IOT [ UNIT - 2 ]

1. Protocol Standardization for IoT

2. M2M and WSN Protocols
3. SCADA and RFIDProtocols *
4. Issues with IoT Standardization *
5. Unified Data Standards Protocols *
6. IEEE802.15.4
7. BACNet Protocol
8. Modbus
9. KNX
10. Zigbee
11. Network layer *
12. APS layer Security *

 PROTOCOL STANDARDIZATION OF IoT

1.   IoT Network Protocols 

IoT network protocols are used to connect devices over the network. These are the
set of communication protocols typically used over the Internet.

•    HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

HyperText Transfer Protocol is the best example of IoT network protocol. This
protocol has formed the foundation of data communication over the web. It is the
most common protocol that is used for IoT devices when there is a lot of data to be
published.

•    LoRaWan (Long Range Wide Area Network)

It is a long-range, low power protocol that provides signal detection below the noise
level. It connects battery operated things wirelessly to the Internet in either private or
global networks.

 
•    Bluetooth

Bluetooth is one of the most widely used protocols for short-range communication. It
is a standard IoT protocol for wireless data transmission. This communication
protocol is secure and perfect for short-range, low-power, low-cost, and wireless
transmission between electronic devices.

•    ZigBee

ZigBee is an IoT protocol that allows smart objects to work together. It is commonly
used in home automation.

2.   IoT Data Protocols 

IoT data protocols are used to connect low power IoT devices. These protocols
provide point-to-point communication with the hardware at the user side without any
Internet connection.

•    Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

MQTT collects data from various electronic devices and supports remote device
monitoring. It is a subscribe-publish protocol that runs over Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP).  

•    Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

It is an internet-utility protocol for restricted gadgets. Using this protocol, the client
can send a request to the server and the server can send back the response to the
client in HTTP. For light-weight implementation, it uses UDP (User Datagram
Protocol) and reduces space usage.

•    Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)

It is a software layer protocol for message-oriented environment that provides

routing and queuing. It is used for reliable point-to-point connection and supports the
seamless and secure exchange of data between the connected devices and the
cloud.  

•    Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication Protocol 

It is an open industry protocol built to provide remote application management of IoT
devices. These protocols are cost-effective and uses public networks. It creates an
environment where two machines communicate and exchange data.

. 
•   Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)

The XMPP is uniquely designed. It uses a push mechanism to exchange messages

in real-time. XMPP is flexible and can integrate with the changes seamlessly.
Developed using open XML (Extensible Markup Language), XMPP works as a
presence indicator showing the availability status of the servers or devices
transmitting or receiving messages.   

 M2M AND WSN PROTOCOLS

WSN ( WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK ) PROTOCOLS

Wireless Sensor Network is an infrastructure less wireless network that is deployed

in a large number of wireless sensor in an ad-hoc manner that is used to monitor
the system , physical or environmental conditions.

Application of WSN :-

1) Internet of Things (IoT)

2) Survelliance and Monitoring for secuity and threat detection
3) Environmental temperature, humidity and air pressure
4) Noise level of the surrounding
5) Internet of Things (IoT)
6) Agriculture
7) Landslide detection

Disadvantages of WSN protocols are :-

1) Quality Issues
2) Energy efficiency
3) Performance
4) Security Issues
5) Scalability to large scale deployement

M2M ( MACHINE TO MACHINE ) PROTOCOL

M2M is a broad label that can be used to describe any technology that enables any
networked devices to exchange information and perform actions without any
assistance of humans.

Apllications of M2M Protocol :-

1) Billing
2) Traffic Control
3) Security
4) Robotics
5) Manufacturing
6) Remote Monitoring

 SCADA ( SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION ) PROTOCOL

It is a control system architecture comprising computers, networked data

communications and graphical user interfaces for high level supervision of machines
and processes.

SCADA Protocols can be classified into 2 types :-

 DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol)
 IEC (International Electro Technical Commission) 60870

DNP3 ( Distributed Network Protocol )

It consist of a set of communication protocols used between components
which are used in process automation systems like electric utility, chemical
process plants, etc.

The purpose of DNP3 is to accomplish communication between various types

of monitoring, data acquisition systems and control equipment.

IEC ( International Electrotechnical Comission ) 60870 PROTOCOL

It is widely used for controlling electric power transmission grids and other
process plants. This standard can be used for interoperating various equipment
from different suppliers through standardized protocols.

It has six parts, defining general information related to the standard, operating
conditions, electrical interfaces, performance requirements, and data
transmission protocols.

