s

PROTESTANT INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (PIASS)

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

OPTION: GEOGRAPHY

CONTRIBUTION OF COPRORIZ NGIRYI ON COMMUNITY’S

SOCIAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RICE FARMERS, CASE
STUDY OF MUSHA SECTOR, GISAGARA DISTRICT.

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Education in Partial Fulfillments of the Requirements

for the Award of Bachelor’s Degree with Honors in Geography with Education.

Presented BY:

MUNYESHYAKA RICHARD

REG NUMBER: PIASS /FED /19/2723

SUPERVISOR: NYIRANDAYISABA Charlotte (Msc)

Huye, January, 2023

DECLARATION

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I, Richard MUNYESHYAKA, here by declare that, this research project entitled “Contribution
of Cooproriz Ngiryi on community’s social economic development of rice farmers” case
study of Musha sector, Gisagara districtis my original work that I submit to the Partial
Fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Bachelor’s Degree in Geography with education
delivered by PIASS.

Date…………/………/2023

Richard MUNYESHYAKA

Signature

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 APPROVAL
I, Munyeshyaka Richard, here by certify that this research project entitled “Contribution of
Coproriz Ngiryi on Community’s Social Economic Development of Rice Farmers” Case study of
Musha Sector, Gisagara District, was elaborated under my close supervisor and allow the student
to submit for defense.

Date……………/…………/2023

NYIRANDAYISABA Charlotte (Msc)

Signature

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DEDICATION
TO

Almighty God

My parent

My family

My friends

My colleagues

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, I thank almighty God for this love, blessings, guidance and protection
throughout my studies and all my life

My sincere thanks go to the Founder of PIASS for his study initiatives in Rwanda

My gratitude thanks go to all lecturers of PIASS

Let me further express my sincere appreciation to NYIRANDAYISABA Charlotte (Msc), my

supervisor, for her open hearted advice and guidance during the course of this work. Although
she had a lot of work to do, she was never too busy to receive me for advice and guidance.

I express my gratitude to the administration of Coproriz Ngiryi and all employees of these
institutions for allowing collecting the information in their cooperative during the research.

I am grateful to all my respondents for their willingness to give me relevant information which
helped me to complete this work. I recognize their time spent and their assistance during data
collection, their contribution is highly appreciated.

My gratitude and appreciation are particularly expressed to my friends and family members for
their encouragement, advices and support either material or moral which contributed in the
success of my studies and the accomplishment of this work

I thank my friends for their support, prayers, advices and experience sharing during my studies
and within the dissertation period and whoever has contributed in any way to the success and
accomplishment of my studies and this dissertation.

May God bless you all!!

Richard MUNYESHYAKA

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LIST OFACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS

AHA: African Humanitarian Action

DRC : Republic of Democratic of Congo

EAC : East African Community

GPS : Global Position System

MIDMAR : Ministry of disaster Management and Refugees Affairs

MINICOM : Ministry of Commercial

NGOs : Non – Governmental Organization

NISR : National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda

POCs : Person of Concerns PICROPP (Project for increasing Crop Production with quality
extension services in Eastern Province, Republic of Rwanda.)

Pop : population

RACA : Rwanda Cooperation Agency

RCA : Republic Central African

REMA : Rwanda Environment Management Authority total factor productivity (TFP)

TFP -Total Factor Productivity

COPRORIZ: Cooperative de Production Du Riz

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:Age of respondents...........................................................................................................29
Table 2:Gender of respondents......................................................................................................29
Table 3:Education level of respondents.........................................................................................30
Table 4: Activities by which Coproriz Ngiryi help members to improve in Economic
development...................................................................................................................................32
Table 5: Reasons that pushed farmers to join Coproriz Ngiryi.....................................................32
Table 6: Farmers living condition before joining coproriz Ngiryi................................................33
Table 7: Showing how members of Cooproriz Ngiryi live before and after joining in cooperative
.......................................................................................................................................................33
Table 8:Do you have rice plantations?..........................................................................................34
Table 9:Ways in which people of Musha sector understand the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi in
social economic development of farmers......................................................................................35
Table 10:The contribution of coproriz ngiryi in economic development of farmers....................35
Table 11:The contribution of coproriz ngiryi in social development of farmers..........................36
Table 12:Individual average income got from rice plantation yield in term of money per season
.......................................................................................................................................................37
Table 13: The challenges met by Coproriz Ngiryi members........................................................38
Table 14:Suggestions should be done in order to resolve the challenges......................................39

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viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Conceptual framework.................................................................................................18

Figure 2: Organic structure of Coproriz Ngiryi ............................................................................25
Figure 3: Organic structure of Coproriz Ngiryi ............................................................................31

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION...........................................................................................................................ii
APPROVAL..................................................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION..............................................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................................v
LIST OFACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS...................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION............................................................................1
1.0Introduction.............................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the study.......................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem statement................................................................................................................2
1.3 Research purpose...................................................................................................................3
1.4. Research objectives...............................................................................................................3
1.4 .1. General objectives.............................................................................................................3
1.4.2. Specific objectives.............................................................................................................4
1.6. Research questions................................................................................................................4
1.7. Significance of the study.......................................................................................................4
1.7.1. Personal interest.................................................................................................................4
1.7.2. Social interest.....................................................................................................................4
1.7.3. Academic interest...............................................................................................................5
1.8. The scope of the study..........................................................................................................5
1.9. Structure of the study............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................6
2.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................6
2.1 Definition of key concepts.....................................................................................................6
2.1.1 Rice.....................................................................................................................................6
2.1.2 Plantation............................................................................................................................6
2.1.3 Cooperative.........................................................................................................................6
2.1.4 Social development.............................................................................................................6
2.1.5 Economic development.......................................................................................................6
2.1.6. Agricultural cooperative....................................................................................................7
2.2 Theoretical orientation...........................................................................................................7

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 2.2.1 Theories of cooperatives.....................................................................................................7
2.2.2 Theories on socio economic development..........................................................................7
2.3. Related literature...................................................................................................................8
2.3.1. Situation of cooperative and social economic development..............................................8
2.3.2The contribution of Rice Cooperatives in social economic Development of farmers.......11
2.3.3. Challenges faced by cooperatives....................................................................................13
Problem of..............................................................................................................................15
2.3.4Strategies or measures related to the problems..................................................................15
Supportive..............................................................................................................................16
2.4. Conceptual Framework.......................................................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..........................................................19
3.0. Introduction.........................................................................................................................19
3.1. Research Design..................................................................................................................19
3.1.1. Description of the study area...........................................................................................19
3.1.2. Description of Coproriz Ngiryi........................................................................................24
3.2. Target Population................................................................................................................25
3.3. Sample size and sampling Techniques................................................................................25
3.3.1. Sample size...................................................................................................................26
3.4 Research instruments...........................................................................................................26
3.4.1 Questionnaire.................................................................................................................26
3.4.2 Interview guide..............................................................................................................27
3.5. Data collection....................................................................................................................27
3.6. Data Analysis......................................................................................................................27
3.7. Ethical consideration...........................................................................................................27
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS....29
4.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................29
4.2. Demographic data...............................................................................................................29
4.2.1. Age of respondents.......................................................................................................29
4.2.2. Gender (SEX) of respondents.......................................................................................29
4.2.3. Education level of respondents.....................................................................................30
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATIONS............40
5.1. Discussion...........................................................................................................................40
5.1.1. The description of Coproriz Ngiri and social economic development of rice farmers...40

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 5.1.2. The contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi for improving economic development of rice
farmers.......................................................................................................................................41
5.1.3. The contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi for improving social development of rice farmers 42
5.2.4. Challenges posed by members of Coproriz Ngiryi..........................................................42
5.1.5. Some solutions of challenges members of Coproriz Ngiryi met with.............................43
5.2. General conclusion.............................................................................................................44
5.3. Recommendation................................................................................................................45
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................47
APPENDIX...................................................................................................................................50

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ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of rice cooperative to socio-economic
development of members, specifically contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi. In Musha sector, extreme
poverty rate in 2018 was 18.8% while in 2019 was 7.8%. however, there is still problem of
poverty which is characterized by lowest income, poor standard of living, high rate of
unemployed persons and low investment. The study was guided by Three objectives namely: To
describe the Coproriz Ngiryi and economic-social development to their members; To find out
the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi in social-economic development of people, to outline the
challenges met with Coproriz Ngiryi members and suggest the possible solutions for overcoming
those challenges. The targeted population was 241 people from Which 70 Individuals were used
as sample. With respect to methodology, the study applied both qualitative and quantitative
design and used both questionnaires and interviews to collect data and collected data were
analyzed using frequency and percentages. The first objective was to describe Coproriz Ngiri .
Results showed that Coproriz Ngiri is cooperative de production du Riz. It Works in Musha
sector, Gisagara district started on 05/07/1997 and recognized by Miniosterial Order No22of 15
January 2009. To day Coproriz Ngiryi is composed by 890 Members. It has objectives of
promoting rice production, promoting general interests of rice farmers, improvement of rice
production in quantity and quality. it improve social economic of farmers, grow rice help farmers
to obtain food for family, 88.5% to get money 88.5% The second objective was to find out
contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi for improving economic development of rice farmers. Results
showed how members of Coproriz Ngiryi live before joining in cooperative. 24.3% of the total
respondents have access to finance services for loans, 28.5% have capacity building, 17.1% gain
a lot of profits and 21.4% mentioned that there were employment opportunities. In addition,
25.7% indicated enhanced facilities and infrastructure. It is clear that living condition and
economic development of people were not improved before joining Coproriz Ngiryi. The results
also showed how members of Coproriz Ngiryi live after joining in cooperative. It is clear that
living condition and economic development of people had been improved after joining Coproriz
Ngiryi. 92.8% of the total respondents have access to finance services for loans, 64.2% have
capacity building, 72.8% gain a lot of profits from Coproriz Ngiryi and 82.8% mentioned that
there were employment opportunities. In addition, 70% indicated enhanced facilities and
infrastructure. According to respondent cooperative play great role in social economic
transformation of members because after joining in cooperative people gain high income,
creation of new job, high capacity to increase their activity. The third objective was to find out
challenges posed by members of Coproriz Ngiryi . According to the results, 21% of respondents
replied that they meet a challenge of poor management of reader for cooperative,21% meet the
problem of lack cooperative democracy and low education,16% of them constrained by difficulty
of low price and lateness in paying, the21% respondents are constrained by insufficient
fertilizers,21%meet the challenge of infrastructures not rehabilitated like road. The fourth
objective was to suggest solutions of challenges members of Coproriz Ngiryi met with. 21% of
respondent suggest the engaging experienced workers, increase price and pay on time, to
increase fertilizers and make it available on time, and the infrastructures rehabilitated and
repaired like road. Researcher concluded that Coproriz Ngiryi help farmers to have good life
and wellbeing, but it’s not only farmers also may help other people that are not belongs to
cooperative to gain profit of cooperative like buying rice near, and cooperative may help sector
to be farmers in the whole country. It was recommended that Government should find how to
stabilize the marketing system of agricultural products for agricultural cooperative members.

