Respiratory System [LAB]

Finals Reviewer / Transcribe - October 10, 2022

MAIN FUNCTIONS ● Warms Air

● Sneezing dislodges materials from the
1. Gas Exchange nose
2. Regulation of Blood pH
3. Voice Production PHARYNX
4. Olfaction
5. Innate Immunity ● Throat
6. Ventilation ● Common passageway for respiratory
and digestive systems. .
● Nasopharynx
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT - Takes in the air.
● Oropharynx
● External Nose - Extends from uvula to
- Composed mainly of hyaline epiglottis.
cartilage. - Takes in food, drink, and air.
● Nasal Cavity ● Laryngopharynx
- Extends from nares (nostrils) - Extends from epiglottis to
to choane. esophagus.
- Choane: Openings to pharynx. - Food and drink passes
- Hard palate is its roof. through.
● Paranasal Sinuses ● Uvula
- Air-filled spaces within bone. - Punching bag-like, “little
- Open into the nasal cavity. grape.”
- Lined with mucous (sipon). Extension of soft palate.
● Conchae ● Pharyngeal Tonsil
- On each site of the nasal - Aids in defending against
cavity. infections.
- Increase surface area of nasal
cavity.
- Helps in cleaning, humidifying, LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
and warming of air.
● Nasolacrimal Ducts LARYNX
- Carry tears from eyes.
- Opens into the nasal cavity. ● In front of the throat.
● Consists of cartilage.
FUNCTIONS OF NOSE ● Thyroid Cartilage
- Largest piece of cartilage.
● Filters - Adam’s apple.
● Airway for Respiration ● Epiglottis
● Involved in Speech - Piece of cartilage.
● Olfactory Receptors
 - Flaps that prevent swallowed ● Left lung has 2 lobes.
materials from entering the ● Contains many air passageways
larynx. (divisions).
● Vocal Folds / Cords
- Source of voice production. AIR PASSAGEWAYS OF LUNGS
- Air moves past them, they
vibrate, and sound is 1. Primary Bronchi
produced. 2. Lobar (Secondary) Bronchi
- Force of air determines 3. Segmental (Tertiary) Bronchi
loudness. 4. Bronchioles
- Tension determines pitch. 5. Terminal Bronchioles
● Laryngitis 6. Respiratory Bronchioles
- Inflammation of vocal cords. 7. Alveolar Ducts
- Caused by overuse, dry air, 8. Alveoli
infection. - Structures become smaller
and more numerous from
TRACHEA primary bronchi to alveoli.
● Alveoli
● Windpipe - Small air sacs.
● Consists of 16-20 C shaped pieces of - Where gas exchange occurs.
cartilage. - Surrounded by capillaries.
● Contains cilia pseudostratified - 300 million in lungs.
columnar epi. ● Asthma Attack
● Smoking kills cilia. - Contraction of terminal
● Coughing dislodges materials from bronchioles leads to reduced
trachea. air flow.
● Divides into right and left primary
bronchi (lungs).
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
BRONCHI
● Inside the lungs where gas exchange
● Divide from trachea. between air and blood happens.
● Connect to lungs. ● Formed by walls of alveoli and
● Lined with cilia. capillaries.
● Contains C shaped pieces of ● Alveolar ducts and respiratory
cartilages. bronchioles also contribute.
● Very thin for diffusion of gasses.
LUNGS
LAYERS OF RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
● Primary organ of respiration.
● Cone-shaped. ● Thin layer of fluid from alveolus.
● Rests on diaphragm. ● Alveolar epithelium (simple squamous)
● Right lung has 3 lobes.
● Basement membrane of alveolar
epithelium.
● Thin interstitial space.
● Basement membrane of capillary
endothelium.
● Capillary endothelium (simple
squamous).

PLEURAL MEMBRANES & CAVITIES

● Pleura
- Double-layered membrane
around lungs.
● Parietal Pleura
- Membrane that lines the
thoracic cavity.
● Visceral Pleura
- Membrane that covers the
lung's surface.