Part 3:

How do you know if a work of art is excellent or not? A work of art is excellent if it
possesses the following characteristics:
 THE 7 LITERARY
STANDARDS

Reference : World Literature: Understanding People’s Cultures, Traditions and Beliefs (A Task-Based Approach) (Baldonado, et al)
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 THE 7 LITERARY
STANDARDS

Reference : World Literature: Understanding People’s Cultures, Traditions and Beliefs (A Task-Based Approach) (Baldonado, et al)
3
 Part 5:
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Drama is quite different from other literary works because it is meant to be

performed on a stage. It is also popularly known as play. It has three key
elements:

Dialogue, Plot, and Character

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dialogue

 It makes up the bulk of drama. It acts like the

expository section of the a short story’s plot.
 This is where the characters are revealed.
 It serves as a directions.
 Establishes situation and conveys a tone.
 Conveys a dramatic tension and conflict.
 Implies the theme of the play.

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plot

It also contains the same components

as what short stories have. The plot is
usually structured with acts and scenes.
An act is the main division in while the
scene is a smaller unit.

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characters and plot

In short story, characters could be expository; but in

drama, this is not possible for drama uses three
methods of characterization:
 Through name and physical appearance;
 Through action (what the character does in the
course of the play); and
 Through the dialogue.

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 Part 4:
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What makes authors such remarkable short story writers? They are true masters at
combining the five key elements that goes into every great short story:

Plot, Character, Setting, Point of View, and Theme

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plot

The opening section is the Exposition

followed by the complications which
leads to a conflict until it reaches
climax. After the climax comes the
falling action and it ends with the
resolution or denouement.

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character

Characters in a short story may be classified in

different ways:
1. Role and Importance (Antagonist /
Protagonist);
2. Complexity of Characterization (Flat /
Round); and
3. Role in Advancing the Plot (Dynamic /
Static)
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setting

Atmosphere is also an aspect of a short

story in which it describes the mood or
feeling that prevails a literary work.

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point
of view
There are 5 different kinds of point of
views:
1. First Person
2. Second Person
3. Third Person Objective
4. Third Person Limited
5. Omniscient 5
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theme

The plot is considered as the body

of the story and the theme as its
soul.

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Elements and Devices
of Poetry
Kinds and Examples
Allegory
 An allegory is a story that is used to represent a
more general message about real-life (historical)
issues and/or events. It is typically an entire
book, novel, play, etc.
 Example: George Orwell’s dystopian book Animal
Farm is an allegory for the events preceding the
Russian Revolution and the Stalinist era in early
20th century Russia.
Alliteration
 Alliteration is a series of words or phrases that all
(or almost all) start with the same sound. These
sounds are typically consonants to give more
stress to that syllable.
 Example: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled
peppers." In this tongue twister, the "p" sound is
repeated at the beginning of all major words
Colloquialism
 Colloquialism is the use of informal language and
slang. It's often used by authors to lend a sense
of realism to their characters and dialogue.
 Example: "Hey, what’s up, man?" This piece of
dialogue is an example of a colloquialism, since it
uses common everyday words and phrases,
namely "what’s up" and "man."
Euphemism
 A euphemism is when a more mild or indirect
word or expression is used in place of another
word or phrase that is considered harsh, blunt,
vulgar, or unpleasant.
 Example: "I’m so sorry, but he didn’t make it."
The phrase "didn’t make it" is a more polite and
less blunt way of saying that someone has died.
Hyperbole
 Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement that's not
meant to be taken literally by the reader. It is
often used for comedic effect and/or emphasis.
 Example: "I’m so hungry I could eat a horse." The
speaker will not literally eat an entire horse (and
most likely couldn’t), but this hyperbole
emphasizes how starved the speaker feels.
Imagery
 Imagery is when an author describes a scene, thing, or
idea so that it appeals to our senses (taste, smell, sight,
touch, or hearing). This device is often used to help the
reader clearly visualize parts of the story by creating a
strong mental picture.
 Example: His hands, wrinkly and old with the roughness
that can only be acquired by doing manual labor at a very
young age, held mine as we crossed the threshold of the
universe.
Irony
 Irony is when a statement is used to express an opposite
meaning than the one literally expressed by it. There are
three types of irony in literature:
 Verbalirony: When someone says something but means the
opposite (like sarcasm).
 Situational
irony: When something happens that's the opposite
of what was expected or intended to happen.
 Dramatic irony: When the audience is aware of the true
intentions or outcomes, while the characters are not. As a
result, certain actions and/or events take on different
meanings for the audience than they do for the characters
involved.
Malapropism
 Malapropism happens when an incorrect word is used in
place of a word that has a similar sound. This misuse of
the word typically results in a statement that is both
nonsensical and humorous; as a result, this device is
commonly used in comedic writing.
 Example: "I just can't wait to dance the flamingo!" Here, a
character has accidentally called the flamenco (a type of
dance) the flamingo (an animal).
Metaphor / Simile
 Metaphors are when ideas, actions, or objects are
described in non-literal terms. In short, it’s when
an author compares one thing to another. The two
things being described usually share something in
common but are unalike in all other respects.
 A simile is a type of metaphor in which an
object, idea, character, action, etc., is compared
to another thing using the words "as" or "like."
Onomatopoeia
 Onomatopoeia is a word (or group of words) that
represents a sound and actually resembles or
imitates the sound it stands for. It is often used
for dramatic, realistic, or poetic effect.
 Examples: Buzz, boom, chirp, creak, sizzle,
zoom, etc.
Oxymoron
 An oxymoron is a combination of two words that,
together, express a contradictory meaning. This
device is often used for emphasis, for humor, to
create tension, or to illustrate a paradox (see
next entry for more information on paradoxes).
 Examples: Deafening silence, organized chaos,
cruelly kind, insanely logical, etc.
Paradox
 A paradox is a statement that appears illogical or self-
contradictory but, upon investigation, might actually be
true or plausible.
 Note that a paradox is different from an oxymoron: a
paradox is an entire phrase or sentence, whereas an
oxymoron is a combination of just two words.
 Example: Here's a famous paradoxical sentence: "This
statement is false." If the statement is true, then it isn’t
actually false (as it suggests). But if it’s false, then the
statement is true! Thus, this statement is a paradox
because it is both true and false at the same time.
Personification
 Personification is when a nonhuman figure or
other abstract concept or element is given
human-like qualities or characteristics. It is used
to help the reader create a clearer mental picture
of the scene or object being described.
 Example: "The wind moaned, beckoning me to
come outside." In this example, the wind—a
nonhuman element—is being described as if it is
human (it "moans" and "beckons").
Synecdoche
 A synecdoche is a literary device in which part of
something is used to represent the whole, or vice
versa. It's similar to a metonym (see above);
however, a metonym doesn't have to represent
the whole—just something associated with the
word used.
 Example: "Help me out, I need some hands!" In
this case, "hands" is being used to refer to people
(the whole human, essentially).
Form
 This
is the way a poem is arranged on the
page.
 Poetry is written in lines and are grouped
into stanzas.
 Theform of the poem can add to its
meaning.
 l(a

