GATE PYQ’s of last 5 years

GATE-2020

Q1: Leidenfrost phenomenon refers to

a. The condensation of vapor on a cold surface.
b. The exchange of heat between two solids
c. The melting of frost
d. Film boiling and evaporation of liquid droplets falling on a very hot surface.
Ans:Film boiling and evaporation of liquid droplets falling on a very hot surface.

Q2 :A hollow cylinder of equal length and inner diameter (i.e., L=D) is sealed at both
ends with flat plate, as shown in figure. Its inner surfaces, A 1 , A2 , and A3 radiate
energy.

Fij denotes the fraction of radiation energy leaving the surface A i which reaches the
surface Aj. It is also known that
F13 = 3 - 2√ 2
Which one of following is correct?
(A) F13 = √ 2−1

(B) F21 =
√2−1
2

(C)F21=
√2−1
4
(D) F21 =
√2−1
8
Solution: Additivity Rule
F11 + F12 + F13 = 1.0
0 + F12 + F13 = 1.0
Therefore, F12 = 1 – (3 - 2√ 2) [ F13= 3 - 2√ 2 (given)]
F12 = - 2¿ -1)
Reciprocity Rule
A1 F12 = A2 F21 [Me Cake, Smith, Harriot, Eq. 14.28, Page-429]
2
πD
A1 = , A2 = πDL=π D2 [As L=D]
4

( )
π D2
4
F12 = ( π D2) F21

1 1
F21 = F12 = [2¿ -1)]
4 4
( √ 2−1)
F21=
2

Q3 : A fluid is heated from 40 °C to 60 °C in a counter current, double pipe heat

exchanger. Hot fluids enters at 100 °C and exits at 70 °C. The log mean temperature
difference, i.e. LMTD (in °C). is ___________ (round off to 2 decimal places).
Solution:
( 40−30)
LMTD = 40 = 39.76
ln ln
30

Q4 Consider an infinitely long rectangular fin exposed to a surrounding fluid at a

constant temperature Ta = 27 °C.
The steady state one dimensional energy balance on an element of the fin of thickness
dx at a distance x from its base yields
2
d θ
2 = m
2
θ
dx
Where θ = Ts – Ta , Tx is the temperature of the fin at the distance x from its base in
°C. The value of m is 0.04 cm -1 and the temperature at the base is T 0 = 227 °C. The
temperature (in °C at x =25 cm) is _________________ (round off to 1 decimal
place).
d2θ
Solution: = m2θ , θ = Tx - Ta
d x2
Auxiliary equation λ2 = m2
λ = ±m
Therefore, θ = C1emx + C2e-mx [see kreys Fig. 1, page 73]
B.C
(i) at x=0 (base) , T = T0 (given) see diagram
θ = (T0 - Ta)
Therefore, (T0 - Ta) = C1e0 + C2e0 = C1 + C2 ………………………………………………. (1)
(ii) fin is infinitely long
As x→ ∞ , T = Ta (temp of fin becomes equal to surrounding temp)
θ = (T0 - Ta) = 0
0 = C1e∞ + C2e∞ = C1(∞ ¿ + C1(0)
= C1(∞ ¿
Hence, C1 = 0 …………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
Therefore, (T0 - Ta) = C1 + C2 = 0 + C2 = C2 ………………………………...(3)
Substituting (2) and (3)
θ = C1emx + C2e-mx
= 0 + (T0 - Ta) e-mx
θ=¿(T0 - Ta) e-mx
Or, (T-Ta) = (T0 - Ta) e-mx
(T −T a)
¿≫ = e-mx
(T 0−T a)
Given m = 0.04 cm-1
T0 = 227 °C , Ta = 27 °C
T @ x=25cm
(T −T a)
= e[-0.04 cm^-1 x 25 cm] = 0.3679
(227−27)
Therefore, (T −T a) = 200 X 0.3679 = 73.575 °C
Hence T = 27 °C + 73.575 °C = 100.575 °C

Q5 :An aqueous suspension at 60 °C is fed to the first effect of a double effect

forward feed evaporator with a mass flow rate of 1.25 kgs -1. The sum of the rates of
water evaporated from the first and the second effect 1 kgs -1 . Temperature of the exit
streams from the first and second effects are 100 °C and 60 °C respectively. Consider
the specific heat of the aqueous suspension, and the latent heat of phase change for
water to be 4 kJ kg-1 K-1 and 2200 kJ kg-1 , respectively, over this temperature range.
The steam economy (in kg per kg) is ____________________(round off to 2 decimal
places).
Ans:
Energy balance on Evaporator – I
q = ms λs = mfCpf (T - Tf) + (mf + m) λ
Therefore, ms (2200) = 1.25 x 4 x (100-60) + V1 (2200)
Or, 2200 (ms -v1) = 200……………………………(1)
Energy balance on Evaporator – II
q = ms λs = mfCpf (T - Tf) + (mf - m) λ
Therefore, v1 (2200) = L1 x 4 x (60-100) + v2 (2200)
2200 (v1 – v2) = L1 (-160)
2200 [v1 – (1- v1)] = (F- v1) (-160) [v1+ v2 =1]
Or, 2200 (2 v1 – 1) = (1.25 - v1) (-160)
Or, 4400 v1 – 2200 = -200 + 160 v1
Or, v1 = 0.4717…………………………………………(2)
Substituting in (1)
2200 (ms -v1) = 20
Or, 2200 (ms – 0.4717) = 200
200
Or, ms = + 0.4717=0.5626 …………….(3)
2200
kg vapour evaporated
Steam economy =
kg steam used
v 1 +v 2 1.0( given)
= =
ms 0.5626
= 1.777

GATE 2019
Question 1.
Pool boiling equipment operating above ambient temperature is usually designed to operate
(A) far above the critical heat flux
(B) far above the Leidenfrost point
(C) near the critical heat flux
(D) near the Leidenfrost point

Answer C
Solution
Pool boiling equipment operating above ambient temperature is usually designed to operate
near the critical heat flux.

