IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING OF STREET

CHILDREN IN IGANGA MUNICIPALITY

BY

Eve

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND

SOCIALSCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN SOCIAL

WORK AND SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION OF

KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL

UNIVERSITY

APRIL, 2022
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this dissenation titled "Impact of Drug Abuse on the Psychological Well

Being of Street Children in Iganga Municipality, Iganga district" is submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for qualification of degree in Social Work and Social Administration, school

of applied psychology is entirely my own independent work. This dissertation has not been

previously submitted for any degree or examination at any higher education institution.

SIGNATURE

DATE
 APPROVAL

I do hereby certify that this research of MUWANIKA FAHAD has been submitted for university

examination in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor Degree in Social

Work and Social Administration of Kampala International University, with my approval as a

supervisor.

SIGNATURE DATE

Ms. NASSIWA SHAMIRAH

(Supervisor)
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this work first to God (Allah) my creator and within whom all things are possible. I also

dedicate this work to my parents, siblings and partner for their continued love, support,

encouragement and understanding in the process of completing this dissertation.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank God (Allah) for having guided and strengthen me through

this research. To my humble, supportive and encouraging supervisor, Ms. Nassiwa Shamira; You

have been a great source of support and inspiration. I sincerely appreciate your support and

encouragement through this process.

Lastly, thank you to my parents, siblings, partner, friends (Halima, Flavia, John, Sharif, Doreen)

for your unending love and support in my life and in the process of completing this dissertation.

Love you all and thank you so much for everything.

 TABLE CONTENT

DECLARATION
APPROVAL
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE CONTENT
LIST OF FIGURE
LIST OF TABLE ...Vill
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1 . I BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1 .3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY (IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE ON PSYCHOLOGICAL
WELLBEING OF STREET CHILDREN IN IGANGA MUNICIPALITY).

I .4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1
.5 ETHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
1 .6 CONTENT SCOPE
7 TIME SCOPE
1 .8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
2. 1 CAUSES OF INCREASING POPULATION OF STREET CHILDREN
2.2 POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF STREET CHILDREN
2.3 STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING STREET
CHILDREN 2.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.2 PARTICIPANTS
3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT/ MEASURES
4 DATA COLLECTION AND PROCEDURE
3.5 ETHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS
7 VALIDITY ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
D.8 RELIABILITY ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.9 DATA QUALITY CONTROL
3.10 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 INTRODUCTION

4. I BACKGROUND AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPANTS

4.2 PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF STREET CHILDREN

4.3 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING USED IN THE STUDY .

4.4 HEALTH RISK BEHAVIOURS

4.4.1 Violence and Violent related behaviours

4.4.2. Sexual Risk Behaviours

4.4B .1 Relationship between substance use and sexual risk behaviours .... .. ..... .....
CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF THE LIMITA

TIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

vi
5 .0 INTRODUCTION
5.1
SUMMARY

5 . 1.1 Limitations encountered in street children in Iganga municipality .

5 . 1.2 Recommendations for Organizations

5 . I .3 Recommendations for Future Research.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A,

APPENDIX B: SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRES

APPENDIX C: A SIMPLE TIMEFRAME FOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL

APPENDIX D: SAMPLE BUDGET FOR A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1 Descriptive statistics for psychological functioning used in the study

vii
LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of the Participants Characteristics

Table 2: Health Behaviors related to mental health
Table 3. Health Risk Behaviours (Substance Use)
Table 4: Health Risk Behaviours (Sexual Risk Behaviours) .

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

This chapter takes into account, the background of the study, statement of the problem,

purpose; objectives, research questions, scope, significance and the conceptual framework of

the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

Socio-political and economic factors such as unstable political transition, conflict, rejection

by family has resulted in an increased street children populace globally (Aptekarand

Stoecklin, 201 4; Beazley, 2013; Panter-Brick, 2002; Osei-Twun and Wasan, 2012). A report

by (WHO, 2018) stated that as the focus of the project is on developing the capacity of local

organizations to prevent, assess and manage psychoactive substance use problems among

street children. Literature and sub statistics within the African context reported an alarming

increase of over 10million the street children, from approximately 100million street children,

(UNICEF, 2012 to 2015).

A great number of these children have little access to education and health facilities

(Bordenaro, 2012; Henley, Me Alpine, Mueller and Venter, 2010. In 2015, under the UN

convention on the rights of the children and African charter on the rights and welfare of the

child, constitution of Uganda and children act, children in Uganda have certain rights. These

include the rights to survival, education and development, protection and participation.

Developed and developing countries widely acknowledge and recognize the phenomenon of

street children. The phenomenon is often associated with difficulty of definition and
classification due to varied context in which street children live. Some researchers consider

that the concept of street children is the manifestation of various societal and civil agendas

(Panter-Brick, 2002).

Controversies relating to this definition of street children continue to prevail within varied

sociopolitical contexts (Ursin, 2011). according to UNICEF (2005) are grouped into three

main heterogeneous categories that include; children at risk, children of the streets and

children on the streets. In Uganda, street children are defined according to the (Children's Act

Cap. 59. 2016) they are described as "a street child means a child who; -

(a) because of abuse, neglect, poverty, community upheaval or any other reason, has left his

or her home, family or community and lives, begs, or works on streets or (b) because of

inadequate care, begs or works on the streets but returns home after night" (Constitution of

the Republic of Uganda 1995).

Street children in street children Uganda are also described as children living and working on

the streets. In Uganda, the increase in street children numbers has raised concern by

authorities who have begun to review policies and legislation on street children (Baatjies,

2005; Sevenhuijsen, Bozalek, GouwsandMinaar-Mc Donald, 2003). An estimated 50,000

children reside on the streets and great number are living within greater towns and cities of

Uganda. The increase in the street children population in the country has reached an alarming

rates and is a major cause of concern that has been linked to the HIV/AIDs pandemic

(Cluver& Gardner, 2006; Ward &Seagar, 20 10).

The influential factors that draw children to the streets have an impact on their general well-

being and place them at further risk due to the adversities of street life (Malindi, 2014).

