1 | Page

Project work of Function, its

types and uses in Real life

Submitted by: Bhim Gyawali

Submitted to: Govinda Gautam
Class: XI ‘G’
Roll no: 11
2 | Page

Acknowledgements
I would like to express my special thanks to my
mathematics teacher Mr. Govinda Gautam for
assigning and encouraging me to do this project. I really
enjoyed doing this project and doing the researches for
this was also fun.
I would also thank all the publishers and authors of the
various books that which have been used directly or
indirectly through this project. It would have been
impossible without all the references and data I
collected from them.

Abstract
The project having title “Function, its types and uses in Real
life” deals with the general concept of various series and
sequence and its actual meaning along with its uses in
real life.
3 | Page

Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Vertical Line Test: 5
Functions as a Machine 6
Function Machine 6
Fruit Halving Function 7
Functions As a Relation 7
Types of Functions 8
One to One Function 8
Many to One Function 8
Onto Function 9
One – One and Onto Function 9
Other Types of Functions 10
Constant Function 10
Polynomial Function 11

∙ Quadratic Function 12

∙ Cubic Function 13

Rational Function 13
Modulus Function 14
Signum Function 14
Greatest Integer Function 15
Algebraic Function 16
Trigonometric Functions 17
Exponential and Logarithmic function 18
Fractional part function 18
Logarithmic Functions 19
Logarithmic Functions Properties 20
Product Rule 20

Quotient Rule 20

Power Rule 21

Zero Exponent Rule 21

4 | Page

Introduction
To make the concept of relation more useful and concrete,
the refining of function is very important. For that, we begin
with a relation R on a set A on an ordered pair (a,b) ∈ R. A
refinement of R can be obtained by assigning only one
second element ’b’ to each first element ‘a’ of a pair (a,b).
such a refinement of the notion of relation leads us to what
is known as function. . A function is a rule that relates how
one quantity depends on other quantities.  We have 2
quantities (called "variables") and we observe there is a
relationship between them. "The second variable is a
function of the first variable." A function maps a set of inputs
onto a set of permissible outputs. Each input corresponds
with one and only one output.

Functions are a relation between a set of inputs and a set of

outputs with the property that each input maps to exactly
one output. Typically functions are named with a single
letter such as f. Functions can be thought of as a machine in
a box that is open on two ends. You put something into one
end of the box, it somehow gets changed inside of the box,
and then the result pops out the other end. All functions are
relations, but not all relations are functions.

In mathematics, a function is a relation between a set of

inputs and a set of permissible outputs. Functions have the
5 | Page

property that each input is related to exactly one output.

For example, in the function f(x)=x2f(x)=x2 any input
for xx will give one output only. Functions are typically
named with a single letter, like ff. f(x)f(x) is read ” ff of xx“,
and represents the output of the function ff corresponding
to an input xx.

The input variable (s) are sometimes referred to as the

argument(s) of the function. Consider the following
example:

Let f(x)=x2f(x)=x2

Let x=−3x=−3, then:

f(−3)=(−3)2f(−3)=(−3)2

=9=9

In the example above, the argument is x=−3x=−3 and the

output is 99. We write the function as:f(−3)=9f(−3)=9.

In the case of a function with just one input variable, the

input and output of the function can be expressed as an
ordered pair. The order is such that the first element is the
argument and the second is the output. In the example
above, f(x)=x2f(x)=x2, we have the ordered pair (−3,9)(−3,9).
If both the input and output are real numbers then the
ordered pair can be viewed as the Cartesian coordinates of
a point on the graph of the function.
6 | Page

Another commonly used notation for a function

is f:X→Yf:X→Y, which reads as saying that ff is a function that
maps values from the set XX onto values of the set YY.

A Condition for a Function:

Set A and Set B should be non-empty.

In a function, a particular input is given to get a particular

output. So, A function f: A->B denotes that f is a function
from A to B, where A is a domain and B is a co-domain.

● For an element, a, which belongs to A, a\epsilon AaϵA,

a unique element b, b\epsilon BbϵB is there such that
(a,b)\epsilonϵ f.

The unique element b to which f relates a, is denoted

by f(a) and is called f of a, or the value of f at a, or the
image of a under f.

● The range of f (image of a under f)

● It is the set of all values of f(x) taken together.

● Range of f = { y \epsilonϵ Y | y = f (x), for some x in X}

A real-valued function has either P or any one of its subsets

as its range. Further, if its domain is also either P or a subset
of P, it is called a real function.
7 | Page

Vertical Line Test:

Vertical line test is used to determine whether a curve is a
 function or not. If any curve cuts a vertical line at more than
one points then the curve is not a function.

Functions as a Machine
Functions are often described as a machine in a box that is
open on two ends. You put something into one end of the
box, it gets changed inside of the box, and then the result
pops out the other end. The function is the machine inside
the box and it’s defined by what it does to whatever you

put into it.

8 | Page

Function Machine: A function ff takes an input xx and

returns an output f(x)f(x). One metaphor describes the
function as a “machine”, that for each input returns a
corresponding output.

