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CHAPTER 13
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS
[Related to Algebraic Expressions]
@D BASIC CONCEPT
In Mathematics, the operations addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x)
and division (.;-) are the four fundamental operations.
Students are familiar with these operations as they have already studied about
these operations in Arithmetic in their lower classes.

(i) ADDITION OF LIKE TERMS :

The addition of like terms is a single term (like to the given terms) whose coefficient
is equal to the sum of the coefficients of the given (like) terms.
Thus:
(i) Addition of 3x and 8x = =
3x + 8x (3 + 8)x 11 x =
(ii) Addition of 8x 2y and -5x 2y = 8x 2y + (-5x 2y)
8x 2y - 5x 2y (8 - 3)x 2y
= = =5x 2y
(i ii) 2xy + 3xy + 5xy = (2 + 3 + 5) = 10xy
(iv) 7y2 - 4y2 + 3y2 = (7 - 4 + 3)y2
= (10 - 4)y2 = 6y2
For addition, the terms are taken with their given signs, e.g.
(i) addition of 7xy and -3xy = 7xy - 3xy = (7 - 3)xy =4xy
(ii) addition of -7xy and 3xy = -7xy + 3xy = (-7 + 3)xy =-4xy
and (iii) -7x - 3x = (-7 - 3)x = -lOy
In the same way :
(i) addition of -3xy2, -5xy2 and _xy2
= (-3xy2) + (-5 xy2) + (_xy2)
= -3 xy 2 - 5xy2 - xy2
= (-3 - 5 _1)xy2 =-9 xy 2
(ii) addition of 7ab, -2ab, -5ab, 6ab and -ab
= 7ab - 2ab - 5ab + 6ab - ab
= (7 - 2 - 5 + 6 - 1lab
•
= (13 - 8)ab = 5ab
(ii) ADDITION OF UNLIKE TERMS :
As shown above, the sum of two or more like terms is a single like term, but two
unlike terms cannot be added together to get a single term.
For example: the unlike terms 2ab and 4bc cannot be added together to form a
single term. All that can be done is to connect them by the sign of addition and leave
the result in the form 2ab + 4bc.

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In the same way,

(i) addition of 5x2 and 8xy
= 5x2 + 8xy
(ii) addition of 2y3, - 5xy and 3x 3
= 2y3 - 5xy + 3y3 and so on

(iii) SUBTRACTION OF LIKE TERMS :

For subtraction of like terms, the rules are the same as those for subtraction of
integers.
For example .
Since - 4 + 2 = - 2, C 4 +:2 =-2 ~
··. - 4x + 2x = - 2x
Since 3 - 7 = - 4, C3-7=~4 ~
•·• 3x - 7x = - 4x
Example 1 :
Subtract: (i) 4x from - 8x (ii) - 3x from - 7x
Solution:
In each subtraction, change the sign of the term to be subtracted.

(i) -8x-(4x) = -8x-4x= -12x (Ans.)

(ii) -7x - (-3x) = - 7x + 3x = - 4x (Ans.)

The result of subtraction of two like terms is also a like term.

(iv) SUBTRACTION OF UNLIKE TERMS :

Just as it is with addition of unlike terms, we cannot get a single term by the
subtraction of unlike terms. For example, 2ab and 4bc are two unlike terms; the
subtraction of 2ab from 4bc is 4bc - 2ab, which cannot be simplified further to get a
single term.
Similarly, the subtraction of 4bc from 2ab is 2ab - 4bc, which cannot be
simplified further to get a single term.
Example 2 :
Evaluate: (i) 3x - 4x + 7x (ii) 6ab + 3ab - 4ab
(iii) 5ax + ax - 8ax (iv) 8a + 3a - 5a - 2a
Solution:

1. Add tire positive terms together and separately add the negative terms together as well.
2. Find tire resun of tire two terms obtamed.

(i) 3x - 4x + 7x = 10x - 4x
= 6x (Ans.)

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(ii) Gab + 3ab - 4ab = 9ab - 4ab = Sab (Ans.)

(iii) Sax + ax - Sax = 6ax - Sax = - 2ax (Ans.)

(iv) Sa + 3a - Sa - 2a = 11 a - 7a = 4a (Ans.)

Example 3 :
Evaluate :

~x
5
(i) 3x + 1 ( '11
') 5a- 2- 1
a+11-a (1
'1
'1
') 4
6 xy -
2 1 xy
3 -
1 1 xy
2
2 2
Solution:
2 3x 7x 2 1x 5 + 2 7
(i) 3x + 1sx = - + - 1- ~ -
1 5 5 5 5
15x + 7x 22x
-- - - 41.. x
- S (Ans.)
5 5
5a 5a 3a
(ii) -- - + -
1 2 2
10a - 5a + 3a 13a - 5a 8a
= - = 4a (Ans.)
2 2 2

45
29 7 3
' 1''1 )
(1 G xy - 2 1
3 xy - 1 1 xy = - xy -"2
- xy - -xy
6 3 2

-
29xy -14xy - 9xy ~ L.C.M. of 6, 3 and :2 ~ 6 :;s
6
29xy -23xy 6xy
- = xy (Ans.)
6 6
EXERCISE 13(A) - - - - - - - - -
1. Fill In the blanks ··
(i) 5 +4 - .... ...................... and 5x + 4x - ·............................
(i i) 12 + 18 - ·...... .... ....... ........ and 12x2y + 18x2y - ·............................
(iii) 7 + 16 - ... ...................... . and 7a + 16b - ·...... .................... •

(iv) 1+3 - ·...... ................... and x2y + 3xy2 - ·............................

(v) 7-4 - .. , ....................... and 7ab - 4ab - ............................ .
(vi) 12 -5 - .......................... and 12x - 5y - ........... ....... .. .. ... .. . ,

(vii) 35 - 16 - ·..... ...... ....... ....... and 35ab - 16ba - ·............................

•

(viii) 28 - 13 - ...... ................ , .. , and 28ax 2 - 13a2x - ·............... ............ .

•
2. Fill In the blanks ·•
(i) The sum of - 2 and -5 = ................... and the sum of -2x and -5x = ................. ..
(ii) The sum of 8 and -3 ~ ................ ..... and the sum of 8ab and -3ab = .................... .
(iii) The sum of -15 and -4 = .............. .. and the sum of -15x and -4y = ............. ...... ..
(iv) 15 + 8 + 3 = .. .............. ..... and 15x + 8y + 3x = .......... .. ........ .