2
Problems such as alcohol, drug abuse, abuse, sexual risk behaviors are common social ills

that confront street children (Adebeyi, 2014; Bambonye, and Elbeft, 2014; Suliman, 2010).

Street children often have little knowledge of the adverse effects of substances (Bamaby,

Erikson 2010) and are more likely to use substances as a way of coping with life on the street

(Ayuk,Atwoli, Freeman and Braitstein2012).

In Uganda, socio-economic factors such as poverty abuse and poor social and economic

conditions have an impact on the children's development and a greater number of children

continue and live on the streets. In Uganda, studies focus in health problems, stigma, condom

use among adolescents and street children (Eaton, Flisher and Aaro, 2003; Thurman, Brown

and Maharaj, 2006). It is crucial to examine the psychological well-being of street children

within a context like Uganda.

1.2 Statement of the problem

In Uganda, varied push and pull factors such as social, economic, and political factors have

had a waving impact on the causes and the increase of the children residing on the streets.

(Bray. Ennew, 2003). Studies highlighted the many problems of government systems within

a context like Uganda (Gilson, Blaauw2006). The seemingly lack of concern and protection

by authorities and the general public of street children has been linked to the prevailing

negative perceptions and stigma associated with these children are often considered social

problems and are less likely to be safeguarded and cared for whilst living on the streets by

authorities (Adeboyejo, Ogunkan2014). Previous studies in Uganda focused on orphan-hood

due to HIV/AIDs related knowledge, attitude, behaviors and the backgrounds of the street

children (Cluver, 2006; Ennew, 2003).

3
 1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study (impact of drug abuse on psychological well-

being of street children in Iganga municipality).

The main aim of this study is to examine the impact of drug abuse on the psychological

wellbeing of street children and associated risk behaviors they may engage in. the specific

objectives of the study are:

i) To understand the reasons or causes of increasing population of street children in

Iganga municipality.
To analyse the effects of street children on education of the children in Iganga municipality.

iii) To find out the strategies for reducing street children in Iganga municipality.

1.4 Research Questions

In order to achieve the above-mentioned aim and objectives of this study, the following

research questions will be asked;

i) What are the causes of increasing population of street children in Iganga municipality?

ii) What are the effects of street children on education of both girls and boys in Iganga

municipality at large?

iii) Which strategies can be put to overcome the issue of street children in Iganga municipality?

1.5 Ethnical Considerations

The researcher will get a letter from the head of department of Applied psychological,

Kampala International University that service as an introduction to various respondents; after

he proceeded to the field for research. In addition, some people will be voluntarily asked to

participate in the various interviews. Research assistants will be informed about the

procedures of the research.

4
1.6 Content Scope

Street children, while identifying the causes of street children in the towns and cities, to

measure effects of street children in the towns to find out strategies used by authorities to

resolve street children or rooming streets.

1.7 Time scope

The study will take place for a short period of three months that is to say from December to

April 2019.

1.8 Significance of the Study

After data collection for this research, street children will be able to realize that they have

equal rights as other children, the study will increase the awareness, knowledge and

sensitivity among parents, staff of the respective towns and cities in the country and the study

will be researcher to accomplish his or her three years course in social work and social

administration, KampalaInternational University.

5
 CHAPTER Two
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter explains what other researchers had in relation to psychological well-being of

street children in urban areas. Information gathered here was mainly from textbook, journals,

magazines, newspapers plus internet. Street children is a common problem and has been

occurring throughout the world for a long time since even before written history. Developed

countries have managed to protect, however it is not fully controlled.

201 Causes of Increasing Population of Street Children

This section presents an overview of street children by reporting on the prevalence of the

possible causes of the increasing street children population. It is also essential to note that in

describing children that live on the street, various words such as homeless youth and street

youth.

The reasons why children are drawn to reside within the domains of the streets is complex

and multifaceted Veeran (2004) likes possible causes of street children to socio-economic

and political structures that prevails worldwide. Previous research suggests that the reason or

possible causes for children to reside on the streets include but not limited to; low purchasing

power, overcrowding. abuse. neglect, and family disintegration (Consortium of Children

2014). Poverty as a social factor in Uganda cannot be viewed in isolation when

comprehending the causes of street children in the country (Kok at al 2010). Bamaby, Penny

and Erickson (2010) affirm that being homeless increase the risk of being in conflict with the

law, using substance and engaging in illegal activities.

6
In Uganda, the origins of street children have been criticized (Kok et al 2010). Question

whether it could be due to poor housing and infrastructure a combination of multiple factors.

Health, social and economic factors have been repoffed to be possible causes for street

children population in Uganda.

The history of Uganda characterized by great inequalities and fragmented legislation and

policy on the protection, nurture and development of children, especially those on the streets.

Factors such as fragile support, parental poor health and child neglect have reported as

common causes for the increase in the number of street children (Olley, 2006). Gender is

another factor that has been reported to play a role in the cause of homeless youths (Olufemi,

2000). When examining the causes that contribute to the phenomenon of street children.

consideration regarding the analysis of the childhood adversity, urban poverty, and social

segregation should be taken into account (Panter Brick, 2004). Regardless of the reasons why

children reside on the streets, a large proportion of street children find themselves without

family support (UNICEF, 2004). Available literature to date on street children continue to

focus on the drivers of street populace, rather than the impact of living on the street children's

general well-being. Little is known about the extent of the psychological impact of

homelessness of children living on the street.

2.2 Potential effects of street children

Behavioral problems reviewed include hyperactivity, conduct and emotional problems.

comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviors among street children.

Hyperactivity conduct and poor problems. Street children's behavioral patterns often show

7
signs of mental health problems. These problems may also influence their psychological

well-being. According to

Schmutte and Ryff (1997) the definition of psychological well-being encompass a range of

attributes such as desirable psychological state and mental functioning that can be influenced

by predisposing factors when examining behavioral problems among homeless youths,

Bamaby et al. (2010) reported that street youth experience feelings of loneliness,

homelessness, fear, shame, doubt, despair, trauma and stress.