Question 2.
Consider the two counter current heat exchanger designs for heating a cold stream from tin to
tout, as shown in figure. The hot process stream is available at Tin. The inlet stream conditions
and overall heat transfer coefficients are identical in both the designs. The heat transfer areas
in Design I and Design Il are respectively A IHX ∧A IIHX

If heat losses are neglected, and if both designs are feasible, which of the following
statements hold true?
I II I II
a ¿ A HX > A HX ,T out <T out
I II I II
b ¿ A HX =A HX , T out =T out
c ¿ A IHX < A IIHX , T Iout > T out
II

I II I II
d ¿ A HX < A HX , T out =T out
Answer D
Solution
a) Energy balance (overall)
fin CPt (tout -tin) = Fin Cps (Tin-TIout) fin CPt (tout -tin) = Fin Cps (Tin-TIIout)
As fin , Fin , tin , tout , Tin are same for both Design I and Design II
Therefore TIout = TIIout
b) tIout = tout
Hence, Outlet from heat exchanger (tIout) is mixed with cold stream (tin) to produce the
final stream at tout
c) Since all other parameters (fin , Fin , tin , tout , Tin) are same for both Design I and
Design II, to produce higher temp (tIout) for Design II > tout for Design I.
AIIHX>AIHX
d) Option D is the correct answer.

Question 3 – chapter 1
A solid sphere of radius 1 cm and initial temperature of 25 oC is exposed to a gas stream at
100 oC. For the solid sphere, the density is 104 kg/m3 and the specific heat
capacity is 500 J/(kg K). The density of the gas is 0.6 kg/m3 and its specific heat capacity is
103 J/(kgK). The solid sphere is approximated as a lumped system (Biot number << 1) and all
specific heats are constant. If the heat transfer coefficient between the solid and gas is 50
W/(m2 K), the time (in seconds) needed for the sphere to reach 95 oC is
(rounded off to the nearest integer)
Solution:
T −T ∞ h As
= exp [ - ]t
T ° −T ∞ C ps P s V s
4 3
Vs= π r , As=4 π r 2
3
 2
As 4 π r 3
= 4 3 =
Vs πr r
3
h As 50W 1J 1 m3 1kg K 3
X = 2 X X 4 X X
C ps P s Vs m K W s 10 kg 500 J 0.01 m
= 3x10-3s-1
T −T ∞
= exp ¿t
T ° −T ∞
95−100
¿, = exp [- 3x10-3] t
25−100
5
¿, ln( ) = -3x10-3s-1 x t (s)
75
¿, -2.780 = -3x10-3 t
¿, t = 902.67 s
¿, t ≈ 903 s

Question 4.
Stream A with specific heat capacity CPA= 2000 J/(kg K) is cooled from 90 oC to 45 oC in a
concentric double pipe counter current heat exchanger having a heat
transfer area of 8 m2. The cold stream B of specific heat capacity CPB= 1000 J/(kgK) enters
the exchanger at a flow rate 1 kg/s and 40 oC. The overall heat transfer
coefficient U= 250 W/(m2 K). Assume that the mean driving force is based on the arithmetic
mean difference, that is,
ΔT AMTD =¿
Where Ti,in and Ti,out refer to the temperature of the ith stream (i=A,B) at the inlet and the exit
respectively. The mass flow rate of stream A (in kg/s),_________ is
(rounded off to two decimal places).
Solution
CPA = 2000 J/kg K , A = 8 m2 , U = 250 W/m2 K
Q = ma CPA (TA, in - TA, out) = mb CPB (TB, out – TB, in)
= U A [∆ T]AMTD
Or, mA (kg/s) [2000 J/kg K] (90-45)------------------------------------(1)
= (1 kg/s) (1000 J/kg K) (TB, out – 40)-------------------------(2)
= (250 W/m2K) (1 J/s.N) (8m2) [∆ T]AMTD
= 250 x 1 x 8x [¿ - ¿]
90+ 45 40+T B ,out
= 250 x 1 x 8 [( )-( )]----------------------------------(3)
2 2
Taking (2) & (3)
 40+T B ,out
1 x 1000 x (TB, out – 40) = 250 X 1 X 8 [67.5 - ( )]
2
250 x 8 T
Or, (TB, out – 40) = [ 67.5 -20 - B ,out ]
1000 2
T B ,out
= 2 (47.5 - )
2
= 95 - T B , out
Or, 2 T B , out = 135/2 = 67.5 °C
Taking (1) and (2)
mA x 2000 x (90-45) = 1 x 1000 x (TB, out – 40)
1 x 1000 x (67.5−40)
Or, mA =
2000 x 45
Or, mA = 0.3055 kg/s.

Question 5.
A 20 cm diameter cylindrical solid pellet of a nuclear fuel with density 6000 kg/m3 and
conductivity of 300 W/(m K) generates heat by nuclear fission at a spatially
uniform rate of 104 W/kg. The heat from the fuel pellet is transferred to the surrounding
coolant by convection such that the pellet wall temperature remains constant at 300
o
C. Neglecting the axial and azimuthal dependence, the maximum temperature (in oC) in the
pellet at steady state is __________ (rounded off to the nearest integer).

Solution: For heat generation inside a cylinder

q r2
T˳ (=Tmax) = + Tw , where q = rate of heat generation in W/m3)
4k
q = 104 w/kg X 6000 (kg/m3) = 6 x 107 (w/m3)
Tmax = (6 x 107 N/m3) X (0.1)2m2 X ¼ X 1/300 (m K/W) X (°C/K) + 300 °C
Tmax = 800 °C.

GATE 2018
Question 1.
Segmental baffles in a 2-4 shell and tube heat exchanger
(A) change the flow pattern of the tube side fluid and increase the overall heat
transfer co- efficient
(B) increase the heat transfer coefficient in the shell side and support the tubes
(C) help to reduce the thermal expansion of the tubes and increase the heat
transfer coefficient in the tube side
(D) increase the number of passes in the shell side and increase the heat transfer
coefficient in the tube side
Answer (B)
Solution
Segmental Baffle used for two-fold purpose (1) To create turbulence in shell
side fluid by changing the flow pattern parallel (or) cross flow to the tube bundles
and thus H.T. coefficient is increased (2) To support the tube all along its length
otherwise tube may bend. Option (B) is correct

Question 2.
A hot liquid is to be cooled in a 1-1 shell and tube heat exchanger from 800 oC to
500oC Cooling water enters the tube side at 300 oC and exits at 450oC. The
properties of the liquids are constant. Also, the overall heat transfer coefficient is
same for counter-current and co-current modes. The percentage saving in heat
transfer area for counter-current option with respect to the area of co-current option
is___ (rounded off to third decimal place).
Answer 27.10

Sol.
(i) co-current mode
(ii) counter current flow
Question 3.
Vapour bubbles are formed in the nucleate boiling regime at a frequency of 10 bubbles per
second per nucleation site. There are 100 nucleation sites per m2 of heating area. The latent
heat of vaporization and the density of vapour under the operating condition are 1000kJ/kg
and 1kg/m3 respectively. The diameter of each bubble is 10-3 m. Assume that the entire heat
supplied is used for vapour generation. The heat flux (in Watt per m2 of heating area is
_______ (rounded off to third decimal place).
Answer 0.523
Solution
Diameter of the bubble is given from that volume can be determined. From this volume we
can calculate the mass of the vapor contained in the bubble by multiplying with density.
After having the mass, we can multiply by lambda to get the heat supplied to each vapor
contained in the bubble. After calculating the heat for one vapor multiply this with bubble
generated per nucleation site and then with number of nucleation sites.