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(v) 12-9+15= "'" " .. . " " .. "". and 12ab - 9ab + 15ba = ................... ..
(vi) 25 - 7 - 9 = """ ...... "." .... and 25xy - 7xy - 9yx = .................... .
(vii) - 4 - 6 - 5 = ·............... , " .. and-4ax-6ax-5ay= .................... .

3. Add :
(i) 8xy and 3xy (ii) 2xyz, xyz and 6xyz (i ii) 2a, 3a and 4b
(iv) 3x and 2y (v) 5m, 3n and 4p (vi) 6a, 3a and 9ab
(vii) 3p, 4q and 9q (viii) 5ab, 4ba and 6b (ix) 50pq, 30pq and 10pr
(x) -2y, -y and -3y (xi) -3b and-b (xii) 5b, -4b and -lOb
(xiii) -2c, -{: and -5c

4. Evaluate :
(i) 6a-a-5a-2a (ii) 2b - 3b - b + 4b (iii) 3x - 2x - 4x + 7x
(Iv) 5ab + 2ab - 6ab + ab (v) 8x - 5y - 3x + lOy

5. Evaluate :
(i) -7x + 9x + 2x - 2x (ii) 5ab - 2ab - 8ab + 6ab
(iii) --8a - 3a + 12a + 13a - 6a (iv) 19abc - llabc - 12abc + 14abc

6. Evaluate :
1 1 1 2
sax + sax
1 1
(i) 3-x + 4x - 5-x (ii) 7b-2 - b-l - b (i ii) Sax + 3
2 2 3 3
3 1 1 2
(iv) 9y-7-y+2 - y (v) 3xy-2"2 XY + 1 xy
4 4 3
7. Subtract the first term from the second :

(i) 4ab, 6ba (ii) 4·8b, 6·8b (iii) 3·5abc, 10·5abc (iv)

8. Simplify :

(i) 2a2b2 + 5ab2 + 8a2b2 - 3ab2 (i i) 4a+3b - 2a-b

(iii ) 2xy + 4yz + 5xy + 3yz - 6xy (iv) ab + 15ab -11ab - 2ab

(v) 6a2 - 3b 2 + 2a2 + 5b 2 - 4a 2 (vi) 8abc + 2ab - 4abc + ab

(vii) 9xyz + 15yxz - 10zyx - 2zxy (viii) 13pqr + 2p + 4q - 6pqr + 5pqr
(ix) 4ab+O-2ba (x) 6x2y _ 2xy2 + 5x2y _ xy2

(xi) 6·4a + 5·3b - 2-4a - 2·2b. (xii) 2·5a + 4·6b + 1·2a - 3·6b

1 2 1 1
(xiii) 22m -12 2 n -15p + 16n. (xiv) 6p + 3 q - 1 2 P + "3 q + 2q

(xv)

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[!ii] MORE ABOUT ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

(i) Addition of Polynomials :

Example 4 :
Add: 4a + 2b, 3a - 3b + c and -2a + 4b + 2c.
Solution'
First method (Row method) :
Steps:
1. Write all the given polynomials in a row.
2. Group the like terms.
3. Add the like terms.
The required addition
= (4a + 2b) + (3a - 3b + c) + (-2a + 4b + 2c) [Step 1]
= 4a + 2b + 3a - 3b + c - 2a + 4b + 2c [Step 2]
= 4a + 3a - 2a + 2b - 3b + 4b + c + 2c [Step 3]
= 5a + 3b + 3c (Ans.)

Second method (Column method) :

Arrange the given polynominals so that the •
•• 4a + 2b
like terms of the polynominals are one below the 3a - 3b + c
other in a vertical column; then add. -2a + 4b +2c

l in general, the column method is preferred. I 5a + 3b +3c (Ans.)

Example 5 :
(i) Add: 3x 3 - 5x 2 + 8x + 10, 15x3 - 6x - 23 and 9x2 - 4x + 15.
(ii) Add : 3ab 2 - 2b2 + a2 , 5a2 b - 2ab2 - 3a 2 and 8a2 - 5b 2.

Solution:
Using the row method:
(i) (3x' - 5x' + ax + 10) + (15x' - 6x - 23) + (9x' - 4x + 15)
- 3x' - 5x' + 8x + 10 + 15x' - 6x - 23 + 9x' - 4x + 15
_ 3x' + 15x' - 5x' + 9x' + 8x - 6x - 4x + 10 - 23 + 15
- 18x' + 4x' + 8x - 10x + 25 - 23
- 18x' + 4x' - 2x + 2 (Ans.)

(ii) (3ab' - 2b' + a') + (5a'b - 2ab' - 3a') + (8a' - 5b')

_ 3ab' - 2b' + a' + 5a' b - 2ab' - 3a' + 8a' - 5b'
_ 5a' b + 3ab' - 2ab' + a' - 3a' + 8a' - 2b' - 5b'
- 5a'b + abo + 6a' - 7b' (Ans.)

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Using the column method:

(i) 3x 3 - 5x2 + 8x + 10 (ii) 3ab 2 - 2b 2 + a 2
15x3 - 6x - 23 5a 2 b - 2ab 2 - 3a 2
+ 9x 2 - 4x + 15 - 5b2 + 8a 2
18x3 + 4)(2 - 2x + 2 (Ans.) (Ans.)

(ii) Subtraction in Polynomials :

Steps (for the row method) :
1. Enclose the expression to be subtracted in brackets with a minus sign prefixed.
2. Remove the bracket by changing the sign of each term kept in the bracket.
,.--
Examples:
(i) (2x - y) - (x + 5y) = 2x - Y- x - 5y
(ii) (3a + b - c) - (2a - 3b + c) = 3a + b - c - 2a + 3b - c, etc .

3. Combine the like terms and add.

Example 6:
Subtract : 3a - 4b + 5c from 4a - b + 6c.
Solution
4a - b + 6c - (3a 4b + 5c) [ Step 1 J
= 4a - b + 6c - 3a + 4b - 5c [ Step 2 J ~w m£hOd is:used ~
= 4a - 3a - b + 4b + 6c - 5c [ Step 3 J
= a + 3b + C (Ans.)

Whenever there is a negative sign before a bracket, open (remove) the bracket
and, at the same time , change the sign of each term inside the bracket.
e.g. (x + y) - (x - y + z) = x + y - x + y - z = 2y - z

Alternative method (column method) :

Steps (for the column method) .
1. Rewrite the given expressions in two lines (rows) such that the lower line is the
expression to be subtracted and like terms of both the expressions are one below
the other.
2. Change the sign of each term in the lower line, i. e. change the sign of each
term of the expression to be subtracted .
3. Add column-wise.
Thus, for Example 6 given above, we have :
Step 1 : 4a - b + 6c
3a - 4b + 5c
Step2 : - +
------
Step 3 : a + 3b + C (Ans.)