Mental health of street children, street children are vulnerable and known to experience

general and mental health problems. This section discusses the mental health of street

children with particular focus on their behavioral problems and substance use behaviors.

Co-morbidity of psychiatric disorders, homeless youths or children are category of groups at

high risk for psychiatric disorders such as depression (Whitbeck, Hayt and Bao, 2000).

Common mental health disorders diagnosed in street children include depression, anxiety, bi-

polar and schizophrenia (Bamaby et al 2010). A study by Taib and Ahmad (2014) reported

high prevalence rate of co-morbid psychiatric conclitions among street children. The same

authors revealed that over a half of participants in their study had co-morbid conditions such

as depression and anxiety (Taib and Ahmad 2014). Findings from a study by Whitbeck et al

(2000) on psychiatric disorder alnong street children fund that about a fourth of participants

had elevated scores on the depression scales. A positive correlation between the experience

of violence and aggression and its reciprocal illipact on adolescent depression was reported

(Lartzman and swisher, 2005). In a psychological study on psychiatric disorders among

homeless youths with over 57 percent of participants who were be street youth met criteria

8
for anxiety disorders, in particularly linked to post traumatic street disorder (PTSD).

Similarly, the researcher in the same study found that over 29 percent had childhood suicide

attempts and suicide ideation among street children are been reported to be prevalent. Yoder,

Whit beck and Hoyt (2008) suggest a view of suicidality as psychological progression that

begins with thoughts of death and continues to suicidal ideation then move to suicidal

attempts, which may have led to completed suicide. This view was also earlier supported by

Desai, Liu-Mares, Dausey and Rosenheck (2003) who viewed suicidality on a continuum

that begins from suicidal thoughts, attempts and completed suicide. Conclusion drawn by

Desai et al. (2003) suggested that homeless persons with a mental illness are at a greater risk

for suicidal behaviors than the general populace. Studies conducted in United States of

America (USA) and Canada on suicide among street children reported that self-esteem

played a key protective role in predicting feelings of hopelessness and helplessness amongst

street children (Kidd and Shabar,

2008),

A study in Sudan reported factors such as adverse street life conditions, family

disintegration, economic factors and abuse to have impacted the psychological functioning of

street children (Ali, 2011).

Substance use among street children, has been widely documented to be highly prevalent the

who (2014, pg 1) defines substance abuse as "persistent or sporadic drug abuse inconsistent

with or unrelated to acceptable medical practice" street children, especially adolescents, are

populations that are at risk groups for using and abusing substances (Merscham, Van

Leewen, and McGuire, 2008). A strong correlation between the use of substance and mental

health issues among street children was found to be prevalent (Krupiwnicki, 2012). The use

9
of substance in developed and developing countries. The use of illicit drugs is relatively high

among the youth population in Uganda. In a study by childhood enhancement through

training and action about 500 of street children were addicted to more than one type of

substance. Furthermore, homeless youth were at a great risk for substance use ancl poly

substance (Bousman et al, 2015). Dhawan 2009 found the onset of substance use among

street children to occur from an early age. A study by Bamaby et al,

(2010) found the onset of substance use among street children to be from the age of 12 years.

due to the difficult and unstable environment of street children, they are more vulnerable to

the use of substance (UN, 2014).

Factors linked to the onset of substance use include availability and access of substance, the

nature of the drug use, background, social networks and individual motivation (Bamaby et al

2010).

Violence and violent behaviors, street children are risk of exposure to violence, engagement

in violent behaviors on the streets or being the victims of violence. Violence according to the

WI-IO (2017) involves intended force or power directed at an individual, group or

community which can result in physical injuries, death or psychological injury.

In this study, violence includes all forms and exposure within the street with street children

may endure. In a report by (WHO, 2006) the types of drugs and substance used by street

children are associated with the nature of violence they encounter. Homeless youth, prior to

homeless, are reported to experience high rate of trauma and abuse (Huemeret all, 2016).

Street youths, who previously had concurrent mental health and substance use problems,

were more likely to experience abuse and be victimized (Kirst et al, 201 1). the risk of

10
victimization correlates with mental health problems in street children within a history of

trauma were likely to present with suicidal ideation (Merscham et al, 2008).

Sexual health risk behaviors among street children, life within the domains of the streets

sometimes exposes street children to high level of health risks due to the adverse

environments that they are embedded in. the most vulnerable group exposed to varied forms

of exploitation includes the abuse of street children (Raja, Bano and Ahmed cited 2005)

which impact their health. Risks that confront street children include abuse, sexual risk

behaviors with increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted diseases, mental and general

health problems (Celik, 2009, UNESCO 2016).

Street children move in groups that are sexually active with over two-thirds of them being

sexually active as reported in a study conducted in Canada (Marshall, Kerr, Shoveller and

Patterson, 2009). There is a noteworthy correlation between high-risk sexual behaviors and

the form of abuse that homeless youths are exposed to (Ferguson, 2009). There are higher

rates of physical and sexual; violence among street children than the general populace

(Bamaby et al, 2010). When examining sexual risk behaviors among street children, sexual

abuse was found to be prevalent among street children with over 68 percent reported

experiencing sexual abuse and about 39 percent reported victimizing other street pears.

Ferguson 2009, found that experience for homeless youths. Risky sexual behaviors are on the

increase among street children and this vulnerability may result in sexual health illness and

diseases (WHO, 2017). In western Kenya, the majority of children and youth begin to engage

in sexual activities with a lack knowledge of the consequences of their behaviors (Kayembe

et al, 2008). In a report by WHO (2013), the age of sexual debut was correlated by high-risk

11
behaviors which included multiple sexual partners and little condom use negotiation. Within

Eastern region, district of Iganga, the use of substances, petty theft and risky sexual

behaviors are highly prevalent (Old Stadium Street Children, 2017). In a study conducted in

Iganga municipality it was found that gender plays an influential role in the onset of sexual

debut among street children (Manzini, 2001). Young females were found to be a risk for

engaging in risky sexual behaviors in exchange for food, clothing or shelter (Manzini, 2001).