Let’s say the machine has a blade that slices whatever you
put in into two and sends one half of that object out the
other end. If you put in a banana you would get back half a
banana. If you put in an apple you would get back half an
apple.

Fruit Halving Function: This shows a function that takes a fruit as

input and releases half the fruit as output.

Let’s define the function to take what you put into it and cut
it in half. That is, the function divides the input by two. If you
put in 22 you would get back 11. If you put in 5757 you
would get back 28.528.5. The function machine allows us to
alter expressions. In this example, the function would be
written as:

f(x)=1/2xf(x)=12x.
9 | Page

Functions As a Relation
Functions can also be thought of as a subset of relations.
A relation is a connection between values in one set and
values in another. In other words, each number you put in is
associated with each number you get out. In a function
every input number is associated with exactly one output
number In a relation an input number may be associated
with multiple or no output numbers. This is an important fact
about functions that cannot be stressed enough: every
possible input to the function must have one and only one
output. All functions are relations, but not all relations are
functions.

Types of Functions
We have already learned about some types of functions like
Identity, Polynomial, Rational, Modulus, Signum,
Greatest Integer functions. In this section, we will learn
about other types of function.

One to One Function

A function f: A → B is One to One if for each element of A
there is a distinct element of B. It is also known as Injective.
Consider if a1 ∈ A and a2 ∈ B, f is defined as f: A → B such
that f (a1) = f (a2)
10 | Page

Many to One Function

It is a function which maps two or more elements of A to the
same element of set B. Two or more elements of A have the
same image in B.

Onto Function
If there exists a function for which every element of set B
there is (are) pre-image(s) in set A, it is Onto Function. Onto
is also referred as Surjective Function.
11 | Page

One – One and Onto Function

A function, f is One – One and Onto or Bijective if the
function f is both One to One and Onto function. In other
words, the function f associates each element of A with a
distinct element of B and every element of B has a
pre-image in A.

Other Types of Functions

A function is uniquely represented by its graph which is
nothing but a set of all pairs of x and f(x) as coordinates. Let
us get ready to know more about the types of functions and
their graphs.

Identity Function

Let R be the set of real numbers. If the function f: R→R is

defined as f(x) = y = x, for x ∈ R, then the function is known as
12 | Page

Identity function. The domain and the range being R. The

graph is always a straight line and passes through the origin.

Constant Function
If the function f: R→R is defined as f(x) = y = c, for x ∈ R and c
is a constant in R, then such function is known as Constant
function. The domain of the function f is R and its range is a
constant, c. Plotting a graph, we find a straight line parallel
to the x-axis.

Polynomial Function
A polynomial function is defined by y =a0 + a1x + a2x2 + … +
anxn, where n is a non-negative integer and a0, a1,
a2,…, n ∈ R. The highest power in the expression is the degree
13 | Page

of the polynomial function. Polynomial functions are further

classified based on their degrees:

● Constant Function: If the degree is zero, the polynomial

function is a constant function (explained above).

● Linear Function: The polynomial function with degree

one. Such as y = x + 1 or y = x or y = 2x – 5 etc. Taking
into consideration, y = x – 6. The domain and the range
are R. The graph is always a straight line.
Note :
(i) Range of odd degree polynomial is always R.

(ii) Range of even degree polynomial is never R.

(iii) A Polynomial of degree one with no constant term is

called an odd linear function. i.e. f(x) = ax,

a≠0

(iv) f(x) = ax + b, a ≠ 0 is a linear polynomial.

(v) f(x) = c, is a non linear polynomial(its degree is zero).

(vi) f(x) = 0, is a polynomial but its degree is not defined.

(vii) There are two polynomial functions, satisfying the

relation;

f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x). They are :

(a) f(x) = xn + 1 and (b) f(x) = 1 – xn, where n is a positive

integer.
14 | Page

● Quadratic Function: If the degree of the polynomial

function is two, then it is a quadratic function. It is
expressed as f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0 and a, b, c
are constant & x is a variable. The domain and the
range are R. The graphical representation of a
quadratic function say, f(x) = x2 – 4 is

● Cubic Function: A cubic polynomial function is a

polynomial of degree three and can be denoted by
f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx +d, where a ≠ 0 and a, b, c, and d
are constant & x is a variable. Graph for f(x) = y = x3 –
5. The domain and the range are R.
15 | Page

Rational Function
A rational function is any function which can be
represented by a rational fraction say, f(x)/g(x) in which
numerator, f(x) and denominator, g(x) are polynomial
functions of x, where g(x) ≠ 0. Let a function f: R → R is
defined say, f(x) = 1/(x + 2.5). The domain and the range
are R. The Graphical representation shows asymptotes, the
curves which seem to touch the axes-lines.

Domain :  R – {x | h(x) = 0}

Any algebraic function is automatically an algebraic

function.
16 | Page

Modulus Function
The absolute value of any number, c is represented in the
form of |c|. If any function f: R→ R is defined by f(x) = |x|, it
is known as Modulus Function. For each non-negative value
of x, f(x) = x and for each negative value of x, f(x) = -x, i.e.,

f(x) = {x, if x ≥ 0; – x, if x < 0.

Its graph is given as, where the domain and the range are R.

