DRRR

DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

NAME
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PRELIMS - MIDTERMS

THE NATURE OF DISASTERS AND DISASTER RISKS MAN-MADE HAZARDS

● Conflicts / war
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION (DRRR) ● Famine
● Displaced populations
● is multi-disciplinary in nature, bringing together physical, ● Industrial accidents
psychological, biological, socio-cultural, political, and ● Transport accidents
economic factors. ● Environmental degradation
● Pollutions
DISASTER
● a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or EFFECTS OF DISASTERS
a society involving widespread human, material,
PRIMARY
economic, or environmental
losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of ❖ direct situations arising from the disaster itself
the affected community to cope using its own resources. ❖ Ex. typhoon > flooding, destruction of houses and
properties, loss of life, etc.
HAZARD
SECONDARY
● a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity, or
condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other ❖ situations resulting from the primary effects
health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and ❖ Ex. typhoon > disruption of electrical and water services
services, social and economic disruption, or due to damaged power and water lines
environmental damage. TERTIARY

DISASTER RISK ❖ not experienced during the disaster but can be felt some
time after the disaster.
● Determines the tendency of a community to face ❖ It can happen when primary or secondary effects become
disasters permanent.
● Specific to a location or condition of a community ❖ Ex. typhoon > flooding (primary) > change in the river
channel (which may then result to lack of water to the
NATURAL HAZARDS area around the old channel)
BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF DISASTERS
❖ Pathogens
❖ Toxins ● People
❖ Bioactive substances ● Economy
● Buildings and infrastructures
GEOLOGICAL ● environment
❖ Seismic activities DISASTER RISK PERSPECTIVES
❖ Volcanism
❖ Landslides PHYSICAL
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
❖ visible or tangible materials, whether natural or
man-made
❖ Floods ❖ Ex. Cracks on main roads / buildings
❖ Cyclones
❖ Storm surge PSYCHOLOGICAL
❖ Wildfire
❖ Avalanche ❖ people’s emotional, cognitive, or interpersonal reaction
to difficulties
❖ Ex. Mental retardation, trauma, anxiety FACTORS IN ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY

SOCIOCULTURAL ● Proximity
● Population density
❖ response of people, whether victims or not, to ● Capacity and efficiency to reduce disaster risk
emergency situations and to the kind of assistance they ● Building codes and disaster policies
receive
❖ Ex. Religions, customs, beliefs, attitudes and values CONCEPT OF EXPOSURE
ECONOMIC ● “The elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard
event.” (Geoscience Australia)
❖ disruption of economic activities in the community
● The more a community is exposed to hazard factors, the
❖ Ex. Disruption of flow of goods and services, destruction
higher the disaster risk.
of fixed assets and infrastructures
● A community can be exposed to earthquakes but is not
POLITICAL necessarily vulnerable (e.g. Buildings in Japan)

❖ how government services are used to reduce loss or ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS
damage by preparing for and preventing disasters
❖ Ex. Poverty reduction strategies, DRRM system, urban PHYSICAL ELEMENTS
planning
❖ tangible and visually seen
BIOLOGICAL ❖ landscapes, inhabitants, buildings, other structures
❖ potential for infectious or communicable diseases
SOCIOECONOMIC ELEMENTS
❖ Ex. Presence of medical and sanitation facilities and
services ❖ institutional and government systems that dictate the
well-being and lifestyles of communities
EXPOSURE, VULNERABILITY, AND HAZARDS ❖ communications, transportation, delivery of goods and
services, network of market and trade, peace and order

CONCEPT OF VULNERABILITY
ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS
● “The diminished capacity of an individual or group to
❖ ecosystems and natural processes that are exposed to
anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the impact
hazard events
of a natural or man-made hazard.” (International
❖ Deforestation, exploitation of natural resources,
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies)
overgrazing
● “Characteristics and circumstances of a community,
system, or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging
ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS
effects of a hazard.” (United Nations Office for Disaster
Risk Reduction) MAGNITUDE OR STRENGTH OF THE EVENT

VULNERABILITY ❖ Can be assessed by measurements obtained from

scientific instruments
SITUATION SPECIFIC
FREQUENCY
❖ Ex. Earthquake in a particular region
❖ It does not mean that all provinces in that region are ❖ It tells the proneness of a community to that hazard,
vulnerable usually associated with geographical location or
❖ Vulnerability differs in the way they prepare for the topographical condition
hazard and the amount of resources they have to prevent
and manage it. DURATION OF IMPACT

