Final-Report Philippines PDF
Final-Report Philippines PDF
Ltd., Slád
dkovičova
a 5, Spišsk
ká Nová V
Ves
Company is registered i n the District Court Košice I. Section: Sroo, Insert no. 8973 / V.
ID #: 36169641, TAX ID
D #: 2020032674, tel., 421 ‐‐ 53 ‐ 4411 8334, email: [email protected]
FIN
NAL REEPORT
CSA
AMT SURV
VEY –SILLINGAN P
PROJECTT
III‐IV. 2014
Locality: SURIGAO, PHILIPPINES
Customer: Silangan Mindanao Mining Company,
Philippines (SMMCI)
Contractor: KORAL, Ltd.
Sládkovičova 5
052 01 Spišská Nová Ves
Project participants:
Mgr. Vincent KULTAN– the principal investigator
RNDr. Slavomír DANIEL
RNDr. Jozef KOMOŇ
Jaroslav BAŠISTA
1
CONTENT
FINAL REPORT ........................................................................................................................................................................... 0
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
1.1 INFORMATION ABOUT THE SURVEY ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY AREA .............................................................................................................................. 3
2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF METHODS AND DEVICES ......................................................................................... 5
3. MetHODOLOGY OF GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION ............................................................................................................ 7
2.1 FIELD MEASUREMENT ............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.1 TRANSMITTER SITE ......................................................................................................................................... 7
RECEIVER SITE ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 QUALITY CONTROL .................................................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.1 PREPROCCESING ........................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 INVERSION .................................................................................................................................................... 10
3. WORK EVALUATION ................................................................................................................................................... 10
4. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................................. 23
5. LITERATURE ................................................................................................................................................................ 23
LIST OF GRAPHICAL ATTACHMENTS:
/total 23pcs./
1. Situation of CSAMT measurements S. 1:5000
2. Coordinates of CSAMT stations (.txt)
3.1‐8 Resistivity vertical section 1‐8 S. 1:5000/1:10000
4.1‐13 Resistivity map at elevation 200,150,100,50,0,‐50,‐100,‐150,‐200,‐300,‐400,‐500,‐600 m asl. S. 1:5000
CONTENT OF EXTERNAL HARDDISK:
RAW_DATA – measured data
EDI – *.edi files
RESULTS/REPORT – final report in .pdf format
RESULT/MODEL – resistivity 3d model in .csv format
RESULTS/OTHERS – visualization of 3d model, coordinates etc.
2
1. IN TRODUCTIO
ON
1.1 IN FORMATION
N ABOUT TH
HE SURVEY
Equipment and accessories hhad been preppared and tessted before th
he actual worrk performancce. The equipm
ment
quently sent to
was subseq o the Philippin
nes by the shiipping service.
Em
mployees of th
he company Koral, Ltd. arrivved at the plaace of measure
ement on 9 M
March 2014.
Tests (3/12‐13//2014) necesssary to optiimize measurements (opttimized joblisst, direction and strengtth of
broadcast ssignals) were iimplemented according to the timetable
e set out in the project.
oduction startted on 14 March 2014.
Pro
3
Figure
e 1. Schematicc map showing the survey a
area location
Figure 22. Geology of survey locality
4
2. TH
HEORETICALL FOUNDATI ONS OF METTHODS AND
D DEVICES
CSAMT method d uses a transmissions coontrolled ele ectromagneticc signal of apppropriate frrequencies att the
transmitterr and measureement of the electric and m magnetic field at the receiver side. Transsmitter and re eceiver are loccated
5‐15 km duuring the meaasurements. Itt depends on the geologicaal conditions o of the exploraation area and d the target, what
and how deep should be detected d. This fact determines the choice of the correect frequencyy range used d for
measuremeents. During measurement
m ts, the transm
mitter is staticc and remainss at the samee place. Corre
ect location of the
transmitterr, its distance from the receeiver and usedd frequency raange is determ mined in the fifirst stage of fiieldwork.
Figure. 3: Sch
F g the Tx station setup
heme showing
Figu
ure. 4: Schemee showing thee Tx and Rx sta
ation setup
5
transmitting set is 40A. Maximum current except to the apparaatus itself also depends onn geological cconditions and
d the
conductivity ratios of thee locality.
Groounding tripo
ole was used instead of gro unding injecte
ed dipole. The
e set‐up allow
ws rotating currrent vector in
n any
direction ass needed with
hout changingg the position of the ground
ding electrode
e.
Traansmitter and PS time during measuremennt.
d receiver are fully synchronnized with GP
Figurre.5: TXB – 07
7 (Transmitterr controller) Figure.6: (Traansmitter)
Figure 7. ADU
U‐07e basic un
nit Figure 8. SSensor, cable and accessoriies
6
3. METHO
ODOLOGY OFF GEOPHYSI CAL EXPLOR
RATION
Location for transmitter was selected prioor to measure
ement by emp
ployees of Siliingam company in consultaation
with Koral ccompany. Adm
missions and p
permissions wwere providedd.