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Example 7 .
From the sum of Sx2 - 7x + 4 and -3x 2 + Sx + 2 subtract x2 + x + 1.
SOl' ion
Row method: I Column method :
( 7~ + 4) + (-3x 2 + 5x + 2) - (x 2 + X + 1) I Sx2 -7x + 4
= Sx2 - 7x + 4 - 3x2 + Sx + 2 - x2 - X - 1
I -3x 2 +Sx+2 Add
I 2X2_2x+6
= Sx2 - 3x2 - x2 - 7x + Sx - x + 4 + 2 - 1 I x2 + X + 1
= Sx2 - 4x 2 - 8x + Sx + 6 - 1 I Subtract
= x2 - 3x + 5
I x 2 -3x + 5 (Ans.)
I
t. 'TIp Ie 8 .
What should be added to :
(i) 8a to get lSa ? (ii) 6m - 3n to make 4m + 2n ?

(i) 15a - 8a = 7a (Ans.)

(ii) 4m + 2n - (6m - 3n) = 4m + 2n - 6m + 3n
= 4m - 6m + 2n + 3n = -2m + Sn = 5n - 2m (Ans.)
E. ampll. 9
(i) By how much is 3a + 2b greater than Sa + b ?
(ii) Take out 3x + 2y - 6z from 8x - 4y - 2z.
(iii) By how much should 2m + 7n - 4p be increased to get 6p ?
~ oluti n .
(i) 3a + 2b - (5a + b) = 3a + 2b - Sa - b
= 3a - Sa + 2b - b = -2a + b (Ans.)
(ii) ax - 4y - 2z - (3x + 2y - 6z) = 8x - 4y - 2z - 3x - 2y + 6z
= 8x - 3x - 4y - 2y - 2z + 6z
= 5x - 6y + 4z (Ans.)
(iii) 6p - (2m + 7n - 4p) = 6p - 2m - 7n + 4p
= 6p + 4p - 2m - 7n = lOp - 2m - 7n (Ans.)

EXERCISE 13(8) •

1. Find the sum of :

(i) 3a + 4b + 7c, -5a+3b-6c and 4a - 2b - 4c.
(i i) 2x2 + xy _ y2, _x2 + 2xy + 3y2 and 3x 2 - 10xy +4y2.
(i ii) x2 -x+1, -5x 2 + 2x - 2 and 3x2-3x+1.
(iv) a2 -ab + be, 2ab + bc - 2a2 and -3bc + 3a2 + abo
(v) 4x 2 + 7 - 3x, 4x - x2 + 8 and -10 + 5x - 2x2.
(vi) 3x + 4xy _ y2, xy - 4x + 2y2 and 3y2 - xy + 6x.

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2. Add the following expressions:

(I) -17x2 - 2xy + 23 y2, _9 y2 + 15x2 + 7xy and 13x2 + 3y2 - 4xy.
(ii) -x 2 - 3xy + 3y2 + 8, 3x2 - 5y2 - 3 + 4xy and -6xy + 2X2 - 2 + y2.
(iii) a3 - 2b 3 + a, b3 - 2a3 + b and -2b + 2b3 - 5a + 4a3.
3. Evaluate:
(i) 3a - (a + 2b) (ii) (5x - 3y) - (x + y) (iii) (8a + 15b) - (3b - 7a)
(iv) (8x + 7y) - (4y - 3x) (v) 7 - (4a - 5) (vi) (6y - 13) - (4 - 7y)
4. Subtract :
(i) 5a - 3b + 2c from a - 4b - 2c. (ii) 4x - 6y + 3z from 12x + 7y - 21z.
(i ii) 5 - a - 4b + 4c from 5a - 7b + 2c. (iv) -8x - 12y + 17z from x - y - Z.

(v) 2ab + cd - ac - 2bd from ab - 2cd + 2ac + bd.

5. (i) Take - ab + bc - ca from bc - ca + abo
(ii) Take 5x + 6y - 3z from 3x + 5y - 4z.
-3 1 1 3
(i II) Take 2 p + q - r from 2 p - 3" q - 2" r.
(iv) Take 1 - a + a2 from a2 + a + 1.
6. (i) What should be added to 3x to get 5x ?
(i i) What should be added to -x to get 4x ?
(i ii) What should be added to a - b to get 2a + b ?
(iv) By how much is - 3x less than 3x ?
(v) By how much is 2x + y greater than x - 2y ?
(vi) What should be added to 2a - b + C to make it a + b - 2c ?
7. From the sum of x + Y- 2z and 2x - y + z subtract x + y + Z.
8. From the sum of 3a - 2b + 4c and 3b - 2c subtract a - b - C.

9. Subtract x - 2y - z from the sum of 3x - Y + Z and x + y - 3z.

10. Subtract the sum of x + y and x - z from the sum of x - 2z and x + y + Z.
11 . By how much should x + 2y - 3z be increased to get 3x ?
12. The sum of two expressions is 5x 2 - 3y2. If one of them is 3x2 + 4xy - y2, find the other.
13. The sum of two expressions is 3a2 + 2ab - b2. If one of them is 2a2 + 3b 2, find the other.

~ MULTIPLICATION

(i) Multiplication of monomials : In multiplication, the

powers of like factors
We know, a2 = a x a and a3 = a x a x a are added
:. Multiplication of a2 and a3 = a2 x a3
- (a x a) x (a x a x a)
- a x a x a x a x a = as
or, simply : a2 x a3 = a2+3 _ as

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1. Product Law used in exponents :

r
Students already know: [ am x an =.a-m +
_: J

(i) x5 x x7 = X5 + 7 = x12 .
(ii) x2y3 x x6y4
= x2 + 6 X y3 + 4 = xBy7.
(iii) xy2z5 x x4y3z2 X x7y5z4
= Xl + 4 + 7 X y2 + 3 + 5 X Z5 + 2 + 4
= X12yl0 zll and so on
2. The multiplication (product) of given monomials
= (Multiplication of their coefficients) x (multiplication of their literals).
I

f Mpl 0
Multiples : (i) 8x 2y3, 6 y2z5 and 3xz 2
2 7 3
(i i) -5a xy 3, - ax y2 and -9xy
3
SI lution :
(i) • y. r

6y 3
= (Multiplication of their coefficients) x (multiplication of their literals)
= (8 x 6 x 3) X (X2 X x) X (y3 X y2) X (z5 X Z2)
= 144 X x3 x y5 X Z7 = 144x3 y5z7 (Ans.)

