EE-329B3: POWER DISTRIBUTION

& UTILIZATION (3+1)

Prof. Dr. Engr. TAHIR MAHMOOD

Semester Duration: 24/Feb,2021 to ----
TODAY:24/02/2021
Lecture #01 Course Contents
EE-329B3: Power Distribution and Utilization
(3+1)

06th Semester Course 2K18-EE

Marks Distribution (Theory=100 Marks)

End Semester Exam=50%: Mid Semester=30%:

Assignments/Quiz/Seminar=20%
Lecture #01 Course Contents
Course Objectives:
Students are introduced to the basics of power distribution
systems and effective utilization of power in heating and
illumination applications.
Lecture #01 Course Contents
Course Contents:
Introduction to distribution system. Urban, suburban and rural
distribution systems. Primary, secondary and tertiary voltages.

Radial and ring main systems, application of distribution

transformers, estimation of load, Load characteristics and
tariff
Substation switchgears and bus bar arrangements, calculation
of voltage drop and regulation in distribution feeders.
Introduction to cables, conductors, poles and insulators
Introduction to distribution system economics
Lecture #01 Course Contents
Course Contents:
Grounding and earthing, distribution transformer neutral,
earthing resistance, earthing practice in L.V. networks.

Power Factor: Disadvantages and causes of low power factor,

methods for improvement, application of shunt capacitors in
distribution network.
Lecture #01 Course Contents
Course Contents:
Batteries & Electrochemical Processes: Main types of batteries
and their working, battery charging, electroplating, electrolysis
and electrometallurgical process. Cathodic protection of poles,
gas pipes, oil pipes and water structures.
Electric traction, electric traction types and applications
Lecture #01 Course Contents
Course Contents:
Heating and Welding: Electric heating, resistance, induction
and dielectric heating, electric furnaces, microwave heating,
electric welding, resistance welding and its types.

Fundamentals of Illumination Engineering: Laws, units and

terms used, requirements for good lighting, illumination
schemes for various situations (street lighting,
commercial/industrial lighting, stadium/flood/stage/spot
lighting etc.), types of lamps, their working and relative merit.
Credit Hours Contact Hours Pre-requisite(s)

3 hrs./week x 16 Electrical Network

3
weeks= 48 hrs. Analysis
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
(CLOS)

Taxono
Domai PL
No. Statement of CLO my
n O
Level
CLO Knowledge about the basics of Cogniti C3 1
-1 Power Distribution and Utilization ve
CLO Use of different techniques to Cogniti C4 2
-2 analyze power distribution system ve
and utilization of energy.
CLO Design of different applications Cogniti C3 3
-3 related to the distribution system ve
and utilization of electrical energy.
 RELEVANT PROGRAM LEARNING
OUTCOMES (PLOS)

1 Engineering  7 Environment and

Knowledge Sustainability
2 Problem Analysis  8 Ethics
3 Design/Development  9 Individual and
of Solutions Teamwork
4 Investigation 1 Communication
0
5 Modern Tool Usage 1 Project Management
1
6 The Engineer and 1 Lifelong Learning
Society 2
 Grading Criteria
• Quiz – 10%
• Assignments – 10%
• Mid-Semester Exam. – 30%
• End Semester Exam – 50%
Lecture #01 Course Contents 28-09-2017

Books:
1. “Principles of Power Systems”, V.K.Mehta and Rohit
Mehta.
2. “Electric Power Distribution System Engineering”, Turan
Gonen.
3. “Electric distribution systems”, Abdelhay A. Sallam, OM P.
Malik.
Electric Power Systems
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 One-line diagram showing basic power system
structure

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Electric Power Distribution
Systems
&
Components
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Electric Power Distribution
Systems
Radial , Ring/Loop, ..
 1. Radial distribution system

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 2. Feeder Loop system.

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 Network (Spot-network).

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 400 25 50 50 100 25 200
T-54
T-62 T-63 T-64 T-65 T-53 T-55
0.08 0.048 0.045
0.09
48 49 50 51 100 52 R 53 R 54
R R T-66 T-46 T-44

0.042

0.045
T-50 T-49 T-48 T-47 T-45

0.04
R R R 25 25 630
100 630 100 100 25 25 50 25 50
0.05 0.036 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.025 0.062 0.075 0.054 0.036 0.075
0.05 0.121 0.06 0.242
47 46 45 44 43 42 D 41 40 39 37 D 36 35 34 32 25
R R R R R D D D 38 D D D D 33 D T-43
100 T-61 50 T-59 T-58 T-57 T-56 T-52 T-51
100 T-60
25 50 25 25 25 25 25 100
T-1 200 0.072 D

0.045 0.075 0.084 T-28 T-29

500MCM Osp Osp Osp D D 0.075 0.036 0.036 0.075
0.06 0.06 0.06
1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 D 11 12 D 13 D 14 D 15 16
0.09 2.06 2.1 0.06 0.09 0.668
D D D D D 17 D
18

0.092
T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 T-26 T-27
D
132/11 KV, H-11, 630 0.166
D
Substation 0.01
100 6 5
D 0.242 0.06
T-2 57 56
D D 55
Node T-3 100 0.09 D
0.26
D T-33 T-32
ACSR Conductor 0.036 25
0.045 0.04 0.05
D Dog conductor 400 59 58 100 22 R 21 20 19 T-30
R T-34 R R
R Rabbit conductor T-4 100 25 T-31
Osp Osprey conductor 0.019 D

