3.

Functions
Exercise 3.1
1. Question

Define a function as a set of ordered pairs.

Answer

A function from is defined by a set of ordered pairs such that any two ordered pairs should not have the
same first component and the different second component.

This means that each element of a set, say X is assigned exactly to one element of another set, say Y.

The set X containing the first components of a function is called the domain of the function.

The set Y containing the second components of a function is called the range of the function.

For example, f = {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3)} is a function.

Domain of f = {a, b, c}

Range of f = {1, 2, 3}

2. Question

Define a function as a correspondence between two sets.

Answer

A function from a set X to a set Y is defined as a correspondence between sets X and Y such that for each
element of X, there is only one corresponding element in Y.

The set X is called the domain of the function.

The set Y is called the range of the function.

For example, X = {a, b, c}, Y = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and f be a correspondence which assigns the position of a
letter in the set of alphabets.

Therefore, f(a) = 1, f(b) = 2 and f(c) = 3.

As there is only one element of Y for each element of X, f is a function with domain X and range Y.

3. Question

What is the fundamental difference between a relation and a function? Is every relation a function?

Answer

Let f be a function and R be a relation defined from set X to set Y.

The domain of the relation R might be a subset of the set X, but the domain of the function f must be equal to
X. This is because each element of the domain of a function must have an element associated with it,
whereas this is not necessary for a relation.

In relation, one element of X might be associated with one or more elements of Y, while it must be
associated with only one element of Y in a function.

Thus, not every relation is a function. However, every function is necessarily a relation.

4. Question

Let A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A → Z be a function defined by f(x) = x2 – 2x – 3. Find:

i. range of f i.e. f(A)

ii. pre-images of 6, –3 and 5

Answer

Given A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}

f : A → Z such that f(x) = x2 – 2x – 3

i. range of f i.e. f(A)

A is the domain of the function f. Hence, range is the set of elements f(x) for all x ∈ A.

Substituting x = –2 in f(x), we get

f(–2) = (–2)2 – 2(–2) – 3

⇒ f(–2) = 4 + 4 – 3

∴ f(–2) = 5

Substituting x = –1 in f(x), we get

f(–1) = (–1)2 – 2(–1) – 3

⇒ f(–1) = 1 + 2 – 3

∴ f(–1) = 0

Substituting x = 0 in f(x), we get

f(0) = (0)2 – 2(0) – 3

⇒ f(0) = 0 – 0 – 3

∴ f(0) = –3

Substituting x = 1 in f(x), we get

f(1) = 12 – 2(1) – 3

⇒ f(1) = 1 – 2 – 3

∴ f(1) = –4

Substituting x = 2 in f(x), we get

f(2) = 22 – 2(2) – 3

⇒ f(2) = 4 – 4 – 3

∴ f(2) = –3

Thus, the range of f is {5, 0, –3, –4}.

ii. pre-images of 6, –3 and 5

Let x be the pre-image of 6 ⇒ f(x) = 6

⇒ x2 – 2x – 3 = 6

⇒ x2 – 2x – 9 = 0
However,

Thus, there exists no pre-image of 6.

Now, let x be the pre-image of –3 ⇒ f(x) = –3

⇒ x2 – 2x – 3 = –3

⇒ x2 – 2x = 0

⇒ x(x – 2) = 0

∴ x = 0 or 2

Clearly, both 0 and 2 are elements of A.

Thus, 0 and 2 are the pre-images of –3.

Now, let x be the pre-image of 5 ⇒ f(x) = 5

⇒ x2 – 2x – 3 = 5

⇒ x2 – 2x – 8= 0

⇒ x2 – 4x + 2x – 8= 0

⇒ x(x – 4) + 2(x – 4) = 0

⇒ (x + 2)(x – 4) = 0

∴ x = –2 or 4

However, 4 ∉ A but –2 ∈ A

Thus, –2 is the pre-images of 5.

5. Question

If a function f: R → R be defined by

Find: f(1), f(–1), f(0), f(2).

Answer

Given

We need to find f(1), f(–1), f(0) and f(2).

When x > 0, f(x) = 4x + 1

Substituting x = 1 in the above equation, we get

f(1) = 4(1) + 1

⇒ f(1) = 4 + 1

∴ f(1) = 5

When x < 0, f(x) = 3x – 2

Substituting x = –1 in the above equation, we get

f(–1) = 3(–1) – 2
⇒ f(–1) = –3 – 2

∴ f(–1) = –5

When x = 0, f(x) = 1

∴ f(0) = 1

When x > 0, f(x) = 4x + 1

Substituting x = 2 in the above equation, we get

f(2) = 4(2) + 1

⇒ f(2) = 8 + 1

∴ f(2) = 9

Thus, f(1) = 5, f(–1) = –5, f(0) = 1 and f(2) = 9.

6. Question

A function f : R → R is defined by f(x) = x2. Determine

i. range of f

ii. {x: f(x) = 4}

iii. {y: f(y) = –1}

Answer

Given f : R → R and f(x) = x2.

i. range of f

Domain of f = R (set of real numbers)

We know that the square of a real number is always positive or equal to zero.

Hence, the range of f is the set of all non-negative real numbers.

Thus, range of f = R+∪ {0}

ii. {x: f(x) = 4}

Given f(x) = 4

⇒ x2 = 4

⇒ x2 – 4 = 0

⇒ (x – 2)(x + 2) = 0

∴ x = ±2

Thus, {x: f(x) = 4} = {–2, 2}

iii. {y: f(y) = –1}

Given f(y) = –1

⇒ y2 = –1

However, the domain of f is R, and for every real number y, the value of y2 is non-negative.

Hence, there exists no real y for which y2 = –1.

Thus, {y: f(y) = –1} = ∅

7. Question
Let f: R+→ R, where R+ is the set of all positive real numbers, be such that f(x) = logex. Determine

i. the image set of the domain of f

ii. {x: f(x) = –2}

iii. whether f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) holds.

Answer

Given f : R+→ R and f(x) = logex.

i. the image set of the domain of f

Domain of f = R+ (set of positive real numbers)

We know the value of logarithm to the base e (natural logarithm) can take all possible real values.

Hence, the image set of f is the set of real numbers.

Thus, the image set of f = R

ii. {x: f(x) = –2}

Given f(x) = –2

⇒ logex = –2

∴ x = e-2 [∵ logba = c ⇒ a = bc]

Thus, {x: f(x) = –2} = {e–2}

iii. whether f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) holds.

We have f(x) = logex ⇒ f(y) = logey

Now, let us consider f(xy).

f(xy) = loge(xy)

⇒ f(xy) = loge(x × y) [∵ logb(a×c) = logba + logbc]

⇒ f(xy) = logex + logey

∴ f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)

Hence, the equation f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) holds.

8. Question

Write the following relations as sets of ordered pairs and find which of them are functions:

i. {(x, y): y = 3x, x ∈ {1, 2, 3}, y ∈ {3, 6, 9, 12}}

ii. {(x, y): y > x + 1, x = 1, 2 and y = 2, 4, 6}

iii. {(x, y): x + y = 3, x, y ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3}}

Answer

i. {(x, y): y = 3x, x ∈ {1, 2, 3}, y ∈ {3, 6, 9, 12}}

When x = 1, we have y = 3(1) = 3

When x = 2, we have y = 3(2) = 6

When x = 3, we have y = 3(3) = 9

Thus, R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9)}

Every element of set x has an ordered pair in the relation and no two ordered pairs have the same first
component but different second components.
Hence, the given relation R is a function.

ii. {(x, y): y > x + 1, x = 1, 2 and y = 2, 4, 6}

When x = 1, we have y > 1 + 1 or y > 2⇒ y = {4, 6}

When x = 2, we have y > 2 + 1 or y > 3⇒ y = {4, 6}

Thus, R = {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 6)}

Every element of set x has an ordered pair in the relation. However, two ordered pairs (1, 4) and (1, 6) have
the same first component but different second components.

Hence, the given relation R is not a function.

iii. {(x, y): x + y = 3, x, y ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3}}

When x = 0, we have 0 + y = 3 ⇒ y = 3

When x = 1, we have 1 + y = 3 ⇒ y = 2

When x = 2, we have 2 + y = 3 ⇒ y = 1

When x = 3, we have 3 + y = 3 ⇒ y = 0

Thus, R = {(0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 0)}

Every element of set x has an ordered pair in the relation and no two ordered pairs have the same first
component but different second components.

Hence, the given relation R is a function.