HAZARD SPECIFIC ❖ Either short or long

❖ A community that is vulnerable to earthquakes does not CAUSALITY OF EVENTS

necessarily mean that it is also vulnerable to typhoons
❖ Whether the exposed element receives the disaster
directly or indirectly
 HAZARD PRONE AREAS ● Plan emergency exits and know escape routes
● A location where a natural hazard is likely to happen if ● Practice evacuation plan and earthquake drills
preventive measures are not implemented. ● Take first aid training and plan for special needs or elderly
RELATIONSHIP OF HAZARDS, EXPOSURE, ● Plan places where your family will meet, both within and
AND VULNERABILITY outside of your immediate neighborhood. Become
familiar with alternate routes and other means of
Vulnerability, Exposure, Hazards = Disaster Risk transportation out your area.
★ Sensitivity to hazard (hazard, vulnerability) ● If you have a car, keep a half tank of gas in it at all times
★ Pathway for exposure (hazard, exposure) in case you need to evacuate. If you do not have a car,
★ Level of exposure (vulnerability, exposure) plan how you will leave if you have to.
● Take your emergency supply kit unless you have a reason
THE COMPONENTS FOR ASSESSING RISK to believe it has been contaminated.
● Lock the door behind you.
VULNERABILITY
● Take your pets with you.
❖ The likelihood that assets will be damaged or
destroyed when exposed to a hazard event POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
HAZARD GROUND SHAKING
❖ The likelihood, probability, or chance of a potentially ❖ caused be the passage of seismic waves
destructive phenomenon ❖ intensity of ground shaking depends on the geologic
makeup of the ground, duration, and proximity to the
IMPACT
epicenter
❖ For use in preparedness, an evaluation of what might
➔ Body Waves (crust)
happen to people and assets from a single event
○ P Wave
EXPOSURE ○ S Wave

❖ The location, attributes, and values of assets that are ➔ Surface Waves (surface)
important to communities ○ Rayleigh Wave
○ Love Wave
RISK
GROUND RUPTURE
❖ Is the composite of the impacts of ALL potential events
[100’s or 1000’s of models] ❖ ground movement happens on a fault line and breaks
through the surface
WHY IS THERE A NEED TO HAVE AN EMERGENCY ➔ Normal Fault - hanging wall goes down
AND EVACUATION PLAN?
➔ Reverse Fault - hanging wall move upwards
● An emergency plan specifies procedures for handling ➔ Strike-Slip Fault - sideways
sudden or unexpected situations. The objective is to be
prepared to: Prevent fatalities and injuries. Reduce LIQUEFACTION
damage to buildings, stock, and equipment. ❖ loose materials in the soil mixes with groundwater or soil
● Creating an evacuation plan is important because many saturated with water
people simply do not know what to do when they are ❖ soil behaves like quicksand
confronted with a dire emergency. When people become
overwhelmed by an emergency, it is often difficult for EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND SUBSIDENCE
them to think clearly and establish a logical plan from
scratch. ❖ lowering of land
❖ movement of ground could be horizontal, vertical, or
FAMILY EMERGENCY PLAN both

● Select family meeting places TSUNAMI

➔ easy to remember and identify
❖ “Harbor Wave”
➔ open spaces
❖ series of waves that are generated by a sudden
➔ walking distance
displacement on the ocean floor caused by large-scale
● Family emergency contact undersea landslide, earthquake, submarine volcanic
➔ someone reliable eruptions, or large meteor crash at the sea
➔ outside of province
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE RAINFALL-INDUCED GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