(ii) 5a 2xy 3 x 7 ax"y2 x -9xy

3
= ( - 5 x ; x - 9 ) x (a2 x a) x (x x x3 X x) X (y3 X y2 X y)

= 105a x:'y6 (Ans.)

(ii) Multiplication of a polynomial and a monomial :

Multiplication of 4x2y - 3xy2 + 4xy and 2xy s..(.,. Multiply each term of
the polynomial by the -<
_ 2xy x (4x 2y - 3xy 2 + 4xy) '- monomial
_ (2xy X 4x2y) - (2xy X 3xy2) + (2xy x 4XY)''-'--'';:;'~=::::::--~
_ 8x 3y2 - 6X2y3 + 8X 2y2
In the same way:
(a) 5x 2(3x3y2 - 2xy3 + y5)
= (5x2 X 3x3y2) - (5x2 X 2xy3) + (5x 2 X y5)
= 15x5y2 - 1Ox 3y3 + 5X2y5
(b) -3a(4a2 - 8a 3 + 7a4)
_ -12a 3 + 24a4 - 21a5

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(iii) Multiplication of two binomials :

Steps:

1. Multiply each term of the first binomial by each term of the other one.
2. In the product obtained, combine the like terms.

(i) Multiplication of x + 3 and x + 5 - (x + 3) . (x + 5)

-- x . (x + 5) + 3 . (x + 5)
- x . x + x . 5 + 3. x + 15
- x2 + 5x + 3x + 15
- x 2 + 8x + 15
(ii) (3x - 2y) (5x + 3y) - 3x(5x + 3y) - 2y(5x + 3y)
_ 15x2 + 9xy - 10xy - 6y2
_ 15x2 - xy - 6y2
Alternative method :
Steps:
1. Write the binomials one below the other.
2. Multiply the first term of the binomial in the lower line with each term of the
binomial in the upper line.
3. Multiply the second term of the binomial in the lower line with each term of the
binomial in the upper line; then place the like terms one below the other.
4. Add the like terms column-wise.
:. Multiplication of x + 3 and x + 5 is :
x+ 3
x x+ 5
x2 + 3x [.: x. (x + 3) = x2 + 3x]
+ 5x + 15 [.: 5 . (x + 3) = 5x + 15]

On adding: x 2 + 8x + 15 (Ans.)

Example 11 :
Multiply : 3x - 4y and 4x + 5x
Solution'
(3x - 4y) . (4x + 5y) - 3x. (4x + 5y) - 4y . (4x + 5y)
_ 12x2 + 15xy - 16xy - 20y2 = 12x2 - xy - 20y2 (Ans.)
Alternative method:
3x - 4y
x 4x + 5y
12x2 - 16xy [.: 4x. (3x - 4y) = 12x2 - 16xy]
+ 15xy- 20y2 [.: 5y. (3x - 4y) = 15xy - 20y2j

On adding: 12x2 -xv - 20y2 (Ans.)

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EXERCISE 13(C) - - - - - - - - -
•
1. Fill In the blanks ••
(i) 6 x 3 - ..... ........... ....... and 6x x 3x - ·....... .....................
(ii) 6 x 3 - ·.... .................. and 6x 2 x 3x 3 - .............................
(iii) 5 x 4 - ·............. ......... and 5x x 4y - • • •• •• •• •••• • •• • • • • • •
• • • • • • • •

(iv) 4 x 7 - ·...................... and 4ax x 7x - .. ...........................

(v) 6 x 2 - .................... ... and 6xy x 2xy - . ....................... "".
(vi) 12 x 4 - ...................... . and 12ax2 x 4ax - . .... .........•.. . ... .•.•.•.•
(vii) 1 x 8 - ·......... ............. and a2xy2 x 8a 3x2y - ·.... .... ....................
(viii) 15 x 3 - ·.... .... .. ............ and 15x x 3x Sy2 - ....... ......................
2. Fill in the blanks :
(i) 4x x 6x x 2 = ............... ...... . (ii) 3ab x 6ax = .................... ..
(i ii) x x 2X2 x 3x 3 = .................... .. (iv) 5x5a3 = .................... ..
(v) 6x6x 2 x6x 2y2= .................... .. (vi) -8xx-3x= .... ................ ..
(vii) -5 x -3x x 5x 2 = .................... .. (viii) 8 x -4xy2 x 3x3y2 = ...... .............. ..
(ix) -4x x 5xy x 3z = .................... ..
(x) 5x x 2x2y x -7y 3 x 2x3y2 = .................... ..
3. Find the value of :
(i) 3x 3 x 5x4 5a2 x 7a 7
(i i) (iii) 3abc x 6ac 3
(iv) a2b2 x 5a3b4 (v) 2x 2y3 x 5x3y4 (vi) abc x bed
4. Multiply:
(i) a + b by ab (i i) 3ab - 4b by 3ab (i ii) 2xy - 5by by 4bx
(iv) 4x + 2y by 3xy (v) x2 - x by 2x (vi) 1 + 4x by x
(vii) 9xy2 + 3x2y by 5xy (viii) 6x - 5y by 3axy
5. Multiply :
(i) -x + Y - z and - 2x (ii) xy - yz and x2yz2 (iii) 2xyz + 3xy and -2y2z
(iv) -3xy2 + 4x2y and -xy (v) 4xy and _x2y _3x 2y2
6. Multiply:
(i) 3a + 4b - 5c and 3a (ii) -5xy and _xy2 - 6x 2y
7. Multiply:
(i) x + 2 and x + 10 (ii) x + 5 and x - 3 (iii) x - 5 and x + 3
(iv) x - 5 and x - 3 (v) 2x + y and x + 3y (vi) 3x - 5y and x + 6y
(vii) x + 9y and x - 5y (viii) 2x + 5y and 2x + 5y
8. Multiply :
(i) 3abc and -5a2b2c (ii) x - Y + Z and -2x
(iii) 2x - 3y - 5z and -2y (iv) -axyz + 10x2yz 3 and xyz
(V) xyz and -13xy2z + 15x2yz - 6xyz 2 (vi) 4abc - 5a2 bc - 6ab2c and -2abc2

9. Find the product of :

(i) xy - ab and xy + ab (ii) 2abc - 3xy and 2abc + 3xy
(iii) a + b - c and 2a - 3b (iv) 5x - 6y - 7z and 2x + 3y
(v) 5x - 6y - 7z and 2x + 3y + z (vi) 2a + 3b - 4c and a - b - c

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Example 12 :
Multiply :

(i) 3 x2y and ~ x3ys (ii) 3 ab3 and _ ~ a2b

5 6 7 15
7
(iii) -2m n and - mn 4
2 2
16
(iv) -5ax3 and -52 a3x.
Solution.