9. Question

Let f : R → R and g : C → C be two functions defined as f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x2. Are they equal functions?

Answer

Given f : R → R ∋ f(x) = x2 and g : R → R ∋ g(x) = x2

As f is defined from R to R, the domain of f = R.

As g is defined from C to C, the domain of g = C.

Two functions are equal only when the domain and codomain of both the functions are equal.

In this case, the domain of f ≠ domain of g.

Thus, f and g are not equal functions.

10. Question

If f, g, h are three functions defined from R to R as follows:

i. f(x) = x2

ii. g(x) = sin x

iii. h(x) = x2 + 1

Find the range of each function.

Answer

i. f(x) = x2

Domain of f = R (set of real numbers)

We know that the square of a real number is always positive or equal to zero.

Hence, the range of f is the set of all non-negative real numbers.

Thus, range of f = [0, ∞) = {y: y ≥ 0}

ii. g(x) = sin x

Domain of g = R (set of real numbers)

We know that the value of sine function always lies between –1 and 1.

Hence, the range of g is the set of all real numbers lying in the range –1 to 1.

Thus, range of g = [–1, 1] = {y: –1 ≤ y ≤ 1}

iii. h(x) = x2 + 1

Domain of h = R (set of real numbers)

We know that the square of a real number is always positive or equal to zero.

Furthermore, if we add 1 to this squared number, the result will always be greater than or equal to 1.

Hence, the range of h is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 1.

Thus, range of h = [1, ∞) = {y: y ≥ 1}

11. Question

Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Y = {1, 5, 9, 11, 15, 16}. Determine which of the following sets are functions from X
to Y.

i. f 1 = {(1, 1), (2, 11), (3, 1), (4, 15)}

ii. f2 = {(1, 1), (2, 7), (3, 5)}

iii. f3 = {(1, 5), (2, 9), (3, 1), (4, 5), (2, 11)}

Answer

Given X = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Y = {1, 5, 9, 11, 15, 16}

i. f 1 = {(1, 1), (2, 11), (3, 1), (4, 15)}

Every element of set X has an ordered pair in the relation f1 and no two ordered pairs have the same first
component but different second components.

Hence, the given relation f1 is a function.

ii. f2 = {(1, 1), (2, 7), (3, 5)}

In the relation f2, the element 2 of set X does not have any image in set Y.

However, for a relation to be a function, every element of the domain should have an image.

Hence, the given relation f2 is not a function.

iii. f3 = {(1, 5), (2, 9), (3, 1), (4, 5), (2, 11)}

Every element of set X has an ordered pair in the relation f3. However, two ordered pairs (2, 9) and (2, 11)
have the same first component but different second components.

Hence, the given relation f3 is not a function.

12. Question

Let A = {12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17} and f : A → Z be a function given by f(x) = highest prime factor of x. Find
range of f.

Answer

Given A = {12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17}

f : A → Z such that f(x) = highest prime factor of x.

A is the domain of the function f. Hence, the range is the set of elements f(x) for all x ∈ A.
We have f(12) = highest prime factor of 12

The prime factorization of 12 = 22 × 3

Thus, the highest prime factor of 12 is 3.

∴ f(12) = 3

We have f(13) = highest prime factor of 13

We know 13 is a prime number.

∴ f(13) = 13

We have f(14) = highest prime factor of 14

The prime factorization of 14 = 2 × 7

Thus, the highest prime factor of 14 is 7.

∴ f(14) = 7

We have f(15) = highest prime factor of 15

The prime factorization of 15 = 3 × 5

Thus, the highest prime factor of 15 is 5.

∴ f(15) = 5

We have f(16) = highest prime factor of 16

The prime factorization of 16 = 24

Thus, the highest prime factor of 16 is 2.

∴ f(16) = 2

We have f(17) = highest prime factor of 17

We know 17 is a prime number.

∴ f(17) = 17

Thus, the range of f is {3, 13, 7, 5, 2, 17}.

13. Question

If f : R → R be defined by f(x) = x2 + 1, then find f-1{17} and f-1{–3}.

Answer

Given f : R → R and f(x) = x2 + 1.

We need to find f-1{17} and f-1{–3}.

Let f-1{17} = x

⇒ f(x) = 17

⇒ x2 + 1 = 17

⇒ x2 – 16 = 0

⇒ (x – 4)(x + 4) = 0

∴ x = ±4

Clearly, both –4 and 4 are elements of the domain R.

Thus, f-1{17} = {–4, 4}

Now, let f -1{–3} = x

⇒ f(x) = –3

⇒ x2 + 1 = –3

⇒ x2 = –4

However, the domain of f is R and for every real number x, the value of x2 is non-negative.

Hence, there exists no real x for which x2 = –4.

Thus, f-1{–3} = ∅

14. Question

Let A = {p, q, r, s} and B = {1, 2, 3}. Which of the following relations from A to B is not a function?

i. R1 = {(p, 1), (q, 2), (r, 1), (s, 2)}

ii. R2 = {(p, 1), (q, 1), (r, 1), (s, 1)}

iii. R3 = {(p, 1), (q, 2), (p, 2), (s, 3)}

iv. R4 = {(p, 2), (q, 3), (r, 2), (s, 2)}

Answer

Given A = {p, q, r, s} and B = {1, 2, 3}

i. R1 = {(p, 1), (q, 2), (r, 1), (s, 2)}

Every element of set A has an ordered pair in the relation R1 and no two ordered pairs have the same first
component but different second components.

Hence, the given relation R1 is a function.

ii. R2 = {(p, 1), (q, 1), (r, 1), (s, 1)}

Every element of set A has an ordered pair in the relation R2, and no two ordered pairs have the same first
component but different second components.

Hence, the given relation R2 is a function.

iii. R3 = {(p, 1), (q, 2), (p, 2), (s, 3)}

Every element of set A has an ordered pair in the relation R3. However, two ordered pairs (p, 1) and (p, 2)
have the same first component but different second components.

Hence, the given relation R3 is not a function.

iv. R4 = {(p, 2), (q, 3), (r, 2), (s, 2)}

Every element of set A has an ordered pair in the relation R4, and no two ordered pairs have the same first
component but different second components.

Hence, the given relation R4 is a function.

15. Question

Let A = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13} and let f : A → Z be a function given by f(n) = the highest prime factor of n. Find
the range of f.

Answer

Given A = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13}

f : A → Z such that f(n) = the highest prime factor of n.

A is the domain of the function f. Hence, the range is the set of elements f(n) for all n ∈ A.
We have f(9) = highest prime factor of 9

The prime factorization of 9 = 32

Thus, the highest prime factor of 9 is 3.

∴ f(9) = 3

We have f(10) = highest prime factor of 10

The prime factorization of 10 = 2 × 5

Thus, the highest prime factor of 10 is 5.

∴ f(10) = 5

We have f(11) = highest prime factor of 11

We know 11 is a prime number.

∴ f(11) = 11

We have f(12) = highest prime factor of 12

The prime factorization of 12 = 22 × 3

Thus, the highest prime factor of 12 is 3.

∴ f(12) = 3

We have f(13) = highest prime factor of 13

We know 13 is a prime number.

∴ f(13) = 13

Thus, the range of f is {3, 5, 11, 13}.

16. Question

The function f is defined by

The relation g is defined by

Show that f is a function and g is not a function.

Answer

Given and

Let us first show that f is a function.

When 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, f(x) = x2.

The function x2 associates all the numbers 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 to unique numbers in R.

Hence, the images of {x ∈ Z: 0 ≤ x ≤ 3} exist and are unique.

When 3 ≤ x ≤ 10, f(x) = 3x.

The function x2 associates all the numbers 3 ≤ x ≤ 10 to unique numbers in R.

Hence, the images of {x ∈ Z: 3 ≤ x ≤ 10} exist and are unique.

When x = 3, using the first definition, we have

f(3) = 32 = 9

When x = 3, using the second definition, we have

f(3) = 3(3) = 9

Hence, the image of x = 3 is also distinct.

Thus, as every element of the domain has an image and no element has more than one image, f is a
function.

Now, let us show that g is not a function.

When 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, g(x) = x2.

The function x2 associates all the numbers 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 to unique numbers in R.

Hence, the images of {x ∈ Z: 0 ≤ x ≤ 2} exist and are unique.

When 2 ≤ x ≤ 10, g(x) = 3x.

The function x2 associates all the numbers 2 ≤ x ≤ 10 to unique numbers in R.

Hence, the images of {x ∈ Z: 2 ≤ x ≤ 10} exist and are unique.