Survival sex, the sexual behaviors street youths adopt as a way of life within the realm of the

streets place them at high-risk for STDs including HIV infection (Maestro et al, 2014: Tyler

Whit beck, Chen and Johnson, 2007). Some of the behavior street youths engage in may

include survival sex and the exchange of sex for substance use (Van Leeuwen et al, 2004;

Maestro et al, 2012, Nada and Suliman, 2010). Survival sex is sometimes a consequence of

trauma and being homeless, which is also associated with health risks problem (the national

child traumatic street network, 2017). Within the sub-Sahara region, studies have examined

sexual behaviors among homeless youths. In Zimbabwe a positive correlation between risky

sexual behaviors and the use of substance among street children (WHO, 2014). The way of

life of street children make them vulnerable to injuries and substances use that might include

sexual and reprocluctive health (UN, 2014).

IVIultiple sexual partners, there is a link between survival sex among street children and

health riskthis include sexual multiple partners and inconsistent condom use. In a study on

sexual behaviors among street children, about 54 percent reported having sexual multiple

partners for survival reasons (Nada and Suliman, 2010). The conditions in which street

children reside correlate within a high prevalence of sexual multiple partners (Marshall, Kerr,

12
Shoveller and Patterson, 2009). Some of the predictors of sexual multiple partners among

street children are associated with living conditions and the use of substance (Solorio et al,

2008; UN, 2014).

Non-condom use, although studies in Uganda have examined sexual risk behaviors among

street children. studies date from early 2000s. Not much is available and known on the

current sexual behaviors of this category of youths in Uganda. In a study on condom use

among homeless youths (Nada and Suliman, 2010) found that 52 percent of the participants

reported never using condoms. Non-condom use amongst street children is association with

the use of substance (tucker et al, 2012). In a report by the UN (2014) street children that use

substances were more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors, which may involve the non-

use of condoms.

2.3 Strategies for reducing street children.

The organizations, street children are and have been a major issue in Bloemfontein.

Therefore, several organizations working with the issue. As a social worker described; a

rewarding party of social work is the realization that there is awareness of the issue now as

well as the politicians are engaged in the phenomenon of the street children.

Street children are an issue on the agenda or the political levels. One social worker described

that; "there are many organizations who work with street children but there often not

specialized nongovernment organization that mainly focus on crime prevention. The

NGO/NPOs work with social development, churches and there are organizations specialized

in street children and organizations specialized in family problems.

13
Preventive work as an effect, the social worker described, one specific organization that

works preventively with different schools where the children are struggling by measuring

what the need is, it makes it easier to work from where the children are, emotionally and

physical. Another interview discloses that the organizations can exhort the children to not use

drugs, to explain the invortance of good relationships and to prevent criminal activities.

The possibility of making a difference, according to the social workers with the children. the

Inost meaningful part in their work is the possibility of making a difference in the street

children's lives; it is not always a difference as in changing everything for better in tie, it's

about the ability to have an impact the process of the system and on the political level. Some

of the interviews mentioned that all humans need love and respect. Every child in the world

has a need of love, attention and care in order to change behavior. street children have a

tendency to respond negatively to generosity and action of love due to the lack of love in

their earlier experience.

Genders method does not look the same for boys and girls. Firstly, the boys are usually easier

to find on the street and are more openly selling items or begging for money. The children

always need to come up with things to entertain people in order to get money. There are

specific actions on how to reach out to the girls, there is. a first need to make contact with the

leaders (often males) of the group. We do not see female street children, most are boys. We

often see female's prostitutes. They could be 14 years old or younger. Street children as we

know it are not really females. In the cities there are more boys, but there most boys in

charge of the decisions.

Family-based work. it was brought to our attention that street children usually have done

everything that could have done at home in order to save themselves without any success and

14
this leads to feelings of not being loved. It is a child that takes charge of their own lifeand

when they decide to leave their families, there is usually nothing that can make them return

home. Sometimes, when you see what they been through at home.

Government have implemented programs to deal with street children, the general solution

involves placing the children into orphanages juvenile homes, or correctional institutions.

Efforts will be macle by various government has tried to implement programs to put these

children in state-run homes, but efforts have largely failed, and street children have become a

victim group of social cleaning by the national policy, because they assumed to be drug users

and criminal.

In Uganda, the primary response to homelessness is the supported accommodation assistance

program.

Public approaches to street children, there are four categories as follow;

i) The correctional model is primarily used by governments and the police. They view

children as a public nuisance and risk to the security of the general public. The objective of

this model would be to protect the public and help keep the kids away from the life of crime

are the juvenile justice system.

ii) The rehabilitative model is supported by churches and NGOs. The view of this model is

that street children are damaged and in need of help. The objective of this model is to

rehabilitate children into mainstream society. The method used to keep children from going

back to the streets are education, drug detoxification programs and providing children with

safe family-like environment.

15
iii) The outreach strategy is supported by street teachers, NGOs, and church organizations.

The strategy views street children as oppressed individuals in need of support from their

communities. The objective of the outreach education and training to support children.

iv) The preventive approach is supported by NGOs, the coalition of street children, and

lobbying governments. They view street children's poor circumstances from negative social

and economic forces. In order to help street children, this approach focuses on the problems

that cause children to leave their homes for the street.

2.4 Conclusion

This chapter provided an overview about the phenomenon of street children that included the

definition, prevalence and causes of this phenomenon. The study will be comprehensively

review literature on the mental health and sexual health risk behaviors among street children.

In addition, research finding on these issues were discussed.

16
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter deal with the research design, the description of street children, the sample and

sampling procedures, data collection procedures, data quality control measurements and

finally data analysis procedures.

