Al-ZAYTOONAH UNIVERSITY OF JORDAN

Electrical Engineering Department

Power Systems Lab

Experiment No. 6
Double Busbar System

‫أحمد عبدالرحمن المخالفي‬ 201610573

‫أحمد جمال أبو خاطر‬ 201710679

‫محمد وائل أبو الهيجا‬ 201710290

Content of experiment:
 1. To become familiar with the operation of a switching station with two busbars and
different voltages.
2. To carry out a busbar transfer with an interruption of the power supply to the consumer.
3. To observe the prescribed switching sequence for the disconnectors and power circuit
breakers.
4. To carry out a busbar coupling and a bus transfer without interrupting the power supply to the
consumer.
5. To observe the switching sequence.

Introduction:

Double busbar system

The transmission and distribution of electrical power is realized using overhead power transmission lines and
cables at various voltage levels. The precise configuration selected is dependent on aspects of a technical
and economic nature. In order to integrate a high degree of reliability into the power supply system, more or
less meshed networks are assembled, which guarantee a reliable power supply in the event of failure on
individual power transmission paths.

Points in the network where two or more lines intersect are denoted nodes or branch points. Switching
equipment is always present at such nodes so that individual lines can be isolated or split in the case of
disturbances or when maintenance or repair work is necessary.

In addition to the necessary measurement, monitoring, protective and auxiliary devices, the switches required
for this are concentrated at a site described in its totality as a switching station. When the switching station
also contains transformers, then we refer to a transformer station. Depending on the voltages involved, a
distinction is drawn between high-voltage or hightension stations and Iow-voltage or low-tension stations.
The latter cover the range up to 1 kV; they are normally contained in factory-built switchgear cubicles or
cabinets.

While high-voltage installations up to 20 kV are always designed as indoor installations, for economic
reasons outdoor installations are preferred for higher voltages. Outdoor installations normally cannot be
constructed in the proximity of residential areas not only because they take up a great deal of space but also
because of aesthetic and noise reasons. Here, materials are used, whose active components are encased
within an insulating gaseous atmosphere (normally sulphur hexaflouride) under high pressure. This
considerably reduces the insulating clearance compared to air, thus leading to more compact installations.

A fundamental distinction exists between high and low-voltage installations: Whereas protection against
short-circuits in low voltage systems is normally carried out with melting fuses, such measures are
inconceivable at voltage levels greater than 20 kV for purely physical reasons, since in this case the arcs
occurring when a fuse cuts out would no longer extinguish by themselves. Thus, instead of fuses, we use
mains protective relays, which detect faults in the mains and transmit a command to the next closest switch
to open.
In the following experiments only systems with high voltage levels in three phase networks are to be taken
into consideration.

Switching Stations and Transformer Stations

The most important components of a switching station are the busbars, disconnectors, power circuit
breakers, voltage and current transformers and the surge voltage protectors; in the case of a transformer
station we must include one or more transformers.

All of the operating equipment must be sufficiently dimensioned particularly with regard to the electrical and
mechanical loads anticipated at the site of installation.

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Because modern stations are primarily remote-controlled, additional equipment must be included for control
and monitoring functions. Even equipment for metering and invoicing the energy supplied to a customer must
be present in the station; protective devices against overvoltages, overcurrents and short-circuits must also
be available.

The busbar is the heart of a switching station. lt is normally designed in the form of a short overhead line; in
the case of very high currents it can also be designed as a tubular conductor. In physical terms the busbar
forms a branch point or node in a network. The individual lines begin and end at this point and for this reason
they are frequently referred to as outgoing branches. They can be switched on and off using switches.
Because these switches must be in a position to switch off the entire operating current and in the event of
failure also the short-circuit current, they are referred to as power circuit breakers. Modern power circuit
breakers of the high-voltage level of 380 kV can reliably switch off currents up to 80 kA!

Power circuit breakers must be submitted to regular maintenance. In order to be able to work on them safely,
so-called bus disconnectors are connected in front and behind them. In contrast to power circuit breakers,
bus disconnectors may only be operated in an almost zero-current state, meaning only when the related
power circuit breaker is open. This is realized using special interlocking circuits. Disconnectors also serve to
produce visible isolating or disconnection points in a system. Also so that work can be carried out on a
busbar without having to interrupt the power supply, important switching stations have at least an additional
second, sometimes even a third and fourth busbar. This permits considerable flexibility, in which each branch
of the individual busbars can be assigned differently using disconnectors. Also the subdivision of a busbar
into individual sections (so-called bus-tie switch-disconnection) produces operational advantages. Using the
two measures it is then possible to connect, for example, individual power feeds with specifically targeted
consumers. This measure is utilized to successfully subdivide a larger network into electrically isolated
regions (so-called regional network), which leads to current limiting in the case of a short-circuit.