When x = 2, using the first definition, we have

g(2) = 22 = 4

When x = 2, using the second definition, we have

g(2) = 3(2) = 6

Here, the element 2 of the domain is associated with two elements distinct elements 4 and 6.

Thus, g is not a function.

17. Question

If f(x) = x2, find

Answer

Given f(x) = x2.

We need to find the value of

Thus,

18. Question

Express the function f : X → R given by f(x) = x3 + 1 as set of ordered pairs, where X = {–1, 0, 3, 9, 7}.

Answer

Given X = {–1, 0, 3, 9, 7}
f : X → R and f(x) = x3 + 1

When x = –1, we have f(–1) = (–1)3 + 1

⇒ f(–1) = –1 + 1

∴ f(–1) = 0

When x = 0, we have f(0) = 03 + 1

⇒ f(0) = 0 + 1

∴ f(0) = 1

When x = 3, we have f(3) = 33 + 1

⇒ f(3) = 27 + 1

∴ f(3) = 28

When x = 9, we have f(9) = 93 + 1

⇒ f(9) = 729 + 1

∴ f(9) = 730

When x = 7, we have f(7) = 73 + 1

⇒ f(7) = 343 + 1

∴ f(7) = 344

Thus, f = {(–1, 0), (0, 1), (3, 28), (9, 730), (7, 344)}

Exercise 3.2
1. Question

If f(x) = x2 – 3x + 4, then find the values of x satisfying the equation f(x) = f(2x + 1).

Answer

Given f(x) = x2 – 3x + 4.

We need to find x satisfying f(x) = f(2x + 1).

We have f(2x + 1) = (2x + 1)2 – 3(2x + 1) + 4

⇒ f(2x + 1) = (2x)2 + 2(2x)(1) + 12 – 6x – 3 + 4

⇒ f(2x + 1) = 4x2 + 4x + 1 – 6x + 1

∴ f(2x + 1) = 4x2 – 2x + 2

Now, f(x) = f(2x + 1)

⇒ x2 – 3x + 4 = 4x2 – 2x + 2

⇒ 3x2 + x – 2 = 0

⇒ 3x2 + 3x – 2x – 2 = 0

⇒ 3x(x + 1) – 2(x + 1) = 0

⇒ (x + 1)(3x – 2) = 0

⇒ x + 1 = 0 or 3x – 2 = 0

⇒ x = –1 or 3x = 2

∴ x = –1 or
Thus, the required values of x are –1 and .

2. Question

If f(x) = (x – a)2(x – b)2, find f(a + b).

Answer

Given f(x) = (x – a)2(x – b)2

We need to find f(a + b).

We have f(a + b) = (a + b – a)2(a + b – b)2

⇒ f(a + b) = (b)2(a)2

∴ f(a + b) = a2b2

Thus, f(a + b) = a2b2

3. Question

If , show that x = f(y).

Answer

Given

We need to prove that x = f(y).

We have

⇒ y(bx – a) = ax – b

⇒ bxy – ay = ax – b

⇒ bxy – ax = ay – b

⇒ x(by – a) = ay – b

∴ x = f(y)

Thus, x = f(y).

4. Question

If , show that f[f{f(x)}] = x.

Answer

Given

We need to prove that f[f{f(x)}] = x.

First, we will evaluate f{f(x)}.

Now, we will evaluate f[f{f(x)}]

∴ f[f{f(x)}] = x

Thus, f[f{f(x)}] = x

5. Question

If , show that f[f(x)] = x.

Answer

Given

We need to prove that f[f(x)] = x.

∴ f[f(x)] = x

Thus, f[f(x)] = x

6. Question

If , find:

i.

ii. f(–2)

iii. f(1)

iv.

v.

Answer

Given

i.

When 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, f(x) = x

ii. f(–2)

When x < 0, f(x) = x2

⇒ f(–2) = (–2)2

∴ f(–2) = 4

iii. f(1)

When x ≥ 1,

∴ f(1) = 1

iv.

We have

When x ≥ 1,
v.

We know is not a real number and the function f(x) is defined only when x ∈ R.

Thus, does not exist.

7. Question

If , show that .

Answer

Given

We need to prove that

We have,

Thus,

8. Question

If , show that f(tanθ) = sin2θ.

Answer

Given

We need to prove that f(tanθ) = sin2θ.

We have

We know
However, cos2θ + sin2θ = 1

⇒ f(tanθ) = 2sinθcosθ

∴ f(tanθ) = sin2θ

Thus, f(tanθ) = sin2θ

9. Question

If , then show that

i.

ii.

Answer

Given

i. We need to prove that

We have
Thus,

ii. We need to prove that

We have

Thus,

10. Question

If , a > 0 and n ∈ N, then prove that f[f(x)] = x for all x.

Answer

Given , where a > 0 and n ∈ N.

We need to prove that f[f(x)] = x.

[∵ (am)n = amn]

[∵ (am)n = amn]
⇒ f[f(x)] = x1

∴ f[f(x)] = x

Thus, f[f(x)] = x for all x.

11. Question

If for non-zero x, , where a ≠ b, then find f(x).

Answer

Given x ≠ 0 and a ≠ b such that

..... (1)

Substituting in place of x, we get

.....-- (2)

On adding equations (1) and (2), we get

..... (3)

On subtracting equations (1) and (2), we get

..... (4)

On adding equations (3) and (4), we get

Thus,

Exercise 3.3
1. Question

Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of real variable:

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

Answer

i.

Clearly, f(x) is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when x = 0.

When x = 0, f(x) will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Thus, domain of f = R – {0}

ii.

Clearly, f(x) is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when x – 7 = 0 or x = 7.
When x = 7, f(x) will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Thus, domain of f = R – {7}

iii.

Clearly, f(x) is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when x + 1 = 0 or x = –1.

When x = –1, f(x) will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Thus, domain of f = R – {–1}

iv.

Clearly, f(x) is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when x2 – 9 = 0.

x2 – 9 = 0

⇒ x2 – 32 = 0

⇒ (x + 3)(x – 3) = 0

⇒ x + 3 = 0 or x – 3 = 0

⇒ x = ±3

When x = ±3, f(x) will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Thus, domain of f = R – {–3, 3}

v.

Clearly, f(x) is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when x2 – 8x + 12 = 0.

x2 – 8x + 12 = 0

⇒ x2 – 2x – 6x + 12 = 0

⇒ x(x – 2) – 6(x – 2) = 0

⇒ (x – 2)(x – 6) = 0

⇒ x – 2 = 0 or x – 6 = 0

⇒ x = 2 or 6

When x = 2 or 6, f(x) will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Thus, domain of f = R – {2, 6}

2 A. Question

Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of real variable:

Answer

We know the square of a real number is never negative.

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when x – 2 ≥ 0

⇒x≥2

∴ x ∈ [2, ∞)

Thus, domain of f = [2, ∞)

2 B. Question

Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of real variable:

Answer

We know the square of a real number is never negative.

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when x 2 – 1 ≥ 0

⇒ x2 – 12 ≥ 0

⇒ (x + 1)(x – 1) ≥ 0

⇒ x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 1

∴ x ∈ (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞)

In addition, f(x) is also undefined when x2 – 1 = 0 because denominator will be zero and the result will be
indeterminate.

x2 – 1 = 0 ⇒ x = ±1

Hence, x ∈ (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞) – {–1, 1}

∴ x ∈ (–∞, –1) ∪ (1, ∞)

Thus, domain of f = (–∞, –1) ∪ (1, ∞)

2 C. Question

Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of real variable:

Answer

We know the square of a real number is never negative.

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when 9 – x2 ≥ 0

⇒ 9 ≥ x2

⇒ x2 ≤ 9

⇒ x2 – 9 ≤ 0

⇒ x2 – 32 ≤ 0

⇒ (x + 3)(x – 3) ≤ 0

⇒ x ≥ –3 and x ≤ 3

∴ x ∈ [–3, 3]

Thus, domain of f = [–3, 3]

2 D. Question

Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of real variable:
Answer

We know the square root of a real number is never negative.

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when x – 2 and 3 – x are both positive or negative.

(a) Both x – 2 and 3 – x are positive

x – 2 ≥ 0⇒ x ≥ 2

3 – x ≥ 0⇒ x ≤ 3

Hence, x ≥ 2 and x ≤ 3

∴ x ∈ [2, 3]

(b) Both x – 2 and 3 – x are negative

x – 2 ≤ 0⇒ x ≤ 2

3 – x ≤ 0⇒ x ≥ 3

Hence, x ≤ 2 and x ≥ 3

However, the intersection of these sets in null set. Thus, this case is not possible.

