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Logarithmic Properties and Laws

This document covers logarithmic functions, equations, and inequalities by defining each concept, providing examples of each, and explaining how to distinguish between them. It then details the basic properties of logarithms, the laws of logarithms, and how to use the change-of-base formula to rewrite logarithmic expressions in different bases. The goal is for students to understand the concepts and applications of logarithmic functions and be able to work with and simplify logarithmic expressions.

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Mika Cossid
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339 views

Logarithmic Properties and Laws

This document covers logarithmic functions, equations, and inequalities by defining each concept, providing examples of each, and explaining how to distinguish between them. It then details the basic properties of logarithms, the laws of logarithms, and how to use the change-of-base formula to rewrite logarithmic expressions in different bases. The goal is for students to understand the concepts and applications of logarithmic functions and be able to work with and simplify logarithmic expressions.

Uploaded by

Mika Cossid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTIONS
Chapter 5
Lesson 18: Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality
Lesson 19 : Basic Properties of Logarithm
Lesson 20 : Laws of Logarithm
Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality
Learning At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
Objectives:
1. Distinguish Logarithmic Function,
Logarithmic Equation and Logarithmic
Inequality.
2. Illustrate the following:
➢Three Basic Properties of Logarithm;
➢Laws of Logarithm; and
➢Change-of-base Formula
Logarithmic Function, Equation
and Inequality
Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality
Investigate the following. Identify their
similarities and differences.

• log 4 2 = 𝑥
2 2
• ln 𝑥 > ln 𝑥
• 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = log3 𝑥
Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality

Logarithmic Equation Logarithmic Inequality Logarithmic Function

An equation An inequality
Definition Function of the form
Involving involving
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒙
logarithms. logarithms. (𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏).

Example log 𝒙 𝟐 = 𝟒 ln 𝒙 𝟐 > ( ln 𝒙)𝟐 𝒈 ( 𝒙 ) = log𝟑 𝒙


Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality
EXAMPLE 1: Determine whether the given is a logarithmic
function, a logarithmic equation, a logarithmic inequality or
neither.
1. 𝑔(𝑥) = log 5 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 2log 4 𝑥
3. log(4𝑥) = − log(3𝑥 + 5)
4. 𝑥 log 2 𝑥 − 1 > 0
5. log 𝑥(𝑥 – 3) = log 4
Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality
ANSWERS:

1. 𝑔(𝑥) = log 5 𝑥 (Answer: Logarithmic Function)


2. 𝑦 = 2log 4 𝑥 (Answer: Logarithmic Function)
3. log(4𝑥) = − log(3𝑥 + 5) (Answer: Logarithmic Equation)
4. 𝑥 log 2 𝑥 − 1 > 0 (Answer: Logarithmic Inequality)
5. log 𝑥(𝑥 – 3) = log 4 (Answer: Logarithmic Equation)
Basic Properties of Logarithm
Basic Properties of Logarithm
Let 𝑏 and 𝑥 be real numbers such that 𝑏 > 0 and
𝑏 ≠ 1, the basic properties of logarithms are
as follows:
1. log 𝑏1 = 0
2. log 𝑏𝑏𝑥 = 𝑥
log𝑏 𝑥
3. If 𝑥 > 0, then 𝑏 =𝑥
Basic Properties of Logarithm
Example 2: Use the basic properties of logarithms to find
the value of the following logarithmic expressions.
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10
b. ln 𝑒3
c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 464
d. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5(1/125)
e. 5𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2
f. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1
Basic Properties of Logarithm
a. log 10 = log 10
101 =1 (Property 2)
b. ln 𝑒3 = log 𝑒𝑒3 =3 (Property 2)
3
c. log 4 64 =log 4 4 =3 (Property 2)
1 −3
d. log 5 125 = log 55 =– 3 (Property 2)
e. 5 log5 2 =2 (Property 3)
f. log 1 =0 (Property 1)
Laws of Logarithm
Laws of Logarithm
LAWS OF LOGARITM
Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ ℝ. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then

𝟏. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃(𝒖𝒗) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒗


Example:
a. log 2 (3𝑥) = log23 + log2𝑥

b. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟑)
Laws of Logarithm
Express the following into single logarithm:
1. log 2 𝑥 + log 2 𝑦 + log 2 𝑧

