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Fluid Mechanics Report

This document is a fluid mechanics report on buoyancy conducted by a group of students. It includes the group members' names, the title of the experiment, learning outcomes, theory on buoyancy and pressure in fluids, equipment used, safety precautions, procedures, data collection and analysis, discussion of results, and conclusions. The experiment was aimed to calculate the densities of water and oil using measurements of mass and volume. The results found that water has a higher density than oil, as expected theoretically. References are also included.

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Lenrd Raj
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60 views

Fluid Mechanics Report

This document is a fluid mechanics report on buoyancy conducted by a group of students. It includes the group members' names, the title of the experiment, learning outcomes, theory on buoyancy and pressure in fluids, equipment used, safety precautions, procedures, data collection and analysis, discussion of results, and conclusions. The experiment was aimed to calculate the densities of water and oil using measurements of mass and volume. The results found that water has a higher density than oil, as expected theoretically. References are also included.

Uploaded by

Lenrd Raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLUID MECHANICS REPORT

(BUOYANCY)
GROUP MEMBERS
NAME KELAS NO. MATRIKS

CHUA SHANG ZHE


DKM 2D 10DKM21F1117

NURUL NATASYA
DKM 2D 10DKM21F1121
LENRD RAJ DKM2D 10DKM21F1125
OW KAI MING
DKM2D 10DKM21F1133
ALIF IRFAN DKM2D 10DKM21F1137

NAMA PENSYARAH: PUAN FAUZUREEN BINTI FUDZIL


TITLE: BUOYANCY
2.0 EXPERIMENT OUTCOME
At the end of this experiment student able to:
1) the buoyant force is greater for the heavier
objects.
3.0 Theory
Buoyance or upthrust, is an
upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes
the weight of a partially or fully immersed object. In
a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth
because of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus,
the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is
greater than at the top of the column. Similarly, the
pressure at the bottom of an object submerged in
a fluid is greater than at the top of the object. The
pressure difference results in a net upward force
on the object. The magnitude of the force is
proportional to the pressure difference, and (as
explained by Archimedes' principle is equivalent to
the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy
the submerged volume of the object, i.e.
the displaced fluid.For this reason, an object
whose average density is greater than that of the
fluid in which it is submerged tends to sink. If the
object is less dense than the liquid, the force can
keep the object afloat. This can occur only in
a non-inertial reference frame, which either has
a gravitational field or is accelerating due to a
force other than gravity defining a "downward"
direction.[3]
Buoyancy also applies to fluid mixtures and is the
most common driving force of convection currents.
In these cases, the mathematical modelling is
altered to apply to continua, but the principles
remain the same. Examples of buoyancy driven
flows include the spontaneous separation of air
and water or oil and water.
The centre of buoyancy of an object is the centre
of gravity of the displaced volume of fluid.

4.0 EQUIPMENT/MATERIAL &SAFETY PRECAUTION

FIGURE NAME FUNCTION


Beaker are
Beaker
used to
Hold liquid or
solid samples
Becoming fluid
Oil in density
experiment

Specimen To measure the


A, B,C and D mass

To measure the
Steel
measurement
ruler
of
the specimen
To measure the
Thermometer temperature

Weighing To measure the


scale weight

4.1 Safety Precautions


i) Make sure the student follows the laboratory
rules or workshop safety regulators
ii) Experiment must be conducted by the lecturer
or experience lab assistance
iii) Make sure everyone wears a proper attire
iv) Everyone should use the apparatus wisely and
in a proper way
5.0 Procedure

1)Weight of empty measure cylinder is taken

2)Water is filled into the cylinder and volume is


recorded.
3)The weight of cylinder filled with water is taken.

4)The temperature of the water is recorded.

5)The above procedure is repeated twice.


6)By replacing the water with oil, the next
experiment is repeated.
6.0 Result / Data Analysis
Data Tabulation
Experiment 1: Water
Description 1st Trial 2nd trial 3rd trial
Mass of 0.315 0.315 0.315
empty
cylinder, kg
Mass of 1.08 1.08 1.07
cylinder filled
with water
Water mass, 0.765 0.765 0.765
kg
Water 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008
volume
Water 302.15 301.15 301.65
Temperature
,K
Water 956.25 956.25 943.75
Density, kg/m 3

Average 952.1
Density, kg/m 3

7.0 Discussion
The actual density of water is 1000 kg/m whereas
3

average density that we got from our experiment is


952.1kg/m .The change in density change because we
3

have used different size of beaker and also the changes


in temperature. The actual density of oil is between 700
and 950 kilograms per cubic meter whereas oil density
that we got from the experiment is 813.16 kg/m . We have
3

got the actual density of oil by using precise beaker.


However, the data shows that water has higher density
m
than oil. To find out the density value we used p= v
where p is density, m is for mass and v is for volume,
this is the formula of density. When density of a
substance increases the mass also increases and
volume decreases because its density is directly
proportional to mass and inversely proportional to
volume.

7.0 Conclusion
Density is a measure of how much matter, or mass(m), takes
up a certain amount of space, or volume(v). The formula for
density is D=m/v or density equals mass divided by volume.
The relationship between mass and volume is direct because
as mass increases so does volume. This means that when the
relationship is put on a graph the line with be straight, or a best-
fit line. An example of density would be the density of water,
which is 1000 kg/m3 The purpose of this lab is to calculate the
density of water. It is also determining if density is a constant
and whether mass and volume are directly or inversely
proportional. In this lab we found the mass of a beaker then,
filled the beaker with a small amount of water. Then we took
the mass of the beaker and water. We continued to fill the
beaker with the same amount of water and took the mass until
the beaker was half-way full. The purpose was completed in
this lab. The accepted value for density of water is 1000 kg/m3
density of water that we had was 956.25 kg/m3. Mass and
volume are directly proportional. Density is a constant because
every time the volume increased so did the mass. The percent
error was 4.10%. The graph has a slope of 9.6/10 and is a
straight line which shows that mass and volume are directly
proportional. In the graph x is the volume and y is the mass. In
this lab, our graph and calculations have the same exact
densities and percent errors so, neither was better or worse to
use. Pb, or lead, has a density of 11.343716, making it denser
than water. The relationship between mass and volume is
direct because the general equation for a directly proportional
relationship between two variables can be written as y/x=k,
D=m/v. In this lab, we learned how to calculate the density
9.0 References
1) Cengel,Y.A. and Cimbala , J.M.,(2005) . Fluid
mechanics:
Fundamentals and application, International Edition,
Mcgraw -Hill,
Singapore.
2)Fakhru’l -Razi Ahmadun , Chuah Teong Guan , Mohd
Halim Shah
Ismail). Safety: Principles & Practices in the
laboratory, UPM Press
(2005)

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