In addition, f(x) is also undefined when 3 – x = 0 because the denominator will be zero and the result will be
indeterminate.

3 – x = 0⇒ x = 3

Hence, x ∈ [2, 3] – {3}

∴ x ∈ [2, 3)

Thus, domain of f = [2, 3)

3 A. Question

Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:

Answer

Clearly, f(x) is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when bx – a = 0 or .

When , f(x) will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Thus, domain of f = R –

Let f(x) = y

⇒ ax + b = y(bx – a)
⇒ ax + b = bxy – ay

⇒ ax – bxy = –ay – b

⇒ x(a – by) = –(ay + b)

Clearly, when a – by = 0 or , x will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Hence, f(x) cannot take the value .

Thus, range of f = R –

3 B. Question

Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:

Answer

Clearly, f(x) is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when cx – d = 0 or .

When , f(x) will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Thus, domain of f = R –

Let f(x) = y

⇒ ax – b = y(cx – d)

⇒ ax – b = cxy – dy

⇒ ax – cxy = b – dy

⇒ x(a – cy) = b – dy

Clearly, when a – cy = 0 or , x will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Hence, f(x) cannot take the value .

Thus, range of f = R –

3 C. Question

Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:

Answer
We know the square of a real number is never negative.

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when x – 1 ≥ 0

⇒x≥1

∴ x ∈ [1, ∞)

Thus, domain of f = [1, ∞)

When x ≥ 1, we have x – 1 ≥ 0

Hence,

∴ f(x) ∈ [0, ∞)

Thus, range of f = [0, ∞)

3 D. Question

Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:

Answer

We know the square of a real number is never negative.

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when x – 3 ≥ 0

⇒x≥3

∴ x ∈ [3, ∞)

Thus, domain of f = [3, ∞)

When x ≥ 3, we have x – 3 ≥ 0

Hence,

∴ f(x) ∈ [0, ∞)

Thus, range of f = [0, ∞)

3 E. Question

Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:

Answer

Clearly, f(x) is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when 2 – x = 0 or x = 2.

When x = 2, f(x) will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Thus, domain of f = R – {2}

We have

∴ f(x) = –1
Clearly, when x ≠ 2, f(x) = –1

Thus, range of f = {–1}

3 F. Question

Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:

f(x) = |x – 1|

Answer

f(x) = |x – 1|

We know

Now, we have

Hence, f(x) is defined for all real numbers x.

Thus, domain of f = R

When x < 1, we have x – 1 < 0 or 1 – x > 0.

Hence, |x – 1| > 0 ⇒ f(x) > 0

When x ≥ 1, we have x – 1 ≥ 0.

Hence, |x – 1| ≥ 0 ⇒ f(x) ≥ 0

∴ f(x) ≥ 0 or f(x) ∈ [0, ∞)

Thus, range of f = [0, ∞)

3 G. Question

Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:

f(x) = –|x|

Answer

f(x) = –|x|

We know

Now, we have

Hence, f(x) is defined for all real numbers x.

Thus, domain of f = R

When x < 0, we have –|x| < 0

Hence, f(x) < 0

When x ≥ 0, we have –x ≤ 0.

Hence, –|x| ≤ 0 ⇒ f(x) ≤ 0

∴ f(x) ≤ 0 or f(x) ∈ (–∞, 0]

Thus, range of f = [0, ∞)

3 H. Question

Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:

Answer

We know the square of a real number is never negative.

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when 9 – x2 ≥ 0

⇒ 9 ≥ x2

⇒ x2 ≤ 9

⇒ x2 – 9 ≤ 0

⇒ x2 – 32 ≤ 0

⇒ (x + 3)(x – 3) ≤ 0

⇒ x ≥ –3 and x ≤ 3

∴ x ∈ [–3, 3]

Thus, domain of f = [–3, 3]

When x ∈ [–3, 3], we have 0 ≤ 9 – x2 ≤ 9

Hence,

∴ f(x) ∈ [0, 3]

Thus, range of f = [0, 3]

3 I. Question

Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:

Answer

We know the square of a real number is never negative.

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when 16 – x2 ≥ 0

⇒ 16 ≥ x2

⇒ x2 ≤ 16

⇒ x2 – 16 ≤ 0

⇒ x2 – 42 ≤ 0

⇒ (x + 4)(x – 4) ≤ 0

⇒ x ≥ –4 and x ≤ 4

∴ x ∈ [–4, 4]
In addition, f(x) is also undefined when 16 – x2 = 0 because denominator will be zero and the result will be
indeterminate.

16 – x2 = 0 ⇒ x = ±4

Hence, x ∈ [–4, 4] – {–4, 4}

∴ x ∈ (–4, 4)

Thus, domain of f = (–4, 4)

Let f(x) = y

⇒ 1 = (16 – x2)y2

⇒ 1 = 16y2 – x2y2

⇒ x2y2 + 1 – 16y2 = 0

⇒ (y2)x2 + (0)x + (1 – 16y2) = 0

As x ∈ R, the discriminant of this quadratic equation in x must be non-negative.

⇒ 02 – 4(y2)(1 – 16y2) ≥ 0

⇒ –4y2(1 – 16y2) ≥ 0

⇒ 4y2(1 – 16y2) ≤ 0

⇒ 1 – 16y2 ≤ 0 [∵ y2 ≥ 0]

⇒ 16y2 – 1 ≥ 0

⇒ (4y)2 – 12 ≥ 0

⇒ (4y + 1)(4y – 1) ≥ 0

⇒ 4y ≤ –1 and 4y ≥ 1

However, y is always positive because it is the reciprocal of a non-zero square root.

Thus, range of f =

3 J. Question

Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:
Answer

We know the square of a real number is never negative.

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when x 2 – 16 ≥ 0

⇒ x2 – 42 ≥ 0

⇒ (x + 4)(x – 4) ≥ 0

⇒ x ≤ –4 or x ≥ 4

∴ x ∈ (–∞, –4] ∪ [4, ∞)

Thus, domain of f = (–∞, –4] ∪ [4, ∞)

When x ∈ (–∞, –4] ∪ [4, ∞), we have x2 – 16 ≥ 0

Hence,

∴ f(x) ∈ [0, ∞)

Thus, range of f = [0, ∞)

Exercise 3.4
1 A. Question

Find f + g, f – g, cf (c ∈ R, c ≠ 0), fg, 1/f and f/g in each of the following:

f(x) = x3 + 1 and g(x) = x + 1

Answer

i. f(x) = x3 + 1 and g(x) = x + 1

We have f(x) : R → R and g(x) : R → R

(a) f + g

We know (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

⇒ (f + g)(x) = x3 + 1 + x + 1

∴ (f + g)(x) = x3 + x + 2

Clearly, (f + g)(x) : R → R

Thus, f + g : R → R is given by (f + g)(x) = x3 + x + 2

(b) f – g

We know (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

⇒ (f – g)(x) = x3 + 1 – (x + 1)

⇒ (f – g)(x) = x3 + 1 – x – 1

∴ (f – g)(x) = x3 – x

Clearly, (f – g)(x) : R → R

Thus, f – g : R → R is given by (f – g)(x) = x3 – x

(c) cf (c ∈ R, c ≠ 0)
We know (cf)(x) = c × f(x)

⇒ (cf)(x) = c(x3 + 1)

∴ (cf)(x) = cx3 + c

Clearly, (cf)(x) : R → R

Thus, cf : R → R is given by (cf)(x) = cx3 + c

(d) fg

We know (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)

⇒ (fg)(x) = (x3 + 1)(x + 1)

⇒ (fg)(x) = (x + 1)(x2 – x + 1)(x + 1)

∴ (fg)(x) = (x + 1)2(x2 – x + 1)

Clearly, (fg)(x) : R → R

Thus, fg : R → R is given by (fg)(x) = (x + 1)2(x2 – x + 1)

(e)

We know

Observe that is undefined when f(x) = 0 or when x = – 1.

Thus, : R – {–1} → R is given by

(f)

We know

Observe that is undefined when g(x) = 0 or when x = –1.

Using x3 + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 – x + 1), we have

Thus, : R – {–1} → R is given by

1 B. Question

Find f + g, f – g, cf (c ∈ R, c ≠ 0), fg, 1/f and f/g in each of the following:

and

Answer

and
We have f(x) : [1, ∞) → R+ and g(x) : [–1, ∞) → R+ as real square root is defined only for non-negative
numbers.