(i) (Ans.)

(ii) .~ ab 3 x - _(3x -~)

7 15
x a'+2 x b3+'

= _ J_ a3b4 (Ans.)
5
7
(iii) -2m 2n2 x 16 4
mn - - (-2 X ~) 16 x m2+'n 2+4

= _ 7 m3 n6 (Ans.)
8

(iv) -5ax3x-~a3x = (-5X: ) x a'+3 x x3+'

(Ans.)

The product of any term/expression with zero (0) is always equal to zero.
For example :
(i) 3x2 x 0 = 0 (ii) 0 x (- 7xy2z) = 0 (iii) 4m 2 x 0 x 2n 5 = 0

- - - - - - - - - EXERCISE 13(0)
1. Multiply :
3
(i) 6 and '2x
3
(ii) 2 ~ m and 9 (iii) 5ab and 1 S
3 3 2 5 8 2 7
(iv) -xy and 3- (v) -sxand 4 Y (vi) - m and - - mn
8 7 7 16
8
(vii) -§.am 2 and -~a3 (viii) (ix) - X2y 3 and 0
7 9 15
9 1 4 2•.3 5 "' ,
(x) _-m3y2 and 3- y7 m6 (xi) 25xy - and519xy
16 5
2. Multiply :
7
(i) 5x, 3x2 and x3 (i i) 2, 8m2 and 4m 5 (i ii) 0, 8ax and '8 bx
4 5
(iv) -sf, 0 and 8 y4 (v) 2mn, -3mn and 5mn (vi) 7ab, -2ab and -ab

(vii) 2
1 1
x,1 x2and8 (viii) -~ab 2! a2 and 4b 2 (ix)
2 1
-xy 5-x2 and - y2
3
2 2 5 ' 2 3 '2 11

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3. Multiply :
2 1 1 3 2 2 3
(i) -xV - 2-x2 + 1- y2 and 6xy 3
(i i) mn + 2-m n - -m by -10m2n2
326 5 5
1 3 1
(iii) -ax - -bx2 - 2-cx 3 by 4 ax2
2 2 2
4. Evaluate :
3 1 2 2 2
(i) (- ax2y) x (-lSa2y) (i i) (2-xy) x (1 - x ) x (_xy2)
S 3 7 3
S 4 1 1
(iii) (-- b2cx) x (-4-bc2x3) (iv) (Sab 2) x (-1-a2b) x (--ax)
12 5 5 3
(v) (-3ab) x (-2a2b) x (-Sab3) (vi) (-2x) x (-4x2) x (-Sx 3) x (_x4 )

(vii) (-x 2y) x (xy 3) x (-x5y2)

~ DIVISION

(i) Division of a monomial by a monomial :

10ab 2 x$ x;tx b
(a) 10ab divide by Sa = Sa = 5 x;r = 2b
i.e. when 10ab is divided by Sa, the quotient is 2b.
(b) 21 ayz divided by 7az

= 21ayz + 7az = 21ayz = 3 xj x ~x y x7' _ 3

7az .ix~xy - y
(c) Divison of 12ms by 4m 3
_ 12ms + 4m 3 I Write each term in its expanded
3 x 4"x jrt x jrt x jrt x mx m I form and then cancel the terms
- .4 x jrt x jrt x jrt I that are common to the
_ 3 x m x m = 3m 2 I numerator and the denominator.
I
Using exponents (quotient law) :
am
(i) = am - n, if m > nand
an
•

am 1
~
(ii)
an = an-m' if n > m
x7 x3 1 1
• - 3 = x7 - 3 = X4, - 7-3 - -'
- X4
x7
••
x X

x Sy3 5-2 x3
x2 yB -- Y8-3 --
X
-
Y
5 and so on

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12ms
•
•• - 4m 3
= 3 x mS - 3 = 3 x m2 = 3m 2
(d) Divison of 35a 3bs by 5a6b2 .
Sx 7 x bS- 2
[ Using exponents 1
Sx a6 - 3

- -7b'
a'
More examples
B S
(i) 24a 4bB _ 3 x Bx b - 3b
B a 9b s Bx a9 - 4 - as

_4Sm 3nS
2 3
(ii) -45m 3n5 .;. 9mn 2 = 2 = -5m n
9mn
1 S Sb7 2 3a 3 b 4
(iii) _15a5b7x2 .;. _5a 2b3xB = - a2 3 xB = and so on.
_ Sa b x x6

(II) Division of a polynomial by a monomial:

Divide each term of the polynomial by the monomial;
(i) Division of 12x5 - 9x 3 by 3x2

9x 3
- 2
= 4x3 - 3x
3x
(ii) Division of 15x2y3 - 21 x3y4 + 18x4y2 by 3X 2y2

Example 13: Divide : 24x\,3 + 30x4ys - 12x5y4 by - 6X2y3

Solution;

24x'y3 + 30X'y5 _12x 5y 4 24x 3 y 3

-- -
2
_ 6x y' _ 6X 2 y3

= (-4x) + (_5X2y2) - (-2x\,)

= -4x - 5X 2 y2 + 2x 3y (Ans.)

EXERCISE 13(E) - - - - - - - - -
1. Divide:
(i) 3a by a (ii) 15x by 3x (iii) 16m by 4
(iv) 2Ox 2 by 5x (v) 30p2 by 10p2 (vi) 14a3b3 by 2a 2
(vii) 1Bpq"> by 3pq (viii) 100 by SOb

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2. Simplify:
(i) 2x s + x2 (ii) 6aB+ 3a 3 (iii) 20xy + -5xy
(iv) -24a 2b2c2 + 6ab (v) -5x2y + xy2 (vi) 4Op3q4 r5 + 10p3q
(vii) - 64x4 y3z + 4X3y2z (viii) 35xys + 7x 2y4
3. Divide :
(i) - 3: by 2m (ii) -15 p6qB by _5 p6q7 (iii) -21m sn7 by 14m 2n2

(iv) 36a4xsy6 by 4x2a3y2 (v) 20x 3a6 by 5xy

2a 2 3b -5·5x 2 llx by 8xy

(vii) 9b2 by 2a (viii) by Y
Y z
4. Simplify :
35-iy2
(i) (i i)
-15iy2
5. Divide:
(i) 9x 3 - 6x 2 by 3x (ii) 6m 2 - 16m 3 + 10 m4 by -2m
(iii) 15x 3y2 + 25x 2y3 - 36x4y4 by 5x2y2
(iv) 36a3 x S - 24a4 x4 + 18a5 x 3 by -6a3 x 3 .