 IEEE 802.15.4

It is a low cost, low data rate wireless access technology for devices that work on
batteries. This describes how Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks( LR-
WPANs ) function.

Properties :-
1) Standardization and Alliances - It specifies low data rate Physical (PHY) and
MAC layer requirements for Wireless Personal Area Network ( WPANs )

2) Physical Layer - This standard enables a wide range of options in ISM band
ranging from 2.4 Ghz to sub GHz frequencies. It enables data transmission speeds
of 20Kbps, 40Kbps, 100Kbps, 250Kbps. The fundamental structure assumes a
range of 10 meter and data rate of 250Kbps.

3) MAC Layer - The Physical Layer sends links to the MAC Layer by determining
that the devices in the same region will share the assigned frequency. Scheduling
and routing of data packets are also managed at this layer.

4) Topology - Networks based on IEEE 802.15.4 can be developed in a Star, Peer

to Peer or Mesh Topology.

5) Security - For data security, IEEE 802.15.4 standard employs Advanced

Encryption Standard (AES) with a 128 bit key length as a basics encryption
technique.

 BACnet ( BUILDING AUTOMATION CONTROL NETWORK ) PROTOCOL

A data communication protocol used to build an automated control network, is

known as BACnet or Building Automation Control network. This data communication
protocol is both ANSI and ISO standard used for interoperability between
cooperating and building automation devices. BACnet protocol includes a set of rule
s for governing the data exchange over the network.

Advantages of BAC :-

1) The BACnet prtocol is mainly designed for building automation as well as control
network.
2) It doesn’t depend on present LAN or WAN technologies.
3) It is an American National Standard and a European Pre-Standard
4) It is adopted by most famous fire companies in America and Europe

 MODBUS PROTOCOL

It is a serial communication protocol developed by MODICON. In simple terms, it is

a method used for transmitting information over serial lines between electronic
devices. The device requesting the information is known as MODBUS Client and the
device supplying the information is known as Modbus Servers.

Bacnet Protocol Vs Modbus

 BACnet Protocol Modbus

It was developed by ASHRAE. It was developed by Modicon Inc.

Bacnet is used for communication across Modbus is used for communication
devices. between devices.
Its transmission modes are; IP, Ethernet, Its transmission modes are; ASCII,
Zigbee & MS/TP. RTU, and TCP/IP.
Its standards are; ANSI/ASHRAE Standard Its standards are; IEC 61158.
185; ISO-16484-5; ISO-16484-6.
It is used in different markets like Industrial, It is used in different markets like
Energy Management, Transportation, Lighting, Life Safety, Access Controls,
Building Automation, Regulatory, health & HVAC, transportation & maintenance.
security.

Network Interfaces: Existing LANs &LANs Network Interfaces: Traditional serial &
infrastructure. Ethernet protocols.
Examples: Measurements of Tank Level. Examples: Tasks like fan schedule,
Boiler Control. sending a status alarm, and requesting
temperature reading.

 KNX PROTOCOL

It is a serial communication protocol developed and widely used in home and

building automation. It is an OSI based network comunication protocol that is
administered by the KNX Association.
The standard is based on communication stack of European Installation Bus (EIB).

Note :- KNX is based on 3 technologies [ European Installation Bus (EIB), European

Home System Protocol (EHS), Batibus ]

 ZIGBEE

Zigbee is a Personal Area Network task group with low rate task group 4. It is a
technology of home networking. It is a technology standard developed for controlling
and sensing the network. As we know that Zigbee is a Personal Area Network of
task group 4 so it is based on IEEE802.15.4 and is created by the Zigbee Alliance.

Characteristics of Zigbee standard :-

1) Low power consumption

2) Low data rate ( 20 - 250kbps )
3) Short range ( 75 - 100 meters )
4) Network join time ( ~ 30 milli-second )
5) 3 frequency bands with 27 channels

Advantages :-

1) Low power consumption

2) Use in smart home
3) Easy implementation
4) Adequate security
5) Low cost
6) Reliability

Disadvantages :-

1) Limited range
2) Limited data rate
3) Interoperability
4) Security

Architecture of Zigbee:-

1) Application Layer (A)

2) Appliation Interface Layer (AI)
3) Security Layer (S)
4) Network Layer (N)
5) Media Access Control Layer (MAC)
6) Physical Layer (P)

Applications:-

1) Home Automation
2) Medical Data Collection
3) Commercial
4) Home Networking