(a) f + g

We know (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

Domain of f + g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of f + g = [1, ∞) ∩ [–1, ∞)

∴ Domain of f + g = [1, ∞)

Thus, f + g : [1, ∞) → R is given by

(b) f – g

We know (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

Domain of f – g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of f – g = [1, ∞) ∩ [–1, ∞)

∴ Domain of f – g = [1, ∞)

Thus, f – g : [1, ∞) → R is given by

(c) cf (c ∈ R, c ≠ 0)

We know (cf)(x) = c × f(x)

Domain of cf = Domain of f

∴ Domain of cf = [1, ∞)

Thus, cf : [1, ∞) → R is given by

(d) fg

We know (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)

Domain of fg = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of fg = [1, ∞) ∩ [–1, ∞)

∴ Domain of fg = [1, ∞)

Thus, fg : [1, ∞) → R is given by

(e)

We know

Domain of = Domain of f
∴ Domain of = [1, ∞)

Observe that is also undefined when x – 1 = 0 or x = 1.

Thus, : (1, ∞) → R is given by

(f)

We know

Domain of = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of = [1, ∞) ∩ [–1, ∞)

∴ Domain of = [1, ∞)

Thus, : [1, ∞) → R is given by

2. Question

Let f(x) = 2x + 5 and g(x) = x2 + x. Describe

i. f + g

ii. f – g

iii. fg

iv.

Find the domain in each case.

Answer

Given f(x) = 2x + 5 and g(x) = x2 + x

Clearly, both f(x) and g(x) are defined for all x ∈ R.

Hence, domain of f = domain of g = R

i. f + g

We know (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

⇒ (f + g)(x) = 2x + 5 + x2 + x

∴ (f + g)(x) = x2 + 3x + 5

Clearly, (f + g)(x) is defined for all real numbers x.

∴ The domain of (f + g) is R

ii. f – g

We know (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

⇒ (f – g)(x) = 2x + 5 – (x2 + x)

⇒ (f – g)(x) = 2x + 5 – x2 – x

∴ (f – g)(x) = 5 + x – x2

Clearly, (f – g)(x) is defined for all real numbers x.

∴ The domain of (f – g) is R

iii. fg

We know (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)

⇒ (fg)(x) = (2x + 5)(x2 + x)

⇒ (fg)(x) = 2x(x2 + x) + 5(x2 + x)

⇒ (fg)(x) = 2x3 + 2x2 + 5x2 + 5x

∴ (fg)(x) = 2x3 + 7x2 + 5x

Clearly, (fg)(x) is defined for all real numbers x.

∴ The domain of fg is R

iv.

We know

Clearly, is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when x2 + x = 0.

x2 + x = 0

⇒ x(x + 1) = 0

⇒ x = 0 or x + 1 = 0

⇒ x = 0 or –1

When x = 0 or –1, will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Thus, domain of = R – {–1, 0}

3. Question

If f(x) be defined on [–2, 2] and is given by and g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)|. Find g(x).

Answer

Given and g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)|

Now, we have

However, |x| ≥ 0 ⇒ f(|x|) = |x| – 1 when 0 ≤ |x| ≤ 2

We also have
We know

Here, we are interested only in the range [0, 2].

Substituting this value of |x – 1| in |f(x)|, we get

We need to find g(x).

g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)|

Thus,

4. Question

Let f, g be two real functions defined by and . Then, describe each of the
following functions.

i. f + g

ii. g – f

iii. fg

iv.

v.

vi.
vii. f2 + 7f

viii.

Answer

Given and

We know the square of a real number is never negative.

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when x + 1 ≥ 0

⇒ x ≥ –1

∴ x ∈ [–1, ∞)

Thus, domain of f = [–1, ∞)

Similarly, g(x) takes real values only when 9 – x2 ≥ 0

⇒ 9 ≥ x2

⇒ x2 ≤ 9

⇒ x2 – 9 ≤ 0

⇒ x2 – 32 ≤ 0

⇒ (x + 3)(x – 3) ≤ 0

⇒ x ≥ –3 and x ≤ 3

∴ x ∈ [–3, 3]

Thus, domain of g = [–3, 3]

i. f + g

We know (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

Domain of f + g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of f + g = [–1, ∞) ∩ [–3, 3]

∴ Domain of f + g = [–1, 3]

Thus, f + g : [–1, 3] → R is given by

ii. f – g

We know (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

Domain of f – g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of f – g = [–1, ∞) ∩ [–3, 3]

∴ Domain of f – g = [–1, 3]

Thus, f – g : [–1, 3] → R is given by

iii. fg

We know (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)

As earlier, domain of fg = [–1, 3]

Thus, f – g : [–1, 3] → R is given by

iv.

We know

As earlier, domain of = [–1, 3]

However, is defined for all real values of x ∈ [–1, 3], except for the case when 9 – x2 = 0 or x = ±3

When x = ±3, will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

⇒ Domain of = [–1, 3] – {–3, 3}

∴ Domain of = [–1, 3)

Thus, : [–1, 3) → R is given by

v.

We know

As earlier, domain of = [–1, 3]

However, is defined for all real values of x ∈ [–1, 3], except for the case when x + 1 = 0 or x = –1

When x = –1, will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

⇒ Domain of = [–1, 3] – {–1}

∴ Domain of = (–1, 3]
Thus, : (–1, 3] → R is given by

vi.

We know (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x) and (cf)(x) = cf(x)

As earlier, Domain of = [–1, 3]

Thus, : [–1, 3] → R is given by

vii. f2 + 7f

We know (f2 + 7f)(x) = f2(x) + (7f)(x)

⇒ (f2 + 7f)(x) = f(x)f(x) + 7f(x)

Domain of f2 + 7f is same as domain of f.

∴ Domain of f2 + 7f = [–1, ∞)

Thus, f2 + 7f : [–1, ∞) → R is given by

viii.

We know and (cg)(x) = cg(x)

Domain of = Domain of g = [–3, 3]

However, is defined for all real values of x ∈ [–3, 3], except for the case when 9 – x2 = 0 or x = ±3

When x = ±3, will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

⇒ Domain of = [–3, 3] – {–3, 3}

∴ Domain of = (–3, 3)

Thus, : (–3, 3) → R is given by

5. Question

If f(x) = loge(1 – x) and g(x) = [x], then determine each of the following functions:

i. f + g

ii. fg

iii.
iv.

Also, find (f + g)(–1), (fg)(0), and .

Answer

Given f(x) = loge(1 – x) and g(x) = [x]

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when 1 – x > 0

⇒1>x

⇒x<1

∴ x ∈ (–∞, 1)

Thus, domain of f = (–∞, 1)

g(x) is defined for all real numbers x.

Thus, domain of g = R

i. f + g

We know (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

∴ (f + g)(x) = loge(1 – x) + [x]

Domain of f + g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of f + g = (–∞, 1) ∩ R

∴ Domain of f + g = (–∞, 1)

Thus, f + g : (–∞, 1) → R is given by (f + g)(x) = loge(1 – x) + [x]

ii. fg

We know (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)

⇒ (fg)(x) = loge(1 – x) × [x]

∴ (fg)(x) = [x]loge(1 – x)

Domain of fg = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of fg = (–∞, 1) ∩ R

∴ Domain of fg = (–∞, 1)

Thus, f – g : (–∞, 1) → R is given by (fg)(x) = [x]loge(1 – x)

iii.

We know

As earlier, domain of = (–∞, 1)

However, is defined for all real values of x ∈ (–∞, 1), except for the case when [x] = 0.

We have [x] = 0 when 0 ≤ x < 1 or x ∈ [0, 1)

When 0 ≤ x < 1, will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

⇒ Domain of = (–∞, 1) – [0, 1)

∴ Domain of = (–∞, 0)

Thus, : (–∞, 0) → R is given by

iv.

We know

As earlier, domain of = (–∞, 1)

However, is defined for all real values of x ∈ (–∞, 1), except for the case when loge(1 – x) = 0.

loge(1 – x) = 0 ⇒ 1 – x = 1 or x = 0

When x = 0, will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

⇒ Domain of = (–∞, 1) – {0}

∴ Domain of = (–∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

Thus, : (–∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) → R is given by

We have (f + g)(x) = loge(1 – x) + [x], x ∈ (–∞, 1)

We need to find (f + g)(–1).

