245

8882 It is permitted to model the thermal response of a tension element us-

8883 ing a one dimensional heat transfer equation with heat input as di-
8884 rected by the design-basis fire defined in 4.2.1.
8885
8886 The design strength of a tension member shall be determined from
8887 Chapter D, using steel properties as stipulated in 4.2.3 and assuming a
8888 uniform temperature over the cross section using the temperature
8889 equal to the maximum steel temperature.
8890
8891
8892 (2) Compression members
8893 It is permitted to model the thermal response of a compression ele-
8894 ment using a one dimensional heat transfer equation with heat input as

DRAFT
8895 directed by the design-basis fire defined in 4.2.1.
8896
8897 The design strength of a compression member shall be determined by
8898 Chapter E using steel properties as stipulated in 4.2.3.
8899
8900 (3) Flexural members
8901 It is permitted to model the thermal response of flexural elements us-
8902 ing a one -dimensional heat transfer equation to calculate bottom
8903 flange temperature and to assume that this bottom flange temperature
8904 is constant over the depth of the member.
8905
8906 The design strength of a flexural member shall be determined using
8907 the provisions of chapter F using steel properties as stipulated in 4.2.3.
8908
8909 (4) Composite floor members
8910 It is permitted to model the thermal response of flexural elements sup-
8911 porting a concrete slab using a one dimensional heat transfer equation
8912 to calculate bottom flange temperature. That temperature shall be
8913 taken as constant between the bottom flange and mid-depth of the web
8914 and shall decrease linearly by no more than 25 percent from the mid-
8915 depth of the web to the top flange of the beam.
8916
8917 The design strength of a composite flexural member shall be deter-
8918 mined using the provisions of Chapter I, with reduced yield stresses in
8919 the steel consistent with the temperature variation described under
8920 thermal response.
8921
8922 4.2.4.4 Design strength
8923
8924 The design strength shall be determined as in Section B3.3. The nominal
8925 strength, Rn, shall be calculated using material properties, as stipulated in
8926 Section 4.2.3, at the temperature developed by the design-basis fire.
8927

8928 4.3 DESIGN BY QUALIFICATION TESTING

8929
8930 4.3.1 Qualification Standards
8931
8932 Structural members and components in steel buildings shall be qualified
8933 for the rating period in conformance with ASTM Standard E119. It shall
8934 be permitted to demonstrate compliance with these requirements using the

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8935 procedures specified for steel construction in Section 5 of ASCE/SFPE

8936 Standard 29.
8937
8938 4.3.2 Restrained Construction
8939
8940 For floor and roof assemblies and individual beams in buildings, a
8941 restrained condition exists when the surrounding or supporting structure is
8942 capable of resisting actions caused by thermal expansion throughout the
8943 range of anticipated elevated temperatures.
8944
8945 Steel beams, girders, and frames supporting concrete slabs that are welded
8946 or bolted to integral framing members (i.e., columns, girders) shall be
8947 considered restrained construction.
8948
8949 4.3.3 Unrestrained Construction
8950
8951 Steel beams, girders and frames that do not support a concrete slab shall be
8952 considered unrestrained unless the members are bolted or welded to
8953 surrounding construction that has been specifically designed and detailed
8954 to resist actions caused by thermal expansion.
8955
8956 A steel member bearing on a wall in a single span or at the end span of
8957 multiple spans shall be considered unrestrained unless the wall has been
8958 designed and detailed to resist effects of thermal expansion.

8959
8960
8961
8962
8963
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970
8971
8972
8973
8974

8975

8976

8977

8978
8979

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

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 247

Comment: No ballot items in ballot 2004-6-

8980 APPENDIX 5 360-5.

8981 EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES

8982
8983
8984 This appendix applies to the evaluation of the strength and stiffness under static
8985 vertical (gravity) loads of existing structures by structural analysis, by load tests, or
8986 by a combination of structural analysis and load tests when specified by the
8987 Engineer of Record or in the contract documents. For such evaluation, the steel
8988 grades are not limited to those listed in Section A3.1. This appendix does not
8989 address load testing for the effects of seismic loads or moving loads (vibrations).

DRAFT
8990
8991 This Appendix is organized as follows:
8992
8993 5.1. General Provisions
8994 5.2. Material Properties
8995 5.3. Evaluation by Structural analysis
8996 5.4. Evaluation by Load Tests
8997 5.5. Evaluation Report
8998
8999 5.1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
9000
9001 These provisions shall be applicable when the evaluation of an existing steel
9002 structure is specified for (a) verification of a specific set of design loadings or
9003 (b) determination of the available strength of a load resisting member or
9004 system. The evaluation shall be performed by structural analysis (Section
9005 5.3), by load tests (Section 5.4), or by a combination of structural analysis
9006 and load tests, as specified in the contract documents. Where load tests are
9007 used, the Engineer of record shall first analyze the structure, prepare a testing
9008 plan, and develop a written procedure to prevent excessive permanent
9009 deformation or catastrophic collapse during testing.
9010
9011 5.2. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
9012
9013 1. Determination of Required Tests
9014
9015 The Engineer of Record shall determine the specific tests that are required
9016 from Section 5.2.2 through 5.2.6 and specify the locations where they are
9017 required. Where available, the use of applicable project records shall be
9018 permitted to reduce or eliminate the need for testing.
9019
9020 2. Tensile Properties
9021
9022 Tensile properties of members shall be considered in evaluation by structural
9023 analysis (Section 5.3) or load tests (Section 5.4). Such properties shall
9024 include the yield stress, tensile strength, and percent elongation. Where
9025 available, certified mill test reports or certified reports of tests made by the
9026 fabricator or a testing laboratory in accordance with ASTM A6/A6M or
9027 A568/A568M, as applicable, shall be permitted for this purpose. Otherwise,
9028 tensile tests shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM A370 from samples
9029 cut from components of the structure.
9030