le
af
fa

ll

s)
one
l

iness

 L(A by E.E. Cummings

Sound
 There are many different ways that a poet can
use to control the sounds of their poem:
 Rhyme – Words that end in the same sound
are said to rhyme.
o End Rhyme
o Internal Rhyme
o Slant
Rhyme, Half Rhyme, Near Rhyme or Off
Rhyme
Sound
 There are many different ways that a poet can
use to control the sounds of their poem:
 Rhythm – patterns of stressed ( / ) and
unstressed ( - )
o Iamb or Iambic Foot (afraid)
o Trochee or Trochaic Foot (freedom)
o Anapest or Anapestic Foot (in a flash)
o Dactyl or Dactylic Foot (feverish)
Sound
 There are many different ways that a poet can
use to control the sounds of their poem:
 Repetition – It helps the poet to emphasize
an idea or create a particular feeling
o Example:
"It was the best of times, it was the worst of
times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the
age of foolishness…”
Imagery
 Involves words that appeal to the five sense.
 It is used to remind readers about familiar
sensations.
e.g.:
 He felt like the flowers were waving hello.
 The F-16 swooped down like an eagle after its
prey.
 Thelake was left shivering by the touch of
morning wind.
Theme
 All the poetic elements that was mentioned helps
poets establish their poems’ themes or visions.
 A poem’s theme is the message about life that it
conveys
 Examples of theme in Jane Austen's “Pride and
Prejudice” are matrimony, love, friendship, and
affection. The whole narrative revolves around
the major theme of matrimony.
Example of Free Verse
Example of Descriptive Poem
SUMMER SHOWER What necklaces could be!
By: Emily Dickinson The dust replaced in hoisted roads,
A drop fell on the apple tree, The birds jocoser sung;
Another on the roof; The sunshine threw his hat away,
A half a dozen kissed the eaves, The orchards spangles hung.
And made the gables laugh. The breezes brought dejected lutes,
A few went out to help the brook, And bathed them in the glee;
That went to help the sea. The East put out a single flag,
Myself conjectured, Were they And signed the fete away.
pearls,
Example of Didactic Poetry
A DIVINE IMAGE The Human Dress, is forged
By William Blake Iron
The Human Form, a fiery
Cruelty has a Human Heart Forge.
And Jealousy a Human Face The Human Face, a Furnace
Terror the Human Form seal'd
Divine The Human Heart, its hungry
And Secrecy, the Human Gorge.
Dress

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