Meeasurement ssites were ma arked in the fiield and partially disclosed due to accesssibility. The ccustomer outtlined
and marked
d projected po
oints by a woo
oden peg in a dvance.
All maps, elemeents or points coordinates aare in UTM co
oordinate syste
em WGS84 511N.
2.1.1 TRANSMITTTER SITE
ar the town off Sison.
Traansmitter sitee was built nea
Wee built three eelectrode nestts and we useed stud electro odes. Nests w
were fenced annd marked byy security features.
We coated a copper cable (500‐600 m) from eac h nest for co
onnection to the
t transmittter. The cable e was markedd and
or safety all the
guarded fo t measurem ment. Accordding to the resistivity
r ratios, we used 4‐7 stud ele
ectrodes for each
grounding nnest.
Traansmitting sett included gen
nerator, isolattion transform
mer, TXM‐22//TXB‐07 and ccontrol compu uter with software
of Metronixx to operate the equipment. The entire sset was protected from rainn and sun by pprotection she
eet.
TX
XM‐22/TXB‐07 U V
V U
(N9°39'44..532",E125°30'44
4.916") (N9
9°39'56.99'',E1255°30'53.46") (N9°39'32.472'',E125°30'56.7") (N9°39'44.1
1'',E125°30'30.70 08")
Table 1. Co
oordinates of tthe central paart and the gro
ounded electrrode.
Figure 9. EElectrode E1 (U) Figure
e 10. Electrodde E2 (V) Figure 11. Elec
F ctrode E3 (W) Figure 12. TXM‐22/TXB‐07
Res. U‐V (Ω
Ω) Res. U‐W (Ω) Res. V‐W (Ω)
5.60 6.41 7.23
Table 2. Reesisitivity betw
ween groundin
ng electrodes
Co maximum currrent 40A for transmitting e lectrodes.
onductivity rattios ensure the use of the m
We carried
d out several ttests during co
onstruction off the transmittter: signal quality, noise, rootation test.
7
The resistivity raatios betweenn the electroddes were meaasured at regu
ular intervals and, if necesssary, we imprroved
the grounding conductivvity ratios by salt water.
Freequencies in tthe range of 1
1 ‐ 8192Hz we re used for traansmission.
Time of traansmission an
nd switching of dipoles waas adjusted so
s that the measurement
m length was sufficient
s for each
measured ffrequency.
2.1.3 REC EIVER SITE
Figure 13. Pro
F ojected and reealized measurrements
8
The initial planning, as well as preparati on, counted on achieving effective de pth of 500‐600 m., but att the
meeting onn 15.03.2014 we reached an agreemeent with the client that the t measurem ments would be made with a
maximum p possible depth h penetration. This change effected incre ease of the tim
me required ffor measurem ment. Following the
proposal o
of the KORALL, Ltd., the equipment of Philex comp pany was also involved inn the measurement and daily
production time was exttended by abo out 2 hours. I t enabled aroound to keep, or not signifiicantly increassed, the projeected
time.
UALITY CON TROL
2.2 QU
Daata quality co
ontrol was ca at did not meeet the required quality were
arried out onn a daily basiis. Points tha
subsequenttly re‐measured. Thus 11 p points were ree‐measured. In seven pointts we could noot get better quality because of
the terrain and the noisee area.
Figuree 14. Example of an .edi file
9
2.2.1 PREPROCCESING
Pre‐processing was done by using software ProcMT, Metronix 2014. Setting processing data of each frequency
varied mainly with the quality of measurement points. For certain parts of territory we could take a greater amount of
harmonic points to inversion. For 20% of the points pre‐processing was done independently by two employees of the
Koral company to verify clarity. Achieved results were identical.
2.2.2 INVERSION
Inverse theory concerns the mathematical techniques that enable geophysicist to use the available information
to build a model of the unknown system or to determine its essential properties. After measurement we have finite
number of data. The unknown properties are in principle infinitely many parameters to describe it. It leads to the
problem that inversion problem is non‐unique. Non‐uniqueness means that more than one solution can reproduce
the measurement data.
For inversion process are required:
measured data
prior information
the inversion algorithm
a physical property distribution within the volume being studied
Measured data are high quality data, which were preprocessed carefully. We have also some information about
geological condition of environment. The inversion algorithm is including software. We are using ZOND software ( 1D
and 2 D inversion) and physical property distribution is given by CSAMT theory.
The inversion was carried on by experienced geophysicist and we test suitable parameters: Smoothing factor,
Iteration, RMS value, reduction error, and threshold.
3. WORK EVALUATION
From the total number of 104 projected points, 98 points were taken to the inversion. Other points remained
either unmeasured, or their quality was not sufficient.
Points are located at 8 profile lines. Vertically resistive sections were taken on these profiles, attachments 3.1‐8.
Sections are depicted as exaggerated.
Effective depth penetration is 800 to 1200 m. The lower depth penetration is achieved especially in areas with a
lower resistivity of the rock.