Signum Function
A function f: R→ R defined by

f(x) = { 1, if x > 0; 0, if x = 0; -1, if x < 0

Signum or the sign function extracts the sign of the real

number and is also known as step function.
17 | Page

Greatest Integer Function

If a function f: R→ R is defined by f(x) = [x], x ∈ X. It round-off
to the real number to the integer less than the number.
Suppose, the given interval is in the form of (k, k+1), the
value of greatest integer function is k which is an integer. For
example: [-21] = 21, [5.12] = 5. The graphical representation
is

Note that for :

x [x]

[-2,-1] -2

[-1,0] -1

[0,1] 0
18 | Page

[1,2] 1

Domain : R
Range : I

Algebraic Function
A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be
constructed using algebraic operations(such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking radicals)
within polynomials.

Note :

(i)  All polynomial functions are algebraic but not the

converse.

(ii)  A function that is not algebraic is called Transcendental

function.

Trigonometric Functions
(i) Sine Function f(x) = sinx
Domain : R
Range : [-1, 1], period 2ππ
19 | Page

(ii) Cosine Function f(x) = cosx

Domain : R
Range : [-1, 1], period 2ππ

(iii) Tangent Function f(x) = tanx

Domain : R – {x | x = (2n+1)π2(2n+1)π2, n ∈∈ I }
Range : R, period ππ

(iv) Cosecant Function f(x) = cosecx

Domain : R – { x | x = nππ, n ∈∈ I }
Range : R – (-1, 1), period 2ππ

(v) Secant Function f(x) = secx

Domain : R – { x | x = (2n+1)ππ/2, n ∈∈ I }
Range : R – (-1, 1), period 2ππ

(vi) Cotangent Function f(x) = cotx

Domain : R – { x | x = nππ, n ∈∈ I }
Range : R, period ππ
20 | Page

Exponential and Logarithmic function

A function f(x) = axax(a > 0), a ≠≠ 1, x ∈∈ R is called an
exponential function. The inverse of the exponential
function is called the logarithmic function, i.e. g(x)
= logaxlogax.

Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other.

Domain  of axax is R  Range R+R+

Domain of logaxlogax is R+R+  Range  R

Absolute Value Function

A function y = f(x) = |x| is called the absolute value
function or modulus function. It is defined as :

y = |x| = [x if x ≤≤ 0   -x if x < 0]

For f(x) = |x|, domain is R and range is [0,∞∞]

For f(x) = 1|x|1|x|, domain is R – {0} and range is R+R+

Fractional part function

It is defined as : g(x) = {x} = x – [x] e.g. the fractional part of
the number 2.1 is 2.1 – 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of -3.7
is 0.3. The period of this function is 1.
21 | Page

Logarithmic Functions

In Mathematics, before the discovery of calculus, many

Math scholars used logarithms to change multiplication and
division problems into addition and subtraction problems. In
Logarithms, the power is raised to some numbers (usually,
base number) to get some other number. It is an inverse
function of exponential function. We know that
Mathematics and Science constantly deal with the large
powers of numbers, logarithms are most important and
useful. In this article, we are going to discuss the definition
and formula for the logarithmic function, rules and
properties, examples in detail.

Logarithmic Function Definition

In mathematics, the logarithmic function is an inverse

function to exponentiation. The logarithmic function is
defined as

For x > 0 , a > 0, and a≠1,

y= loga x if and only if x = ay

Then the function is given by

f(x) = loga x
22 | Page

The base of the logarithm is a. This can be read it as log

base a of x. The most 2 common bases used in logarithmic
functions are base 10 and base e.

Common Logarithmic Function

The logarithmic function with base 10 is called the common

logarithmic function and it is denoted by log10 or simply log.

f(x) = log10 x

Natural Logarithmic Function

The logarithmic function to the base e is called the natural

logarithmic function and it is denoted by loge.

f(x) = loge x

Logarithmic Functions Properties

Logarithmic Functions have some of the properties that
allow you to simplify the logarithms when the input is in the
form of product, quotient or the value taken to the power.
Some of the properties are listed below.
Product Rule
logb MN = logb M + logb N

Multiply two numbers with the same base, then add the
exponents.

Example : log 30 + log 2 = log 60

23 | Page

Quotient Rule 

logb M/N = logb M – logb N

Divide two numbers with the same base, subtract the

exponents.

Example : log8 56 – log8 7 = log8(56/7)=log88 = 1

Power Rule 
Raise an exponential expression to power and multiply the
exponents.

Logb Mp = P logb M

Example : log 1003 = 3. Log 100 = 3 x 2 = 6

Zero Exponent Rule

loga 1 = 0.

Change of Base Rule

logb (x) = ln x / ln b or logb (x) = log10 x / log10 b

24 | Page

Conclusion

Hate it or love it, we cannot deny the fact that function has
played a key role in the modernization of humanity. All the
technologies we use, apply the concept of function directly and
indirectly. It is the basic foundation for complex mathematics
and we should all be grateful to the great minds that have
developed this concept over the course of time.
25 | Page

References

● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)
● https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/mathematics/mathematical-f
unction
● https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/relations-and-functions/types-
of-functions/