Question 4.
The wall of a pipe of radius 1 m is at a uniform temperature of 200 0C and is
covered by insulation of thickness 0.1 m. The ambient air outside the insulated pipe
is at 200C and has heat transfer coefficient of 10Wm-2K-1. The thermal conductivity
of the insulation material is 0.05 Wm-1K-1. If the heat transfer occurs at steady state,
the temperature (in 0C) of the outer surface of insulation is ______.
(rounded off to two decimal place.)
Answer 28.19
Sol.
 GATE 2017

Question 1.
In a heat exchanger, the inner diameter of a tube is 25 mm and its outer diameter is 30 mm,
the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner area is 360 W/m2 oC. Then, the overall
heat transfer coefficient based on the outer area, rounded to the nearest integer is
_____W/m2C.
Answer 300
Sol.
Question 2.
The one-dimensional unsteady heat conduction equation is

Where T-temperature, t – time, r – radial position, k – thermal conductivity, ρ -

density, and Cp – specific heat.
For the cylindrical coordinate system, the value of n in the above equation is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
Answer B
Sol.
n = 1 for cylinder cal system

Question 3.

A fluid flows over a heated horizontal plate maintained at temperature . The

bulk temperature of the fluid is . The temperature profile in
The thermal boundary layer is given by

Here, y is the vertical distance from the

 plate, is the thickness of thermal boundary layer and k is the thermal
conductivity of the fluid. The local heat transfer coefficient is given by

(A) (B)

(C) (D)
Answer C
Sol.

Question 4.
Let I b be the spectral black body radiation intensity per unit wavelength about
λ

the wavelength λ . The blackbody radiation intensity emitted by a blackbody for

overall wavelength is

(A) (B)

(C) (D)
Answer C
Solution
 Question 5.
In nucleate boiling, the pressure inside a bubble is higher than the pressure of the
surrounding liquid. Assuming that both the liquid and vapour are saturated, the
temperature of the liquid will ALWAYS be
(a) at 1000 C
(b) lower than the temperature of vapour
(c) equal to the temperature of the vapour
(d) higher than the temperature of vapour
Answer B
Solution
It is given that both the liquid and the vapor are in their saturation level. So the
pressure given will be the saturated pressure and saturated pressure is also known
as the vapor pressure. That’s why we can say that temperature of the vapor is also
more than the temperature of the liquid because the vapor pressure is more and
from antoine we can say that if vapor pressure is more then temperature is also
more

GATE 2016
Question 1.
A composite wall is made of four different materials of construction in the
fashion shown below. The resistance (in K/W) of each of the sections of the wall is
indicated in the diagram.

The overall resistance (in K/W, rounded off to the first decimal place) of the
composite wall, in the direction of heat flow, is ___

Answer 3.9K/W
 Solution
We know that

Overall resistance = 3 + 0.2 + 0.7 = 3.9 K/W

Question 2

Steam at 100oC is condensing on a vertical steel plate. The condensate flow is

laminar. The average Nusselt numbers are Nu 1 and Nu2, when the plate temperatures
are 10oC and 55oC, respectively. Assume the physical properties of the fluid and steel
to remain constant within the temperature range of interest. Using Nusselt equations
for film-type condensation, what is the value of the ratio Nu2/ Nu1?

(A) 0.5 (B) 0.84

(C) 1.19 (D) 1.41
Answer 1.19
Solution
 And

Question 3.
Match the dimensionless numbers in Group-1 with the ratios in Group-2.
Group-1 Group-2
P. Biot number I buoyancy force / viscous force
Q. Schmidt II. Internal thermal resistance of a solid /
number boundary layer thermal resistance
 R. Grashof III. Momentum diffusivity mass diffusivity
number

(A) P-II, Q-I, R-III

(B) P-I, Q-III, R-II
(C) P-III, Q-I, R-II
(D) P-II, Q-III, R-I
Answer D

Question 4.
In a 1 – 1 pass shell and tube exchanger, steam is condensing in the shell side at
a temperature (Ts) of 135oC and the cold fluid is heated from a temperature (T 1) of
20oC to a temperature (T2) of 90oC. The energy balance equation for this heat
exchanger is

where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient, A is the heat transfer area, ṁ is
the mass flow rate of the cold fluid and Cp is its specific heat. Tube side fluid is in a
turbulent flow and the heat transfer coefficient can be estimated from the
following equation:

where Nu is the Nusselt number, Re is the Reynolds number and Pr is the

Prandtl number. The condensing heat transfer coefficient in the shell side is
significantly higher than the tube side heat transfer coefficient. The resistance of
the wall to heat transfer is negligible. If only the mass flow rate of the cold fluid is
doubled, what is the outlet temperature (in oC) of the cold fluid at steady state?

(A) 80.2 (B) 84.2

(C) 87.4 (D) 88.6
Answer B
Solution
Sol. (B)
We know that
Since, mass flow rate in the tubes is doubled, Nu and there by hi gets affected

We know that,

i.e.

and
 Question 5.
In an experimental setup, mineral oil is filled in between the narrow gap of two
horizontal smooth plates. The setup has arrangements to maintain the plates at
desired uniform temperatures. At these temperatures, ONLY the radiative heat flux
is negligible. The thermal conductivity of the oil does not vary perceptibly in this
temperature range. Consider four experiments at steady state under different
experimental conditions, as shown in the figure below. The figure shows plate
temperatures and the heat fluxes in the vertical direction.

What is the steady state heat flux (in W m ‒2) with the top plate at 70 oC and the
bottom plate at 40oC?