Distance of each profile is approx. 100 meters that allowed constructing the horizontal sections with the same
resolution. Horizontal sections were constructed for the altitude 200,150,100,50,0, ‐50, ‐100, ‐150, ‐200, ‐300, ‐400, ‐500,
‐600 MASL, attachments 4.1‐13. The intersection of inclined ramp and the map is depicted and in .pdf version all can be
controlled by layer manager.
We constructed a database (3dresmod.csv) of points in space from horizontal sections, where impedance is
assigned to each point. Database registration step is 25x25x25m.
10
We used uniform color scale for all the constructed sections. The color scale was chosen to capture the
anomalies mainly in the deeper parts. In the near‐surface (and some other) parts are several times higher resistivity. This
can be seen for example in 3dremod.csv.
The client also provided some elements that were helpful in visualizing and interpreting. The client provided
individual elements digitally in a coordinate system UTM Zone 51, Luzon 1911‐Philippines. The Contractor converted all
these elements into the used coordinate system Lon / Lat coordinate system WGS84 51N.
General comments to the resistivity sections and maps:
‐resistivity in the area may change due to several reasons
‐resistivity changes with the material = geology, this is especially well seen in the northwest corner of the area. The low
resistivity is another geological structure (than the horizontal structure near the surface), also probably separated
vertically by tectonic line as depicted in the Fig 14.
‐on average smaller changes of resistivity are possible in one lithological structure (the same material). This depends on
variables in the material itself: fractured rock = causing more water and another conductive material = lower resistivity,
conductive accessories like metals = lower resistivity. In extreme cases the difference in resistivity can be very high; e.g.
andesite reaches specific resistivity 500‐1500 ohmm, but fractured andesite filled with tectonic mud reaches the
resistivity only 50‐200 ohmm or even less.
‐tectonic is mostly filled by very conductive material.
On the vertical section several resistivity blocks can be determined. On sections 5‐8 a high resistivity body in
upper part can be determined. This block reaches the thickness up to 300m. Below this block a low resistivity block can be
seen in the beginning of the (all) sections. This low‐resistivity block is separated by relatively sharp boundary. Middle part
of the section is characterized by the green‐yellow colour spectra. The resistivity doesn’t vary that much. Higher
variability can be seen in the right half of the vertical cross‐sections. The higher resistivity blocks are sharply defined.
11
Figure 15. Vertical resisstivity sectionss 1‐8
12
Figure 15. Vertical resisstivity sectionss 1‐8
13
Figure 15. Vertical resisstivity sectionss 1‐8
14
Figure 15. Vertical resisstivity sectionss 1‐8
15
Fig ure 15. Resisttivity maps
16
Fig ure 15. Resisttivity maps
17
Fig ure 15. Resisttivity maps
18
Fig ure 15. Resisttivity maps
19
Fig ure 15. Resisttivity maps
20
Fig ure 15. Resisttivity maps
21
Fig ure 15. Resisttivity maps
22
4. CONCLUSION
Vertical and horizontal resistivity sections were made from the 98 measured points. Resistivity properties of
material were identified to a depth of 1,200m bs. For better visualization the inclined ramp was plotted in.
Geologists’ cooperation as well as a deeper understanding of geological conditions is needed for geological
interpretation of individual resistivity blocks.
5. LITERATURE
David E. Boerner, Ron D. Kurtz, and Alan G. Jones; Orthogonality in CSAMT and MT measurements; GEOPHYSICS,
VOL. 58, NO. 7 (JULY 1993); P. 924‐934, 9 FIGS.
LEI Da1, MENG Xiao‐Hong2, HU Ping1, ZHAO Fu‐Gang1, WANG Shu‐Min1; A STUDY ON 2D CSAMT FORWARD
MODELING AND INVERSION WITH A DIPOLE SOURCE AND TOPOGRAPHY AND ITS APPLICATIONS; CHINESE JOURNAL OF
GEOPHYSICS Vol.53, No.2, 2010, pp: 281_294
MAtzander U., M.Wilde (2012); ADU ‐07e Operating Manual, Metronix geophysics
O. Portniaguine and M.S. Zhdanov, Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics ;3‐D FOCUSING INVERSION OF
CSAMT DATA, Chapter 10, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, ut 84112 , USA, 99 173‐191
Partha S. Routh∗ and Douglas W. Oldenburg∗;Inversion of controlled source audio‐frequency magnetotellurics
data for a horizontally layered earth; GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 64, NO. 6 (NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 1999); P. 1689–1697, 8 FIGS.
Zonge, K. and Hughes, L. (1991) 9. Controlled Source Audio‐Frequency Magnetotellurics. Electromagnetic
Methods in Applied Geophysics: pp. 713‐810.
Zonge, K. L., 1992, “Broad Band Electromagnetic Systems”, in Practical Geophysics II for the
Exploration Geologist”, ed. Richard Van Blaricom, Northwest Mining Association, pp. 439‐523.
The principal investigator: Mgr. Vincent KULTAN
23