3.1 Research Design

This study will adopt the survey method to gather data. The survey research had the right

attributes that allowed for guiding, systematic and objective collection of the needed data

statistics; hence, the choice of the survey research method. As suggested by Terre-Blanche

and Durrheim (1999). The research design is a planned background for achievement that

serves as a tie between research questions and the implementation of research. The research

will be in a preferred methodological approach that can significantly influence methods in

which data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted. Although each methodology varies, be it,

quantitative and qualitative, it is critical to assess the strengths and weakness of each design

(Terre-Blanche and Durrheim, 1999). In reaching the objectives of this research study on

the psychological well-being of street children, the study will use a purely quantitative

approach in line with the aims and objectives of the study. The specific used will be a cross-

sectional design, whereby the study collected data as a specific point in time (Diclemente

and Salazar, 2006). Across-sectional design typically comprises of data used to identify

patterns of association in the groups as whole or sharing characteristics or attributes

(Sumekh and Lewin, 2005). Across-sectional design will be deemed appropriate for this

study, as participants had different backgrounds and reasons for on the streets.

18
32 participants
The research participants in the study will be street children living on the streets of Iganga

municipality, Busoga sub-region (Eastern Uganda). The study will be used as a non-

probability convenience sampling technique due to easier access the street children

population within the Ignnga municipality area.

Broadly defines sampling as a procedure that comprises choices about which people,

settings, circumstances and social processes to note. The non-probability convenience

sampling of street children within Iganga municipality, Eastern Uganda (Busoga

allow researcher

to choose participants which are available from the population at a point in time (Haer and

Becher, 2012). This sampling method will be useful, as the most convenient way of

collecting data was unknown. This sampling type method will also justify because

participants will be interviewed based on their availability and accessibility. A total of 20

street children will be interviewed within Iganga municipality area. The sample size of 20

will viewed to adequate due to the difficulty in accessing this transient population.

3.3 Research Instrument/ Measures

Data collection will be done in the form of an interviewer-administered questionnaire as the

literacy levels of homeless youths may vary greatly, making it difficult for them to complete

it themselves. Three research assistants and principal researcher will be primarily

responsible for the cla„tl collection process and procedure. The questionnaire will consist of

socio-demographic questions, and other measures that assessed psychological functioning of

youths and health risk behaviors.

19
3.4 Data Collection and Procedure

Permission to undertake the study will be sought from Iganga child rights community, an

NGO that provides multifaceted interventions for children on the streets in Iganga

municipality, and Kampala International University, Humanities and Social Sciences.

The NGO acted as gatekeepers because these youths will be vested on their well-being,

rights and welfare in their care (Blanche, Durrheim and Painter, 2006). Once access will be

granted, one of the officials from the organization contacted the researcher to facilitate the

data collection process. With this primary relationship established, the data collection

process will be more effective and efficient with less confusion from all participants

involved. Each participant on the street will be informed about the focus of the study, after

which they asked if they will be willing to participate. Voluntary participation will be

emphasized and the participants will be informed that they could freely withdraw from the

study at any time. Verbal consent will be obtained from those who agreed to participate in

the study. Those who participatecl will be interviewed to complete the questionnaires

pertaining to the biological data sheet. The participants that will be available within the

organization and within the streets during the early hours of the morning will be selected

and interviewed.

3.5 Ethnical Considerations

This study —approved by the Head of the Depaltment of Applied psychological, Kampala

International University. In addition, the Iganga Child Rights Community Street Children

Organization will be approached for consent as they serve as legal guardians of children

20
living on the streets. All participants will be informed about the purpose of the study and the

duration.

Participants will be informed that allowed to discontinue with participation in the study if

they so with, Participants will be encouraged to ask questions concerning the study if they

had any objections.

3.6 Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics ill analyze and describe the nature of the data collected, as well as to

determine the levels of psychological functioning and health risks. In addition, data will be

used by the use of questionnaire; it will be entered into a computer, edited and coded to

minimize errors. Then it will be grouped into tables, analyzed, interpreted, discussed and

conclusions will be made.

3.7 Validity

After constructing questionnaire, the researcher will contact expertise in this area to go

through it to ensure that instrument is clear, relevant, specific and logically arranged.

3.8 Reliability

The research assistants sed for content analysis for the researcher. To calculate this kind of

reliability, the researcher reported the percentage of agreement on the same subject between

his raters and that of the assistants. However, half of the test, instrument, or a survey, were

used to analyze half as if it be the whole thing. The test-retest reliability of individual items

will be determined using intra-class correlation coefficient.

3.9 Data Quality Control

21
The information obtained through questionnaires will be cross-checked by observing

whether the behavior patterns match with what the respondents filled in the questionnaires.

3.10 Limitations of the Study

Whole research on information from the selected population and sub-mission of

questionnaires to different respondents in Iganga district at large. However, this will deal

with through use of my family members in Iganga municipality to submit different

questions to respondents especially those in distant places.

Question avoidance arose in the answers for fear of some respondents to speak the truth and

others regard of their information as being confidential especially homeless youths and

street children. This will overcome through use of community leaders and introduction of

researcher's identification as a student to make respondents understand that this research

will not business minded but for education purposes.

Poor infrastructures limited data collection especially in some areas, however, this will

overcome through use of all means for instance foot, bicycle.

22
 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS

4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the quantitative and some qualitative results. The first section clescribes the

general characteristic of the study sample. This is followed by the results pertaining to the

participant's suicidal ideation, substance abuse and sexual risk behaviors. The third section

examines the relationships between psychological functioning and other related factors. Finally, a

multivariate logistical regression is presented that assessed the predictions of the various sexual

risk behaviours.

