FURTHER MATHEMATICS NOTES FOR SS2 (WEEK 9)

TOPIC: TRIGONOMETRY RATIOS OF COMPOUND ANGLES.

SUB-TOPIC: TRIPLE ANGLES.

Let us now express the trigonometric ratios of 𝟑𝑨 in terms of 𝑨.

Example 1: show that 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝑨 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 − 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝑨

SOLUTION.
The left-hand side of the identity, 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝑨 can be written as:
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝑨 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝟐𝑨)

So expanding the RHS, 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝟐𝑨) using the double angle formula, we
have:

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝑨 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝟐𝑨)

= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝑨 ………..(1)

Recall that: 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝑨 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑨 + 𝑨)

= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨 ……….. (*)

And: 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝑨 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝑨)

= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨
= 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 ……………(**)
Substitute (*) into eqn (1) to replace 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝑨, and Substitute (**) into
eqn (1) to replace 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝑨:

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝑨 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝟐𝑨)

= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝑨 ………… …………….(1)
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨] + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨[𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨] ……(2)

Recall: 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨 and 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 ………..(***)

Expanding the brackets and using the trig-identities in (***) to replace

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 and 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 in eqn 2, we have:

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝑨 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨(𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨) + 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨

= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨) + 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨)
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝑨 + 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝑨
= 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 − 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝑨

So therefore: 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝑨 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 − 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝑨

EVALUATION:
1. Using the steps above, show that:
i) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝑨 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝑨 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨
𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝑨
ii) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑𝑨 = 𝟏−𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨
 TOPIC: COORDINATE GEOMETRY
SUB-TOPICS: 1) DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS.
2) THE MID-POINT OF A LINE.
3) GRADIENT OF A LINE-SEGMENT.

Any point, 𝑷, in the 𝒙 − 𝒚 plane can be described by an ordered pair of

numbers, (𝒙, 𝒚) where 𝒙 is the 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 or abscissa and 𝒚 is the
𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 or ordinate.
So, for example, 𝑸(𝟑, 𝟒) has 3 as the 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 and 4 as the
𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆.
The origin has a coordinate or an ordered pair of (𝟎, 𝟎).
(see diagrams/graphs below)

1. LENGTH OF A LINE OR DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS.

If 𝑨 is given as a point (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑩 is another point (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ), then the
distance between point A and point B or the length of line𝑨𝑩 is given
as: |AB|= √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
Example:
1. Find the length of the line joining the points 𝑨(𝟏, 𝟑) and 𝑩(𝟒, 𝟕).

Solution:
|AB| = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐

= √(𝟒 − 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝟕 − 𝟑)𝟐

= √𝟑𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐
= √𝟗 + 𝟏𝟔
= √𝟐𝟓
= 5 units.

EVALUATION:
1. Calculate the distance between the points 𝑷(𝟓, −𝟔) and 𝑸(−𝟐, 𝟓).

2. THE MID-POINT OF A LINE SEGMENT.

If 𝑴 is the midpoint of the straight line joining the two points
𝑨(𝒙𝟏, , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ), then the co-ordinates of 𝑴 are given by:
𝟏 𝟏
[𝟐 (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ), (𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )]
𝟐

Note: the midpoint divides the distance between 𝑨 and 𝑩 into two
equal parts or halves.
Example:
1. Find the midpoint of the line joining the points 𝑨(−𝟑, 𝟏) and 𝑩(𝟕, 𝟑).

Solution:
𝟏 𝟏
The midpoint of |𝑨𝑩| = [𝟐 (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ), (𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )]
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= [𝟐 (−𝟑 + 𝟕), (𝟏 + 𝟑)]
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= [𝟐 (𝟒), (𝟒)]
𝟐

= (𝟐, 𝟐)

3. THE GRADIENT OF A LINE JOINING TWO POINTS.

If 𝑨(𝒙𝟏, , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) are any two points, then the gradient or
slope of the line joining 𝑨 and 𝑩 is given by:

𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚−𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
𝒎 = 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙−𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔

𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
𝒎 = (the order of subtraction is very important )
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

(see diagram below)

 Example 1:
Find the gradient of the line which passes through the points 𝑷(𝟏, 𝟏)
and 𝑸(𝟕, 𝟐).
Solution:

𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
The gradient of the line 𝑷𝑸 is, 𝒎 = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

𝟐−𝟏
𝒎= 𝟕−𝟏
𝟏
𝒎= 𝟔

The gradient of a line is also given by the tangent of the angle the line makes with the positive
𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
From the diagram below, the gradient of the line 𝑨𝑩 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽.

So, if a line makes an angle of 𝟒𝟓𝒐 to the

positive 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔, then the gradient of that
line is:
𝒎 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟒𝟓𝒐
𝒎=𝟏

EVALUATION:
1. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line joining 𝑹(−𝟏, −𝟒)
and 𝑺(𝟐, 𝟔).
2. Find the gradient of the line which passes through the points 𝑴(𝟓, 𝟒)
and N(2, 3).
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE.
1. The general equation of a straight line is of the form,
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, where 𝒂, 𝒃 and 𝒄 are constants.

