The term cloud refers to a network or the internet.

It is a technology that uses remote servers

on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives. The data
can be anything such as files, images, documents, audio, video, and more.

1. Resources Pooling
Resource pooling means a cloud service provider can share resources among several clients,
providing everyone with a different set of services per their requirements. It is a multi-client strategy.

2. Maintenance
Maintainance of cloud computing is simple because there is no need of installation on each user’s
computer and it can be accessed from various places.

3. Scalability or Rapid Elasticity

A system's capacity to manage an increasing volume of work by adding resources is known
as scalability. Cloud computing manages of the scaling of the resources according to the
increasing or decreasing demand of clients.

4. Broad Network Access

The client can access the cloud data or transfer the data to the cloud from any
place just with a device and internet connection.

5. On-Demand Self-Service
It enables the client to constantly monitor the server uptime, abilities, and allotted network storage.

6. Security

Cloud services create a copy of the data that is stored to prevent any form of data loss. If one
server loses the data by any chance, the copy version is restored from the other server.
  Web 2.0

1. It is an interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the
users.
2. We have interactive and dynamic web pages because of Web 2.0.
3. It also increases flexibility among web pages.
4. social media is possible because of this technology.
5. It gained major popularity in 2004.
6. It is the improved version of web 1.0, characterized specifically by the change from static
to dynamic or user-generated content.
7. Second generation of World Wide Web.
8. Share information online via social media blogging and web-based communities
9. Use of AJAX and XML.
10. Web 2.0 Examples: Blogs, Wikis, Social networking(Facebook, Twitter) Web Applications.

UTILITY COMPUTING

Utility computing is a model in which computer resources are provided to the customer based on
their specific demands, and the service provider charges exactly for the services that have been
provided.

the main advantage of utility computing is that it reduces IT costs, provides flexibility, and easier to
manage computing services like SW and HW req, database, and storage.

Utility computing is providing facilities for computers at low cost.

HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE OF PARALLEL PROCESSING

The processing of multiple tasks on multiple processors is called parallel processing.

Programming on a multiprocessor system using the divide-and-conquer technique is

called parallel programming.

The core element of parallel processing are CPUs, based on the number of instructions and data
strings that can be processed simultaneously are of 4 categories:-

1. Single Instruction Single Data (SISD)

2. Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD)
3. Multiple Instruction Single Data (MISD)
4. Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD)

1. SISD

a. SISD computing system is a uniprocessor machine capable of executing a single instruction

that operates on a single stream of data.
b. In SISD machines instructions are processed in sequential so computers adapting this models
are called sequential computers.
c. All instructions and data process are stored in primary memory.
d. The speed of processing elements is limited.

2. SIMD

SIMD computing system is a multiprocessor machine capable of executing same instructions

on all CPUs but operating on different data streams.
 C

Ci=Ai+Bi

3. MISD

MISD computing system is a multiprocessor machine capable of executing different instructions on

the same processing elements(PEs) but on single data stream.

y = sin(x) + cos(x)
 4. MIMD

MIMD computing system is a multiprocessor machine capable of executing multiple instructions on

multiple data sets.

Cloud Service Models

There are the following three types of cloud service models -

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure
managed over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to
avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers.

Characteristics of IaaS
There are the following characteristics of IaaS -

o Resources are available as a service

o Services are highly scalable
o Dynamic and flexible
o GUI and API-based access

Examples: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google

Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.

Advantages

1. In IaaS user can dynamically choose CPU, memory, storage configuration

as per need.

2. Users can easily access the vast computing power available on IaaS

3. Enhanced Scalability

4. Dynamic workloads are supported

5. Flexible.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run,
and manage the applications.

Characteristics of PaaS
There are the following characteristics of PaaS -

o Accessible to various users via the same development application.

o Integrates with web services and databases.
 o Support multiple languages and frameworks.
o Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".

Examples: Elastic Beanstalk, Microsoft Azure, and Google Engine.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is software in which the
applications are hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these
applications with the help of an internet connection and web browser.

Characteristics of SaaS
There are the following characteristics of SaaS -

o Hosted on a remote server

o Accessible over the internet
o Updates are applied automatically.
o The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis

Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx,

Slack, and GoToMeeting.
CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations to store
the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet
connection.

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented

architecture and event-driven architecture.

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

o Front End
o Back End
Front End
The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications
that are required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes
web servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients,
tablets, and mobile devices.

Back End
The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are
required to provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data
storage, security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic
control mechanisms, etc.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure

Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User

Interface)  to interact with the cloud.

2. Application

The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.

3. Service

Cloud Services manages which type of service you access according to the client’s
requirement. Cloud computing offers the following three types of services:

IAAS

PAAS

SAAS
4. Runtime Cloud

Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual

machines.

5. Storage

 It provides a huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage
data.

6. Infrastructure

It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud

infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage,
network devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources.

7. Management

Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime

cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend

8. Security

Security is an in-built back-end component of cloud computing. It implements a

security mechanism in the back end.

9. Internet

The Internet is medium through which the front end and back end can interact and
communicate with each other.