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CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0Introduction
This chapter purpose is to focus on the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi on community’s social-
economic development in Musha sector, Gisagara District. It is made of sub chapters including
Back ground of the study, Problem statement, Objective of the study, Research questions, and
significance of the study, the scope of the study and study and structure of the study.

1.1. Background of the study

In the world the Productivity growth of rice cooperative is essential for food security and
sustainable development of agriculture (Maertens, 2013).. Since rice is a major staple food in
China, understanding factors affecting the performance of rice total factor productivity (TFP) is
of great importance for China’s future food security. Despite the growing importance of
agricultural , rigorous evidence-based studies on the impacts of cooperative membership on
agricultural , especially rice , and contribution of cooperative on community’s are many and
crucial to understanding about the potential contribution of agricultural cooperatives to TFP
growth especially to life aspect of members(Chambo, 2009).

About Africa there are crucial importance of rice cooperative in contribution of community’s
social economic development. Due to their democratic organization and their economic
orientation, cooperatives contribute significantly to social integration, job creation and the
reduction of poverty. Cooperatives are thus stabilizing regional economic cycles and can
generate regional employment (Kankindi, 2019). The United Nations general assembly declared
2012 as the international year of cooperatives and thus acknowledges their worldwide impact on
economic and social development. Traditionally cooperatives have a significant impact on
economic and social development also in Sout The invited experts of the conference respond to
the question, in what way cooperatives could support local economic cycles sustainably and
which factors are driving or hindering that process. (George, 2012)

Apart from Rwanda rice cooperative (means agriculture) is crucial for Rwanda's growth and
reduction of poverty, as the backbone of the economy, it accounts for 39 percent of gross

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domestic product (GDP), 80 percent of employment, 63 percent of foreign exchange earnings,
and 90 percent of the country's food needs.23 janv. 2013 (Moon · 2020)

Agriculture of rice cooperative pray great importance in sector of Rwandan economy. It is a back
bone of our economy. Agriculture of rice not only source of job and food but also it provides raw
materials that are used in our dairy life agricultural cooperatives contribute to the improvement
of economic development and social wellbeing of rural people. It was recommended that the
government should organize agricultural training to the cooperative members, and cooperative
must organize the leadership training to their council.19/04/2013.(Boani · 2019)· Rice Co-
operatives are key used to increasing food security, to access to the money, to solve some
problem related to the money like paying school fees, paying health insurance on time, buying
raw material used at home , helping small-farmers to cope with challenges and enabling them to
gain access to markets.(Odile, 2014)

Rice cooperative was introduced in Rwanda from 1950, The central role that cooperatives have
to play in promoting inclusive, sustainable development and social even in the economic
transformation (Kankindi, 2019). Cooperatives are a unique form of: self-help group,
pooling members’ resources to achieve economies of scale, while serving as a plat form for
policy dialogue and multi-dimensional promotion of the members’ wellbeing. Importance of rice
cooperative to Rwandan Rice is a staple crop in Rwanda but some 25% is imported Some 10,000
ha is cultivated by about 62,000 farmers operating under 52 cooperatives, with an average of
<0.1 ha per household. The government considers rice as strategic sector because it performs
well in the flood prone valleys of Rwanda Short crop cycles, 2 crops are possible per year.
(Kankindi, 2019)

1.2 Problem statement

Globally, poverty is major problem affecting the community in least developed countries,
particularly in Africa. As a result, the UN supreme world body has expressed serious concern
over the more 1.3 billion people in the world being poor (Keating et al., 2010). Poverty has been
as one of the major problem affecting the community in all developing countries in general and
Rwanda in particular.

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Cooperatives are seen as important instruments in the implementation of the Government
program to reduce the number of the people below the poverty line from 60% in 2000 to 20% in
2050 (MINECOFIN, 2020). It’s argued that Cooperative can build the capacity of the poor
population to create employment and generate wealth in a sustainable manner. Study of
Khandker, (2005), revealed that selected Cooperative variables such as volume of agricultural
activities, experience with the microfinance institution and education had positive significant
impact on peoples’ socio economic status.

However, much as cooperative services have existed in Gisagara district for a period of time, but
there was still lack of information on the good practices in the area and the exact magnitude of
impact of the Coproriz Ngiryi on socio economic development and how the rice is grown and
sold in order to attain socio-economic development.

It was evidenced that extreme poverty rate in 2018 was 18.8% while in 2019 was 7.8%. however,
there is still problem of poverty which is characterized by lowest income, poor standard of
living, high rate of unemployed persons and low investment. It is in this respect that the
researcher set out to analyze the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi on community’s social-
economic development in Musha sector Gisagara district.

1.3 Research purpose

This research study was based on set out the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi on social-
economic development of the cooperative members.

1.4. Research objectives

1.4 .1. General objectives

This study was intending to assess the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi on social Economic
development emphasize on the local people living around Bukinanyana village especially in
Musha sector, Gisagara district.

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1.4.2. Specific objectives
The specific objectives of the study are:

1.To describe the Coproriz Ngiryi and economic-social development to their

members
2.To find out the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi in social-economic development
of people.
3.To outline the challenges posed by Coproriz Ngiryi and suggest the possible
solutions for overcoming those challenges.

1.6. Research questions

1. What is the Coproriz Ngiryi in social-economic development to their members?
2. What are the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi to the social –economic development of
the local community living around Musha sector
3. What are the challenges posed by Coproriz Ngiryi , in Musha sector and suggest the
possible solutions for overcoming those challenges?

1.7. Significance of the study

As Rwandan, this study helps me to improve knowledge, behavior and skills attitude that are
desirable, useful and acceptable by the society not only to obtain an award of bachelor’s degree
but also it helps me to know the active social economic interaction between Cooperative and
people living around Musha Sector, Gisagara district.

1.7.1. Personal interest

The study was conducted in order to help me as researcher to get experience. As researcher I was
interested in this topic because, I wanted to identify the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi to social
economic development of members in Gisagara district.

1.7.2. Social interest

This study’s results will contribute to improve the people understanding the contribution of rice
cooperative (Coproriz Ngiryi ) on community’s social and economic development in Gisagara
district. Thus, it will raise their awareness in matters of farming especially rice plantation which
could help to solve the problem of economic and social development in rural areas of Rwanda
such as in Gisagara district.

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1.7.3. Academic interest
The interest at this point is for responding to academic requirements of Protestant Institute of
Arts and Social Sciences (PIASS) which recommends in its regulations to conduct a research
study at the end of Bachelor’s degree. Then, the findings and experience from research will be
helpful to the future researchers by providing them with reference in the same or related fields.

1.8. The scope of the study

The study carried out in Rwanda, Southern Province, Gisagara District, Musha sector and the
present study was limited to assessing the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi on social economic
development. Thus the Cooperative in Musha forms the universe of the survey. Geographically,
Coproriz Ngiryi is located in Agatega cell, Musha sector in Gisagara, Southern Province. The
population of this study comprises of all categories of people: women and men, youth and adults.

1.9. Structure of the study

The first chapter represents the general introduction which contain seven basic components the
background of the study, problem statement, general and specific objective, research questions,
the significance of the study, scope of the study and structure of study. The Second chapter
indicates the literature review which shows the definition of the key concepts, the Theoretical
orientation, and the related to the literature of the subject along with the conceptual frame work
based on topic variables. The third chapter focus on the methodology. In this chapter, we have
focused on the description of methods and techniques to collect data, analysis and interpretation
of findings. Chapter four presents the findings of the study and shows the interpretation which
consists of putting in relative the finding with the stated objectives. Chapter five contains
discussion, conclusion, and recommendations

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CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction
This chapter aims at reviewing the existing literature that is relevant to the study. It is divided
into four main sub sections, such as definition of key terms, literature related to rice plantation,
literature related to social and economic development, and the conceptual frame work.

2.1 Definition of key concepts

In this section we define the key concepts of the present study that include: rice, plantation,
cooperative, and social development, economic development.

2.1.1 Rice
Rice is a Small white or brown grain. It is rice, (Oryza sativa), edible starchy cereal grain and the
grass plant (family Poace) by which it is produced. ... Rice is cooked by boiling, or it can be
ground into a flour. (Zibaee,2013).

2.1.2 Plantation

A plantation is a large piece of land, where crops such as rubber, coffee, tea, or sugar is grown
(Courtenay 1965)

2.1.3 Cooperative

" A cooperative is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their
common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned
enterprise". Cooperatives are democratically owned by their members, with each member having
one vote in electing the board of directors. (E.G. Nadeau 2003)

2.1.4 Social development

Social development’ refers to many of the non-economic processes and outcomes of
development, including but not limited to reduced vulnerability; inclusion; wellbeing;
accountability; people-centred approaches; and freedom from violence (Bilance, 1997)

2.1.5 Economic development

Economic Development is the expansion of capacities that contribute to the advancement of
society through the realization of individual, firm and community potential. (Mladen 2015)

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2.1.6. Agricultural cooperative
An agricultural cooperative is a business association into which farmers pool their
resources. By doing so, farmers can increase their revenues, reduce costs or share risks,
depending on the type of cooperative.( MH Ahmed · 2017)

2.2 Theoretical orientation

2.2.1 Theories of Cooperatives

Cooperatives are viewed as important tools for improving the living and working conditions of
both women and men. Since the users of the services they provide owned them, cooperatives
make decisions that balance the need for profitability with the welfare of their members and the
community, which they serve. As cooperatives foster economies of scope and scale, they
increase the bargaining power of their members providing them, among others benefits, higher
income and social protection. Hence, cooperatives accord members opportunity, protection and
empowerment - essential elements in uplifting them from degradation and poverty (Somavia,
2002).