(A) 26 (B) 39
(C) 42 (D) 63
Answer (A)
Solution
1. Natural convection currents only generate when hot plate is at bottom

2.form natural convective H.T, = tem of

bottom plate – temp of bulk of fluid

3.But in conduction is temp difference b/w two ends

 4. In case 1 & 3 both natural convection + conduction will be there and as temp
of bottom plate in 1 & 3 is high as compared to top.
5. In case 2 & 4, no convective H.T, only conduction will be there, and q =

is temp. Difference b/w two plates. Both, in cases 2&4

a k is same
b A is same

c is same
q Will be same

Flux in case (2) and (4) will be same = 26

Question 6.
The space between two hollow concentric spheres of radii 0.1 m and 0.2 m is under
vacuum. Exchange of radiation (uniform in all directions) occurs only between the
outer surface (S1) of the smaller sphere and the inner surface (S 2) of the larger sphere.
The fraction (rounded off to the second decimal place) of the radiation energy leaving
S2, which reaches S1 is _______
Answer 25
Sol.
Given that

We know that, A1 F12= A2 F21 hence

Practice questions with solution

Q1: Complete Dittus-Boelter equation

Nu=0.023 (Re)0.8(Pr)n

where Nu= Nusselt number

Re= Reynolds Number
Pr=Prandtl number
The value of n is:
a. n=0.3 boiling, n=0.4 Cooling
b. n=0.2 boiling, n=0.3 Cooling
c. n=0.4 boiling, n=0.3 Cooling
d. n=0.4 boiling, n=0.2 Cooling
Answer: C

Q2: Assume a steel pipe of radium 20mm. this pipe is exposed to natural convection
at h=60 W/m2K. Pipe is insulated by a material of thermal conductivity 0.12 W/m K.
Determine the critical thickness of insulation.
a. 0.001b. 0.002
c. 0.004
d. 0.02
Answer: B
Critical insulation thickness for cylinder is
K 0.12
rc= = =0.002 m
h 60

Q3: A well-insulated hemispherical surface has a radius of 5m. The self-view factor
of radiation for the curved surface is ………
Answer: 1/2
F12A1=F21A2
F12 π×(5)2 = F21 2×π× (5)2
F21=1/2 (F12)
F21+F22=1
F22=1/2

Q4: A non-transmitting, non-reflecting body is

a. Grey body
b. Opaque body
c.Black body
d. Transparent body
Answer: C
Black body is non transmitting and non-reflecting body .
Grey body is the defined as a body whose absorptivity of a surface does not vary with
variation in temperature and wavelength of the incident radiation.
Opaque body when no irradiation is transmitted through the body, it is called opaque
body.
Q5: To increase the emissivity of a surface
a. Surface should be polished and clean
b. Surface should be roughened and oxidised
c.Surface should be clean and oxidised
d. Surface should be roughened and polished
Answer: B
Explanation: The emissivity of a surface depends not only on the surface but also on
the nature of the surface. The roughness is one of the surface imperfections of the
solids that affects their thermal radiation properties and the difference between the
temperatures of two surfaces gives the measure of heat loss. With increase in surface
roughness the heat loss also increases. The roughness of the two surfaces increases
the contact area and hence the emissivity. Roughness affects the spectral emissivity.

Q6: Select statement that describes the function of Baffles used in heat exchanger?
i. Baffles create turbulence in shell side fluid by changing the flow pattern.

ii. Baffles increases shell side heat transfer coefficient

iii. Baffles increases tube side heat transfer coefficient.

iv.Support the tube all along the length otherwise tube may bend.
a. i, iii, iv
b. i, ii, iii
c. ii, iii, iv
d. i, ii, iv

Answer: D
Explanation :
The above figure shows that the flow of fluid inside the heat exchanger is turbulent
and the turbulence is on the shell side, which increases the shell side heat transfer
coefficient for increasing the rate of heat transfer. The reason for the shell side
turbulence is to minimize the tube-to-tube temperature difference and thermal
stresses.
Baffles are used to support the tubes during assembly and operation. In above figure it
is shown that the baffles are supported lengthwise.

Q7: Duhring’s rule is used to determine the boiling point of a solution at a particular
concentration of solute. It assumes that the relation between boiling point solution and
solvent is a _______function . It is necessary that the solution should follow______
a. Parabolic, Dalton’s law
b. Linear, Roult’s law
c. Hyperbolic, Dalton’s law
d. Curved, Henry’s law
Answer: B

Q8: Choose the correct order of regimes of boiling mechanism.

a. Interfacial evaporation, film boiling, nucleate boiling, transition boiling.
b. Interfacial evaporation, nucleate boiling, film boiling, transition boiling.
c. Interfacial evaporation, transition boiling, nucleate boiling, film boilingd.
Interfacial evaporation, nucleate boiling, transition boiling, film boiling

Answer: D

Explanation : Interfacial evaporation, nucleate boiling, transition boiling, film

boiling

Q9: In the case perfect natural convection, Nusselt number is a function of:
Nu=f(m, n)
a. m= Reynolds, n= Prandtl
b. m=Grashof, n= Reynolds
c. m=Grashof, n=Prandtl
d. m=Eckert, n=Grashof
Answer: C
Q10: Evaporator capacity is
a. Kg of vapour produced/hr.
b. No. of water vapour produced from all effects/kg of steam fed to 1st evaporator
c. Kg steam fed/hr.
d. No. of water vapour produced from all effects/kg of steam fed to last evaporator
Answer: A
Evaporator capacity is defined as = kg of vapour produces/ hr.

Q11 – A solid sphere of radius 2cm and initial temperature of 20°C is present in a
water bath 100°C under unsteady state heat condition. The solid sphere, has density
105 kg/m3 and the specific heat capacity of 0.3kJ/kg K. The density of the water is
1000 kg/m3 and its specific heat capacity is 4200J/ (kg K). If the heat transfer
coefficient between the solid and the water is 20 W/ (m 2 K), to reach 90°C what is the
time taken (in hr) by the sphere (Bi<<0)

(a) 5.77 (b) 346.57

(c) 20.79 (d) 0.346

Solution In case of unsteady state heat condition, check lumped parameter condition.

T f −T ∞ − ¿^ ¿
= e ρv C
T i−T ∞
p

Cp – heat capacity of the solid sphere

V – Volume of sphere

A- Area of sphere

ρ – Density of the sphere

On solving

t = 5.77 hr

Q12- Find the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside diameter of the
pipe. A stainless steel hollow cylindrical pipe of inner diameter 10mm and thickness
1mm is covered with 20mm thick sheet of glass wool for insulation (k=0.4W/m K).
The inside and outside heat transfer convective coefficients are 4W/m2 and 5 W/m2.