2. log 5 3 + log 5 2 + log 3 4 + log 3 5

3. log 𝑥 − 1 + log 𝑥 + 1
Laws of Logarithm
LAWS OF LOGARITM
Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ ℝ. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then

𝟐. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃(𝒖/𝒗) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖 – 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒗


Example:
𝒙
a. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒
𝒚
𝟓
b. 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟕
Laws of Logarithm
Express the following into single logarithm:
1. log 2 𝑥 − log 2 𝑦 − log 2 𝑧

2. log 5 3 − log 5 2 + log 5 4

3. log 𝑥 − [log 𝑥 + 1 + log(𝑥 − 1)]


Laws of Logarithm
LAWS OF LOGARITM
Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ ℝ. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then

𝟑. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖
Example:
a. log536
1
−
b. log 2 𝑥 2
Laws of Logarithm
COMMON MISTAKES:
Common mistakes in applying laws of Logarithms:
1. log 2 5 + 2 ≠ log 2 5 + log 2 2
2. log 2 5 + 2 ≠ (log 2 5)(log 2 2)
3. log 2 5 − 2 ≠ log 2 5 − log 2 2
log2 5
4. log 2 5 − 2 ≠ log 2
2
5. log 2 (5² • 2) ≠ 2log 2 (5 •2)
Laws of Logarithm
Example 3: Use the properties of logarithms to
expand each expression in terms of the
logarithms of the factors. Assume each factor is
positive.
𝟐
𝒂. log(𝒂𝒃 )
𝒃. log𝟑 (𝟑/𝒙)𝟑

𝒄. ln[𝒙(𝒙 – 𝟓)]
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:

2
a.log(𝑎𝑏 ) =log 𝑎 + log 𝑏 2

= log 𝑎 + 2 log 𝑏
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:
3 3
𝑏. log 3
𝑥
3
= 3 log 3
𝑥
= 3 log33 – log3𝑥
= 3(1 – log3𝑥)
= 3 – 3log3𝑥
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:

𝑐. ln 𝑥 𝑥 – 5
= ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 – 5)
Laws of Logarithm
Example 4: Use the properties of logarithm to
condense the expressions as a single logarithm.
𝑎. log 2 + log 3
𝑏. 2 ln 𝑥 – ln 𝑦
𝑐. log5(𝑥2) – 3log5𝑥
𝑑. 2 – log 5
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:

a. log 2 + log 3
= log 2 · 3
= log 6
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:

𝑏. 2 ln 𝑥 – ln 𝑦
= ln 𝑥2 – ln 𝑦
𝑥2
= ln
𝑦
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:
𝑐. log5 𝑥2 – 3log5𝑥
= log5 𝑥2 – log5 𝑥3
= log5(𝑥2/𝑥3)
= log5(1/𝑥)
= log5(𝑥 −1 )
=– log5𝑥
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:
𝑑. 2 – log5
2 = 2 1
= 2 log10
= log102
= log100

2 – log5
= log100 – log5
= log(100/5)
= log20
Change-of-Base Formula
Change-of-Base Formula
CHANGE-OF-BASE FORMULA
Any logarithmic expression can be expressed as a quotient of
two logarithmic expressions with a common base. Let 𝑎, 𝑏, and
𝑥 be positive real numbers, with 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑏 ≠ 1:
log 𝑎 𝑥
log 𝑏 𝑥 =
log 𝑎 𝑏
Change-of-Base Formula
Example 5: Use the change-of-base formula to rewrite the
following logarithmic expressions to the indicated base.
a. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 𝟒 (change to base 2)
SOLUTION:
log2 4
log 6 4 =
log2 6

2
=
log2 6
Change-of-Base Formula
b. log 𝟏 𝟐 (change to base 𝒆)
𝟐
SOLUTION:
ln 2
log 𝟏 𝟐 = 1
𝟐 ln
2

ln 2
=
ln 2−1

ln 2
=
− ln 2

= −1
Quiz: Get a clean sheet of paper.
Assessment #4 Answer the Assessment #4
with complete solution. Take
clear picture and upload or
attach it in your google
classroom.

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