With regard to economic and social development, cooperatives promote the “fullest participation
of all people” and facilitate a more equitable distribution of the benefits of globalization. They
contribute to sustainable human development and have an important role to play in combating
social exclusion. Thus the promotion of cooperatives should be considered as one of the pillars
of national and international economic and social development (Levin, 2002).

2.2.2 Theories on socio economic development

People access finance; Rice production especially on medium or large scale leads people to
access finance in terms of loans or micro credit is provided through savings and credit
cooperative societies (SAACO) and micro finance institutions (MFIS) for expanding production
and increasing savings as part of government of Uganda’s agricultural financial services to
provide credit lines to the people and cooperatives to enable them increase agricultural
production and improve access to markets. Thus access to credit can help rice growers increase
productivity and farm incomes.

Employment opportunities; According to Dat Van (2005) Rice is also becoming increasingly
popular in Africa, the Americas, and elsewhere. Its importance is also progressively being
recognized for its nutritional value and because it is an integral part of religious and social

7
ceremonies. Rice production activities provide employment for several hundred million people
who work either directly in rice production or in related support services.

Education of Their Members: this is done in areas of production, distribution, buying and selling
of goods and services. Encouragement of Hard Work: this is as a result of the fact that they have
joint pride of ownership. They Avoid Cheating: at the end of a given period members are paid
dividends calculated on the basis of the capital contributed and total purchases made from the
society.

2.3. Related literature

This section concern of the literature review related to the rice plantation. It focuses with the
evolution of rice in the world, Africa, as well as rice farming in Rwanda as detailed below. In
addition, it looked at cooperative and economic-social development to their members, the
contribution of cooperative in social-economic development of rice farmers, the challenges
posed by cooperatives and possible solutions for overcoming those challenges.

2.3.1. Situation of cooperative and social economic development

 Situation of cooperative

Cooperatives as important vehicle for community development, most of researchers have been
prescribing how cooperatives can be incorporated into community development paradigms.
Their perspective, that cooperatives are businesses first and foremost, seems to be informed by
the general historic realities of cooperative development in the countries. The social and
economic contributions of cooperatives to their communities are certainly acknowledged, but
largely as unintentional outcomes, or “community externalities,” emerging from the process of
organizing and operating a cooperative (Egerstrom, 2001)

Cooperatives by their nature are a critical tool for local economic development. Mensah et al.,
(2011) appropriately note that local economic development is founded on the belief that
problems facing communities such as unemployment, poverty job loss, environmental
degradations, and loss of community control can best be addressed by community led grassroots,
integrated approaches. Cooperatives therefore form a very important component of local
government’s local economic development facilitation work in country. From a theoretical

8
standpoint, cooperatives provide an avenue by which local development can be facilitated.
Firstly, cooperatives act as an agent of community economic development by creating room for
the direct involvement of communities and their leaders in the fight against poverty.

Mwesigye, (2015) Traced the link between socio economic development and Cooperatives, He
points out that it is at the local level that the potential for job creation can be tapped in crafts,
agriculture, retail, manufacturing, and marketing of local produce, tourism, housing, and other
services. Furthermore, cooperatives enhance the employability of the vulnerable and often
socially excluded in the locality. Cooperatives bring balance between community versus self-
interest, which can lead to improved business performance and increased member benefit by
providing distinctive services to the customer/member.

According to Nadeau, (2013) argued that cooperative business model that has successfully
helped build the economies of the developed world can be applied to an even greater extent
today to help developing country entrepreneurs rise out of poverty and find their niche.
Secondly, the cooperative model upholds skills development, which is fundamental for local
economic development.

 Cooperative and social economic development

To decrease poverty requires people’s participation. Cooperatives will be a tool for people’s
participation in the sense that ownership of the cooperative is exclusively of the members, for the
members and by the members and also potential members in the process of development
(MINICOM, 2006a). The cooperative policy is an instrument through which participatory
development can be achieved. Another determinant factor to consider alleviating poverty is
savings and credit facility, which enable the people to develop small projects and generate
income (MINECOFIN, 2002).

The cooperative sector in Rwanda is large and diverse. It consists of savings and credit
cooperatives, banking cooperatives, agricultural cooperatives, small processing and marketing
cooperatives, fishery cooperatives, Consumers, workers, handicraft and artisanal cooperatives
(MINICOM, 2006a). Cooperatives are suitable mechanisms for pooling the people's meagre
resources with a view to providing them the advantages of the economies of scale. Besides, as it
is in many other countries, in Rwanda participation and inclusion of cooperatives are central to

9
the approach to poverty reduction (MINICOM, 2006a). Cooperatives are an ideal instrument in
such a strategy and Rwanda seeks to harness the potential strength of a vibrant cooperative
movement. Furthermore, cooperatives are a key organizational form of community development
and a tool for combating social exclusion and promoting peace and reconciliation, for example,
through local development initiatives and mobilization of savings, among other initiatives.

Increase domestic savings and position Rwanda as a hub for financial services to promote
investments: The government plans to increase the national savings from 14% in 2017 to 22.7%
of the GDP in 2024 through the establishment of a Long-Term Savings Schemes (LTSC). The
government further intends to promote and develop collective investment schemes. Therefore,
existing cooperatives mainly SACCOs will contribute to the achievement of these targets
through mobilization of community savings, but also promoting collective and joint investments
through cooperative unions and federations (Verdoodt, 2006)

Modernize and increase productivity of agriculture and livestock: the government plans to
increase the total land consolidated into larger blocks and continue promoting agricultural
investment through Public Private Partnership (PPP) models, involving private service providers
(including cooperatives) in managing irrigation schemes. About 29.2 % of current cooperatives
are involved in agriculture, 20% in Livestock, and 14% in trading. These cooperatives, if well
empowered, will certainly contribute toward increased agriculture and livestock productivity and
commercialization of subsequent products (Dowling, 1998).

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls: The Cooperative movement
promotes member’s economic participation on equal terms and with respect of democratic
principles including nondiscrimination based on gender, age or vulnerability status. This
provides a framework for the economic and social empowerment of women and girls and fight
against gender based violence(Mwabu, et al, 2006).

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for
all: in this regard, cooperatives provide education and training for members, managers and
employees so they can contribute effectively to the development of their cooperatives (Diagne, et
al., 2009).

10
End poverty in all its forms everywhere: The nature of cooperatives as legal entities owned by
groups of people who come together voluntarily for their mutual benefit provides avenues for
poverty reduction through better access to public services, enhanced resilience and production
capacity, and better distribution of incomes among them (FAO, 2006).

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture:
About 48% of registered cooperatives are in the agricultural sector (farming, livestock, and
fishing), hence directly contributing in addressing issues affecting food and nutrition security.
(Zibaee, 2013).

2.3.2The contribution of Rice Cooperatives in social economic Development of farmers

According to Arundel &Kabla, (2013); In Africa, currently rice is grown in over 75% of the
African countries, with total population close to 800 million people. Rice is the main staple food
of the populations in Cape Verde, Comoros, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia,
Madagascar, Egypt, Reunion, Senegal and Sierra Leone. It is also an important food of the
populations in Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and Tanzania. In addition, rice has become an
important food security factor in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Ghana and Uganda.

According to Karma et al (2007), rice production contributes to peoples’ welfare particularly

income by providing both direct and indirect employment. It provides agricultural and
nonagricultural self-employment activities and this establishes a source of cash for the people
that engage in trading.

People access finance; Rice production especially on medium or large scale leads people to
access finance in terms of loans or micro credit is provided through savings and credit
cooperative societies (SAACO) and micro finance institutions (MFIS) for expanding production
and increasing savings as part of government of Uganda’s agricultural financial services to
provide credit lines to the people and cooperatives to enable them increase agricultural
production and improve access to markets. Thus access to credit can help rice growers increase
productivity and farm incomes. (Dajani, 2007)

Employment opportunities; According to Dat Van (2005) Rice is also becoming increasingly
popular in Africa, the Americas, and elsewhere. Its importance is also progressively being
recognized for its nutritional value and because it is an integral part of religious and social

11
ceremonies. Rice production activities provide employment for several hundred million people
who work either directly in rice production or in related support services.

Provision of raw material; Indeed, agriculture, including rice based agriculture, still provides
much of the raw material needed by today’s manufacturing industry. Thus, poor rice harvests can
have adverse effects on many nation’s economies. With the harvest of true rice crop, activities
shift to post production operations threshing, drying, cleaning, and milling more people,
Kenmore P, (2003)

Education of Their Members: this is done in areas of production, distribution, buying and selling
of goods and services. Encouragement of Hard Work: this is as a result of the fact that they have
joint pride of ownership. They Avoid Cheating: at the end of a given period members are paid
dividends calculated on the basis of the capital contributed and total purchases made from the
society. They Encourage Inter-Personal Relationship: there exists brotherly, sisterly, friendly etc,
relationship among members of co-operative society. They Encourage Economic Development:
this is because; their activities encourage mass production, distribution and consumption. They
also encourage savings for further investment. Increase in Standard of Living: this is as a result
of the fact that they make goods available to members at reduced rates, encourage them to save,
give the needy one’s loans with little or no interest etc (Akinwumi, 2006)

Increase of profit; Rice plantation is potentially business product which has become a key
element of the strategy of every small industry in their efforts to establish and maintain their
competitive edge on the market. Result of successful small industries is increase of profit,
productivity, market share, increase of the satisfaction of clients and employees and
improvement of the small industries’ reputation and influence. As rice plantation is now
competing for advantage in a volatile business environment it becomes more pertinent to
deliberately, consistently, strategically and innovatively develop, optimize and adding value and
quantity to small industries production (Keisling, 2009)

Develop problem solving skills; Explore and master various working situation and develop
problem solving skills which institution of formal education may often fail to transmit.
According to the international fund for agricultural development (IFAD) and the international

12
movement of catholic agricultural and rural youth (MISARC), cooperative should become youth
sensitive particularly in their representation and governance. Cooperative enables young people
to explore different working and leadership roles and to get involve in decision making
producers and multi-stakeholder dialogues. Young people can become creative in cooperative
environment which enable them to develop their entrepreneur and managerial capacities. Young
people have the opportunity to develop social consciousness and develop and attain a sense of
self-actualization through their democratic governance, cooperative also explore young members
to democratic values and culture. The experience attained through engaging with an environment
of accountability and solidarity gives young people the confidence to take on leadership roles in
various context even beyond the cooperative movement (Bayisenge, 2010).