Ans 3.26 W/m2 K

 ∆T
❑
Solution : We know that Q =
∑
❑
❑R

=> Calculation of overall thermal resistance

1 1
Rinner = Ri = =
h1 A 1 h1 2 π r 1 L

r2
Rpipe material = Rt =( ) / (2 π k 1 L ¿
1
r1

r3
Rinsulation = Rt = ( ) / (2 π k 2 L )
2
r2

1 1
Routside = Rt = =
4
ho A 0 h0 2 π r 3 L

❑
∑
❑
❑ R = Rinner + Rpipe material + Rinsulation + Routside

Note that the thermal conductivity of the pipe material is not given. It iswell know
that the thermal conductivity of stainless steel pipe is very high therefore 1/k 1 is very
low therefore will neglect the resistance due pipe material in the final expression

∆T
❑
Q=
∑
❑
❑R

(T i – T o)

Q=
1
+
r3
r2
+
() 1
h 1 A 1 2 π k 2 L h0 2 π r 3 L

Q= Ui Ai (Ti- To) (2)

Ui is the overall heat transfer coefficient

Compairing equation (1) and (2)

1 1 r1 r3 r1
= + + (3)
U i hi k 2 r 2 r 3 h o
ri = 5mm
r2 = 6mm
r3= 26 mm
Putting all the values in equation (3)
Ui = 3.26 W/m2K
Q13 A gray surface is one for which

(a) absorptivity is independent of wavelength

(b) emissivity is independent of wavelength

(c)transmitivity is independent of wavelength

(d) Emissivity equals transmissivity

Ans (a), (b)

Answer: In case of a gray surface, emissivity and absorptivity are independent of

wavelength

Q14 For a counter current heat exchanger with T h=¿ ¿80°C , T c=¿ ¿20°C and T h=¿ ¿
1 O o

40°C and T c=¿ ¿60°C as shown in the figure the temperature difference between the
1

two streams is same throughout the length of the heat exchanger z. Select the correct
temperature profile of the hot fluid inside the heat exchanger when the boundary
conditions are
z= 0 T h=¿ ¿80°C and z=1 T c=¿ ¿60°C
1 1
 2
d T
(a) T= -40 z + 80
2
(b) 2
=0
dz

dT
(c) =0 (d) All of these
dx

Solution :

∆ T =constant
dT
= constant
dz

d2 T
=0
d z2

Z2
¿>¿ T= C1 + C2 (1)
2

where

C1 and C2 are constants

Putting the boundary conditions i.e. z=0 T=80°C and z=1 T=40°C in equation (1)

T= -40 z2 + 80

Q15- A hydrocarbon stream is cooled by the water at 10°C in a double pipe

counterflow heat exchanger. The picture is shown below. The heat exchanger is well-
insulated so that the heat loss to the surrounding is negligible. Determine the overall
heat transfer coefficient if the area of transfer is 2m2?

Data given: The specific heats of the hydrocarbon and water are given as 2.3 kJ/kg.
and 4.18kJ/kg.°C, respectively.
Hydrocarbon mass flow rate = 740kg/hr
Water mass flow rate = 550 kg/hr

Numerical type answer

Answer

Answer : (a) 0.380kW/m2.K

In the heat exchanger problem the following assumptions are taken

-Steady operating conditions exist.
-The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that the heat loss to the surrounding is
negligible.
-Heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
-Changes in the kinetic and potential of the fluid streams are negligible.
- Fluid properties are constant.

The rate of heat transfer is

Q̇ =[ṁ c p(∆ T )]HC
[740/3600 (kg/s)×2.3kJ/kg.°C(160-60)]
=47.278 kW

Q̇ =[ṁ c p(Tout-Tin)]w = [550/3600 (kg/s)×4.18kJ/kg.°C(Tout- Tin)

=550/3600×4.18(Tout-10)
47.278= 550/3600×4.18(Tout-10)
= Tout = 84.032 °C

LMTD
∆ T 1 = Th,in – Tc,out
∆ T 2 = Th,out– Tc,in

∆ T 1 = 160 – 84.032 = 75.968 °C

∆ T 2 = 60-10 = 50 °C

∆ T lm = ¿1 - ∆ T 2)/ ln (∆ T 1/∆ T 2)
= (75.968-50)/ ln(75.968/50)
=25.968/.4182
∆ T lm =62.094 °C

The overall heat transfer coefficient is determined by

Q̇ = UA∆ T lm
= 47.278 = U ×2×62.094
U = 0.380kW/m2.K

Q16- A thick walled cylindrical rod having inner radius 2mm and outer radius 8mm is
used as a cooling coil in a bath. The fluid at 60°C is flowing inside the rod and the
outer surface of the rod is maintained at 80°C. A total of 70W heat must be removed
from the bath in order to cool down the fluid by the coil. How much length of rod
needed in m
Data : The thermal conductivity is .5 W/m.K

(a) 1.54m (b) .154 m (c) 15.4 m (d) 154 m

Answer (a)

Explanation:
Answer : In case of cylinder
∆T
r2
Q = ln
r1
2 πKL

Length is unknown and the other data

Outer radius 8mm
Inner radius 2mm
K= .5 W/m.K

80 °C−60 °C
8
Q/L = ln
2
2 π (.5)
Q/L =45.35 W/m
Since 15W must be the heat removed
Therefore,
L=70/45.35
L = 1.54 m

Q17- A stainless-steel thick-walled tube whose inner diameter is 3mm and the outer
diameter is 5mm, length 2m and the inside temperature of the rod is 84°C. The tube is
covered with a 1mm layer of insulation of glass wool with thermal conductivity 0.136
W/m.k. the outer surface of the insulation is at 45°C. The temperature at the interface
between the metal and the insulation and the heat loss are respectively?

