
activating the hitting motor.

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Here condensed microphone is provided biased with the resistor 15K of which the output
is connected through various transistors BC-149B to enhance the sound output or amplify
in terms of voltage in three stages ultimately to connect the relay.

Connecting circuit: When sound activation is sensed, through relay connection it

gives the voltage to the opto coupler MCT2E which gives the output through pin number
4 to connect the transistor BC-547 to connect the relay and here through relay we are
disconnecting the rotary motor which is already scanning around, the hitting motor is put
on to start the spring tensioning and at the end of the tension, will release the spring to hit
the disc in that direction as it was stopped in that position when sound is sensed.

5.1.1 Circuit Diagram:

Fig 5.1 Circuit to step down the voltage and to convert AC to DC

This circuit consists of a step down transformer and a four-diode bridge. The step down
transformer is used to step down the voltage from 230v to 15v. The four-diode bridge is
required to convert the current from ac to dc. This output is given to the next circuit to
perform the further process.

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CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

6.1 Advantages:
1. Self reliant in power since solar panel is used for power source.
2. Automation will boost productivity and minimizing errors.
3. The machine can be powered by solar also if required.
4. No manual strain.
5. Agriculture automation.
6. Saving of crop or seed meant for harvesting.
7. No use of manpower for unskilled work, so that the manpower can be used for
better utilization requiring skill.

6.2 Disadvantages:
1. Birds chirping sound sensors are to be developed.
2. Circuit needs careful handling.
3. Power supply to be taken care of.
4. Discs are to be collected back for reuse.

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CHAPTER 7

CALCULATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS:

RATINGS:

System voltage: 12 V

Operating temperature: 20°C to +90°C

CHARECTERISTICS:

Typical light running current: 3.8 Amps

Rated torque at output gear: 18 to 25 Nm at 12V

Operating speed: 32 r.p.m, at 12volts supply.

The motor is a geared dc motor with the main spindle working at 200rpm mounted with
the worm gear driving a worm wheel reducing the speed to 32rpm and also changing the
direction.

The worm wheel is mounted with the axle which is rotating to transfer the rotations
outside to the coupling.

Fig 7.1 Gears

The axle on the worm wheel is rotating to the extent of 355 degree for right side
and hits the changeover switch to change the polarity of the motor connection to reverse
the rotation to move further in reverse for 355degree and again hit the changeover switch
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to reverse the rotation to effect the wiping action by the blade which is fixed on the bush
of the worm wheel axle.

The below calculation is pertaining to the gears which are present inside the
motor.

7.1 Design of Gears:

Known parameters

Nw =200 rpm

NG=32 rpm

T=0.3924 N-m

We know that

P = 2NT/60000

= 2x200x0.3924/60000

P = 8.218 x 10-3 K watt

Distance between shafts (x) = 27.5 mm

Normal load=Ln

We know that

x/Ln will be minimum

Cot3λ=Velocity ratio

λ=Lead angle

Cot3λ=200/32=6.25

Cotλ = (6.25)1/3

=1.8420

λ = 28.5°

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We know that

x / Ln = 1/2x(1/Sinλ+VR/Cosλ)

27.5/Ln= 1/2x  (1/2Sin28.5+6.25/Cos28.5)

27.5/Ln=1.46543

Ln =27.5/1.46543

Ln = 18.765 mm

Axial Load:

L = Ln / Cos λ

= 18.765/Cos28.

L = 21.35 mm

For velocity ratio 6.25, from data hand book

No. of starts on Worm

Wn Tw 4

Axial pitch of threads of the worm wheel

Pa =1/4

=21.35/4

Pa = 5.338 mm

Module m = Pa/

= 5.338/

m = 1.699 mm

Take standard module m = 2 mm

Velocity ratio = 6.25 mm

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Torque of Gear:

T = Px60/ (2xxNG)

= (8.218x103x60) / (2x32)

T = 2.452 N-m.

WT = Tangential load acting on gear

WT = (2xt)/ DG

= (2x2.452)/ (5.5x10-2)

WT = 89.17 N

We know that pitch line or peripheral velocity of the worm gear

V = ( x DG x NG)/ 60

= (x5.5x10-2x32)/ 60

V = 0.09215 m/sec

Velocity Factor:

CV = 6/ (6+V)

= 6/ (6+0.09215)

CV = 0.9848

From data hand ɽ book For 20° involute teeth

Y = 0.125

Since the worm gear is made of plastic material therefore taking allowable static stress

ɽ = 58.8 N/mm2

We know that designed tangential load

WT = ((ɽ x CV) x b x m x Y)x

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From data hand book

B = 6.752+11.838

= 18.596 mm

WT = 58.5x0.9848x18.596xx2x0.125

WT = 8.45.73 N

Since above WT is greater than WT=89.17 N

Hence design is safe from stand point of view of tangential load

Check for Dynamic Load:

Wn = WT/CV

= 639.71/0.9848

= 649.58 N

Since this is more than W T=89.17, therefore design is safe from stand point of view of
dynamic load.

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CHAPTER 8
ESTIMATION & COSTING

SERIAL NAME OF THE COMPONENT QUANTITY MATERIAL

NO. COST

1 Fabrication 1 2000.00

2 Ball bearing and housings-----------mild steel 2 300.00

3 Center axle------------------------------- steel 1 500.00

4 Drive motors -----------12VDC, 3amps 2 1800.00

5 Disc And Rotating plate holding 1 1500.00

bush-------------mild steel

6 Sound sensor 1 500.00

7 Battery backup with charger 1 1000.00

8 Spring mechanism 1000.00

9 Tilting stand ------mild steel 1800.00

10 Main Circuit 2000.00

11 Solar panel---------------------------------standard 1 3000.00

TOTAL 15900/-
Table 8.1 Estimation & Costing

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CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
After completion of the project we conclude that this project is always
advantageous to agricultural and other fields which problem caused by the birds. It
reduces birds problem and helps to improves the crops.
It is easy to handle and working is simple done by rotary mechanism. We had
experimented our project and we got the test results. Several types of bird scaring
techniques and mechanical designs are using in the agricultural field. So our project is
one of the mechanical design to scarce the birds. And we think our project is completely
fulfilled in this field.
After the completion of the project work we tried its working in our college
machine shop and we were pleased to note that it does meet the requirements for what it
is meant.

9.1 Future Scope of the Project:

 We feel the project that we have done has a good future scope in agricultural field.
The main constraint of this device is the high initial cost but has low operating
costs.
 It can also used to detect other animals rather than birds.
 Range of the mechanism can be varied according to our needs.

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REFERENCE:

 Robotics Technology and Flexible Automation by S.R. DEB.

 Text Book of Machine Design, by R.S.Khurmi & J.K. Gupta
 Machine Tool Design Handbook

Central M/C Tool Institute,

Bangalore

Tata McGraw- Hill

29th, Reprint-2008.

 Tool Engg. & Design

Author :- G.R. Nagpal

Publication :- Khanna Publishers

Edition :- 6th , Reprint – 2006

 Design of M/C Tools

Author :- S.K. Basu, D.K. Pal

Publication :- Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt., Ltd.

Edition :- 4th

 Machine Design Textbook

Author :- R.S. Khurmi

Publication :- S. Chand Publishers

Edition :-

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, MMEC, BELAGAVI Page 46