Provision of income, employment and the development of employment skills finally, cooperative
are important agent of financial economic community and human development. According to the
International Labour Organization 2012, close to 75million young people were out of work and it
was estimated that cooperative provide 100million jobs world-wide. Although the exact
proportion of youth in the total is difficult to determine. Cooperative is clearly a significant
source of employment creation. The scale and impact of the current youth employment crisis on
the future of young people and societies is a call for immediate action. While cooperative is
already playing the role in helping young people take their lives into their own hands there is
great potential for further development (Dajani, 2007)

Loren (1996) also indicated that cooperatives may contribute to the preservation of employment
and the raising of income for farmers-members, enhancing of facilities and infrastructure,
increasing of economic activities such as trading, agriculture, craft work, in rural communities.
This role of cooperatives is consistent with some public policy objectives and becomes even
more obvious in discussing cooperative approaches to environmental management and achieving
sustainable rural development. The cooperative structure and principles are appropriate for
achieving sustainable development.

2.3.3. Challenges faced by Cooperatives

The low prices and fluctuating prices in local and international markets is also a major constraint
to rice growers in Uganda. The production of rice greatly depends on the price of rice in the local

13
and foreign market. A decline in world prices would lead to a decline in the quantity of rice
produced at the local, ROZA (2007).

According to Ojsmbo, (2013), unfavorable weather is the main factor affecting rice production.
When Uganda was hard- hut by severe and prolonged drought, the country experienced the worst
drought, the in 60 years over the past five years, leading to food shortage. This led to the decline
in rice production. This worsened by the adequate meteorological service that is inadequacies in
providing early warning information related to changes in rain patterns to farmers.

Most rice growing areas are prone to natural disasters that adversely affect their activities. These
calamities include widespread flooding, pests and diseases, landslides among others. Such
disasters destroy crops, livestock, shelter and infrastructure and severely impact on rice growing
household in many contiguous area, such disasters may lead to defaults and loss of output
Arayama et al (2009).

Poor land tenure system, High cost land rent for rice farming, lack of collateral for agricultural
finance due lack of land title, inadequate knowledge on rice farming, labor intensity in rice
farming, lack of capital for rice farming, high crop losses due to pests and diseases, lack of
appropriate implements and equipment for rice farming affect rice growers. Most sub countries
do not even have tractors for hire, drought and unreliable rain patterns, poor quality and
expensive seeds. The late delivery of seed and other inputs has led to reduced production and
multiplication of the seed. There is difficulty in mobilizing the farmers for training/farmer field
schools, MAAIF, (2009).Rice varieties such as NERICA 4are very difficult thresh and require a
lot of energy if someone is doing it manually.

Rice processors challenges high cost of rice mills with high technical performance high cost of
electricity and diesel increase the costs of operation, limited access to repair facilities and
services, low quality at rice mills affect the duration of rice mill operation in a year, low quality
of rice received at rice mills, lack of electricity in some rural places thus affect adoption of
electric rice processing machine Kenmore p, (2003)

14
According to UBOS, (2007), Rice growers face challenges in input acquisition, Inadequate
capital for doing meaningful business, low quality seed affect performance of inputs distribution
and marketing, low market for inputs due to lack of capital by rice farmers, farmers’ inadequate
knowledge on value of improved seed and, use and management of inputs opportunities also
pose a great challenge to rice growers. Government policy also indicates that there is need to
combat soil degradation in most areas of Uganda. Rice pests and diseases including weeds.

Problem of birds and rodents; Destruction of rice crops by birds and rodents was cited as a
severe problem hindering rice production in district surveyed. Bird damage is viewed as
particularly severe during the first seasons at times resulting in farmers reducing rice acreage
during this period. Mitigation should start with qualifications of actual rice damage! loss
attributed to birds. This would be a good reflection of the magnitude of the problem. Farmers
should be encouraged to employ environmentally friendly methods for bird control including use
of scare crow, specialized bird-scaring tapes, explosives, etc. As a long term strategy, research
should embark on development of rice varieties that resist birds and diseases damage and with
good cooking and milling qualities (Kenmore P, 2003).

2.3.4. Strategies or measures related to the problems

Farmers must get trainings at all, whereas others have received some training from NGOs. Poor
farmer training may be resulted in some being unable to apply adequate, appropriate farming
techniques. Water, for example has been used wastefully. Earth dams have been poorly lined in
an attempt to retain water for longer periods. The fields are then flood-irrigated, another wasteful
method of irrigation when rated against existing water scarcity and high rates of
evapotranspiration

Use of enough fertilizers. Use the result of a recent soil test to decide the rate of fertilizer
application. Plants must be protected against competition from weeds. Use an herbicide or
combination of herbicides to keep weeds under control. In an organic situation stale seedbeds,
manual hoeing or gas burning can be considered Calvert, L., (2006).

15
Mechanization in most cases, tractors and oxen can be used to provide farm power, mainly
during the preparatory stages of ploughing and construction of irrigation infrastructure.
However, due to high costs of machinery purchase and hire, most farmers cannot afford their
use. The result is that only a few farmers have been able to invest in irrigated farming. Other
machinery includes water pumps, used to pump water from the shallow wells and dams into
fields Calvert, L., (2006).

Improve soil water storage by mulching, contouring, or tied ridges to improve infiltration. Use
conservation tillage to reduce soil water loss. Reduce water demand by the crop by planting at
reduced density. Plant at a different time of year to reduce the risk of drought, or use early
varieties to avoid drought. Lime to make pH more favorable for root growth. Improve weed
control. Reduce the density of the intercrop, or plant the intercrop later in the growing cycle
Level the field, or avoid planting maize in the low areas.

Supportive Government; Government may encourage investment in domestic agriculture must be

emerging. African governments are reshaping yield-focused agricultural policies to nutrition
sensitive agriculture with public health promotion components. Considering that a high portion
of the projected increase in world population by 2050 is expected to come from SSA, origination
of this growth in a limited resource setting could be considered a risk for development (Hurley
1990)

Infrastructure development: Availability of well-developed infrastructure networks among

African member states facilitates opportunities for communities to access regional and
international market destinations and allows labor mobility. However, in Africa, inadequate
transportation facilities and other infrastructure limitations are still bottlenecks to the agricultural
market. An annual loss of about 2% of the African economic growth has been attributed to
inadequate infrastructure. On the other hand, well developed infrastructure could result in up to
40% productivity increases of African firms in general (Cudjoe, 2008).

Agricultural research and development: The majority of impoverished persons in Africa lives in
rural areas and derive most of their incomes from agriculture. Agricultural growth could, thus,
play a crucial role to improve the livelihoods of farmers and landless laborers by increasing
employment, reducing rural-urban migration, stabilizing food prices, and increasing their

16
resistance to shocks by enabling them develop assets. Research-led agriculture and extension
services are especially effective in accelerated poverty reduction by way of increasing
agricultural productivity (Alene, 2010; Alston, 2010). However, the process requires dedicated
budget allocation and commitment from the government, development partners and donor
communities.

Loan finance; NGOs have sought to provide credit for investment in employment generation and
micro- enterprises. In 1990, Oxfam published a book drawing together their experience of
income generation schemes for the urban poor (Hurley 1990) and, since then, experience has
widened considerably, supported by increasing recognition of the importance of microfinance.
Papers for a recent INTRAC workshop reviewing the work of NGOs in four city in Africa and
Asia found that a high proportion of NGOs were supporting savings and loan activities for
income generation in the settlements in which they were working.

Technical assistance in building May be offered to local residents either with or without housing
loans to ensure that any money spent on housing improvements and developments is spent
effectively Technologies may also be improved for example, NGOs in Riodejaneiro(Ben to
Rubiao), Pakistan(Orangi pilot Project)and the Philippines(patambaya young foundation) have
been developing ways of improving the quality and reducing the price of building materials for
low-income housing. The new technology introduced in the building manufacturing yards in
Orangi has been described in the section above. In this programme, the two main advantages for
the local residents are that the walls Knesset less frequent repairs and that they are strong for a
second floor to be added (Orangi pilot project 1995).

2.4. Conceptual Framework.

A conceptual framework is a structure which the researcher believes can best explain the natural
progression of the phenomenon to be studied (Camp, 2001).

It is linked with the concepts, empirical research and important theories used in promoting and
systemizing the knowledge espoused by the researcher (Peshkin, 1993). The following figure
shows the conceptual framework of impact of rice production of people especially Musha sector,
Gisagara District.

17
 Figure 1: Conceptual framework
Dependent variables
Economic development
- Access to finance services for loans
Independent variables - Capacity building
Cooperative’s actions - Increase in the profits
-Provision of income - Employment opportunity
-A set of activities, which - enhancing of facilities and
occupy farmers infrastructure
-Self confidence - Availability of raw material

Social development
- Access to health and education
- Improved living standards
-Access to daily food

Intervening variables
-Weather condition
-Availability of markets
-local people
-local authorities
-NGOs
-government policy

This figure presents cooperative as an independent variable while socio economic development
was taken as dependent variable. This means that cooperatives contribute a lot to the socio
economic development in terms of access to finance services for loans, capacity building,
increase in the profits, employment opportunity, enhancing of facilities and infrastructure,
availability of raw material, access to health and education, improved living standards and access
to daily food. However, there is intervening variables such as weather condition, availability of
markets and local people.

18
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0. Introduction
In this chapter the researcher emphasizes on the following arguments:

Research Design, Target Population, Sample size and sampling Technique/ Procedures, Research
Instruments, Data Collection Procedures, lastly Data Analysis. The study area is located in
Rwanda, South province, Gisagara district, Musha sector,

3.1. Research Design

Rice was cultivated in Africa long before any navigator from Java or Arabia could have
introduced their kind of rice to Madagascar or the East African coast. The native rice was grown
first in the central Niger delta, and later in the Gambia, Casamance, and Sokoto basins.

A research design is a plan for the study to be used as a guide in collection, measurement and
analysis of data in a manner that satisfies the study objectives. In order to acquire accurate and
concurrent research findings, the researcher used qualitative and quantitative methodologies and
also the questionnaires and interviews are used in data collection as research techniques.