Substituting x = –1 in the above equation, we get

(f + g)(–1) = loge(1 – (–1)) + [–1]

⇒ (f + g)(–1) = loge(1 + 1) + (–1)

∴ (f + g)(–1) = loge2 – 1

Thus, (f + g)(–1) = loge2 – 1

We have (fg)(x) = [x]loge(1 – x), x ∈ (–∞, 1)

We need to find (fg)(0).

Substituting x = 0 in the above equation, we get

(fg)(0) = [0]loge(1 – 0)

⇒ (fg)(0) = 0 × loge1

∴ (fg)(0) = 0

Thus, (fg)(0) = 0

We have , x ∈ (–∞, 0)

We need to find

However, is not in the domain of .

Thus, does not exist.

We have , x ∈ (–∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

We need to find

Substituting in the above equation, we get

Thus,

6. Question

If f, g, h are real functions defined by , and h(x) = 2x2 – 3, then find the values of (2f

+ g – h)(1) and (2f + g – h)(0).

Answer

Given , and h(x) = 2x3 – 3

We know the square of a real number is never negative.

Clearly, f(x) takes real values only when x + 1 ≥ 0

⇒ x ≥ –1

∴ x ∈ [–1, ∞)

Thus, domain of f = [–1, ∞)

g(x) is defined for all real values of x, except for 0.

Thus, domain of g = R – {0}

h(x) is defined for all real values of x.

Thus, domain of h = R

We know (2f + g – h)(x) = (2f)(x) + g(x) – h(x)

⇒ (2f + g – h)(x) = 2f(x) + g(x) – h(x)

Domain of 2f + g – h = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g ∩ Domain of h

⇒ Domain of 2f + g – h = [–1, ∞) ∩ R – {0} ∩ R

∴ Domain of 2f + g – h = [–1, ∞) – {0}

i. (2f + g – h)(1)

We have

ii. (2f + g – h)(0)

0 is not in the domain of (2f + g – h)(x).

Hence, (2f + g – h)(0) does not exist.

Thus, and (2f + g – h)(0) does not exist as 0 is not in the domain of (2f + g – h)(x).

7. Question

The function f is defined by . Draw the graph of f(x).

Answer

Given

When x < 0, we have f(x) = 1 – x

f(–4) = 1 – (–4) = 1 + 4 = 5

f(–3) = 1 – (–3) = 1 + 3 = 4

f(–2) = 1 – (–2) = 1 + 2 = 3

f(–1) = 1 – (–1) = 1 + 1 = 2

When x = 0, we have f(x) = f(0) = 1

When x > 0, we have f(x) = 1 + x

f(1) = 1 + 1 = 2

f(2) = 1 + 2 = 3

f(3) = 1 + 3 = 4

f(4) = 1 + 4 = 5

Plotting these points on a graph sheet, we get

8. Question

Let f, g : R → R be defined, respectively by f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 2x – 3. Find f + g, f – g and .

Find the domain in each case.

Answer

Given f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 2x – 3

Clearly, both f(x) and g(x) exist for all real values of x.

Hence, Domain of f = Domain of g = R

Range of f = Range of g = R

i. f + g

We know (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

⇒ (f + g)(x) = x + 1 + 2x – 3

∴ (f + g)(x) = 3x – 2

Domain of f + g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of f + g = R ∩ R

∴ Domain of f + g = R

Thus, f + g : R → R is given by (f + g)(x) = 3x – 2

ii. f – g

We know (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

⇒ (f – g)(x) = x + 1 – (2x – 3)

⇒ (f – g)(x) = x + 1 – 2x + 3

∴ (f – g)(x) = –x + 4

Domain of f – g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of f – g = R ∩ R

∴ Domain of f – g = R

Thus, f – g : R → R is given by (f – g)(x) = –x + 4

iii.

We know

Clearly, is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when 2x – 3 = 0 or .

When , will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Thus, domain of =R–

Thus, :R– → R is given by

9. Question

Let f : [0, ∞) → R and g : R → R be defined by and g(x) = x. Find f + g, f – g, fg and

Answer

Given and g(x) = x

Domain of f = [0, ∞)

Domain of g = R

i. f + g

We know (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

Domain of f + g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of f + g = [0, ∞) ∩ R

∴ Domain of f + g = [0, ∞)

Thus, f + g : [0, ∞) → R is given by

ii. f – g

We know (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

Domain of f – g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

⇒ Domain of f – g = [0, ∞) ∩ R

∴ Domain of f – g = [0, ∞)

Thus, f – g : [0, ∞) → R is given by

iii. fg

We know (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)

Clearly, (fg)(x) is also defined only for non-negative real numbers x as square of a real number is never
negative.

Thus, fg : [0, ∞) → R is given by

iv.

We know

Clearly, is defined for all positive real values of x, except for the case when x = 0.

When x = 0, will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

⇒ Domain of = [0, ∞) – {0}

∴ Domain of = (0, ∞)

Thus, : (0, ∞) → R is given by

10. Question

Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x + 1 be two real functions. Find (f + g)(x), (f – g)(x), (fg)(x) and .

Answer

Given f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x + 1

Both f(x) and g(x) are defined for all x ∈ R.

Hence, domain of f = domain of g = R

i. f + g

We know (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

⇒ (f + g)(x) = x2 + 2x + 1

∴ (f + g)(x) = (x + 1)2

Clearly, (f + g)(x) is defined for all real numbers x.

∴ Domain of (f + g) is R

Thus, f + g : R → R is given by (f + g)(x) = (x + 1)2

ii. f – g

We know (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

⇒ (f – g)(x) = x2 – (2x + 1)

∴ (f – g)(x) = x2 – 2x – 1
Clearly, (f – g)(x) is defined for all real numbers x.

∴ Domain of (f – g) is R

Thus, f – g : R → R is given by (f – g)(x) = x2 – 2x – 1

iii. fg

We know (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)

⇒ (fg)(x) = x2(2x + 1)

∴ (fg)(x) = 2x3 + x2

Clearly, (fg)(x) is defined for all real numbers x.

∴ Domain of fg is R

Thus, fg : R → R is given by (fg)(x) = 2x3 + x2

iv.

We know

Clearly, is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when 2x + 1 = 0.

2x + 1 = 0

⇒ 2x = –1

When , will be undefined as the division result will be indeterminate.

Thus, the domain of = R –

Very Short Answer

1. Question

Write the range of the real function f(x) = |x|.

Answer

f(x) = |x|

f(-x) = |-x|

therefore, f(x) will always be 0 or positive.

Thus, range of f(x) ϵ [0, ).

2. Question

If f is a real function satisfying for all x ∈ R – {0}, then write the expression for f (x).

Answer
{since, (a + b)2 = a2 +b2 +2ab}

f(y) =

x + 1 = xy

x2 -yx+1= 0

for x to be real

y ∈(-∞,2]∪[2,∞)

|y|>2 Ans.

3. Question

Write the range of the function f (x) = sin [x] where

Answer

F(x) =

=-sin 1

=0

Using properties of greatest integer function:

[1] = 1; [0.5] = 0; [-0.5] = -1

Therefore, R(f) = {- }

4. Question

If f(x) = cos2[π2]x + cos [-π2] x, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then write the
value of f(π).

Answer
π2 ≈ 9.8596

So, we have [π2 ]=9 and [-π2 ]=-10

f(x)=cos 18x+ cos (-10)x

=cos 18x + cos 10x

=2 cos 14x cos4x

f(π)=2 cos 14π cos 4π

=2×1×1

Therefore, f(π)= 2

5. Question

Write the range of the function f (x) = cos [x], where

Answer

[x]= -2

f(x)= cos [x]= cos (-2)

= cos 2

because cos(-x) = cos(x)

for-1 ≤x<0

[x]=-1

f(x)= cos[x]=cos (-1)

= cos 1

for 0 ≤x< 1

[x]=0

f(x)=cos 0 =1

for 1 ≤x<π/2

[x]=1

f(x)=cos1

Therefore, R(f) = {1, cos 1, cos 2}

6. Question

Write the range of the function f(x) = ex – [x] , X ∈R.

Answer

0 ≤x-[x]<1

e0 ≤ ex-[x] <e1
1 ≤ ex-[x] < e

Therefore, R(f) = [1, e)

7. Question

Let Then write the value of α satisfying f(x)) = x for allx ≠ - 1.

Answer

If

a2x=ax2+x2+x

x2 (a+1)+x(1- a2)=0

x2 (a+1)+x(1-a)(1+a)=0

(a+1)( x2+x(1-a))=0

a+1=0

Therefore, a=-1

8. Question

If then write the value of

Answer

9. Question
Write the domain and range of the function

Answer

For function to be defined,

x≠2

Therefore, D(f)= R-{2}.