(a) 83.64, 98.599 (b) 83.82, 197.198 (c) 83.64 , 197.198 (d) 83.82,98.599
Answer (b)
The data given
T1 = 84°C
T2 is the interface temperature
T3 = 45°C
k1 = 45 W/m.K
k2 = 0.136 W/m.k
Length of the pipe is 2m
I.D (r1) =3/2 mm = 1.5 mm
O.D = 5/2mm = 2.5 mm
Insulation thickness 1mm
r3 = (2.5 +1) = 3.5 mm

This is the steady state problem therefore, the heat transfer rate Q will be same for
each layer

Calculating the rate of heat transfer

∆T
r2 r3
Q = ln ln
r1 r2
+
2 π k1 L 2 π k2 L

84 °C−45 °C
2.5 3.5
= ln ln
1.5 2.5
+
2 π (45)(2) 2 π (0.136)(2)
Q=197.198 W

Now
T 1−T 2
r2
Q = ln
r1
2 π k1 L

84 °C−T 2
2.5
197.198 = ln
1.5
2 π (2)(45)

T2 =83.82 °C

Q18 – Saturated steam at 150°C is flowing inside a steel pipe with inner radius 4mm
and outer radius 6 mm. The pipe is insulated with 1.5 mm of insulation. The
convective heat coefficient for the inside steam surface of the pipe is100 W/m 2.K and
the heat coefficient on the outside is 10 W/m 2.K.The thermal conductivity of the
metal is 50 W/m.K and that of the insulation is 0.136 W/m.K and the surrounding
temperature is 30°C. Calculate the heat loss for the 1.5 m of steel pipe.

Answer 37.522 W

Given data

r1 = 2mm
r2 = 3mm
r3 = (3+1.5) = 4.5 mm
h1 = 100 W/m2.K
h2 = 10W/m2.K
k1 = 50 W/m.K
k2 =0.136 W/m.k
T1 = 150°C
T2 = 30°C
L=1.5 m

A1 – Area of the inside

A1 =2πr1L
= 2π(0.002)(1.5)
= 0.0188 m2
A2 – Area of the outside side
A2 =2πr2L
= 2π(0.003)(1.5)
= 0.0282 m2

A3 – Area of the ouside (insulation covering)

A3 =2πr3L
= 2π(4.5×10-3)(1.5)
= 0.0424 m2
Calculating resistance due to conduction
r2 0.003
ln ln
R1 = r1 = 0.002 = 8.6042×10-4 K/W
2 π k 1 L 2 π (50)(1.5)
r3 4.5
ln ln
R2 = r2 = 3 = 0.3163 K/W
2 π k 2 L 2 π (1.5)(0.136)

Calculating resistance due to convection

1 1
R3 = = = 0.531
h1 A 1 0.0188(100)
1 1
R4 = = = 2.35 K/W.m
h2 A 3 10(0.0424)

T 1−T 2 150−30
Q= = −4 = 37.522 W
R 1+ R 2+ R 3+ R 4 8.6042× 10 + 0.3163+ 0.531+2.35

Q19 – A liquid metal flows at a rate of 2kg/s through a tube having an inside diameter
of 0.02m. The liquid enters at 700°C and is heated to 720 °C in the tube. The tube
wall is maintained at 30°C above the fluid bulk temperature and constant heat flux is
maintained. Calculate the required tube length in m.
Data : The average physical properties are
µ= 7.2× 10-4 Pa.s , ρ =7400 kg/m3, cp = 120 J/kg.K, k=10 W/m.k

(a) 43.38 (b) .2169 (c) .4338 (d) 21.69

Answer : (c)

Explanation:

Checking the Re number

DG
Re =
μ
Where D is the diameter in m
G is the mass flow rate per unit area
μ= viscosity, Pa.s

Calculating G = ṁ/A
Cross section area = π r2 = π D2/4
A= π (0.02)2/4
A= 3.141×10-4 m2
Therefore, G = 2/3.141×10-4
G= .6367×104 kg/m2.s

Re = (0.02×0.6367 ×104)/ (7.2× 10-4)

=1.768× 105

This indicates that the flow is fully turbulent

c P μ 120× 7.2× 10−4

Pr = = = 0.00864
k 10

As the flow is fully turbulent

 hL D
Nu = = 0.625 (Re.Pr)0.4
k

Putting down the values

hL D
= 0.625 (1.768× 105 ×0.00864)0.4
k
h
L = 5867.43 W/m2.K

Using a heat balance

Q=m cp ∆ T = 2×120×(720-700)
= 4800 W (1)

q
Now, = hL (T0 – T)
A

= 5867.43 ×30
= 176022.9 W/m2 (2)

From (1) and (2)

Therefore A = 4800/176022.9
=0.02726 m2
A = 2πrL = 0.02726
L= 0.433 m

Q20– Saturated steam at 70kPa and 90°C is condensing on a vertical tube of 0.35m
long, and the outer diameter is 0.05m. Surface temperature is 85°C. Calculate the
average heat transfer coefficient given that the density of the fluid is 1000kg/m 3,
velocity of the fluid inside the tube is 10m/s. viscosity of the steam is 3.5 Pa.s, latent
heat is 2.283×106 J/kg, heat conductivity coefficient is 0.75 W/m.K

(a) 587.540 (b) 8813.1 (c) 440.655 (d) 1260

Answer (d)
Explanation:
 ρDV 1000× 0.05 ×10
Answer Re = = = 142.85
μ 3.5

Which indicates that the film formed is laminar.

Therefore,
In the case of condensation, the equation is given as
2 3 1 /4
ρl g h fg L
Nu= 1.13( ) here ∆ T =T sat −T w
μl k ∆ T

2 6 3 1/4
1000 × 9.8 ×2.283 ×10 ×.35
Nu = 1.13( )
3.5× 0.75 ×(90−85)

=587.540

Nu=hL/K
=587.540 = (h×0.35)/ 0.75
h=1259.01 W/m2.K

Q21– In a 1-2 counterflow heat exchanger the cold water at 0.3kg/s is heated from
25°C to 55°C. The hot fluid enters at 80°C and leaves at 52°C. The tubes of the heat
exchanger have the outside surface area of 10m2. Calculate the mean temperature
difference ∆ Tm and the overall heat transfer coefficient U0, respectively.
Data: The specific heat capacity of cold fluid is 4187 J/kg.K
 Fig: Correction factor FT to log mean temperature difference for 1-2 heat exchangers

T co −T ci T hi −T ho
Y= and Z = Y =
T hi −T ci T co−T ci

(a) 18. 2,207.04 (b) 18.2 , 144.93 (c) 26, 144.93 (d) 26,207.04

Answer: (a)

Explanation

Log mean temperature difference is given by

LMTD
∆ T 1 = Th,in – Tc,out
∆ T 2 = Th,out– Tc,in
∆ T 1 = 80-55 =25 °C
∆ T 2 = 52-25 = 27 °C