- - - - - - - REVISION EXERCISE (Chapter 13) - - - - - - -

1. Add:
(i) 3xy, -2xy, 4xy and -3xy (ii) 2a + b, a + 2b, 5a - b and -a + 5b
(iii) a - y, 2a - 4b, 5b and a + C (iv) 2a 2 - 3b 2, 3a2 - 4b 2 and - 4a2 + 8b 2
2. Subtract :
(i) 3xy - x2 - 2y2 from 3x2 + 4y2 + xy (ii) 7a2 - b2 - 5ab from 2a2 + 5b 2 + 3ab
3. From the sum of 4x - 5y - 6z and 6x + 5y + 14z subtract 2x + 3y - 4z.
4. Subtract the sum of 13a -llb + 9c and -3a + 21b from lla -7b + 10c.
5. Subtract the sum of 12x - lOy + 8z 2 and -5x - 2y + 14z2 from the sum of 3x - 5y + 7Z2
and 2x - 9y + 13z2.
6. Simplify:
(i) (3x - 4y) - (x + 3y) + (2x - y) (ii) (-Sa + 3b) - (5a - 11 b) - (-25a + 4b)
7. Multiply :
(i) 2a - 3b and 2a + 3b (ii) 5x and 2x - 3y + 4z
(iii) 5a + 7b and 3a - 8b (iv) 5a - 7b and 3a + 8b

8. Divide :
(i) _72a 2b3 by 9ab 2 (ii) -36x3y2 zs by -9x2yz3 (iii) --42a 7bs by -l4as~
(iv) 15xs - 21x6 + 18x4 by 3x2 (v) 21x3y4 + 35x4y3 - 49x¥ by -7x2y3

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9. Simplify:
(i) (36 xy) + (9x) (ii) (36 xy) + (-9x) (iii) (-36 xy) + (9x)
(iv) (-36 xy) + (-9x) (v) 3xy(4x2y + 2xy2) (vi) 2ab 2(a 3b - 3a 2b3)
10. Simplify :
(i) 5xY(3x 2y3) (ii) -5x 2Y(3x 2y4) (iii) 5X 3y2(_3x 4y3)

8ab(6a 2b4 )
(vi) -12a~5
11 . Evaluate :
(i) 10ab - 26ab + 3ab (ii) 6xy - 3xy - xy (iii) 7x 2y - 5x 2y + 3x2y - 2x2y
(iv) 7x + By - 4x - 13y (v) - 8m - 16n + 5m - 7n
12. What should be added to 2m2 + 3mn + 2n2 to get 5n 2 - 3mn ?
13. What should be subtracted from 8x3 + 3x 2 + 9 to obtain 4x 3 - 5x2 + 8x - 4 ?
14. Multiply : (i) (5xy + 3yz) and 2xz

(ii) 6 x2y and ( 35 xy + 14 xy

7 6 3 2)
(iii) (2x 3 - 3x 2 + 6x - 8) and (- 5x2)

15. Simplify: (i) 4x 2 (3x - 2) + 3x (5x + 6) - 4 (2x - 6)

(ii) x2 (y2 _ Z2) + y2 (Z2 _ x2) + Z2 (x2 _ y2)
(iii) ab (2a2 - b3) - 3ab 2 (4ab - a2) + 2a2b (ab - 5ab2)

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CHAPTER 14

SUBSTITUTION
(Including Use of Brackets as Grouping Symbols)

~ BASIC CONCEPT
The value of an expression depends on the value(s) of its variable(s).
Consider the algebraic expression : 3x + 2
In the expression 3x + 2, the variable used is x, and so the value of the expression
3x + 2 depends on the value of its variable x. That is :
(i) if x =2, the value of the expression 3x + 2 =3 x 2 + 2 =6 + 2 =8
(ii) if x =0, the value of the expression 3x + 2 =3 x 0 + 2 =0 + 2 =2
(iii) if x =- 2, the value of the expression 3x + 2 =3 x -2 + 2 =- 6 + 2 =- 4 and so on.
Now consider the algebraic expression 5x - 2y.
This expression consists of variables x and y.
Now, if :
(i) x =3 and y =2, 5x - 2y =5 x 3 - 2 x 2 =15 - 4 = 11
(ii) x =8 and y =5, 5x - 2y =5 x 8 - 2 x 5 =40 - 10 =30.
The process of finding the value of an algebraic expression by substituting the
given value (values) of its variable (variables) is called substitution.
Example 1 :
If x = 6 and y = 3, find the value of :
5x
(i) 4x + Y (ii) 3x - 4y (iii) 3xy (iv) 4y
Solution :
(i) 4x + Y =4 x 6 + 3 =24 + 3 =27 (Ans.)
(ii) 3x - 4y =3 x 6 - 4 x 3 = 18 - 12 =6 (Ans.)
(iii) 3xy = 3 x 6 x 3 = 54 (Ans.)
5x 5x6 30 5 1
(iv) 4y = 4 x 3 = 12 = "2 =2 2 (Ans.)

Example 2:
If a =2, b = 5 and c =8, find the value of: 3ab + 10bc - 2abc.
Solution:
3ab + 10bc - 2abc = 3 x 2 x 5 + 10 x 5 x 8 - 2 x 2 x 5 x 8
= 30 + 400 - 160
= 430 - 160 = 270 (Ans.)

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Example 3:
10pq - 3qr
If p = 8, q =1 and r = 2, find the value of :
4pqr - 2 P
Solution:
1~pq-3qr 10 x 8 x 1-3 x 1 x 2_ 80-6 = 74 = 37=1 ~
(Ans.)
4 pqr - 2 P - 4 x 8 x 1 x 2 - 2 x 8 64 - 16 48 24 24

Example 4 .
If x = 2; find the value of 3x 2 + x.
Solution'
3x 2 + X = 3(2)2 + 2
= 3 x2 x 2 + 2 = 12 + 2 = 14 (Ans.)
Example 5 .
If x = 5, Y = 6 and z = 10, find the value of :
2
3x 2 (ii) xy (iii) x y
(i)
x xz z
Solution .'

3x 2 3x 5x 5
(i)
x
- 5
=3 x 5= 15 (Ans.)

Alternative method:
3xxxx
- x
= 3 x x = 3 x 5 = 15 (Ans.)