Procedures of this kind are described as corrective switching, whereby the optimum network configuration is
determined beforehand by load flow and short-circuit programs. The purpose of these Busbar coupling
measures is to fully exploit the reserves of a network in terms of transmission capability, without permitting
dangerous operating conditions to occur.

Each switching and transformer station is subdivided into separate sections in accordance with their various functions.
A distinction is drawn between incoming feeders, outgoing feeders and coupling sections. The basic circuits are for the
most part standardized and are reproduced in the following illustrations as simplified single-phase circuit diagrams.
With this kind of representation, only the equipment required for the functioning of the system is depicted with the
aid of standard symbols:

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Figure 1: Simplified circuit diagram of an outgoing branch consisting of a busbar (1), disconnector (2), power circuit breaker (3),
current transformer (4), voltage transformer (5), overhead power line or cable disconnector (6), earthing switch (7) .

The circuit depicted here applies equally for incoming feeders and outgoing feeders.
The two disconnectors serve to isolate the power circuit breaker, including the current and voltage
transformers. If the installation has several busbars, the system must be equipped with the corresponding
number of bus disconnectors for each branch (see, for example, Figure 3). The current flowing in the
outgoing branch is determined for operating, metering and protective purposes using the current transformer.
In installations of secondary importance, it often suffices to monitor the voltage only on the busbars (in a
busbar metering section).

During inspection, the line is protected against inductive and capacitive influences from neighbouring lines as
well as from lightning using the earthing switch. The earthing switch is also referred to as a work-in-progress
earthing switch because of its function.
The following figure depicts the circuit of a simple installation, consisting of a busbar, an incoming feeder and
two outgoing feeders:

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Figure 2: Installation with one busbar, incoming feeder (1) and two outgoing feeders (2, 3)

In the case of disturbance or when maintenance work must be performed, the entire station must be isolated. For this
reason, circuits with two busbars are preferred in larger installations:

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Figure 3: Installation with two busbars, two incoming feeders (1, 3), two outgoing feeders (2, 4) and a coupling section (5)

(In the figures above and in those which follow, the voltage and current transformers as well as the overhead
power line or cable disconnectors of the individual feeders are sometimes not depicted.)

With the aid of the power circuit breaker in the coupling section (5), the two busbars can be connected
together to a single node. This kind of coupling is simply called cross-coupling. This permits a so-called bus
transfer, i.e. the transfer from one incoming feeder or consumer to another busbar without interrupting the
power supply.

Because the disconnectors may only be operated in an almost zero-current state, a power circuit breaker
must be used for the coupling of two busbars.

If the busbars depicted in Figure 3 are to be coupled, then the two disconnectors of the coupling section must
first be closed and then the power circuit breaker.

Suitable measures must first be implemented in order to bring the two busbars to approximately the same
potential (e.g. by adjusting the transformer tapping changers, as otherwise compensation currents of an
excessive level would flow at the point of connection - so-called commutation). After successful coupling of
the busbars, the branches can be switched back and forth between them as desired, because a potential
difference no longer exists. One must merely bear in mind that before opening one disconnector, the other
disconnector of the same branch must be closed. Otherwise, one would open a disconnector under load,
which would lead to its destruction and possibly further damage in the system.

The disconnectors are protected against inadvertent opening using interlocking circuits (of an electrical or pneumatic
type).

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Procedure:

Part 1:

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 Busbar coupling

The circuit is to be extended in accordance with Figure in the next page in order to implement bus
coupling:

Make a sketch of a single-pole block diagram of the assembled experiment set-up:

Repeat the bus transfer from I to II as described above, but this time without interrupting the power supply to
the consumer.

In which sequence are you to activate the disconnectors of the outgoing feeder, the disconnectors and the
power circuit breaker of the coupling section?

Result and conclusion

There is current and voltage for each busbar 1 &2, bus bar 1 is fed from transformer directly and busbar 2 is fed
from transmission line,
For zero current operation for disconnector switch:
I fed the load from busbar 1 then i turn on isolator 1 then I turn on CB the observed is the voltage will increase
and current will increase.

For zero current operation to busbar2:

First disconnect CB of transmission line and transformer then disconnect the disconnecting switches of busbar1
To feed the busbar 2 first turn on isolator 2 for load side and trans. Side then turn on CB for trans and
transmission.

For bus coupler outgoing transfer:

First connect isolator 1 and 2 on one side while there is current then CB this makes the voltages equal
Then connect the isolators on the other side 1&2 then CB of transformer then disconnect busbar 2 isolators and
its CB then disconnect isolators that are one side (the first two we connected) after it disconnect its CB now it
turned from busbar 1 to basbar 2

1- Buscoupler connects the two busbar together so they have same voltage

2- It is forbidden to disconnect disconnecting switch before circuit breaker there musnt be current

3- Busbar consist of 1-disconnector 2-power circuit breaker 3-current transformer 4-voltage transformer 5-
overhead power line or cable disconnector 6-earthing switch.

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