3.1.1. Description of the study area

The district of Gisagara is one of the 8Districts that make up southern province. It is made up of
13 sectors which are Gikonko, Musha, Ndora, Nyanza, Save, Muganza, Mamba, Kigembe,
Kibirizi, Kansi, Gishubi, Mugombwa, and Mukindo These sectors are subdivided into 59 cells
and 524aggromerates. The district covers a surface areas of 678 km2. It is borded in the south by
the republic of Burundi, in the North by Nyanza DISTRICT, and in the west by Huye and
Nyaruguru District 3 (Resettlement Action Plan, 2013).

The District of Gisagara is about 140km by road from Kigali the Capital of Rwanda and it can be
approached via National Road (NR)-1 Gisagara is predominantly rolling hills, the roads in the
Gisagara are mostly in hill train. The hill are populated with scattered settlement often located on
the small holdings of individual householders (average holding about 0.5 ha/household).

19
However, the government has launched an initiative, which encourages the scattered settlers to
live in small town he established at selected central location for a population living in a defined
rural neighborhood.

The hills are covered with farms and small grazing lands, with limited vegetation. The farms
usually are on the hills. The roads are mainly slopes and the side of slopes may have to be
stabilized while widening. But this not required relocated large population. The impact the fauna
and flora is not expected as road is not passing through the conservation areas. The proposed
roads following the existing natural water course. Side drains may require stone pitching and
check dams to control erosion. The soil along the roads is mostly soft to moderately hard that
could be excavated by mechanical equipment and labor. The soil around Gisagara is sand, clay
and makes the road slippery during rainy season (Resettlement Action Plan, 2013)

20
21
22
MAP OF MUSHA SECTOR SHOWING CELLS

23
 3.1.2. Description of Coproriz Ngiryi

Coproriz Ngiryi is cooperative de production du riz. It Works in Musha sector,

Gisagara district started on 05/07/1997 and recognized by Miniosterial Order
No22of 15 January 2009. To day cooproriz ngiryi is composed by 890 Members,
It has objectives of promoting rice production, promoting general interests of rice
farmers, improvement of rice production in quantity and quality, provision of
income, to make available to farmers ingredients and other inputs on the best
price and giving trainings on rice farmers in order to increase rice production,
help the farmers to improve standard of living in different field of life such as
economic, social, and other Domain of life, it make meetings two times per month
in order to solve problem they meet

Goals of Coproriz Ngiryi

 To increase agriculture productivity
 Work intensively with the advisory committees.
 Offer innovative solutions to improve rice quality
 To promote business development

Vision

 To promote the viability and growth of cooperatives which are an effective instruments
of society
 To develop participative, transparent and scientific Agricultural
 To promote transparency and accountability in the Cooperative Movement
 To provide financial, technical and policy-Aid and all other possible assistances to
Cooperative members
Mission

 The Cooperative is committed to promote the members’ economic independence and

social responsibility through active partnerships among themselves and with other
cooperative movements (Coproriz Ngiryi report, 2022)

24
Figure 2: Organic structure of Coproriz Ngiryi

PRESIDENT

VICE PRESIDENT SECRETARY AGRONOMIST MEMBERS

ACCOUNTANT

Source : Coproriz Ngiryi report, (2022)

3.2. Target Population

According to Malthusian Theory of Population is the theory of exponential population and

arithmetic food supply growth. He believed that a balance between population growth and food
supply can be established through preventive and positive checks, a population is a group of
individuals or a body of people or any collection of item under consideration from which
samples are taken for measurement. The population for the current study was made up of some
237 members of Coproriz Ngiryi, three committee members of Coproriz Ngiryi and 1
Agronomist at sector level. Therefore, the total population was 241 persons.

3.3. Sample size and sampling Techniques

In this research, the researcher used random and systematically sampling techniques in order to
select the appropriate sample size. According to Grinnell and William (1990) defined the
population as the totality of persons or objectives which the study is concerned. The population
of this research will be composed of members of cooperative Coproriz Ngiryi living in Musha
sector Gisagara District. The researcher thinks about that the financial constraints, material and
time may occur, where the study could not cover the whole survey population to get the desired
information. A large number may mean that some respondents would not answer the
questionnaires. The researcher therefore, was based on sampled survey population. Thus, this
study was employed the following sampling techniques: purposive and simple random sampling.

25
3.3.1. Sample size
The sample size is very useful feature for the study, thus, a sample is a subgroup of the target
population that the researcher plans to study the aims for making generalization about the target
population (Edmond &Kennedy ,2012).

To obtain good quality of data and ensure that there was no bias in the data collection, the
researcher used Taro Yamane formula for determining sample size of population (Yamane, 1967
cited by Felicia &Ayodele 2014) as follows

Equation.1 Taro Yamane’s formula

N
n= ,
(1+( N∗e 2))

Where, n = Sample size, N= Total population and e = sampling error. The sampling error, e, can
be given based on the fact that the investigator considers 10% as marginal error calculated by
just dividing from 100. Therefore, 10% is equivalent to 0.1.

237
Where n= 2 = 70 Cooperative members
1+237 ( 0.10 )

In addition, researcher added three committee members of Coproriz Ngiryi and 1 Agronomist at
sector level to provide qualitative data which supplemented quantitative data from rice farmers.

3.4 Research instruments

In correction of data, the researcher used only three research instruments which include
questionnaire and interview and observation

3.4.1 Questionnaire
According to kakooza 1996 questionnaire is an instrument that consists of a set of question to
which the subject responds in writing. This technique helped the researcher to collect primary
data through a survey based on self-administered questionnaire with both open end and close end
questions. For the case of this research, the researcher designed list of questions and bring them
to respondents. The questionnaires were answered by 70 respondents to provide the necessary
questioned information related to designed topic and the whole process is administrated
researcher.

26
3.4.2 Interview guide
Interview guide is a purposeful conversation between interviewer and the respondent aimed at
eliciting certain information from the respondent. This technique helped me as researcher to
correct information by asking oral questions some member of cooperative and some people.

3.5. Data collection

Secondary data is the data already existing in boxes in some organizations basement or stored in
the core of computers (Kenneth, 1978). Secondary sources of information were utilized for this
type of study to obtain information and involved documented data from electronic sources, books
and journals.

Primary source of data come straight from people, or the research works researchers are
researching on, and hence direct information one can collect. Thus primary source is first-hand
information gathered for the purpose of investigation (Kothari, 1990). In this study, the
researcher collected the data using questionnaire and interview guide to the agronomist at sector
level and managing staff of Coproriz Ngiryi.

3.6. Data Analysis

Data was collected and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods in order to have an
accurate image of the topic under investigation. The analysis was done following the research
questions and objectives of this study.

Qualitatively, data was analyzed by confronting ideas from different respondents in order to have
a general view of how farmers are satisfied in their socio economic development, Quantitatively,
the questionnaires were coded statistically. In this study, the data were carefully entered using
Microsoft excel for frequencies analysis. They were presented in the form of frequency tables for
ease of presentation and interpretations. This procedure enabled the researcher to answer the
research questions and to confirm that the objectives are achieved or not.

27
3.7. Ethical consideration
For the successful of the study, the researcher complied with the research procedure guidelines
as outlined by PIASS. Questionnaires without names were used in respect of the respondents
who were selected for this study. It stipulated in the consent forms that any information so
obtained from the respondents have to remain confidential between the two parties remain
confidential involving in research. The objective of this was to ensure that confidentiality was
strictly adhered to respondents. During the time of data collection, confidentiality was
safeguarded and stored on computers contains passwords and log in, in the researcher’s home. In
this way confidentiality was ensured.

28
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1. Introduction
This chapter presents data presentation, analysis, and interpretation based on the research
questions that guided the study. It involves identification of the respondents in term of gender,
age, marital status; Education level and farm size. It also indicates the contribution of Coproriz
Ngiryi on community’s social economic development of farmers.

4.2. Demographic data

4.2.1. Age of respondents

Table 1:Age of respondents

Age Frequency Percentage(%)

Above50 5 7.1%
40-50 29 41.4%
30-40 36 51.4%
Total 70 100%
Source: primary data2022

Referring to the findings from the table1, the results indicate that 7.1%of the respondents are
above 50 years old while 41.4%are between 40-50 years old. those who are between 30 and 40
years old were represented at 51.4%% in the study. These findings reveal that the rice farmers
especially young are able to work than old, and cultivate more rice than old people , so it may
help them in improving their wellbeing.

4.2.2. Gender (SEX) of respondents

Table 2:Gender of respondents

Gender Frequency Percent(%)

Male 45 65%
Female 25 35%
Total 70 100%
Source: primary data 2022

29
Referring to the table 2, the findings indicate that the majority of respondents (65%) were men
while women are represented at35% in the study. These findings reveal that both sex are
involved in rice plantation but women are at lower level. Both sex was represented, it may show
that reduction of gender inequalities and improving wellbeing s, but also women may be
encouraged to join cooperatives as they were represented at lower rate

4.2.3. Education level of respondents

Table 3:Education level of respondents

Education level Frequency Percentage(%)

Illiterates 11 15.7
Primary education 27 38.5
TVET/CERAI 10 14
Secondary education 17 24.2
Higher education 5 7
Total 70 100%
Source: primary data 2022

The findings from this table 3 indicate that 15.7% of the respondents did not study. This may be
challenge for them to acquire additional knowledge from trainings for example and to apply new
techniques that may help to increase rice production. 38.5% of them have primary education
while 14% studied TVET and CERAI. Those who have secondary and higher education levels
were represented by 24.2% and 7% respectively in the study. Here the respondent show that
educated people are very little compared to un skilled people

30
4.3. Objective 1: Coproriz Ngiryi and social-economoc development to their members
Interview of president of Coproriz Ngiryi is cooperative de production du riz. It Works in Musha
sector, Gisagara district started on 05/07/1997 and recognized by Miniosterial Order No22of 15
January 2009. To day Coproriz Ngiryi is composed by 890 Members, It has objectives of
promoting rice production, promoting general interests of rice farmers, improvement of rice
production in quantity and quality, provision of income, to make available to farmers ingredients
and other inputs on the best price and giving trainings on rice farmers in order to increase rice
production, help the farmers to improve standard of living in different field of life such as
economic, social, and other Domain of life, it make meetings two times per month in order to
solve problem they meet (Coproriz Ngiryi report, 2022)

Figure 3: Organic structure of Coproriz Ngiryi

PRESIDENT

VICE PRESIDENT SECRETARY AGRONOMIST MEMBERS

ACCOUNTANT

Source: Coproriz Ngiryi report, (2022)

The figure above indicates that Coproriz Ngiryi is headed by president and supported by vice
president. They both lead cooperative in effective way in order to achieve mission and objectives
of the cooperative. In addition, those presidents are supported by secretary, accountant,
agronomist and members of the cooperative. Each person has responsibilities to handle and these
help farmers to obtain profits from Coproriz Ngiryi because of good leadership.