(ii) xy _ 5 x 6 (Ans.)
xz 5 x 10
Alternative method:
xy y 6 3
- = - - = -- (Ans.)
xz z - 10 5
x'y 52 x 6 5x5x6 150
(i ii) - - - - = 15 (Ans.)
z 10 10 10
Example 6'
If a = 2, b = 3 and c = 4, find the value of :
(i) a b (ii) ba (iii) cb
Solution'
(i) ab = 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 (Ans.)

(ii) b' = 32 = 3 x 3 = 9 (Ans.)

(iii) c b = 43 = 4 x 4 x 4 = 64 (Ans.)
(iv) a' - b2 • c2 = (2)2 - (3)2 + (4)2
=4-9+ 16=20-9= 11 (Ans.)

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- - - - - - - - - EXERCISE 14(A)
1. Fill in the following blanks, when: x = 3, y = 6, z = 18, a = 2, b = 8, c = 32 and d = O.
(i) x+Y - 3 l 9 (ix) a + b + x - .....................................
(i i) Y- x - ........................................
, (x) b+z- d - .....................................
(Iii) -Y - .... ...................................
" (xi) a - b+Y - .....................................
x
(iv) c •
• - .......................... , .. " ..........
b (xii) z- a- b - .....................................
(v) z .,. x - .... , •........ , ... ....•.....•••.•..•••
• ,., (xiii) d -a+x - .... , ................................
(vi) Y x d - ............. , ..... ,. , ..................• (xiv) xy - bd - .....................................
(vii) d x - ........................................•
•
• (xv) xz + cd - .....................................
(viii) ab + Y - .. ..... ,,' ..... ", ... ', ......
""""" "

2. Find the value of :

(i) p + 2q + 3r, when p = 1, q = 5 and r = 2
(ii) 2a + 4b + 5c, when a = 5, b = 10 and c = 20
(iii) 3a - 2b, when a = 8 and b = 10
(Iv) 5x + 3y - 6z, when x = 3, Y = 5 and z = 4
(v) 2p - 3q + 4r - 85, when p = 10, q = 8, r = 6, and 5 = 2
(vi) 6m - 2n - 5p - 3q, when m = 20, n = 10, P = 2 and q = 9
3. Find the value of :
(i) 4pq x 2r, when p = 5, q = 3 and r = 1/2 ( '11') -yx h 8 4 d
z ' wenx= , y= an Z=
16
a+b-c
(iii) - - - , when a = 5, b = 7 and c = 2
2a
4. If a =3, b = 0, c = 2 and d = 1, find the value of :
(i)
3a + 2b - 6c + 4d (ii) 6a - 3b - 4c - 2d (iii) ab - be + cd - da
(iv)abc - bcd + cda (v) a2 + 2b 2 - 3c2 (vi) a2 + b2 _ c2 + d2
(vii)2a 2 - 3b 2 + 4c2 - 5d 2
5. Find the value of : 5x 2 - 3x + 2, when x = 2.
6. Find the value of: 3x 3 - 4x 2 + 5x - 6, when x = -1.
7. Show that the value of: x3 - 8x2 + 12x - 5 is zero, when x = 1.
8. State true and false :
(i) The value of x + 5 = 6, when x = 1 (ii) The value of 2x - 3 = 1, when x = °
2x - 4
(iii) = -1, when x = 1.
x +1
9. If x = 2, Y = 5 and z = 4, find the value of each of the following:
x xz -
(i) 2x2 (i i) yz (iii) z' (iv) y'
x2 y2 z2 5x4 y2 z2 x2 y'
(v) (vi) (vii) xy.;. y2 z (viii)
xz 2X2 X

10. If a = 3, find the values of a2 and 2".

11. If m = 2, find the difference betwee(l the values of 4m 3 and 3m 4

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114.~ BRACKETS

In general, the symbols ( ), { }, [ }, etc., are called brackets.

,. ( ) is called a smell brscket or perenthesis.

2. ( ) IS called a middle bracket or curly bracket.
3. [ ) IS celled e big brscket or squere bracket.
Note: If one more bracket is needed, we use the bar bracket,
I.e. a line - - is drawn over a group of terms.

Thus, In 2x + 3y - 4z, the line over 3y - 4z serves as the bar bracket and is
celled vinculum.

If an expression is enclosed within a bracket, it is considered a single quantity

even if it is made up of many terms.
For example
Each of (x - y) and (2a + 3b - 2) will be treated as a single quantity.

Iwhile sImplifying an expression containing a bracket, first of all, the terms inside brackets
~e operated {'- co:...m
_b:...ln_e__d:..,
)._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Example 7
Evaluate: (i) 15 - (8 - 6) (ii) (15 - 8) - 6
Solution
Simplifying the terms in the bracket first
(i) 15 - (8 6) = 15 - 2
= 13 (Ans.)
(ii) (15 - 8) - 6 =7 - 6 =1 (Ans.)
Similarly,
15 - (8 + 6) = 15 - 14 = 1; (15 - 8) + 6 = 7 + 6 = 13 and so on.

~ OPENING OR REMOVING A BRACKET

Removing a bracket
(i) When there is + ve (positive) sign before a bracket:
The bracket is removed without changing the signs of the terms in the bracket.

FOI exampll:
(i) 10 + (7 - 3) (ii) a + (b - c + d)
=10+7-3= 14 = a+b-c+d
(ii) When there is - ve (negative) sign before a bracket:
The bracket is removed and, at the same time, the sign of each term in side
the bracket is a/so changed,
I.e. + sign will change to - sign, and - sign will change to + sign.

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For example :
(i) 12 - (8 - 5) (ii) a - (b - c + d)
= 12 - 8 + 5 = 17 - 8 = 9 =a-b+c-d

114.41 REMOVAL OF BRACKETS

In a combined operation, the brackets should be removed in the following order:

(i) (ii) ( ) (iii) { } (iv) [ ]
For example :
(i) 3x - (2y - x - y)
= 3x - (2y - x + y) [ On removing the bar bracket 1
= 3x - (3y - x)
= 3x - 3y + x [ On removing the small bracket 1
= 4x - 3y
(ii) 6a - {a + (2a - 4 - a)) First of all remove the bar bracket
= 6a - {a + (2a - 4 + a)) and simplify; then remove the
small bracket ( ) and simplify.
= 6a - {a + (3a - 4)) Finally remove the currly bracket
= 6a - (a + 3a - 4) ( ) and simplify.