∆ T lm = ¿1 - ∆ T 2)/ ln (∆ T 1/∆ T 2) -0.0769

= (25-27)/ ln(25/27)
=26 °C
∆ T lm =26 °C

Now, the mean temperature difference can be calculated as

∆ T m = FT ∆ T lm

For the calculation of the FT

Calculate
T co −T ci T hi −T ho
Y= and Z =
T hi −T ci T co−T ci

T co −T ci 55−25
Y= = =0.54
T hi −T ci 80−25

T hi −T ho 80−52
Z= = = 0.93 1
T co−T ci 55−25
In the graph above the value of Y and Z corresponds to FT = 0.7

Hence,

∆ T m = FT ∆ T lm
∆ T m = (0.7) (26)
= 18.2 °C

The overall heat transfer coefficient is determined by

Q̇ =[ṁ c p(∆ T )]
0.3× 4187(55−25)
=

=37683 W

Now, we know that

Q̇ = UA∆ T m
= 37683 = U×10×18.2
U = 207.04W/m2.K

Q22 : Consider an iron sphere of mass 3 kg and initially at a temperature of 150 °C is

immersed in a fluid at a temperature of 50 °C and heat transfer coefficient 40 W/m 2
K. Estimate the time required (in hr) to cool the iron sphere to 100 °C. For reference
consider the values as:
Density of iron: 7000 Kg/m3
Cp= 460 J/Kg. K
k=80 W/m K
a.310.04
b.51.67
c.5.167
d.18602
Answer: (c)
Explanation :
Mass m
Density= =
Volume V

m
V= =4.28×10-4 m3
ρ
R
Characteristics length Lc = ( for the case of sphere)
3
Volume of sphere V= 4/3 π R3

R=
√ 3 V ×3
4×π
=0.046m

Lc=R/3 = 0.0155 m
h lc
Biot number Bi= =0.01 < 0.1
k
Since Bi<0.1 this is a lumped analysis type problem.
For this problem:
T −T ∞ − ¿^ ¿
= e ρv C
T o −T ∞
p

100−50 − ¿^ ¿
= e ρV C
150−50
p

t = 5.167 hr

Q23-A slab of thickness 5cm, inner temperature 70°C. The outer surface is
maintained at a temperature of 40°C.The thermal conductivity of the slab is 1 W/m.
Now the slab is covered with an insulation which is 1cm thick and heat conductivity
0.4 K/m.K.
Calculate the percentage change of heat loss with and without insulation.
(a) 50 (b) 33.33 (c) 66.67 (d) 20
Answer: (b)
Explanation :

Case 1 without insulation

 ∆T 70−40
Q1 = x 1 = 0.05 = 600 W
k1 1
This is the case of unsteady state heat conduction
∆T1 ∆T2
x1 = x2
k1 k2
40−T 3
600 = 0.01
0.4
T3 = 25°C
Overall heat loss in case 2 : With insulation
∆T 70−40
Q2 = x 1 x 2 = 0.05 0.01 = 400 W
+ +
k1 k 2 1 0.4
The percentage change of heat loss
% change = (Q1-Q2) / Q1
= (600 – 400)/600
=33.33 %

Q24 : Calculate the heat flux at the surface of a radiator that behaves as a black body
with the surface temperature 55 °C.
a.51.88 W/ m2
b. 6.56 W/ m2
c. 0.5188 W/ m2
d.656.2 W/m2
Q
Answer: q= = σ T4 (σ is Stefan Boltzmann’s constant)
A
Where σ is the Stefan- Boltzmann constant , T is in Kel
q=5.67×10-8× (55+273)4
q=656.2 W/m2

Q25 : A boiler furnace of area 20 m2 is constructed with wall of three different

insulation materials. The inner brick wall has thermal conductivity 0.7 W/m K and is
0.25 m thick. A middle layer of ceramic is 0.15m thick and its thermal conductivity is
0.28 W/m K. The steel protective layer has a thickness of 0.18 m and thermal
conductivity 0.02 W/m K. The temperature at brick layer is measured at 500K and the
surface temperature of the last layer of insulation is 100K. Calculate the interface
temperature difference of layers.
(a) 465.11 (b) 365.11 (c)134.89 (d) 130
Answer (c)
Explanation
ΔT
ΔT
Answer: Q= x1 x2 x3 =
+ + R total
Ak 1 Ak 2 Ak 3
ΔT= (500-100) K
ΔT=400K
x1 0.025
R1 = = =0.017 m
Ak 1 20× 0.7
x2 0.15
R2= = =0.026 m
Ak 2 20× 0.28
x3 0.18
R3= = =0.45 m
Ak 3 20× 0.02
Rtotal = 0.493m
Q= 811.35W
Interface temperature of layers (T2-T3)
T 2−T 3
Q=
R3
T2-T3= Q×R3
T2-T3= 365.11 K

Q26 : Biot number is defined as:

a. Conduction within the body /convection to the surface of the body
b. Dimensionless independent heat transfer parameter
c. convection to the surface of the body/conduction within the body
d. dimensionless temperature gradient at the surface
Answer: c
Explanation : Bi is a dimensionless quantity used in the heat transfer calculation.
Bi number is defined as
Bi = hL/K
In other terms Bi is the ratio of convection to the surface of the body to conduction
within the body.

Q 1 - A hot sphere of diameter D initially at temperature To is exposed to an ambient

atmosphere with temperature T, and heat transfer coefficient h. The conductivity of
the sphere is k. When can the internal resistance to heat transfer be neglected.

(a) Bi<<1, (b) Bi>>1, (c) Nu>>1 (d) Nu<<1,

Note Bi=h D/ks and Nu=h D/kf, where ks, kf are solid and fluid conductivities. In that
case find the temperature of the ball after 5 minutes in °C.

D=0.1 m, ρ =2000 kg/m3 , Cp=4000 J/kg.k, h=100 W/m2k,To= 25°C , T= 500°C

(a) 404.29 (b)393.70

(c) 120.71 (d) 346.68

Answer (a) & (c)

Solution : According to lumped parameter analysis assumption : a uniform

temperature distribution should be maintained throughout the body, which implies
that the heat resistance is zero.

Lumped parameter analysis is applicable when Bi<<0

(b)

In case of unsteady state heat condition, check lumped parameter condition.

T f −T ∞ − ¿^ ¿
= e ρv C
T i−T ∞
p

Cp – heat capacity of the solid sphere

V – Volume of sphere
A- Area of sphere

ρ – Density of the sphere

On solving

T= 120.71°C

Q2- A salt solution is to concentrated from 10% to 30% (mass basis) in a single effect
evaporator. The feed enters the evaporator at a rate of 20kg/s at a temperature of
310K. Inlet steam is at a pressure of 1.5 bar and saturation temperature of the steam is
330K. The pressure in the vapor phase of the evaporator is 0.2 bar and the
concentrated solution is at 335K. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 3000W/m 2K
, calculate the Heat transfer surface area.

