CMP-3440 – Database Systems

Database Overview

Lecture 01
“zain”

1
TEXTBOOK:

• Modern Database Management by Fred McFadden, Jeffrey

Hoofer, Mary Prescott, Prentice Hall; 11th Edition (July 26,
2012). ISBN-10: 0132662256

• 10th Edition is OK as well

2
What is Database

3
 Files and Databases
• File: is a collection of records or documents dealing with one
organization, person, area or subject.
• Manual paper files
• Computer files

• Database: is a collection of similar records with relationships between

the records.
• Statistical, business data, images etc.

4
 Database
• A database is a collection of stored operational data used by the
application systems of some particular enterprise.

• Paper databases?

• File bases data processing systems?

• Database management systems (DBMS)?

5
 Terms and Concepts
• Database management systems (DBMS)
• Software system used to define, create, maintain and provide
controlled access to the database and its metadata.

• Data Dictionary (Repository)

• The place where all metadata for a particular database is stored.
• May also include information on relationships between files or
tables in a particular database.

6
 Terms and Concepts
• Metadata

• Data about data.

• In DBMS means all characteristics describing the attributes of an

entity, such as name, data type, size and format of an attribute.

• Characteristics of files or relations, such as name, content, notes

etc.

7
 History of Database Systems
• First Generation
• Hierarchical and Network

• Second Generation
• Relational

• Third Generation
• Object-Relational
• Object-Oriented
8
 History – Why DBMS
• 50s and 60s
• All applications were custom built for particular needs.
• File based.
• Many similar/duplicative applications dealing with collection of
business data.
• Early DBMS were extensions of programming languages.

• 1970s
• 1970: E.F. Codd and the Relational Model
• 1979: Ashton-Tate and first Microcomputer DBMS

9
 From File Systems to DBMS
• Problems with File Processing Systems

• Inconsistent data
• Inflexibility
• Limited data sharing
• Poor enforcement of standards
• Excessive program maintenance

10
 From File Systems to DBMS
• DBMS Benefits
• Minimal data redundancy (usefulness)
• Consistency of data
• Integration of data
• Sharing of data
• Ease of application development
• Uniform security, privacy and integrity controls
• Data accessibility and responsiveness
• Data independence
• Reduces program maintenance

11
 DBMS Environment

CASE User Application

Tools Interface Programs

DBMS
Repository Database

12
 DBMS Components
DBMS
===============
Design tools
Table Creation
Form Creation
Query Creation
Report Creation
Application
Procedural
language Programs
Database
compiler (4GL)
=============
Run time
Database contains: Form processor
User’s Data Query processor User
Metadata Report Writer Interface
Indexes Language Run time Applications
Application Metadata

13
 Types of Database Systems
• PC Databases
• Access
• FoxPro

14
 Types of Database Systems
• Centralized Databases

Central
Computer

15
 Types of Database Systems
• Client/Server Databases Client

Client
Network

Database
Server
Client
16
 Types of Database Systems
• Distributed Databases
Location B
Location C

computer
computer

computer

Location A 17
 Database Activities
• Create
• Adds new data to the database
• Read
• Reads current data from the database
• Update
• Updates or modifies current database data
• Delete
• Removes current data from the database

18
 Database Application
• An application program (set of related programs) that is used to
perform a series of database activities:
• Create
• Read
• Update
• Delete

• On behalf of database users

19
 Range of Database Applications
• PC Databases: usually for individuals

• Workgroup Databases: small group where everyone has access to

database over LAN

• Departmental Databases: larger than a workgroup, though similar

• Enterprises Databases: for the entire organization over an intranet or

the internet
20
 Terms and Concepts
• Enterprise: Organization

• Entity: person, place, thing, event, concept

• Attributes: data elements (facts) about some entity (also known as

fields or items or domains)

• Data Values: instances of a particular attribute for a particular entity

21
 Terms and Concepts
• Records: the set of values for all attributes of a particular entity
(tuples, rows in relational DBMS)

• File: collection of records (relation or table in relational DBMS)

• Key: an attribute or set of attributes used to identify or locate records

in a file

• Primary Key: an attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies

each record in a file
22
 Terms and Concepts
• Data Administrator (DA): person responsible for the data
administration function in an organization (chief information officer)

• Database Administrator (DBA): person responsible for the Database

Administration function

• Models: levels or views of the database (conceptual, logical, physical)

• DBMS Types: Relational, Hierarchic, Network, Object-Oriented,

Object-Relational
23
 Data Models
• Hierarchical Model (1960s and 1970s)
• Similar to data structures in programming languages

Books
(id, title)

Authors
Publisher Subjects
(first, last)

24
 Data Models
• Network Model (1970s)
• Provides for singles entries of data and navigational links through
chains of data

Authors

Subjects Books

Publishers

25
 Data Models
• Relational Model (1980s)
• Provides a conceptually simple model for data as relations (tables)
with all data are visible
pubid pubname Authorid Author name
1 Harper 1 Smith
2 Addison 2 Wynar
3 Oxford 3 Jones
Book ID Title pubid Author id 4 Que 4 Duncan
1 Introductio 2 1 5 Applegate
2 The history 4 2
3 New stuff ab 3 3
4 Another title 2 4
5 And yet more 1 5 Book ID Subid
1 2
Subid Subject
2 1
1 cataloging
3 3
2 history
4 2
3 stuff
4 3

26
 Data Models
• Object Oriented Data Model (1990s)
• Encapsulates data and operations as Objects

Books
(id, title)

Authors
Publisher Subjects
(first, last)

27
 Data Models
• Object-Relational Model (1990s)
• Combines well-known properties of Relational Model with OO
features such as:
• User-defined datatypes
• User-defined functions
• Inheritance and sub-classes

28
Database Systems Life Cycle
Physical
Creation
2

Design Conversion
1 3

Growth,
Change, & Integration
Maintenance
4
6

Operations
5
29