31
Table 4: Activities by which Coproriz Ngiryi help members to improve in Economic
development

Activity frequency percentage

Cultivating rice plantation on time 30 44
Supervision of the rice plantation 10 14
Availability of agronomists services on rice yields and rice 10 14
plantation
Use selected seeds 10 14
Other factor like using fertilizers 10 14
Total 70 100%
Source: primary data2022

Referring to the table 10 above show that the majority (44%) of respondents said that the
cultivating of rice on time may produce enough product and enough harvest but it not only
factors there is also an other like supervising the rice plantation has (14%), Availability of
agronomists on rice yield and rice plantation has (14%), use selected seeds has (14%), using
fertilizers has (14%). Those factors and others related with it help farmers to increase their
production, harvest enough and after taking product they develop their family through money
and food gain from their activity

Table 5: Reasons that pushed farmers to join Coproriz Ngiryi

Reasons of growing rice Frequency Percentage

To obtain food for family 60 85.7
To get money 62 88.5
Influence of Government 40 57.1
Influence of friends 35 50
Source: primary data.
This table indicates that 85.7% of the farmers preferred to grow rice in order to obtain food for
family, 88.5% wanted to get money, 57.1% have been influenced by Government while 50%
have been influenced by their friends. This implies that rice planation has potentialities to the
people wellbeing and development.

32
Table 6: Farmers living condition before joining Coproriz Ngiryi

Living condition Frequency Percentage

Poor standard of living 64 91.4
High standard of living 6 8.5
Total 70 100
Source: primary data.
The results presented in table above, describe farmers living condition before joining Coproriz
Ngiryi and most respondents have poor standard of living representing 91.4% of total
respondents and respondents with high standard of living are represented at 8.5% of total
respondent. By majority consideration, this implies that farmers before growing rice, they were
suffering from hunger, low income, malnutrition and poverty.
According to cooperative member, cooperative are way by which people work together with
common goal apart from Coproriz Ngiryi member, some of them explain that before joining in
cooperative farmers was gain few product because they used few fertilize, low skills about how
to cultivate rice, mismanagement about product, poor development, low standard of living, in
economic, social and other aspect of life, disharmony among peoples, insufficient saving, but
after joining in cooperative life its completely change from bad to better.

Table 7: Showing how members of Coproriz Ngiryi live before and after joining in
cooperative

Indicators Before After

Frequency Percentages Frequency Percentages

Access to finance services for loans 17 24.3 65 92.8
Capacity building 20 28.5 45 64.2
Increase in the profits 12 17.1 51 72.8
Employment opportunity 15 21.4 58 82.8
Enhancing of facilities and 18 25.7 49 70
infrastructure
Source: primary data 2022
The table above shows how members of Coproriz Ngiryi live before joining in cooperative.
24.3% of the total respondents have access to finance services for loans, 28.5% have capacity
building, 17.1% gain a lot of profits and 21.4% mentioned that there were employment
opportunities. In addition, 25.7% indicated enhanced facilities and infrastructure. It is clear that

33
living condition and economic development of people were not improved before joining
Coproriz Ngiryi.

The table above also shows how members of Coproriz Ngiryi live after joining cooperative. It is
clear that living condition and economic development of people had been improved after joining
Coproriz Ngiryi. 92.8% of the total respondents have access to finance services for loans, 64.2%
have capacity building, 72.8% gain a lot of profits from Coproriz Ngiryi and 82.8% mentioned
that there were employment opportunities. In addition, 70% indicated enhanced facilities and
infrastructure. According to respondent cooperative play great role in social economic
transformation of members because after joining in cooperative people gain high income,
creation of new job, high capacity to increase their activity.

4.4. Objective 2; contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi on community’s social economic

development of farmers to population

4.4.1. respondents have rice plantations

Table 8:Do you have rice plantations?

Answer Frequency Percentage(%)

Yes 70 100%
No 0 0%
Total 70 100%
Source: primary data 2022

Referring to table above is demonstrating respondent’s possession on rice plantation; 100% of

rice farmers Agree that planting rice its crucial thing in sector of social and economic
development of members. The findings also show that people were joined in cooperative in order
to look how to improve their wellbeing again all members of cooperative are enjoying and
feeling the profit from cooperative. Referring to the findings indicate that the social life of
members before joining in cooperative are not satisfied where majority and its very bad
according to respondent say but after joining together in cooperative life it totally changes as
president of cooperative says” cooperative help farmers to change social life like paying school

34
fees of their children, paying health insurance, family conflict resolution again cooperative
develop friend ship and social cohesion among members”

Table 9:Ways in which people of Musha sector understand the contribution of Coproriz
Ngiryi in social economic development of farmers.

Answer Frequency Percentage

Very good 50 71
Good 20 29
Bad 0 0
Total 70 100%
Source: primary data2022

Referring to this table 7, the findings indicate that the majority (71%) of the respondents said that
the cooperative of rice have greater role in economic development of farmers, and (29%)
respondent agree that rice cooperative play important role in social economic development of
famers. Some farmers said that ‘‘the cooperative is key of development to the farmers through
different aspect of life like socially and economically, here many people show that they
understand well the advantage of working together like repairing road and canal that carry
water, Role of complementarity, and searching ways of problem solving through hard working,
gender equality, better management of resource like paying school fees, sharing ideas, creativity
and innovatively in farming’’.

Table 10:The contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi in economic development of farmers

Activity Frequency Percentage

Increase of income and Create new job 30 43
Increase of economic activities such as trading, A agriculture , and 20 24
hand craft
Enhancing of facilities and infrastructure 20 24
TOTAL 70 100%

Source: Primary data2022

35
Referring to table 8 above, indicate that the majority (43%)of respondent were able to create new
job and increase of income while (24%) of respondent were able to increase of economic
activities such as trading, agriculture, and hand craft, while (24%) Enhancing of facilities and
infrastructure. Apart from this information show that there is very power full contribution of
Coproriz Ngiryi in economic development of farmers because it helps many people to gain
income to different. This implies that Coproriz Ngiryi changed the economic development of
people through providing profits.

The agronomist of Coproriz Ngiryi replied that, ‘‘the members of cooperative before joining in
cooperative farmers was gain few products because they used few fertilize, low skills about how
to cultivate rice, mismanagement about product, poor development, low standard of living,
disharmony among peoples, insufficient saving, but after joining in cooperative life its
completely change from bad to better”.

Table 11:The contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi in social development of farmers

Activity Frequency Percentage(%)

Family conflict resolution 30 42

Paying of health insurance 20 29

Paying school fees 20 29

Total 70 100%

Source: Primary data 2022

According to this table No 9 show that the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi cooperative about
social development of their members some impact are; Family conflict resolution ( 42%) helps in
Paying of health insurance, (29%) and 29% for paying school fees and other improvement
related to social domain like sharing ideas, environmental conservation, working together,
problem solving, develop of friendship through marriage, complementarity, role of gender and
equality in society where farmers live and others positive change in society .

36
During that interview the president of Coproriz Ngiryi supported these findings replied:
“Coproriz Ngiryi has more contributed in improvement of social development of its members as
it helps them to pay health insurance, family conflict resolution, and help to pay fees’’.

Table 12:Individual average income got from rice plantation yield in term of money per
season

Mean income Frequency Percentage

Between(30000-90000) 40 57
Between(90000-150000) 15 21
Between(150000-240000) 10 14
More than 240000 5 8
Total 70 100%
Source: primary data 2022

Referring to the table 11, the findings indicate that the majority (57%) of the respondent gained
income comprises between (30000-90000rwf) per season, while (21%) of them
gotbetween90000-150000rwf and(14%) got 150000-240000rwfand(8%) gain more
than240000rwf per season. The findings reveal that the farmers in that area got enough income
per season. This shows that people that have share in Coproriz Ngiryi are satisfied and welfare
resulting to developed of farmers and their neighbors.

President of Coproriz Ngiryi said that rice plantation is backbone to the small industries since
rice is given and processed as raw materials, thus helping industries to obtain more return on
investment which leads to people economic development. He added that the rice provides
opportunities for poverty reduction and food for poor people. Rice provides farmers with
additional income-earning opportunities and enhances their ability to contribute to household
food security.

37
4.5. Objective 3; The Challenges farmers of rice Cooperative in Musha sector meet in
plantation
Table 13: The challenges met by Coproriz Ngiryi members

Challenges Frequency Percentage(%)

Problem of poor organization of cooperative 15 21
Lack of cooperative democracy and low 15 21
education of members
Low price of rice and lateness in paying 10 16
Insufficient fertilizers 15 21
Infrastructures not rehabilitated(road) 15 21
Total 70 100%
Source: primary data 2022

The findings from the table 12, indicate that 21% of respondents replied that they meet a
challenge of poor organization of leader for cooperative, 21% meet the problem of lack
cooperative democracy and low education,16% of them constrained by difficulty of low price
and lateness in paying, the21% respondents are constrained by insufficient fertilizers,21%meet
the challenge of infrastructures not rehabilitated like road. These challenges can constrain the
wellbeing improvement because citizen may not be able to meet their basic needs and to enjoy
their welfare, and may discourage other people want to join in cooperative, briefly these
challenges it’s like obstacles and barriers to other citizen want to join in cooperative.

During an interview the president of Coproriz Ngiryi explained: ‘‘A big challenges met is that
Problem of poor organization of cooperative, Lack of cooperative democracy and low education
of members, Low price of rice and lateness in paying, Insufficient fertilizers, Insufficient
fertilizers’’.

In the same interview, the agronomist replied: ‘‘the major challenge we have is not having our
own factory and lateness of Gikonko Rice factory to pay influence the lateness of paying our
members and are mixed rice production with other activities like potatoes production. Coproriz
Ngiryi does not give us any support about fertilizers and input access which is a challenges for
rice production and it does not help us in paying loan from BRD which is a burden for us’’.