Let

y=-1

Therefore, R(f) = {-1}.

10. Question

If f(x) = 4x – x2, x ∈ R, then write the value of f(a + 1) – f(a – 1).

Answer

f(a+1)-f(a-1) =[4(a+1) -(a+1)2]-[4(a-1)-(a-1)2 ]

=4[(a+1) -(a-1)]- [ (a+1)2 -(a+1)2]

=4(2)-[(a+1+a-1) (a+1-a+1)]

Using: a2 -b2= (a + b)(a-b)

f(a+1)-f(a-1)=4(2)-2a(2)

=4(2-a)

11. Question

If f, g, h are real functions given by f(x) = x2, g(x) = tan x and h(x) = loge x, then write the value of (hogof)

Answer

Therefore, answer = 0.

12. Question

Write the domain and range of function f(x) given by

Answer
For f(x) to be defined,

x-|x|>0

But x-|x|≤0

So, f(x) does not exist..

Therefore,

13. Question

Write the domain and range of

Answer

For f(x) to be defined,

x-[x]≥0

We know that, where {x} is fractional part function and [x] is greatest integer function.

{x}≥0

Also,

Therefore, D(f) = R and range = [0, 1).

14. Question

Write the domain and range of function f(x) given by

Answer

For function to be defined,

[x]-x≥0

-{x}≥

Therefore, domain of f(x) is integers.

D(f)∈I

Range = {0}.

15. Question

Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = p and n(B) = q, write the number of functions from A to B.

Answer

For each value of set A, we can have q functions as each value of A pair up with all the values of B.

So, total number of functions from A to B =q× q× q…..{p times}

=q p

16. Question

Let f and g be two functions given by

f = {(2, 4), (5, 6), (8, -1), (10, -3)} and g = {(2, 5), (7, 1), (8, 4), (10, 13), (11, -5)}.

Find the domain of f + g.

Answer

D(f) = {2, 5, 8, 10}

D(g) = {2, 7, 8, 10, 11}

Therefore, D(f+g) = {2, 8, 10}

17. Question

Find the set of values of x for which the functions f(x) = 3x2 – 1 and g(x) = 3 + x are equal.

Answer

f(x)=3x2 -1;g(x)=3+x

For

3x2 -1=3+x

3x2 -x-4=0

(3x-4)(x+1)=0

3x-4=0 orx+1=0

18. Question

Let f and g be two real functions given by

f = {(0, 1), (2, 0), (3, -4), (4, 2), (5, 1)} and g = {(1, 0), (2, 2), (3, -1), (4, 4), (5, 3)}.

Find the domain of fg.

Answer

D(f) = {0, 2, 3, 4, 5}

D(g) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

So, D(fg) = {2, 3, 4, 5}

MCQ
1. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4}, then which of the following is a function from A to B?

A.{(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3)}

B. {(1, 3), (2, 4)}

C. {(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3)}

D. {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 4)

Answer

A function is said to be defined from A to B if each element in set A has an unique image in set B. Not all the
elements in set B are the images of any element of set A.

Therefore, option C is correct.

2. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If f : Q → Q is defined as f(x) = x2, then f-1 (9)s is equal to

A. 3

B. -3
C. {-3, 3}

D. ϕ

Answer

Replace f(x) by y,

Replace x by and y by x.

So,

Option C is correct.

3. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

Which one of the following is not a function?

A. {(x, y) : x, y ∈ R, x2 = y}

B. {(x, y) : x, y ∈ R, y2 = x}

C. {(x, y) : x, y ∈ R, x = y3}

D. {(x, y) : x, y ∈ R, y = x3}

Answer

A function is said to exist when we get a unique value for any value of x..

Therefore, option B is correct.. is not a function as for each value of x, we will get 2 values of y..which
is not as per the definition of a function..

4. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If f(x) = cos (log x), then has the value

A. -2

B. -1

C. 1/2

D. None of these

Answer

Now,
Using:

=cos(2 log x) cos(2 log y)-cos(2 log x) cos(2 log y)

=0

5. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If f(x) = cos (log x), then has the value

A. -1

B. 1/2

C. -2

D. None of these

Answer

Now,

Using:

=cos(log x) cos(log y)-cos(log x) cos(log y)

=0

6. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

Let f(x) = |x – 1|. Then,

A. f(x2) = [f(x)]2

B. f(x + y) = f(x) f(y)

C. f(|x|) = |f(x)|

D. None of these

Answer

f(x)=|x-1|

f(x2 )=| x2-1|

[f(x)2=(x-1)2

= x2+1-2x
So, f(x2)≠[f(x)]2

f(x + y)=|x+y-1|

f(x)f(y)=(x-1)(y-1)

So, f(x + y) ≠ f(x)f(y)

f(|x|)=||x|-1|

Therefore, option D is correct.

7. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The range of f(x) = cos [x], for -π/2< x <π/2 is

A. {-1, 1, 0}

B. {cos 1, cos 2, 1}

C. {cos 1, -cos 1, 1}

D. [-1, 1]

Answer

[x]= -2

f(x)= cos[x]= cos(-2)

= cos2

because cos(-x)= cos(x)

for-1 ≤x<0

[x]=-1

f(x)= cos[x]

=cos(-1)

= cos1

for 0 ≤x< 1

[x]=0

f(x) = cos 0

=1

[x]=1

f(x)=cos 1

Therefore, R(f) = {1, cos 1,cos 2}

Option B is correct.

8. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

Which of the following are functions?

A. {(x, y) : y2 = x, x, y ∈ R}

B. {(x, y) : y = |x|, x, y, ∈ R}

C. {(x, y) : X2 + y2 = 1, x, y ∈ R}

D. {(x, y) : x2 – y2 = 1, x, y ∈ R}

Answer

A function is said to exist when we get a unique value of y for any value of x..If we get 2 values of y for any
value of x, then it is not a function..

Therefore, option B is correct .

NOTE: To check if a given curve is a function or not, draw the curve and then draw a line parallel to y-axis..If
it intersects the curve at only one point, then it is a function, else not..

9. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If and then f(g(x) is equal to

A. f (3x)

B. {f(x)}3

C. 3f (x)

D. -f (x)

Answer

Using: (1+x)3=1+3x+3x2+x3

And (1-x)3=1-3x+3x2-x3

f(g(x))=3f(x)

Option C is correct.

10. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {x, y}, then the number of functions that can be defined from A into B is

A. 12

B. 8

C. 6

D. 3
Answer

Since A has 3 elements and B has 2..then number of functions from A to B

Option B is correct.

11. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If then is equal to

A. {f (x)}2

B. {f (x)}3

C. 2f (x)

D. 3f (x)

Answer

=2f(x)

Option C is correct..

12. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If f(x) = cos (log x), then value of is

A. 1

B. -1

C. 0

D. ± 1

Answer

Now,

Using:
=cos(log x) cos(log 4)-cos(log x)cos(4)

=0

Option C is correct..

13. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If then f(x + y) f(x – y) is equals to

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer

Option A is correct.

14. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If then f(2) is equal to

A.

B.

C. -1

D. None of these

Answer

eqn.1

Replace x by 1/x in eqn.1;

eqn.2

Multiply eqn.1 by 2 and eqn.2 by 3 and add them..

On adding, we get

Option A is correct.

15. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

Let f : R → r be defined by f(x) = 2x + |x|. Then f(2x) + f(-x) – f(x) =

A. 2x

B. 2 |x|

C. -2 x

D. -2 |x|

Answer

f(2x)=2(2x)+|2x|=4x+2|x|

f(-x)=2(-x)+|-x|

f(2x)+f(-x)-f(x)=4x+2|x|-2x+|-x|-(2x+|x|)

=4x+2|x|-2x+|x|-2x-|x|=2|x|

Option B is correct..

16. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The range of the function is

A. R

B. R –{1}

C. R – {-1/2, 1}

D. None of these

Answer

Let

y(x2+2x)= x2-x

yx(x+2)=x(x-1)

y(x+2)=x-1

Value of x can’t be zero or it cannot be not defined..

y≠1, -1/2

So, range= R-{-1/2, 1}

17. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If x ≠ 1 and is a real function, the f(f(f(2)) is

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Answer

=3

Option C is correct..