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9031 3. Chemical Composition

9032
9033 Where welding is anticipated for repair or modification of existing structures,
9034 the chemical composition of the steel shall be determined for use in preparing
9035 a welding procedure specification (WPS). Where available, results from
9036 certified mill test reports or certified reports of tests made by the fabricator or
9037 a testing laboratory in accordance with ASTM procedures shall be permitted
9038 for this purpose. Otherwise, analyses shall be conducted in accordance with
9039 ASTM A751 from the samples used to determine tensile properties, or from
9040 samples taken from the same locations.
9041
9042 4. Base Metal Notch Toughness
9043
9044 Where welded tension splices in heavy shapes and plates as defined in
9045 Section A3.1c are critical to the performance of the structure, the Charpy V-
9046 notch toughness shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of
9047 Section A3.1c. If the notch toughness so determined does not meet the
9048 provisions of Section A3.1c, the Engineer of Record shall determine if
9049 remedial actions are required.
9050
9051 5. Weld Metal
9052
9053 Where structural performance is dependent on existing welded connections,
9054 representative samples of weld metal shall be obtained. Chemical analysis
9055 and mechanical tests shall be made to characterize the weld metal. A
9056 determination shall be made of the magnitude and consequences of
9057 imperfections. If the requirements of AWS D1.1 are not met, the Engineer of
9058 Record shall determine if remedial actions are required.
9059
9060 6. Bolts and Rivets
9061
9062 Representative samples of bolts shall be inspected to determine markings and
9063 classifications. Where bolts can not be properly identified visually,
9064 representative samples shall be removed and tested to determine tensile
9065 strength in accordance with ASTM F606 or ASTM F606M and the bolt
9066 classified accordingly. Alternatively, the assumption that the bolts are A307
9067 shall be permitted. Rivets shall be assumed to be A502, Grade 1, unless a
9068 higher grade is established through documentation or testing.
9069
9070 5.3. EVALUATION BY STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
9071
9072 1. Dimensional Data
9073
9074 All dimensions used in the evaluation, such as spans, column heights,
9075 member spacings, bracing locations, cross section dimensions, thicknesses,
9076 and connection details, shall be determined from a field survey. Alterna-
9077 tively, when available, it shall be permitted to determine such dimensions
9078 from applicable project design or shop drawings with field verification of
9079 critical values.
9080
9081 2. Strength Evaluation
9082
9083 Forces (load effects) in members and connections shall be determined by
9084 structural analysis applicable to the type of structure evaluated. The load

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9085 effects shall be determined for the loads and factored load combinations
9086 stipulated in Section B2.
9087
9088 The available strength of members and connections shall be determined from
9089 applicable provisions of Chapters B through K of this Specification.
9090
9091 3. Serviceability Evaluation
9092
9093 Where required, the deformations at service loads shall be calculated and
9094 reported.
9095
9096 5.4. EVALUATION BY LOAD TESTS
9097

DRAFT
9098 1. Determination of Load Rating by Testing
9099
9100 To determine the load rating of an existing floor or roof structure by testing, a
9101 test load shall be applied incrementally in accordance with the Engineer of
9102 Record's plan. The structure shall be visually inspected for signs of distress
9103 or imminent failure at each load level. Appropriate measures shall be taken if
9104 these or any other unusual conditions are encountered.
9105
9106 The tested strength of the structure shall be taken as the maximum applied
9107 test load plus the in-situ dead load. The live load rating of a floor structure
9108 shall be determined by setting the tested strength equal to 1.2D + 1.6L, where
9109 D is the nominal dead load and L is the nominal live load rating for the
9110 structure. The nominal live load rating of the floor structure shall not exceed
9111 that which can be calculated using applicable provisions of the specification.
9112 For roof structures, Lr, S, or R as defined in the Symbols, shall be substituted
9113 for L. More severe load combinations shall be used where required by
9114 applicable building codes.
9115
9116 Periodic unloading shall be considered once the service load level is attained
9117 and after the onset of inelastic structural behavior is identified to document
9118 the amount of permanent set and the magnitude of the inelastic deformations.
9119 Deformations of the structure, such as member deflections, shall be
9120 monitored at critical locations during the test, referenced to the initial position
9121 before loading. It shall be demonstrated, while maintaining maximum test
9122 load for one hour, that the deformation of the structure does not increase by
9123 more than 10 percent above that at the beginning of the holding period. It is
9124 permissible to repeat the sequence if necessary to demonstrate compliance.
9125
9126 Deformations of the structure shall also be recorded 24 hours after the test
9127 loading is removed to determine the amount of permanent set. Because the
9128 amount of acceptable permanent deformation depends on the specific
9129 structure, no limit is specified for permanent deformation at maximum
9130 loading. Where it is not feasible to load test the entire structure, a segment or
9131 zone of not less than one complete bay, representative of the most critical
9132 conditions, shall be selected.
9133
9134 2. Serviceability Evaluation
9135
9136 When load tests are prescribed, the structure shall be loaded incrementally to
9137 the service load level. Deformations shall be monitored for a period of one
9138 hour. The structure shall then be unloaded and the deformation recorded.
9139

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AUGUST 2004