38
4.6 Objective 4; The Suggestions should be done in order to resolve the challenges
Table 14:Suggestions should be done in order to resolve the challenges

Suggestion Frequency Percentage (%)

Engaging experienced workers 15 21
Encourage leaders and farmers to study 15 21
Increasing of price and pay on time 10 16
Increasing of fertilizers and make it available on 15 21
time
Infrastructures rehabilitated or repaired (road) 15 21
Total 70 100%
Source: primary data2022

Referring to the findings from the table13, the result indicated that 21% of respondent suggest
the engaging experienced workers in order to avoid the problem of poor management that may
lead to loss of Their money, 21% of respondents suggest to encourage reader and their farmers
to study in order to lure well in harmony,16% of them suggest that to increase price and pay on
time ,because its help farmers to work other business and invest in other sectors of economy,
21% of the respondent suggest to increase fertilizers and make it available on time, and
21%suggest that the infrastructures rehabilitated and repaired like road if those solution said
above done cooperative will develop and receive many members. The above solution was help
cooperative members to achieve to their objectives and purpose of cooperative members

These findings were supported by the result of an interview where the president of Coproriz
Ngiryi said:‘‘ it would be better if Gikonko rice factory helps us to pay the loan from BRD and
to support us in availability of fertilizers and roads rehabilitation’’.

During the same interview, the agronomist of Coproriz Ngiryi replied; ‘the sustainable solution
is to develop our own factory which will help us in rice processing and it will be easy to pay rice
growers and for that the rice production will be increased as well as the income of farmers.’’

As our study was to assess the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi to social economic development
of members, respondents gave those suggestions expecting that if met, they will be satisfied and
this will play a big effort in wellbeing improvement.

39
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATIONS
This chapter provides the discussion, conclusion and recommendations on” contribution of
Coproriz Ngiryi cooperative on community’s social economic development of farmers,” with
case study of Musha sector

5.1. Discussion
The findings from this research were discussed following research objectives:

5.1.1. The description of Coproriz Ngiri cooperative and social economic development of
rice farmers.

Results revealed that Coproriz Ngiryi is cooperative de production du riz. It Works in Musha
sector, Gisagara district started on 05/07/1997 and recognized by Miniosterial Order No22of 15
January 2009. To day Coproriz Ngiryi is composed by 890 Members, It has objectives of
promoting rice production, promoting general interests of rice farmers, improvement of rice
production in quantity and quality, provision of income, to make available to farmers ingredients
and other inputs on the best price and giving trainings on rice farmers in order to increase rice
production, help the farmers to improve standard of living in different field of life such as
economic,social, and other domain of life, it make meetings two times per month in order to
solve problem they meet. According to the Kankindi, (2019), cooperatives are stabilizing
regional economic cycles and can generate regional employment.

Referring to the findings, majority (44%) of respondents said that the cultivating of rice on time
may produce enough product and enough harvest but it not only factors there is also an other like
supervising the rice plantation has (14%), Availability of agronomists on rice yield and rice
plantation has (14%), Use selected seeds has (14%), using fertilizers has (14%) those factors and
others related with it help farmers to increase their production, harvest enough and after taking
product they develop their family through money and food gain from their activity. Maertens,
2013 supported these findings saying that productivity growth of rice cooperative is essential for
food security and sustainable development of agriculture.

In fact, most respondents have poor standard of living representing 91.4% of total respondents
and respondents with high standard of living are represented at 8.5% of total respondent. By

40
majority consideration, this implies that farmers before growing rice, low income, poverty.. the
ways members live before joining in cooperative. 24.3% of the total respondents have access to
finance services for loans, 28.5% have capacity building, 17.1% gain a lot of profits and 21.4%
mentioned that there were employment opportunities. In addition, 25.7% indicated enhanced
facilities and infrastructure. It is clear that living condition and economic development of people
were not improved before joining Coproriz Ngiryi.

However, living condition and economic development of people had been improved after joining
Coproriz Ngiryi. 92.8% of the total respondents have access to finance services for loans, 64.2%
have capacity building, 72.8% gain a lot of profits from Coproriz Ngiryi and 82.8% mentioned
that there were employment opportunities. In addition, 70% indicated enhanced facilities and
infrastructure, 62.8% agreed on availability of raw material, big number of cooperative members
(97.1%) indicated that their children can access health and education while many people (94.2%)
had improved living standards and 87.1% said that they can access daily food. According to
respondent cooperative play great role in social economic transformation of members because
before joining in cooperative people gain high income, creation of new job, high capacity to
increase their activity. Kankindi, (2019) noted that cooperatives are a unique form of: self-help
group, pooling members’ resources to achieve economies of scale, while serving as a plat form
for policy dialogue and multi-dimensional promotion of the members’ wellbeing.

5.1.2. The contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi for improving economic development of rice
farmers
The second objective was to examine contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi for improving economic
development of rice farmers. According to the findings, majority (43%) of respondent were able
to create new job and increase of income while (24%) of respondent were able to increase of
economic activities such as trading, agriculture, and hand craft, while (24%) Enhancing of
facilities and infrastructure. Apart from this information show that there are very power full
contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi in economic development of farmers because it helps many
people to be valuable in society and its source of income to different members, those effect help
farmers to invest in other sector of economic. These findings are similar to the one of Keisling,
(2009) who argued that cooperative increase profit; Rice plantation is potentially business

41
product which has become a key element of the strategy of every small industry in their efforts to
establish and maintain their competitive edge on the market

5.1.3. The contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi for improving social development of rice
farmers

The third objective was to determine contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi for improving social
development of rice farmers. Results showed that the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi about
social development to their members some impact are; in Family conflict resolution ( 42%)
helps in Paying of health insurance (29%) ,and 29% for paying school fees Result from
respondent explained the role of Coproriz Ngiryi in social development of their member like,
family conflict resolution through to convenience and treatment for members who committed
with conflict, helping for paying insurance like health insurance, house insurance, even its
support in way of paying school fees to the learners, in general all members emphasize that the
cooperative play great role in increasing of standard of living for people especially members of
cooperative ( Coproriz Ngiryi).

Furthermore, cooperation in most cases occurs when external factors threaten a certain number
of individuals; hence, cooperatives are the best possible means of defense against the worsening
social conditions affecting a section of the population. According to Tchami, (2007) cooperatives
are enterprises which help their members to cooperate in solving social problems they share,
based on propensity scores matching, show a significant positive impact of cooperatives on
member’s social capital including trust, commitment and satisfaction, and on human capital such
as training sessions received and experiences gain.

5.2.4. Challenges posed by members of Coproriz Ngiryi

The fourth objective was to find out challenges posed by members of Coproriz Ngiryi .
According to the findings, 21% of respondents replied that they meet a challenge of poor
management of reader for cooperative,21% meet the problem of lack cooperative democracy and
low education,16% of them constrained by difficulty of low price and lateness in paying, the21%
respondents are constrained by insufficient fertilizers,21%meet the challenge of infrastructures
not rehabilitated like road. ROZA (2007) indicated that low prices and fluctuating prices in local
and international markets is also a major constraint to rice growers. The production of rice

42
greatly depends on the price of rice in the local and foreign market. A decline in world prices
would lead to a decline in the quantity of rice produced at the local.

During the interview the members and commites of Coproriz Ngiryi Explained some challenges
they said that‘‘ there is more quarries, but some of them are same with other cooperative A big
challenges met us cooperative members we sell rice production to Gikonko rice factory, and
factory pay later which constrain us in paying our members and they are not motivated in rice
rehabilitation and harvesting which impacts negatively on rice planting, and also Gikonko
factory Reduce price per kg in un conventional way”. According to Siwar(2014), farmers of rice
cooperative may meet with different challenge to its production some times its global depends
largely on the irrigated lowland production system, prolonged drought, natural calamities like
volcanic eruption, flooding, earthquakes, cyclones, and landslide destroy canal of water used in
irrigation

5.1.5. Some solutions of challenges members of Coproriz Ngiryi met with

The last objective was to find out Some solutions of challenges members of Coproriz Ngiryi met
with. The result indicated that 21% of respondent suggest the engaging experienced workers in
order to avoid the problem of poor management that may lead to loss of Their money, 21% of
respondents suggest to encourage reader and their farmers to study in order to lure and work
well in harmony,16% of them suggest that to increase price and pay on time ,because its help
farmers to work other business and invest in other sectors of economy, 21% of the respondent
suggest to increase fertilizers and make it available on time, and 21%suggest that the
infrastructures rehabilitated and repaired like road. These findings were supported by the results
of an interview where the president of Coproriz Ngiryi Said:” it would be better if cooperative
engage experienced workers especially in finance, and each people who have lore of rule learn
minimum from primary to secondary its means that complete senior six, then the factory pay on
time rice grower this may facilitate farmers to be motive and be encourage to grow rice.
According to Hurley (1990), Government may encourage investment in domestic agriculture
must be emerging. African governments are reshaping yield-focused agricultural policies to
nutrition sensitive agriculture with public health promotion components. As our study was to
assess the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi on farmers especially in social and economic

43
development, Respondents gave those suggestions expecting that if met, they will be satisfied
and this will play a big effort in wellbeing improvement.

5.2. General conclusion

The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of rice cooperative to socio-economic
development of members, specifically contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi. In Musha sector, extreme
poverty rate in 2018 was 18.8% while in 2019 was 7.8%. however, there is still problem of
poverty which is characterized by lowest income, poor standard of living, high rate of
unemployed persons and low investment.

The study was guided by Three objectives namely: To describe the Coproriz Ngiryi and
economic-social development to their members; To find out the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi
cooperative in social-economic development of people, to outline the challenges met with
Coproriz Ngiryi members and suggest the possible solutions for overcoming those challenges.
The targeted population was 241 people from Which 70 Individuals were used as sample. With
respect to methodology, the study applied both qualitative and quantitative design and used both
questionnaires and interviews to collect data and collected data were analyzed using frequency
and percentages.

The first objective was to describe Coproriz Ngiri . Results showed that Coproriz Ngiryi is
cooperative de production du riz. It Works in Musha sector, Gisagara district started on
05/07/1997 and recognized by Miniosterial Order No22of 15 January 2009. To day Coproriz
Ngiryi is composed by 890 Members. It has objectives of promoting rice production, promoting
general interests of rice farmers, improvement of rice production in quantity and quality.