4.1 Background and Characteristics of Participants

Table I presents the demographic characteristics of the sample. The total sample in this study

consisted of 12 boys and 3 girls. Over 20% of the sample were 15 years and younger. A large

number of the participants identified themselves as Muslim (70%). Over two thirds were living on

the streets for periods ranging between less than a year and two years. The major reasons for

leaving home were family poverty (20%), dysfunctional home, and/or divorce. Over 83 0 were not

in contact with their family members ancl about 25% were in contact with either their mother;

father, brother, sister, aunt, or uncle. The majority (60.4) of the participants had elementary

education. whilst an equally large number (96%) of the children were from Eastern Uganda

(busoga sub-region).
Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of the Participants Characteristics
Characteristics

23
Figure 2 :

Gender

20%

80%

Girls Boys

Table 2 showing the religion demographic of the respondents

Religion Number Percentage

Christian 50 33

Muslim 80 53

Catholic 20 13

Other 2 1

Total 152 100

Primary source 2022

Number of years on the street

24
respondents Number Percentage

Less than a year 51 34

1-2 years 70 46

3 and above 31 20

Total 152 100

Primary source 2022

Years of the respondents

Respondents Number Percentage

14 years below 48 32

15 years 43 28

16 years 41 27

17 years 20 13

Total 152 100

Primary source 2022

Reasons for coming on the street

25
Respondents Number Percentage

Family property 20 13

Dysfunctional 37 24

Sexual abuse 14 9

Mistreatment 48 32

Other reasons 33 22

Total 152 100

Educational level of respondents

Response Number Percentage

No education 95 63

Primary 43 28

Secondary 12 8

Other 2 1

Total 152 100

Contact with parents / relatives

Response Number Percentage
No 125 82
Yes 27 18
Total 152 100

4.2 Psychological functioning of Street Children

26
In table l , the descriptive statistics for this study are outlined. Information on the number, items,

scale range, mean, standard deviation, skewness. kurtosis and meant inter-item correlations are

provided for the Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ) and Multidimensional Perceived

Social Support (MPSS) scale. The score of the two measures are distributed normally according

to 'Fable I . The scores on SDQ and MPSS indicate negative skewed values were score are
clustered

at the high end of the distribution. The normality of data was assessed by examining the extreme

score in the distribution. In determining the reliability of measures, the mean inter-item was

computed due to low scale scores. The Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire scales scores were

reported to be low among the participants.

4.3 Descriptive statistics for psychological functioning used in the study

Scales with items less than 10 should consider the mean inter-item correlation as suggested by

(Briggs & Cheek, 1986).

The mean inter-item correlation was used in this study due to low scale scores. According to

(Briggs & Cheek, 1986: Pallant, 2010) the mean inter-item correlation can be used when score

scales are less than 10. Poor attention and concentration by the participants could have resulted in

low scales score in the Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire. Furthermore, participants were

observed to be hyperactive with poor concentration and attention.

27
Descriptive statistics for psychological functioning used in the study

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Early distracted Nervouness Worries Phobia Restless Fidgetting

Figure 2: Frequently reported psychological symptoms of street youth

The most frequently reported emotional and behavioral problems reported by street children as

measured by the SDQ are presented in Figure 2. The result shows that worrying (61) distraction

(59.1%), fears (51.0%) and restlessness (81.2%) were the most common anxiety symptoms

reported by the participants. The most behavioral problems reported by the participants include

fidgeting (66.4%) and fighting (54.4%).

2: Behaviors related to mental health

Behaviours Related to Mental Yes

28
Suicidal Ideation

Do you sometimes feel hopeless 70 58.3 26 17.6

Have you ever considered 62 42.2 85 57.8

attempting suicide

Have you made a plan to commit 44 29.9 103 70.1

suicide

Have you made one or two 36 24.5 111 75.5

suicide attempts

4 Health Risk Behaviors

Behaviors related to mental health of street children such as substance abuse, violent behaviours

and sexual risk behaviors are presented in Table 5, 6, 7, 8 below.

4.4. Substance Abuse

About 75% of participants used substance such as cigarettes. Over half (52 0 0) of the participants

attempted to quit smoking and yet about 33.8% did not attempt to quit the use of substances such

as cigarettes. Over 50.1% of the participants had consumed alcoholic beverages whilst on the

streets. Only 14.9% had not used alcoholic beverages on the streets. The majority (74.3 0 0) of the

participants reported consuming an alcoholic beverage within a month's period. Just about 73.2%

of participants reported using illegal substances such as marijuana. About 43.6 0 of participants

29
reported onset of cigarette use at the age of 14 years and older, whilst 33.3% were between the

and younger. Over 50% of the participants who were between ages of 14 years and older reported

using marijuana, commonly known to participants as "weed/marijuana". About 36.2 0 0 reported

their first use of weed between the ages of 12-13 years.

A small number (13.8%) of the participants reported onset of use of marijuana was at 1 1 years

and younger. Approximately 46.5% of the participants reported their first use of alcohol at the age

of 14 years and older. Over 3 1 % reported onset of alcohol use between ages 11-12 years. Only

22.5 0 0 of the participants reported initial age of drinking alcohol at age 11 years and younger.

30
4.4.1 Violence and Violent related behaviours
About 92.5% of the participants experience bullying whilst on the streets. Nearly 84.4% of the

participants reported bullying other peers on the streets. Over 87.1% of the participants reported

physically assault. Almost all (96.6%) of the participants reported being physically assaulted

during fights with peers.

31
 4: Risk Eehaviours (Sexual Risk Behaviours)
Health Risk Behaviours Yes

Sexual Risk Behaviours

Have you had sex 127 21 7

in the last one month?

Did you use a 69 25 75 24.3

condom in your sexual activity?

Do you have more 61 22.1 85 28

than two (2) sexual partners?

32
Have you had sex 19 127 128 42

with someone in exclyange for

food, money)

Age ofsexual debut

1 1 years or younger 24 17.2

12-13 years 72 52

14 years and above 43 31

Coerced sex

Have you ever 32 19.3 116 41.1

been forced to have sex with someone.

33
Have you forced 38 23.4 110 39

someone to have sex before?

Do you know 92 57 56 20

someone who had been raped?