= 6a - (4a - 4) = 6a - 4a + 4 = 2a + 4

Example 8:
Simplify:
(i) a - [b - {c - (a - b - e)}] (ii) 3a - [2a - {a + (a - b - c + c))]
Solution:
(i) a - [b - {c - (a - b - c )}]
= a - [b - {c - (a - b + c)}] [ On removing the bar bracket 1
= a - [b - {c - a + b - c}] [ On removing the small bracket 1
= a - [b - e + a - b + c] [ On removing the middle bracket 1
=a-b+e-a+b-e [ On removing the square bracket 1
= 0 (Ans.)
(i) 3a - [2a - {a + (a - b - c + e)}]
Order of removing the
= 3a - [2a - {a + (a - b + c + c)}]
brackets is : -, ( ), ( )
= 3a - [2a - {a + a - b + e + e}] and finally [ ).
= 3a - [2a - a - a + b - c - e]
•
= 3a - 2a + a + a - b + e + e = 3a - b + 2e (Ans.)

A number placed before a bracket indicates that each term inside the bracket is to be
multiplied by that number.
Thus: (i) 5(x + y) = 5x + 5y (ii) 2(2a - b) = 4a - 2b
(iii) 3(m - 2n + 4a) = 3m - 6n + 12a and so on.

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Example 9:
Simplify : (i) 2x + 3 (x - y) (ii) Sa - 2 {2b - 3 (a - b))

Solution:
(i) 2x + 3 (x - y) = 2x + 3x - 3y
= 5x - 3y (Ans.)
(i i) 5a - 2 {2b - 3(a - b)} - Sa - 2 (2b - 3a + 3b)
- Sa - 4b + 6a - 6b
- Sa + 6a - 4b - 6b = 11 a - lOb (Ans.)

EXERCISE 14(B) - - - - - - - - -
1. Evaluate :
(i) (23 - lS) + 4 (ii) Sx + (3x + 7x) (iii) 6m - (4m - m)
(iv) (9a - 3a) + 4a (v) 3Sb - (16b + 9b) (vi) (3y + 8y) - Sy
2. Simplify :
(i) 12x - (Sx + 2x) (ii) 10m + (4n - 3n) - Sn
(iii) (lSb - 6b) - (8b + 4b) (iv) - (- 4a - 8a)
(v) x - (x - y) - (-x + y) (vi) p + (- q - r - s) - (p - q - r)
(vii) (a + b) - (e + d) - (e - f) (viii) 3x + (8x - Sx) - (7x - x)
(Ix) a - (a - b - e) (x) 6a2 + (2a2 - a2 ) - (a2 _ b2 )
(XI) 2m - (3m + 2n - 6n) (xii) - m - n - (- m) - m
(xiii) x + Y - (x + y - x) (xiv) 2Sy - (Sx - lOy + 6x - 3y)

(xv) 3x + (2x - x + 2) (xvi) a - (2a - 4a + 3a)

(xvii) Sx 2 _ (3x _ x 2 _ 4) (xviii) - (y - x) - (x + y - 2x + y)

3. Simplify :
(i) x - (y - z) + x + (y - z) + y - (z + x) (ii) x - [Y+ (x - (y +X)))
(iii) 4x + 3 (2x - Sy) (iv) 2 (3a - b) - S (a - 3b)
(v) p + 2 (q r + p) (vi) a - [- ( - (a - b - e)J]

(vii) 3x - [Sy - {6y + 2 (lOy - x))) (viii) S (a 2 - a (a - a - 2))

~ INSERTING A BRACKET
1. When any part of an expression is inserted within a bracket with a positive
sign before it, the sign of each term kept inside the bracket remains
unchanged.
For example
The expression a - b + c - d may be written as :
a + (- b + c - d) or a - b + (c - d)
2. When any part of an expression is to be inserted within a bracket with a negative
sign before It, the sign of each term kept inside the bracket gets changed.

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For example
The expression a - b + c - d may be written as :
a - (b - c + d) or a - b - (- c + d)

EXERCISE 14(C) - - - - - - - - -
1. Fill in the blanks :
(i) 2a + b - c = 2a + (................ ) (ii) 3x - z + y = 3x - (......... ....... )
(i ii) 6p - 5x + q = 6p - (....... ..... .... ) (iv) a + b - c + d = a + (. ... ..... .......)
(v) 5a + 4b + 4x - 2c (vi) 7x + 2z + 4y - 3 = - 3 + 4y + (................)
= 4x - (... .... ......... )
(vii) 3m - 2n + 6 = 6 - (. ...... ......... ) (viii) 2t + r - p - q + S = 2t + r - (.............. ..)
2. Insert the bracket as indicated :
(i) x-2y=-(. ......... .. ... ) (ii) m + n - p = - (. ............... )
(iii) a + 4b - 4c = a + (. .. ......... ....) (iv) a - 3b + 5c = a - (. ........... .... )
(v) x2 - y2 + Z2 = x2 _ (........ ........ ) (vi) m2 + x2 _ p2 = _ (................ )
(vii) 2x - Y + 2z = 2z - (......... ..... ..) (viii) ab + 2bc - 3ac = 2bc - (............ ....)

- - - - - - - REVISION EXERCISE (Chapter 14) - - - - - - -

1. Find the value of 3ab + 1Obc - 2abc when a = 2, b = 5 and c = 8.
2. If x = 2, Y = 3 and z = 4, find the value of 3x 2 - 4y2 + 2Z2.
3. If x = 3, Y = 2 and z = 1, find the value of :
(i) xY (ii) y< (iii) 3x2 - 5y2
(iv) 2x - 3y + 4z + 5 (v) y2 - x2 + 6z 2 (vi) xy + y2z - 4zx
4. If P = - 12x2 - 10xy + 5y2, Q = 7x2 + 6xy + 2y2 and R = 5x 2 + 2xy + 4y2, find:
(i) P - Q (ii) Q + P (iii) P - Q + R (iv) P + Q + R
5. If x = a2 - bc, y = b2 - ca and z = c 2 - ab, find the value of : (i) ax + by + cz (ii) ay - bx + cz
6. Multiply and then evaluate :
(i) (4x + y) and (x - 2y), when x = 2 and y =1.
(ii) (x2 - y) and (xy - y2), when x = 1 and y = 2.
(i ii) (x - 2y + z) and (x - 3z), when x = - 2, Y = - 1 and z = 1.
7. Simplify:
(i) 5(x + 3y) - 2(3x - 4y) (ii) 3x - 8(5x - 10) (iii) 6{3x - 8(5x - IOn
(iv) 3x - 6{3x - 8(5x - 10)) (v) 2(3x 2 - 4x - 8) - (3 - 5x - 2X2)

(vi) 8x - (3x - 2x - 3) (vii) 12x2 _ (7x - 3x 2 + 15) •

8. If x = - 3, find the value of 2x 3 + 8x2 - 15.

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