18. Question
Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If f(x) = cos (loge x), then is equal to

A. cos (x – y)

B. log (cos (x – y))

C. 1

D. cos (x + y)

Answer

Now,

Using:

=cos(loge x) cos(log e x y)-{cos(loge x x ) cos(loge x y) }

=0

19. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

Let and h(x) = f(x) g(x). Then, h(x) = 1 for

A. x ∈ R

B. x ∈ Q

C. x ∈ R – Q

D. x ∈ R, x ≠ 0

Answer

h(x)=1

f(x)g(x)=1

x≠0

Option D is correct.

20. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If for x ∈ R, then f (2002) =

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Answer

Now, f(2002)=1

Option A is correct..

21. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The function f : R → R is defined by f(x) = cos2 x + sin4 x. Then, f(R) =

A. [3/4, 1)

B. (3/4, 1]

C. [3/4, 1]

D. (3/4, 1)

Answer

f(x)=sin4 x+1-sin2 x

Minimum value of f(x)=3/4

0≤sin2 x≤1

So, maximum value of

=1

R(f)=[3/4, 1]
Answer is C.

22. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

Let A = {x ∈R : x ≠ 0, -4 ≤ x ≤ 4} and f : A → R be defined by for x ∈ A. Then A is

A. {1, -1}

B. {x : 0 ≤ x ≤ 4}

C. {1}

D. {x : -4 ≤ x ≤ 0}

Answer

When -4≤x<0

=-1

When 0<x≤4

=1

R(f)={-1, 1}

Option A is correct..

23. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If f : R → R and g : R → R are defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x2 + 7, then the values of x such that g(f (x))
= 8 are

A. 1, 2

B. -1, 2

C. -1, -2

D. 1, -2

Answer

g(f(x))=8

(f(x))2+7=8

(2x+3)2=1

4x2+12x+9=1

4 x2+12x+8=0

x2+3x+2=0

(x+1)(x+2)=0

x+1=0 or x+2=0

x=-1 or x=-2
Option C is correct..

24. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If f : [-2, 2] → R is defined by then

{x [-2, 2] : x ≤ 0 and f(|x|) = x} =

A. {-1}

B. {0}

C. {-1/2}

D. ϕ

Answer

f(|x|)=|x|-1

f(|x|)=x

We have, |x|=x ;x≥0

And |x|=-x ;x≤0

So, -x-1=x

2x=-1

Option C…

25. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If and then k =

A. 0.5

B. 0.6

C. 0.7

D. 0.8

Answer
2k=1;

=0.5

Option A is correct.

26. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If f is a real valued function given by and α, β are roots of Then,

A. f(α) ≠ f(β)

B. f(α) = 10

C. f(β) = - 10

D. None of these

Answer

There is a mistake in the question…

Now,

Since, α, β are roots of

So, f(α)=f(β)

=(2)3-9(2)

=8-18

=-10

Option C…

27. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If and α, β are the roots of Then,

A. f (α) = f (β) = - 9

B. f (α) = f (β) = 63
C. f (α) ≠ f (β)

D. None of these

Answer

Since, and α, β are its roots,

f(x)=33-12(3)

=27-36

=-9

So, f (α) = f (β) = - 9

Option A is correct..

28. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If for all non-zero x, then f(x) =

A.

B.

C.

D. None of these

Answer

eqn. 1

Replacing x by 1/x;

eqn. 2

Multiply eqn. 1 by 3 and eqn. 2 by 5, and then subtract them

We get,

29. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If f : R → R be given by for all x ∈ R. Then,

A. f(x) = f(1 – x)

B. f(x) + f(1 – x) = 0

C. f(x) + f(1 – x) = 1

D. f(x) + f(x – 1) = 1

Answer

30. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If f(x) = sin [π2] x + sin [-π2] x, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then

A. f (π /2) = 1

B. f(π) = 2

C. f (π /4) = - 1

D. None of these

Answer

[ ]=9 and [- ]=-10

Now, f(x)=sin[π2 ] x + sin[-π2]x

=sin 9x-sin 10x

Now, checking values of f(x) at given points..

=1-0

=1

Option A is correct..

f(π)=sin 9π-sin 10π

=0-0

=0

Option B & C are incorrect..

31. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The domain of the function is

A.

B.

C. [-2, 2]

D.

Answer

for f(x) to be defined,

2-2x-x2≥0

x2+2x-2≤0

(x-(1-√3))(x-(-1+√3))≤0

x∈[-1-√3,-1+√3]

Option B is correct..

32. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The domain of definition of is

A.

B.

C.

D. None of these

Answer
for given function,

x≠2, 5

Therefore, x∈(-∞,-3]∪(2, 5)

Option B is correct..

33. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The domain of the function is

A. [-1, 2) ∪ [3, ∞)

B. (-1, 2) ∪ [3, ∞)

C. [-1, 2] ∪ [3, ∞)

D. None of these

Answer

Here,

But

So,

Option A is correct..

34. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The domain of definition of the function is

A. [1, ∞)

B. (-∞, 3)

C. (1, 3)

D. [1, 3]

Answer

Here, -1≥0 and 3-x≥0

So, x≥1 and x≤3

Therefore, x∈[1, 3]option D is correct..

35. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The domain of definition of the function is

A. (-∞, -2] ∪ [2, ∞)

B. [-1, 1]

C. ϕ

D. None of these

Answer

For function to be defined,

x∈(-∞,-2)∪[2, ∞) …(1)

And

So, …(2)

Taking common of both the solutions, we get

Option C is correct..

36. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The domain of definition of the function is

A. R

B. (-∞, 0)

C. (0, ∞)

D. R – {0}

Answer

For f(x) =log|x|;

It is defined at all positive values of x except 0..

But since we have |x|;

So, |x|>0;

x ∈ R-{0}

37. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The domain of definition of the function is

A. R – [0, 4]

B. R – (0, 4)

C. (0, 4)

D. [0, 4]

Answer

Here, 4x-x2≥0
x2-4x≤0

x(x-4)≤

So,

Option D is correct..

38. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The domain of definition of is

A. [4, ∞)

B. (-∞, 4]

C. (4, ∞)

D. (-∞, 4)

Answer

Here,

x-4≥0; x≥4 …..(1)

Also,

x≥4

Option A is correct..

39. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The domain of definition of the function is

A. (-3, -2) ∪ (2, 3)

B. [-3, -2) ∪ [2, 3)

C. [-3, -2] ∪ [2, 3]

D. None of these

Answer

5|x|-x2-6≥0

x2-5|x|+6≤0

(|x|-2)(|x|-3)≤0

So, |x|∈[2, 3]

Therefore,x∈[-3, -2]∪[2, 3]
Option C is correct.

40. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The range of the function is

A. R – {0}

B. R – {-1, 1}

C. {-1, 1}

D. None of these

Answer

We know that

|x| = -x in (-∞, 0) and |x| = x in [0, ∞)

So, in (-∞, 0)

And in (0, ∞)

As clearly shown above f(x) has only two values 1 and -1

So, range of f(x) = {-1, 1}

41. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The range of the function is

A. {-1, 1}

B. {-1, 0, 1}

C. {1}

D. (0, ∞)

Answer

When x>-2,

We have

=1

When x<-2,

We have

=-1

R(f)={-1, 1}

Option A is correct..

42. Question
Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The range of the function f(x) = |x – 1| is

A. (-∞, 0)

B. [0, ∞)

C. (0, ∞)

D. R

Answer

A modulus function always gives a positive value..

Option B..

43. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

Let Then, which of the following is correct?

A. f(xy) = f(x) f(y)

B. f(xy) ≥ f(x) f(y)

C. f(xy) ≤ f(x) f(y)

D. None of these

Answer

So, comparing, f(xy) and f(x)f(y);

We get f(xy)≤f(x)f(y)

Option C..

44. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If [x]2 – 5[x] + 6 = 0, where [∙] denotes the greatest integer function, then

A. x ∈ [3, 4]

B. x ∈ (2, 3]

C. x ∈ [2, 3]

D. x ∈ [2, 4]

Answer

[x]2-5[x]+6=0

([x]-2)([x]-3)=0

if [x]=2

2≤x<3
and if [x]=3

3≤x<4

Therefore,

Option D..

45. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The range of is

A. [1/3, 1]

B. [-1, 1/3]

C. (-∞, -1) ∪ [1/3, ∞)

D. [-1,3, 1]

Answer

we know, -1≤cosx≤1

-2≤-2cosx≤2

-1≤(1-2cosx)≤3

So, R(f)=[-1, 1/3]

Option ..B