4.4.2. Sexual Risk Behaviours

In table 6, over 75.4% of participates reported being sexually active, while 14.2 0 0 reported not to

be sexually active. Just over half (52.1 %) did not use condoms whilst engaging in sexual

activities. About 47.9% reported condom use when engaging in sexual behaviours. Over 87.1 0 0

reported not engaging in any sexual behaviour in exchange for money, clothing, or food. Just

under half (47.3%) have been forced or forced themselves to have sexual relations with other

34
peers. Over half (62.20 0) of participants reported knowledge of knowing someone that had been

raped, whilst (37.8%) mentioned that they did not know anyone who had been raped on the

streets. Over 51% of the participants reported sexual debut at age 12-13 years, whilst 30.9% were

14 years and older. A small number of participants (17.3%) reported their sexual debut at age 1 1

years and younger

35
4.4.3 .1 Relationship between substance use and sexual risk behaviours
Table 7 presents the results from the relationship between the various categorical variables

measuring substance use and sexual risk behaviours. The results showed the presence of

clustering effect of health risk behaviours among the street children such that those who have had

sex were more likely to have used alcohol and used marijuana. Furthermore. a significant positive

relationship was reported between non-condom use in the last sexual activity and the use of

marijuana on one hand, and between non-condom use in the last sexual activity variable and the

use of other drugs, such as glue on the other hand. The results did not find any relationship

between having multiple sexual partners and any of the indices of substance use. Again, no

significant association was found between survival sex (i.e. sex in in exchange for food, money,

and clothes or even where to sleep) and any of the indices of substance use.

36
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF THE LIMITATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.

Introduction
This section discusses the conclusions from the findings of the current study and discusses the

limitations of the study. Recommendations stemming from the study findings are presented and

future research areas are highlighted in Iganga municipality.

5.1 Summary
5.1.1 Limitations encountered in street children in Iganga municipality
The present study had its limitations as with most research studies. The cross-sectional design of

the study in which data was collect at a fixed point in time does not allow for the assessment of

casual relationships among the variables. Although the study drew significant relationships

among the variables, the study could not determine inferences about the causal relationship

findings. In determining the causality, the study recommends that future longitudinal research

studies could be valuable to better understand causal relationships.

The small conveniently selected sample of 15 participants, could have limited the generalizability

of the study findings. Nevertheless, the sample size was within a context in Xvvhich there is an

increase in migration of street children in and out of Iganga municipality, obtaining a number of

1 was still sufficient to give an overview of several of the psychological problems street children

experience. The participants seemed to have provided some socially desirable responses

especially on the SDQ scale, which could have prompted them to indicate their engagement in

prosocial behaviours.

37
"I'he poor attention and concentration span from the participants noted when responding to

questions, especially towards the end of the questionnaire might have ilnpactecl the quality of the

data negatively.

5.12 Recommendations for Organizations

Findings from this study indicate high prevalence of emotional problems, hyperactivity and

conduct problems among street children. Custodians of street children and mental health care

service providers could develop policy that addresses the drivers of poor mental health among

street children in Uganda. Agencies or centres working with street children could develop short

and long-term programmes that offer therapeutic services to strengthen and foster children's

resilience on the streets and address their mental health concerns. The study found that violent

behaviours and substance use among street children are prevalent among street children

highlighting the need for organizations offering services to street children to develop awareness

programs that holistically target and address violence and substance use among street children.

Addressing violence among this category of youth could assist in decreasing psychological

problems from being a victim or perpetrator of violence.

This study further found that the use of substance plays a role in risky sexual behaviours i.e.

unprotective sex among street children. Interventions programmes should be specifically

addressed to street children to increase their awareness of the consequences of substance use and

unprotective sex. The importance to provide health services and increase access to condoms is

important to protect their health. In addition, programmes are needed to keep youth on the street

actively involved in various activities. For example, using sports to channel their energies

38
positively and involve youth in programs that equip them better to deal with their challenges on

the streets.

Organisations that provide programs and services for street children should be encouraged to

keep records and data on street children and observe their behaviours to identify psychosocial

needs and link them with the necessary service providers. 11 is also pivotal for agencies working

vvith street children to identify prosocial behaviours and their impact on street 62 childrens

general psychological well-being. Furthermore, it is crucial that interventions targeted at street

children take account of the multiple influences at different levels of the environment on human

behaviour. Future interventions should attempt to address the negative influences on street

children's behaviours.

5.1.3 Recommendations for Future Research

The study further recommends that future research take into consideration the specified

limitations discussed above to control these measures. This can be done by controlling time,

conducting research in early hours of the morning when participants are orientated in all spheres.

In doing so, this may result in more honest responses, which could further strengthen the

reliability of the results. Despite the limitations of the study, future research could examine

relationships between psychological functioning and resilience.

Future researchers could examine the determinants of poor mental health among street children in

Uganda. Future studies should examine factors that promote and strengthen resilience of street

children which is likely to further improve their general well-being within the street context.

39
The study measured the psychological symptoms of street children, but not the prevalence of

specific disorders. Future studies could explore the prevalence of specific disorders in a

cleveloping context like Uganda.

5.2 Conclusion
A majority of participants in this study presented with moderate to severe psychological

problems. The study concluded that emotional problems, hyperactivity and prosocial behaviours

were prevalent among street children in Uganda. A great number of participants reported suicide

ideation, engagement in violent e behaviours and substance use 63 problems. There is a great

need for mental health services and professionals to engage street children whilst within the

clomains of the street within an African context. Policies and programs for street children should

consider the Inental health and substance use problems that this category of youth experience.

Future research need to examine specific psychological problems that street children within an

African context experience. The chapter concluded by discussions of the study limits,

recommendation for organizations and future research.

40
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Adler, E., & Clark, R. (2014). An invitation to social research: How it's done, Australia:

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situational analysis of social conditions and nutritional status. Social Science and

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Ali, W. A. (2011). Factors affecting homelessness among street children in Khartoum

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Aptekar, L., & Stoecklin, D. (2014). Street children and homeless youth: A cross-cultural

perspective. Netherlands: Springer

Aptekar, L. , & Stoecklin, D. (2014). Children in Street Situations: Street Children and

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Arseneault, L. , Bowes, L., & Shakoor, S. (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental
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Asante, K. 0., Meyer-Weitz, A. , & Petersen, I. (2014). Substance use and risky sexual

behaviours among street connected children and youth in Accra, Ghana. Substance Abuse

Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 9(45). 2-9.

