AL-ZAYTOONAH UNIVERSITY OF JORDAN

Electrical Engineering Department

Power Systems Lab

Experiment No. 4
Voltage Transformers

NAME ID
‫أحمد عبدالرحمن المخالفي‬ 201610573

‫أحمد جمال أبو خاطر‬ 201710679

‫محمد وائل أبو الهيجا‬ 201710290

Content of experiment:
 1- To determine the transformation ratio of a voltage transformer at various primary voltages and to
investigate the effect of the load on the transformation ratio.
2- To understand the terms transformation error (voltage error) and accuracy class.
3- To set up the common voltage transformer circuits for measurements in three-phase networks. 4-
To measure the residual voltage in a three-phase system with a fault to ground.

Introduction:

In electrical power supply systems, the voltages and currents are constantly measured and
monitored to ensure that they remain within certain limits. The measured values are
required for three reasons:

1. To provide the maintenance personnel with constant information regarding the state of
the system
2. To be able to determine the amount of power supplied to a customer
3. To switch off faulty network sections rapidly in case of a fault.

Generally, the voltage and current voltage values are so high that they cannot be
measured directly. For this reason, special transformers are used to reduce these values
to a level which can be processed safely and economically.

The transformers are subject to differing accuracy requirements, depending on whether the
values are to be processed for display in the control room, for accounting purposes or for
protection. This leads to the grouping of the transformers into so-called accuracy classes.

In most cases, these units function according to the transformer principle; they are,
however, designed for very low power values (up to approx. 100 VA) on the secondary
side. The protection and measuring devices connected to the transformer make up the
load. We distinguish between current and voltage transformers, depending on the quantity
to be transformed.

Voltage transformers

Voltage transformers in three-phase systems measure the voltage between two

conductors or the voltage between one conductor and earth. Due to the electrical isolation
of the primary and secondary circuits, inductive transformers are also preferred here. In
accordance with VDE 0414, they supply a voltage of 100 V, or also 100 V / √3 on the
secondary side in rated operation. The rated transformation ratio KN = U1N/U2N is given
as a fraction (e.g. 220.000 V/100 V), as is the case for current transformers. The following
illustration shows the graphic symbol and connection of i:l voltage transformer.

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 Figure 1 : Graphic symbol and connection of a voltage transformer

Voltage transformers, like current transformers, must be grounded at one point on the secondary side, in
order to maintain clear-cut potential ratios.

There are single-pole (only one side isolated against high voltage) and two-pole types (both sides isolated
against high voltage), in accordance with the most common circuit types.

Figure 2: Three single-pole isolated transformers with auxiliary winding in open delta circuit

The secondary side is connected in a star circuit and supplies an "image" of the three phase voltages of the
network. The auxiliary winding (in open delta connection) bears the terminal designation "e - n" and serves
to measure the faults to ground. According to VDE regulations, its voltage is given in the form U/3, where U
is the voltage resulting at the three individual windings connected in series at a dead fault to ground of one
outer conductor.

Two two-pole isolated transformers are required for the following circuit. It supplies the three conductor
voltages and can thus be used for measurement only in the case of symmetrical operation.

Figure 3: Two two-pole isolated transformers in open delta connection

Voltage transformers are designed for high-resistance loads and thus may never be short-circuited on their
secondary side. Unlike current transformers, the secondary circuit can be protected with fuses.

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The deviation of the secondary voltage from the set value in percent is termed the voltage error Fu.

Voltage transformers also always show certain angular differences; their magnitudes, as well as the voltage
error, are specified in specific accuracy classes. Transformers in the class of 0.2 to 1 are normally used for
measuring purposes. In protective devices, the measuring accuracy in the nominal voltage range is of less
significance than the observance of specific error limit values within a large voltage range. Voltage
transformers for protective purposes are indicated with the letter P following the class specification.
Transformers of the classes 3P or 6P are common.

Procedure:
Assemble the circuit as shown in the next Fig.

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Don't forget that the voltage transformer must never be short-circuited on the secondary side during
operation!

The connection to the load for the voltage transformer (Cat. No. 745 15) is to be opened initially.