The second objective was to find out contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi for improving economic
development of rice farmers. Results showed how members of Coproriz Ngiryi live before
joining cooperative. 24.3% of the total respondents have access to finance services for loans,
28.5% have capacity building, 17.1% gain a lot of profits and 21.4% mentioned that there were
employment opportunities. In addition, 25.7% indicated enhanced facilities and infrastructure. It
is clear that living condition and economic development of people were not improved before
joining Coproriz Ngiryi.

44
The results also showed how members of Coproriz Ngiryi live after joining cooperative. It is
clear that living condition and economic development of people had been improved after joining
Coproriz Ngiryi. 92.8% of the total respondents have access to finance services for loans, 64.2%
have capacity building, 72.8% gain a lot of profits from Coproriz Ngiryi and 82.8% mentioned
that there were employment opportunities. In addition, 70% indicated enhanced facilities and
infrastructure.

According to respondent cooperative play great role in social economic transformation of

members because after joining in cooperative people gain high income, creation of new job, high
capacity to increase their activity. The third objective was to find out challenges posed by
members of Coproriz Ngiryi . According to the results, 21% of respondents replied that they
meet a challenge of poor management of reader for cooperative,21% meet the problem of lack
cooperative democracy and low education,16% of them constrained by difficulty of low price
and lateness in paying, the21% respondents are constrained by insufficient fertilizers,21%meet
the challenge of infrastructures not rehabilitated like road.

The fourth objective was to suggest solutions of challenges members of Coproriz Ngiryi met
with. 21% of respondent suggest the engaging experienced workers, increase price and pay on
time, to increase fertilizers and make it available on time, and the infrastructures rehabilitated
and repaired like road.

Researcher concluded that Coproriz Ngiryi help farmers to have good life and wellbeing, but it’s
not only farmers also may help other people that are not belongs to cooperative to gain profit of
cooperative like buying rice near, and cooperative may help sector to be farmers in the whole
country. It was recommended that Government should find how to stabilize the marketing
system of agricultural products for agricultural cooperative members

45
5.3. Recommendation
* The researcher recommends to Government to repair the roads in the sector of Musha and
Gikonko to facilitate the transport of rice

*Government should find how to stabilize the marketing system of agricultural products for
agricultural Cooperative members

* The study recommends to Coproriz Ngiryi to adopt its own rice factory in order to help in rice
processing and paying its members on time. This will motivate rice growers and for that the rice
production will be increased.

* It is advisable to Coproriz Ngiryi to create to store of fertilizers and other inputs needed by its
members in order to help them to access it as needed

* The researcher advises Coproriz Ngiryi to develop the culture of working together among its
members in order to combine their effort and to increase rice production.

* Finally, it is advised to rice growers, to increase effort made in rice plantation activities like
rehabilitation and fertilization in order to increase its production and finally to get increased
return.

46
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APPENDIX

50
Appendix1: Questionnaire for data collection from Coproriz Ngiryi members

QUESTIONNNAIRES

Dear respondent,

I am Munyeshyaka Richard; a student in third year at PIASS doing Geography with education. I
am conducting a research on the topic “Contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi on community's social
Economic Development of Farmers. Case study of Musha Sector, Gisagara District” for
partial fulfillment of the bachelor’s degree in Geography with education.

Your contribution is highly valuable and welcomed. The information provided will only be used
for academic purposes and threated with high degree of confidence.

I. Identification of respondent( Ibibazo bijyanye n' iranga mimerere)

1. Age of respondents( Imyaka ubazwa afite):

a) Less than 20 year (Munsiya 20)

b) Between 20-30 year ( Hagati ya20-30)
c) Between 30-40 year ( Hagatiya 30-40)
d) Between 40-50 year (Hagati ya40-50)
e) More than 50 year (Hejuruya 50)
2. Sex of respondents( Igitsina cyubazwa)
a) Male(Igitsina gabo)
b) Female(Igitsina gore)
3. Level of education of respondents (Amashuri yize)
a) Non – education ( Ntamashuri yize)
b) Primary (Amashuri abanzagusa)
c) VTC ( Amashuri yimyuga)
d) Secondary(Amashuri yisumbuye)
e) University(Amashuri makuru)

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 II. Questions related to the Description and contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi
cooperative on community's social Economic Development of Farmers to
population live in Musha Sector, Gisagara District. ( Ibibazo bigendanye
nubusobanuro n’uruhare rwa koperative ngiryi kwiterambere n’ubukungu
n’imibereho myiza kubanyamuryango)
1. what pushed you to join Cooproriz Ngiryi (ni ikicyatumye winjira muri Cooproriz Ngiryi?)

a) To obtain food for family (ibiribwa)

b) To get money (gushaka amafaranga)
c) Influence of Government (kubera leta)
d) Influence of friends (kubera inshuti)

2.How is your living condition before joining Cooproriz Ngiryi (wari ubayaho gute mbere yuko
ujya muri koperative )

1) Poor standard of living (imibereho mibi)

2) High standard of living (imibereho myiza)

3. show how members of coprorizngiryi live before and after joining in cooperative (garagaza
uko abanyamuryango bakoperative bari babayeho mbere na nyumayuko baza muricooproriz)

1) Access to finance services for loans (amahirwe yo kubona inguzanyo)

2) Capacity building (ubushobozi)
3) profits (inyungu)
4) Employment opportunity (amahirwe yo kubona akazi)
5) Enhancing of facilities and infrastructure (ibikorwa remezo)
III)A) Questions related to the contribution of coproriz Ngiryi cooperative on community’s
social economic development of farmers to population( Ibibazo bijyanye nakamaro ka
koperative Mukuzamuka kubukungu n’imibereho myiza yaabaturage Mu murenge
w’aMusha)

1.Do you have rice plantations?(ese uhinga umuceri)

a) Yes (yego)
b) No (oya)

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2.In which ways people of Musha sector understand the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi in social
economic development of farmers.

a) Very good (nezacyane)

b) Good (neza)
c) Bad (nabi)

3.What is contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi in economic development of farmers? Ni akahe

kamaro ka koperative Mukuzamura ubukungu bw’abahinzi?

a) Increase of income and Create new job (kwiyongera kw’inyungu no guhanagaakazi)

b) Increase of economic activities such as trading (kongera ibikorwa by’ubukungu
nk’ubucuruzi)
c) Enhancing of facilities and infrastructure (kuzamura ibikorwa remezo)

4.What is contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi in social development of farmers(Ni akahe kamaro ka

koperative Mukuzamura imibereho myiza y’abahinzi?)
1) Family conflict resolution (Gukemura amakimbirane yo Mumuryango)
2) Paying health insurance ( kwishyura ubwishingizi)
3) Paying school fees (kwishyura amashuri yabana)

IV) B) Activities by which help cooperative members to improve in Economic development

(Ibikorwa bikorwa by’abahinzi bigamije kongera izamukary’ubukungu)

a) Cultivating rice plantation on time (guhinga umuceri kugihe)

b) Supervision of the rice plantation (gukurikirana umuceri wahinzwe)
c) Availability of agronomists services on rice yields and rice plantation (kuba serivise
zagoronome zihari)
d) Use selected seeds (guhinga imbuto zindobanure)
e) Other factor like using fertilizers (gukoresha ifumbire)

2. What is individual average income got from Rice cooperative (coproriz) in term of money per
season? (Nikihe kigereranyo umunyamuryango wa cooperative yunguka kivuye mubuhinzi
bw’umuceri burinshuro)

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 a) Between 30,000- 90,000Rwf (Hagatiya 30000-90000 rwf)
b) Between 90,000-150,000Rwf ( Hagatiya 90000-150000rwf)
c) Between 150,000-240,000Rwf( Hagatiya 150000-240000rwf)
d) More than 240,000Rwf(Arenze 240000rwf)

VI), Questions related to the challenges that the farmers of rice cooperative in Musha
Sector meet in plantation.
1) What are the challenges facing by people of Musha Sector in Rice plantation
cooperative ?Ni Ibihe bibazo abahinzi bumuceri bomuri koperative bahura nabyo?)
a) Problem of poor management?(ikibazo cyabacungamari)
b) lack of cooperative democracy and low education (kubura ubwisanzure
kubanyamuryango nubumenyibucye kumihingire)
c) problem of lateness in paying( ikibazo cyogutinda kwishyurwa)

d) Problem of insufficient fertilizers (Ikibazo cy’ifumbire idahagije)

e) challenge of infrastructures not rehabilitated like road (ikibazo kibikorwa remezo

byangiritse nkimihanda)

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VII) Questions related to the solutions about the problems that member of
Coproriz Ngiryi in Musha Sector meet with( ibibazo bijyanye nibisubizo
byuko twacyemura ibibazo bya koperative yabahinzi bumuceri )
i)What are the measures taken to overcome the above problems?(ni izihengamba
twafata ngo dusubize ibibazo bya koperative yabahinzi bumuceri)
a) Engaging experienced workers (gushaka abakozi basobanukiwe)
b) Encourage leaders to study even farmers (gushishikariza abayobozi kwiga
ndetse n’abahinzi)
c) Increasing of price and pay on time (kongera igiciro no kwishurira kugihe)
d) Increasing of fertilizers and make it available on time (kongera ifumbire,
ikabonekera kugihe)
e) Infrastructures rehabilitated or repaired (road, canals) (gusana ibikorwa
remezo, imihanda n’imiyoboro)

THANK YOU!!!!

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Appendix2: Interview guide for farmers, community and agronomist of Coproriz Ngiryi

1. What is the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi in improving economic development of rice

farmers? (ni akahe kamaro ka Coproriz Ngiryi mukuzamura ubukungu bwa bahinzi b’umuceri?)

2. What is the contribution of Coproriz Ngiryi in improving social development of rice farmers?

(ni akahe kamaro ka Coproriz Ngiryi mukuzamura imiberehomyiza y’abahinzib’umuceri?)

3. What are the challenges that face Coproriz Ngiryiin improving rice production?

(Ese ni izihe mbogamizi Coproriz Ngiryi ihuranazo mu buhinzi bw’umuceri?)

4. What are your views about what should be done in order to resolve those challenges?

(Ese ni iki utekereza cyakorwa kugirango Imbogamizi Coproriz Ngiryiihuranazo mu buhinzi

bw’umuceri zikemuke?)

Thanks.

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