Baatjies, R. (2005). United cities and local governments of Africa: crystallization of local

government in Africa. Local Government Bulletin, 7(3), 15-16.

Barnaby, L. , Penn, R.. & Erickson, P. G. (2010). Drugs, homelessness & health: Homeless

youth speak out about harm reduction. Ontario. Canada: Canadian Harm Reduction

Center.

Beazley, H. (2013). The sexual lives of street children in Yogyakarta Indonesia. Review Q/

Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 37(1), 17-44.

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Berk, L. E. (2000). Child Development (5th Ed.), Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Blanche, M. J. T., Blanche, M. T., Dunheim, 1<., & Painter, D. (Eds.). (2006).Research in

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the politics of children's agency. Children's Geogrcphies, 10(4), 413-426

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 Bousman, C. A.,Blumberg, E. J., Shillington, A. Mt, Hovell, M. F., Ji, M., Lehman, S., &

Clapp. J. (2005). Predictors of substance use among homeless youth in San Diego.

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43
 APPENDICES APPENDIX A:

QUESTIONNAIR SHEDULE

My name is Muwanika Fahad, a student at the Kampala International University, conducting a

study as part of my final research thesis. The purpose of the research is to examine the
psychological well-being of street children in Iganga Municipality. Therefore, my research
sample consists of children living on the streets of Iganga Municipality, Busoga Sub region.
Insights gained from the study could lead to the development of appropriate interventions for
working with street children and the timing of such strategies.

44
 APPENDIX B: SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRES

SECTION A: mo DATA OF RESPONDENTS

1. Gender
Male

Female

2. What is your religion?

Christian

Muslim

Catholic

Other

3. How old are you? (In years)

4. How many years have you been living on the street

Less than 1 year

1-2year

3-5year

5years or more

45
5. What is the main reason why you left home [please tick (Q) only one]

Family poverty

Dysfunctional problems

Maltreatment: sexually abused

Maltreatment: physical abused

Divorce

Other reason

8. Are you in contact with any family member?

1. Yes
2. No

9. If YES, Who is this person?

Mother

Father

Brother

Sister

Uncle/aunt

Grand parents

10. Can you ask this person for help if you need it?

46
 l . Yes

11. What is your highest level of education [Please Tick (N) one]
Primary

Secondary

University

12. From which religion you come from?

Religion

Eastern

Central

Northern

Western

SECTION B: PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF RESPONDENTS.

Instructions:
Please answer the following questions as frankly as you can, by ticking either right or wrong
answers.
Suicidal Ideation

13. Do you sometimes feel Yes No

hopeless
14. Have ever considered Yes No
attempting suicide
15. Have made a plan to commit Yes
suicide
16. Have you made one or two Yes No
suicide attempts
Assault

17. Have you ever been YES N

bullied? O
Have ever bullied
18.
someone?
19. Have you beaten
someone?

47
20. How often have you been
beaten up?
21. How often have you Never Sometimes
been beaten up? Always
22. How often have been
robbed?
23. How often have been
beaten assaulted with a
weapon?
24. How often have been
threatened with a
weapon?
Coerced Sex
25 Have vou ever been forced to YES NO
. have sex with someone?

26 Have you forced someone to

. have sex before?
27 Do you know someone who
. had been raped?
Fighting
28. How many times have you been involved in fighting in the past 3 months?
Never

Sometimes

Always

2 Have Y N
9. you es o
ever
been
injure
d in a
fight
Thank you for your participation

SECTION C: DRUG ABUSE

Instruction: Please answer the following questions as frankly as you can, as there is neither right
nor wrong answers

48
 Smoking
30. How often do you use cigarette?

Never

Sometimes

Everyday

31. How did you react when you friends tolcl you to follow them to smoke?
Walk way

Refusing to smoke when offered

Refusing and persuading them to

stop
J oining them and smoke

32. How old were you when you start smoking cigarette? (In years)
\Vhere did it happen? Hom On
e the
street

49
 Alcohol Use

33. Have you ever drunk an Yes N

alcoholic beverage? o
34. Have you used alcohol in the Yes
last one month?
35. How often do you drink alcohol in a month?
Never

Sometimes

Everyday

36. Age of first drinking

Illegal drugs
37. Have you ever used "weed" Home On
(marijuana)in month ? the
street
38. How often do you smoke "weed" (marijuana) in a month?

Never

Sometimes

Everyday

39. At what age did you start smoking 'weed'?

40, How do you normally get access to the "weed"?

41. Where did you learn it from?
Hom On
e the
stre
et
42. How easy is it to get "weed"?
 Easy to get

Difficult

43. Have you used the following drugs? (Never — 0, Sometimes 1 and Always 2)
Glue

Hoonga

Cracks

Tli(lii/c you for your participation

51
APPENDIX C: A SIMPLE TIMEFRAME FOR RESEARCH
PROPOSAL

52
APPENDIX D: SAMPLE BUDGET FOR A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
ITEM DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT AMOUN
COST
Books A4 Counter books 2 5,000 10,000

Pens Water proof pens 1,000 3,000

File folders Plastic folders 3,000 6,000

Printing and @page 85 600 51000

typing
Hardcover A4 size 7000 2, 1000
binding
Questionnaire 30,000

development

Data analysis 25,000

'lÄotal 146000

53
 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

April 10, 2019

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

Dear Sir/Madam,

RE: INTRODUCTION LETTER FOR MUWANIKA FAI-IAD REG NO. 1161-06034-

04124

The above mentioned candidate is a bonafide student of Kampala International

University pursuing a Bachelor's Social Work and Social Administration.

He is currently conducting a field research for his dissertation entitled, "Impact of

Drug Abuse on the Psychological well being of street children in Iganga
Municipality."

Your organisation has been identified as a valuable source of information pertaining to

his Research Project. The purpose of this letter then is to request you to accept and avail
him with the pertinent information he may need.

Any data shared with him will be used for academic purposes only and shall be kept with
utmost confidentiality.

d to him will be highly appreciated.

"Exploring the Heights "