Thus the only load on the transformer is the (high-ohm) one of the voltmeter.

increase the voltage on the single-phase experiment transformer from 20 V to 220 V in steps of 40 V and
measure the primary voltage U 1.1 - 1.2 and the two secondary voltages U 2.1 - 2.2 and U 3.1 - 3.2.
Determine the voltage error Fu for each case and enter this value in the table, too:

U 1.1 – 1.2 20 60 100 140 180 220

(V)

U 2.1 – 2.2 5.0 16.5 26.5 37.0 48 58.5

(V)

Voltage -4.8 4.8 1 0.7 1.6 1.3

error (%)

U 3.1 – 3.2 0 9 15.5 21.5 27.5 33.5

(V)

Voltage - -1 2.3 1.4 1 0.5

error (%)

What is the maximum voltage error in each case ?

Fu2 = 4.8% Fu3 = 2.3% ‫حساب‬

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To study the effect of the load on the transformation ratio, connect the load for the voltage transformer as
shown in the previous experiment set-up.

The transformer is now loaded with a fixed "basic load" at terminals 3.1 - 3.2 (220 Ω), while a variable load
of 400 - 1500 Ω is present at terminals 2.1 - 2.2.

Set the voltage of the Single-phase experiment transformer to 220 V and measure the secondary voltage U
2.1 - 2.2 at various values for the load:

Load (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0

U 2.1 – 2.2 (V) 58 58 58 57 56 56

In addition , calculate the apparent power drawn by the two secondary windings when the variable load is
set to the minimum value of 400 n and the rated voltage is applied to the primary side:

S2 = 8.6 VA . F3 = 5.1 VA

IS THE VALUE OF THE RATED LOAD EXCEDED IN ANY SITUATION?

Set the voltage of the single phase experiment transformer to 220 V and measure the secondary voltage
U 2.1 – 2.2 at various values for the load:

RESULT:

When the load percentage decreases the decreases to and the current increases.

The three-phase voltage transformer (Cat. No. 745 16) is required for experiments on three-phase systems;
in the following, we will also refer to this as simply the "voltage transformer". Assemble the circuit
according to Fig. 2.7:

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The transformer circuit is particularly suitable for measuring asymmetric operating cases, e.g. in the case of
a fault or short-circuit to ground.

For this experiment, the voltage on the three-phase transformer is set to UN - 10 %. The connection of
phase L1 to the neutral conductor N of the three-phase voltage transformer, shown as a dotted line in the
previous experiment set-up, is not to be made yet.

Measure the three voltages of secondary winding 2 and the voltage between terminals e and n of secondary
winding 3, and compare these values with the ones to be expected according to the rated transformation
ratio of the voltage transformer.

U1 = 100 V U2 = 100 V U3 = 100 V Uen = 0 V

In order to simulate a fault to ground in a network with isolated neutral point, remove the connection of
the neutral conductor N between the three-phase transformer and the voltage transformer, and make the
connection on the transformer shown as a dotted line.

In this experiment, great care must be taken to ensure that the neutral conductor of the voltage
transformer does not remain connected with the three-phase transformer, as otherwise a shortcircuit to
ground would occur, which would cause an overload of the latter transformer!

Measure the voltage at the terminals e and n of the transformer:

Uen = 97 V

For the following experiment, alter the circuit as shown in the next experiment set-up.

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This circuit provides an image of the three conductor voltages and is used only for measurements in the
case of symmetrical loads.

Measure the three conductor voltages on the secondary side and compare these values with those to be
expected according to the transformation ratio of the voltage transformer.

Measured values for symmetrical voltages:

U1 = 100 V U2 = 97 V U3 = 98 V

Set up the asymmetrical operating state by breaking the connection of phase L1 between the three-phase
transformer and the voltage transformer, and repeat the above measurement.

Measured values for asymmetrical voltages:

U1 = 100 V U2 = 0 V U3 = 100 V

Reconnect phase L1 of the transformer, disconnect phase L2 and repeat the above measurement:
Measured values for asymmetrical voltages:
U1 = 100 V U2 = 50 V U3 = 50 V

Reconnect phase L2 of the transformer, disconnect phase L3 and repeat the above measurement:
Measured values for asymmetrical voltages:
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U1 = 100 V U2 = 100 V U3 = 0 V

How does the three-phase voltage transformer react?

RESULT: ‫نتيجة‬

Is act as a tap transformer, when L2 was disconnected the voltage will be devided into tow parts

between L2&L3.

Conclusion:
1-The voltage in the secondary side (U1,U2,U3) are almost equal.

2-But when we connect L1 and disconnect L2 and measure again we will see that the value of U1 doubled as

U2,U3 and the therefore the value of U2 Is equal to the valueU3.

3-But when we connect L2 and disconnect L3 and measure again we will see that the value of U1&U2 are

equal and the value of U3=0.

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