❖ weakened section of the land falls off primarily due to

gravity TYPES OF RAINFALL-INDUCED GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
❖ weak land may be composed of frail rocks or soft soil
LANDSLIDES
foundation, man- made activities
❖ Also called “landslip”
★ SEISMOMETER ❖ Ground movement on a sloping terrain
➔ instrument used to measure movements in the ❖ Do not happen on flat grounds
earth’s surface ❖ Water + gravity + loosened soil
★ SEISMOGRAPH
➔ records the strength of tremor or shaking captured ◆ Landslides happen when gravity overcomes the frictional
by the seismometer forces keeping layers of rock in place on a slope
➔ Vertical and Horizontal Seismograph ◆ The ground we stand on is made up of layers of different
rocks and other materials
EARTHQUAKE PREPARATION (TIPS & INFORMATION) ◆ Often a weak geological layer for example a fragile layer
of shale will form a ‘failure plane’ which makes a slope
THE BIG ONE unstable
◆ Disturbances can cause the upper layer of the land to
❖ Magnitude: 7.2
slide away
❖ 357 years ago
◆ Heavy rain adds weight and lubricates layers to cause
❖ Will happen anytime in Metro Manila
landslides
❖ West Valley Fault
◆ Deforestation weakens root structure, increasing
BEFORE EARTHQUAKE landslide risk
◆ Earthquakes can shake layers loose to cause landslides
❖ Know the hazards ◆ Some landslides happen very slowly, over many years
❖ Know the evacuation area ◆ Cliffs can be worn away by ocean waves over time. When
❖ Prepare your house or workplace. the weight of the resulting overhang overcomes the
❖ Prepare an emergency supply kit. strength of the rock it will collapse
❖ Participate during drills.
SINKHOLES
DURING EARTHQUAKE
❖ Depressions/holes on the ground
❖ Drop, cover, hold on or stay in the safer part of the room. ❖ Collapse of surface layer of the soil because the bedrock
❖ If outside, move to an open area. cannot support it
❖ If near shore, move quickly to higher grounds. ❖ Limestone/salt beds/acidic rocks + water
❖ Move away from steep slopes ❖ Can also be triggered by earthquakes, volcanism,
❖ Stop if inside a moving vehicle. Do not cross bridges, construction and industrial activities, excessive
overpasses, or flyovers. groundwater pumping, ground excavation, and land
❖ Stay calm and alert. Watch out for falling objects, glass development
windows, shelves, cabinets, and other heavy objects that
may cause injury. SCIENTIFIC TOOLS FOR ASSESSING
LANDSLIDES AND SINKHOLES
AFTER EARTHQUAKE
★ FOR LANDSLIDES - Abney Level or Laser Rangefinder
❖ Evacuate. As soon as the shaking stops, take the fattest
★ FOR SINKHOLES - Penetrating Radar
and safest way out.
❖ Expect aftershocks
❖ Be updated. Monitor the situation from the radio. VOLCANO
❖ Put-out small fires using an extinguisher. ● An opening on the surface of a planet or moon that
❖ Check yourself and others for injuries. allows material warmer than its surroundings to escape
from its interior.
COMPUTER HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES ● Volcanoes are scattered across the planet. About 1, 500
● Open Street Map active volcanoes can be found across the world; though
● Fault Finder countless others are on the ocean floor.
● Project Noah ● Most volcanoes, whether land or water, are located
● Hazard Hunter PH where tectonic plates meet.
● Volcanoes emit gas and molten rock
● The ring of fire, a path that traces the boundaries BALLISTIC PROJECTILE
between several tectonic plates around the Pacific
Ocean, contains about 75 percent of the planet’s ❖ rock fragment that is ejected from a volcano during
volcanoes (450 volcanoes). eruption
❖ travels like a cannonball
MAGMA ❖ can be ‘bombs’ or blocks’
❖ Molten rocks beneath the Earth’s Surface ★ BLOCKS – rock is solid
❖ Magma is a liquid rock inside a volcano. ★ BOMB – partially molten or molten

LAVA VOLCANIC GAS

❖ Molten rocks that erupts from a volcano that solidifies as ❖ sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
it cools ❖ poisonous and hazardous
❖ Lava is a liquid rock that flows out of a volcano. ❖ can cause acid rain
❖ Fresh lava glows hot red ❖ corrosive
❖ can cause respiratory problems and other health risks
TYPES OF VOLCANO LAVA FLOW
STRATOVOLCANO ❖ molten rocks that pours down the slopes of the volcano
❖ Often appear as tall steep mountains (Mayon Volcano - ❖ denser and moves more slowly than pyroclastic flow
Philippines)
TWO TYPES OF LAVA FLOW
SHIELD VOLCANO
A’A
❖ Flatter and dome-shaped (Mauna Loa - United States)
❖ A’A Lava is much more ragged in appearance.
CALDERA ❖ It’s more viscous and it moves faster.
❖ It carries broken lava called “Clinkers”, which cover the
❖ Large depressions in the ground (Mount Bromo - actual lava flow.
Indonesia)
PAHOEHOE
MID-OCEAN RIDGES
❖ Pahoehoe Lava is smooth. Sometimes, it’s ropy and
❖ Underwater chains of volcanic mountains (Hydrothermal billowy in appearance.
Vent - Mid-Atlantic Ridge) ❖ It’s low in viscosity, the measure of fluid thickness.
❖ They generally move slowly.
VOLCANO HAZARDS
*Pahoehoe lava can sometimes turn into A’A when
LAHAR
encountering a steep slope. But once it does, it can never
❖ indonesian term revert back.
❖ mixture of water, pyroclastic materials, and rock
fragments SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

ASH FALL ➔ tremors

➔ ground deformation (swelling, tilting, fissuring, etc.
❖ bits and pieces of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic ➔ increase in volcanic gasses and temperature
glass ➔ crater glow
❖ may change the local weather for some time ➔ steam emission
❖ accumulation may cause roofs to collapse ➔ change in color of nearby vegetation (because the land
❖ corrosive and can destroy agricultural land, machineries tends to be acidic)
❖ can cause serious respiratory diseases ➔ landslides and rockfall (not rain-induced)
➔ drying up of springs and freshwater
PYROCLASTIC FLOW

❖ fast-moving fluidized mass of rock fragments and gasses

very high temperature
❖ gasses can explode and cause acid rain
❖ like lahar, its threat is far reaching