TABLE OF CONTENTS Objective Experiment and mater Procedure.. Theory Background Data and Result. Calculations: References...ol et 1. To examine the heat transfer of (flat plate, fins and pipe bundle heater) in free and forced convection. 2. To determine the heat transfer coefficient for (flat plate, fins and pipe bundle heater) under free and forced convection 3. To develop an understanding of effectiveness and parameters which influence it, Experimental apparatus: WL 352 free and forced convection unit Pip Bundle Fins Experiment Procedure: A. Free convection 1. Clamp the Flat plate heater into the duct and the heater power supply lead to the socket on the cover 2. connect the mains input power supply to the nearest single phase electrical supply: 3. connect the thermocouple to the socket on the control panel. 4. Switch on the main switch 5. set the heater power control 150 W (max. 170W) 6. Wait until a steady state condition has been reached 7. Record TI, air flow, T2 and P.8. Repeat t steps from 1 to 7 for pipe bundle and fins heater. B. Forced Convection Same previous procedure with a fan is operated at 100% Theory: Heat transfer theory seeks to predict the energy transfer that takes place between material bodies as a result of temperature difference. This energy transfer is defined as heat. The three modes by which heat can be transferred from one place to another are conduction, convection, and radiation. It is well known that a hot plate of metal will cool faster when placed in front of a fan than when placed in still air. With the fan, we say that the heat is convected away, and we call the process convection heat transfer. Convection involves the transfer of heat by motion and mixing of a fluid. Forced convection happens when the fluid is kept in motion by an external means, such as a turbine or a fan. Some examples of forced convection are stirring a mixture of ice and water, blowing on the surface of coffee in a cup, orienting a car radiator to face airflow, etc. Convection is called natural convection when motion and mixing of fluid is caused by density variation resulting from temperature differences within the fluid. The density of fluid near the hot surface is less than that of the colder fluid away from the heated surface, and the gravity creates a buoyant force which lifts the heated fluid upward. In the case of conduction through a solid of area A and thickness L, heat flow is given by Q_ kAKT é £ ay Where AT is the temperature difference across the thickness L, and k is the thermal conductivity of the object. In the case of convection, the heat flow is proportional only to the surface area A of the object, e = RAAT @Where his the convective heat transfer coefficient (units Wm? K-!) which depends on the shape and orientation of the object. AT is the temperature difference between the surface of the object and the surrounding fluid. The amount of heat can be calculated in various ways. The first method of calculating the amount of heat transferred considers the medium (fluid) that is absorbing the heat. The calculation is made according to the following formula Q =m. Cpa. AT (3) The air mass flow th is made up as follows: th =v. A. pa (4) Here v is the flow rate over the entire cross-sectional area of the flow. The cross- sectional area A is set at a constant 0.0144 m2 on the test stand for free and forced convection. The cross-sectional area is derived from the duct dimensions. The density of the air is taken from tables 1. Air density is inversely proportional to temperature. The air density to be used for the calculation of the mass flow depends on the temperature at the position where the flow rate is measured. The temperature difference is calculated from the difference between the average inlet and average outlet temperatures. This method of determining the temperature difference is not one hundred percent physically correct but is sufficiently accurate for calculating the amount of heat based on experimental measurements. The specific heat capacity of the air Cpa is also dependent on the air temperature. It is proportional to the temperature resulting in the table of values given on the left. Assuming that the temperature gradient on the surface of the heater is approximately linear, the arithmetic average temperature of the air at the inlet and outlet to the heated surface can be used to determine the specific heat capacity. This is then input into the formula to calculate the amount of heat. + Tout 2 (5)Another way of determining the amount of heat transferred is by considering the heat source. The heat source on the WL 352 consists of electrical resistors; thus the amount of energy P that is input can be considered as a measure of the amount of heat. The factor for efficiency provides information on the losses which occur during heat transfer. This factor indicates how much of the heat energy that is input is transferred to the fluid (in this case: air). This can be written in an equation as follows: Q=P.n If the above equation is rearranged the result is the following: 1 =26 The factor for efficiency takes into account all losses which result from convection