2. The slope equation is of the form, 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄, where 𝒎 is the

gradient of the line, and 𝒄 is the intercept on the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.

Note: The intercept 𝒄, on the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔, is the point on the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 where the straight
line cuts the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.

While the intercept on the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔, is the point on the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 where the straight
line cuts the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.

EXERCISES:
(A) TO FIND THE GRADIENT OF A LINE WHEN THE EQUATION IS GIVEN.
HINT: express the given equation in the form 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄. The coefficient of 𝒙 is
the value of the slope; (since 𝒎 represents the slope/gradient).

EXAMPLE 1: Find the gradient of the line whose equation is 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟑.

Solution:
(make 𝒚 the subject of equation)
⟹ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟑
⟹ 𝟒𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
(divide thru’ by the coefficient of 𝒚, which is 4 )
−𝟐 𝟑
⟹ 𝒚= 𝒙+
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟑
⟹ 𝒚 = − 𝒙 + , comparing this with 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄, the coefficient
𝟐 𝟒
𝟏
of 𝒙 is − which is the slope of the equation.
𝟐
(B) TO FIND THE 𝑿 − 𝒀 𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑹𝑪𝑬𝑷𝑻 WHEN THE EQUATION IS GIVEN.

Example 1: Find the x and y intercepts of the line whose equation is

𝟕𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎

Solution:
i) To find the 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕, make 𝒚 = 𝟎 in the given equation:
⟹ 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
⟹ 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟒(𝟎) + 𝟐 = 𝟎
⟹ 𝟕𝒙 = −𝟐
(𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙):
𝟐 𝟐
⟹ 𝒙 = − , so the x-intercept is (− , 𝟎).
𝟕 𝟕

ii) To find the 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕, make 𝒙 = 𝟎 in the given equation:

⟹ 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
⟹ 𝟕(𝟎) + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
⟹ 𝟒𝒚 = −𝟐
(𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒚):
𝟐
⟹ 𝒚= −
𝟒

𝟏 𝟏
(𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈): 𝒚 = − , so the y-intercept is (𝟎 , − )
𝟐 𝟐

EVALUATION:
1. Find the gradient of the line whose equation is 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎.
2. Find the angle the straight line, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎, makes with the positive
𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
3. Find the 𝒙 − 𝒚 intercepts of the straight line given as 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎.
(C) TO FIND THE EQUATION OF A LINE WHEN THE GRADIENT AND A POINT ON
THE LINE IS GIVEN. (Gradient and One-point Form)

Let 𝒎 be the gradient of the line and (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) be the given point, then the
equation of the line is given by:
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

Recall that (𝒙, 𝒚) is regarded as an unknown point, while (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) is a given point.

𝟑
EXAMPLE 1: A straight line has a gradient of − and passes through the point
𝟐
(𝟏, 𝟒). Find its equation.

Solution:
𝟑
Given: the slope, 𝒎 = − and one point = (𝟏 , 𝟒); we use the formula:
𝟐

𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ), and then substitute the values given into it:

⟹ 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝟑
⟹ 𝒚 − 𝟒 = − (𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟐

Multiply thru’ by 2: ⟹ 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟖 = −𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏)

Expand the bracket on the RHS: ⟹ 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟖 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑
Collect-like terms and re-arrange the equation in the form, 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎:
The equation of the line: ⟹ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎
(D) TO FIND THE EQUATION OF A LINE WHEN TWO POINTS ON THE LINE ARE
GIVEN. (Two-point Form)

Let the two points be 𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ). The formula is given as:

𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
=
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

Example 1: Find the equation of the line which passes through the points 𝑨(𝟐, 𝟑)
and 𝑩(𝟑, 𝟔).

Solution:
Given: 𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) = (𝟐, 𝟑) and 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) = (𝟑, 𝟔).

𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
Substituting these values into the equation: =
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

𝒚−𝟑 𝟔−𝟑
⟹ =
𝒙−𝟐 𝟑−𝟐

𝒚−𝟑 𝟑
⟹ =
𝒙−𝟐 𝟏

Cross-multiplying: ⟹ 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟐)
Expanding the bracket: ⟹ 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔
Collect like-terms, and then re-arrange the equation in the form,
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝒐

We have the equation of the line: ⟹ 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎

EVALUATION:
1. Find the equation of the line with:
a) a gradient of 𝟑 and a given point 𝒐𝒇 (𝟒, 𝟗).
b) the points 𝑪(−𝟐, 𝟕) and 𝑫(𝟐, −𝟑).
TUTOR: MISS ADEBISI OLUKOLE
FURTHER MATHS SS2 (DAY –SCHOOL, TIS).
EMAIL: [email protected]