Relevant data
Heat of vaporization of saturated steam at 1.5 bar, 385K is 2226kJ/kg
Saturated steam enthalpy at 0.2 bar, 335K is 251.46 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of feed at 310K is 80kJ/kg
Concentrated solution (30%; 340K) is 400kJ/kg
(Boiling point elevation is 5K)
Answer 50.44K
SOL : All the data used in equations is given in question

→ Overall balance
F=V+L (1)
→ Mass balance
F xF = L xL (2)
20 (0.10) = L (0.30)
 (20 ×0.10)
L= = 6.66 kg /s
0.30
By equation (1)
V = 13.33 kg /s
Energy balance :
F h F + S H s =Lh L + V h v + 5 hs
F h F + S( H ¿ ¿ s−h s)= Lh L +V h v ¿
F h F + S ( λ )=¿ L hL +V hv
λ→ Latent heat of vapourization
∴ (10 × 80) + 5 × 2226 = 6.66 × 400 + 13.33 × 251.46
= 800 +2226 S = 2664 + 3351.96
S= 3.06 kg/s

Now, to find the area

q=UA∆T
q=5λ [KJ /s]
= 6811.56 KJ /s
Now, ∆ T = 385 − 340
= 45 K
∴ On solving
A = 50.44 m2

Q3
(a) What are the parameters required to measure the evaporator economy
(a) Evaporator capacity (b) Heat consumption
(c) Evaporator temperature (d) Inlet flowrate
(b) Consider a natural circulation evaporator with a feed flowrate of 200 kg/min
and inlet temperature of 30°C.If the evaporator capacity is 20kg/hr and the steam
consumption is 60 kg/hr then find the evaporator economy?
(a) 33.33% (b) 10 % (c) 30% (d) 50%
Answers (a) part
(a) and (b)
(b) - Answer (a)
Sol : The performance of a steam – heated evaporator is measured in terms of
capacity and economy.
Economy is the number of water vaporized from all the effects per
kilogram of stream used.
Evaporator capacity
Economy =
Heat Consumption
20
= = 33.33 %
60

1 marks
Q27- A sphere is inscribed inside a cube as shown in the diagram. The side ‘L’ of the
cube is equal to the diameter of the sphere i.e L=D. Determine the view factors F12 and
F22 respectively, using summation and reciprocity rule.
π π π π
(a) 1, (b) 1,1− (c) 0, (d) 1,
6 6 6 4
Answer (b)
Sol:

F11 = 0
By summation rule
F11 +F12 = 1
F12 =1
By reciprocity rule
F12 A1 = F21 A2
 A1
= F12
A2
X 4 π r2
= F12
6 L2
2
πD
=1× [ L = D]
6 D2
π
=
6
Again, by summation rule
F22 + F21 =1
π
F22 = 1−
6
Q28 – A heating element at a temperature of 300°C, radiates heat in a furnace
maintained at 200°C. The heat flux is 10 KW/m 2. What will be the flux when the
heating element temperature is increased by 400°C for the same furnace temperature
(a) 146.7 (b) 26.89
(c) 36.92 (d) 366.92
Answer (a)
Sol: T1= 300 0C = 300 +273.15 =573.15 K
T2 =200 0C = 200 +273.15 =473.15
q = 10 kw /m2
Heat flux by radiations
q
= σ F (T 41−T 42 ¿
A
q
where heat flux
A
σ = Stefan – Boltzmann Constant
F= view factor
Case 1 :
q
=¿ σ F[( 573.15)4 −( 473.15)4 ] (1)
A
Case 2 : When heating element temperature increased by 4000C
T1 = 7000C = 700 +273.15 0C
= 973.15 0C
q'
∴ = σ F[(973.15)4−(473.15)4 ] (2)
A
q ' [(973.15) −( 473.15) ]
4 4
=
A [(573.15)4−( 473.15)4 ]

= 146.741 KW/m2
Q29 – In a refinery, a shell and tube heat exchanger was installed. At the time of
installation, the overall heat transfer coefficient of the exchanger was Uc= 300
W/m2K. After 5 years of operation it gets fouled and the fouling factor is found to be
1000W/ m2K. The overall heat transfer coefficient at present is
(a) 0.001 (b) 0.004 (c)1300 (d) 230.76 W/ m2K (d) 230.76 W/m2K
Answer (d)
Sol : The overall heat transfer coefficient
1 1 1
= = where
U o U c hf
vc → heat coefficient 5 years ago
1 1
= + hf → heat coefficient after fouling
300 1000
U0 = 230.946 W/m2
Q30 – A steam pipe carrying fluid at a temperature of 180°C, the diameter of the pipe
is 6 cm, conductivity 0.8 W/m °C. The pipe is covered with an insulation of thickness
1.5 cm. It loses heat to the surrounding maintained at a temperature of 25°C. The heat
transfer coefficient for the heat transfer from surface to the surrounding is 10 W/m 2
°C. Neglecting all the other resistances,
(A) the critical radius of the pipe will be
(a)4.5 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 1.25 cm
(B) then the rate of heat loss from the insulated pipe will be
(a)less than that of uninsulated pipe
(b)greater than that of uninsulated pipe
(c) both uninsulated and insulated have the same heat loss
(d) less than the uninsulated pipe even if the thickness increased to 2.5 cm
Answer (b) and (b)
Solution:The graph shows the variation of Q with the radius ‘r’.
 6 cm
1.5 cm

Radius of pipe =3 cm
Thickness =1.5cm
∴ k = 0.8 W/m 0C
H =10 W /m2
k 0.8
r cr = = = 0.08 m
h0 10
= 8cm
Bare pipe r1 =3cm , thickness =1.5 cm = (3 + 1.5)
r = 4.5 cm ,
The critical radius =8cm
Till critical radius r cr = 8cm , the rate of heat loss will increase as indicated in
the graph above .
⇒ As shown in the graph above the rate of heat loss will increase upto the
critical radius i.e 8 cm and after that it decrease. Therefore, in this case with
insulation the radius of insulated pipe is 4.5cm which is less than the critical radius
and hence rate of heat loss will increase and will be more than that of uninsulated
pipe.