and radiation to the surroundings and not to the fluid. The transfer of heat from a surface to a fluid can be described mathematically as follows: Q = AA.Tiurp (7) The coefficient of heat transfer h can be determined using this formula. The on eq-l. The surface area of the heater A can be calculated from its geometrical shape (flat plate, pipe bundle, fins, etc.). The factor Tm is the called the average logarithmic temperature difference. It is calculated according to the following formula: amount of heat is the same as the amount of heat transferred Truro = (Tsin — Ta in) — (Ts out — Ta out)/ In Tsin—Tin (8) Ts in — Ta out Since the surface temperature Ts of the heater remains almost constant across the entire area and only the temperature of the air Ta changes significantly between the inlet and the outlet, one can use the following simplified rule for this special case:Tsin-T Timrpo = (Ta out — Ta in)/ In Tein —Troue sn im (9) Sin aout Since aluminum is used for the heated surfaces in the test stand for free and forced convection, the coefficient of heat transfer from aluminum to air can be determined. ‘Applicatioi Natural convection heat transfer is extensively used in the following areas of engineering: © Cooling of commercial high voltage electrical power transformers. © Heating of houses by electrical baseboard heaters. © Heat loss from steam pipe lines in power plants and heat gain in refrigerant pipe lines in air conditioning applications. © Cooling of reactor cores in nuclear power plants, though often the coolant is driven by pumps, resulting in more efficient heat transfer by forced convection. * Cooling of electronic devices (chips, transistors) by finned heat sinks, though a fan is often present to augment the natural convection with forced convection.Data and Results: Flat Pipe bundle Fins Te=50 Free_| Forced Free Forced Free | Foreed Tl in 215 21 2.1 20.7 21.9 20.7 T2in© 2.5 215 30.2 22.9 31 22.8 v (mis) 0. 297 0.19 2.95 0.18 34 Cp in (Kikg.k) | 1007.1 | 1007.06 | 1007.3 1007.09 | 1007.32 | 1007.08 von) 1.18 1.183 1.164 1.1812 1.163 1.181 Kinematic 0.00015 | 0.000152 | 0.000156 | 0.000152 | 0.000157 | 0.000152 m(kg/sec) | 0.001699 | 0.050595 | 0.02167368 | 0.34148492 | 0.029308 | 0.562156 Qin(W) 1,712 25.4 176 755 265 1188 P in (W) 171 171 150 150 152 152 a m 1% 14.00% | 117.00% 503% | 174.00% | 781% LMTD INK 279 28.74 23.61 28.18 23.25 | 28.23 hin(wim2K) | 4.26 9 76 273 81 300Calculations: Exp: T1=21,5, T2=22.5 v=0.1, path 2254215 _ 9, ar 2 Apuct=0.0144 m2 v=0.19""/, to locate Cp, table for using result Tgp at 22 Gp: at 20 C and 40 C . ky Cpain 20 C=1007 = am Cppin 40 C= 1008 Using interpolate and using Tables Tr —Tavr _ Cpa ~ Caver Tavr —Ts Caver — Cpe 22 1007 — Craver 22—40 CPaver — 1008 Caver = 1007 KJ/Kg.C Using interpolate and using Tables for density _ 1.1881 —Cp Avr 3 Cp—1.1120 T T, p=118kg/m3Using interpolate and using Tables for v Ta-Tavr _ 15.13 -Cp Avr Tavr-Tb Cp—16.92 v=0.0015 m?/s m= p*v*A =1.18+0.1* 0.0144 = 0.001699 kg/s Q =m-* C,(AT) = 0.001699 * 1007.1(22.5 — 21.5) = 1.712 W Exper: P=171 Effici % = 2 +100 = 2 « 100 = 1% ciency =2.100- «100 = ciency in % = 771 fy Tr - 21.5 — 22.5 =—39-2257 27.9 K Timp in K = we Qn Mak A*TLMTD 0.0144=279 hi = 4.26W/m?.KDiscussion and Conclusion: As the result, the experiment “Natural & Forced Convection using flat plate, fins and pipe bundle heater” the objective was to analyze the heat transfer of (Fins, and pipe bundle heater) in free and forced convection. Also, the experiment was astonishing throughout the experiment understanding the larger the surface area noticed the improved transfer efficiency result, therefore the improved transfer in pipe bundles above average. Free convection molecules shift due to density and temperature deviation. The fluid molecules are forced to move by an external source during forced convection. Additionally, we found that forced convection transferred heat faster than natural convection. Heater elements can be operated without fans at first, then with fans immediately afterwards. This will reduce the time required to reach steady state and to amplify the difference between free and forced convection. As a result, the series of experiments will not require additional heating time. In the process, it is necessary to have external equipment when using forced convection similar to a fan, pump, blower, etc. while using the free convection, the external equipment was unnecessary. To summarize, forced convection involves more effort and extra equipment, but effects in improved heat transfer than free convection. References Dr. Adel Aljemaz,Eng. Sabah AIAIi,Eng. Ali Alsahli, Eng. Meshal Aldaihani. (n.d.). Unit Operation (1). Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Education, V. A. (2020). Heat Transfer by Natural Convection. Virtual Amrita Laboratories Universalizing Education. Retrieved from hitps:/vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=] &brch=194&sim=79 | &ccnt=1 GmbH, G. G. (2022). WL 440 Free and forced convection. Espoo , Finland, Germany. Retrieved from https://www.gunt.de/en/products/free-and-forced~ convection/060.44000/w1440/glet-1:pa-148:pr-1522