Transformer with rating D 0.08

100 25 25 25 50 50
T-66 Transformer number 50 60 T-5 T-37
T-42 T-39b T-38a T-35
Distance (kM) between two nodes T-6 25 0.075 0.015 0.095
0.09 0.08 0.02
99.99 0.045 D 31 D 30 D 29 28 D 27 D 24 D 23
D 25
T-41 T-40 0.03 R T-36 100
T-7 61 25
25 100 25 T-38
D 0.045 T-12 T-11 25 T-13 630
0.045 0.009 T-14 0.03 R
0.009 0.036 0.045
100 63
62
D D 64 D 65 D 66 R
67 T-39 26 50
T-9
T-8 T-10 25
0.09 D
50 25 25 200 T-17
0.09 0.045
73 68 69
R R
T-15
100 T-16
0.075 R 25

T-21
0.045 0.09
71 70 72
R R
T-19 T-18 T-20
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Electric Power Distribution
Substations
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Loading of the transformer is usually kept within its OA rating
(passive convection), with the FA (fans) and FOA (fans and oil
pumps) ratings utilized for emergency conditions. Both the FA
and FOA ratings increase the loading by about 33% each in
transformers rated 10 MVA and greater.
Two calculations the reader should be familiar with in regard to
a distribution substation transformer are load current and short
circuit current. They are as
follows for the transformers

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Figure 1.5. The left substation is a typical design with two subtransmission lines and
two transformers.
The right substation is a very reliable design with a primary ring bus, motor operated
switches, an energized spare power transformer, and a secondary transfer bus.
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Table 1-1 shows typical transmission and distribution
system voltages in use at the present time.

765,000 V also available for PT

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Poles:
Usually steel poles and towers are used for transmission
lines and
wood and concrete poles for distribution circuits. However, this
distinction doesn’t always hold true.

Pole Selection
Two factors must be considered in choosing poles: length and
strength required. The length of poles depends on the required
clearance above the surface of the ground, the number of crossarms
to be attached, and other equipment which may be installed (Figure
1.1).
Provision should also be made for future additions of crossarms,
transformers, or other devices. Poles come in standard lengths
ranging from 25 to 90 feet in 5-feet differences; that is, 25 feet, 30
feet, 35 feet, and so on.
Special poles above 90 feet and below 25 feet are also available.
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POLE STRENGTH

Required pole strength is determined,

by the weight of crossarms, insulators,
wires, transformers, and other equipment it
carry, as well as ice and wind loadings.

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POLE DEPTH
Soil conditions, the height of the pole, weight
and pull factors must be considered in
deciding how deep a pole must be planted in
the ground (Figure 1.2).
Table 1.2 gives approximate setting depths
for poles in particular given conditions.

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CROSSARMS
Crossarms are most commonly used are of Steel or wood. The
usual cross-sectional dimensions for distribution crossarms are 3-
1/2 inches by 4-1/2 inches; their length depending on the number
and spacing of the pins.

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POLE PINS
Pole pins are attached to the crossarms. They are used to hold pin-
type insulators. Note that they are threaded so that the insulator
can be securely screwed on.

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Figure . Pole pins for attaching pin
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 Connectors and Splices
• Most primary connectors use some sort
of compression to join conductors (see
Figure 2.3 for common connectors).
• Compression splices join two conductors
together — two conductors are inserted
in each end of the sleeve, and a
compression tool is used to tighten the
sleeve around the conductors.
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 Connectors and Splices
• Good cleaning is essential to make good
contact between connector surfaces.
• Both copper and aluminum develop a hard
oxide layer on the surface when exposed to
air.
• Oxide layer is beneficial in preventing
corrosion, the oxide layer has high electrical
resistance.

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Connectors
Conductors are sometimes spliced by
overlapping the ends and twisting the ends
together, taking three or four turns.

But to insure a good electrical connection as

well as uniformity in workmanship, it is wise
to connect conductors with mechanical
connectors. (Different such connectors are
shown in Figure 3-18.)
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PIN SPACING
The spacing of the pins (see Figure 2.3) on
the cross-arms must be such as to provide
enough air space between the conductors to
prevent the electric current from jumping or
flashing over from one conductor to another.
Also, sufficient spacing is necessary to
prevent contact between the wires at
locations between poles when the wires sway
in the wind.

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PIN SPACING
•In addition, enough space must be provided
to enable workers climbing through the
wires to work safely.
•The spacing on a standard six-pin arm is
14-1/2 inches, with 30 inches between the
first pins on either side of the pole for
climbing space.
•A special six-pin arm with spacing wider
than 30 inches is frequently used for junction
poles to provide greater safety for the
workers.
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INSULATORS
Two practical insulator materials are porcelain and
glass.

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INSULATORS
Pin & Post Type Insulators
Insulators, in compression, supporting
conductors may be classified as pin type and
post type.
The pin-type insulator is designed to be
mounted on a pin which in turn is installed on
the cross-arm of the pole.
The insulator is screwed on the pin and the
electrical conductor is mounted on the insulator.

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INSULATORS
Pin-Type Insulators
This type of insulator is applicable for rural and urban
distribution circuits, and it is usually constructed as
one solid piece of porcelain or glass.
In Figure1.4, note the grooves for the conductor and
for the tie wires.
Larger, stronger pin-type insulators are used for high-
voltage transmission lines. These differ in
construction in that they consist of two or three pieces
of porcelain cemented together. These pieces form
what are called petticoats.
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INSULATORS
Post-Type Insulators
Post-type insulators are somewhat similar to
pin-type insulators.
They are generally used for higher voltage
applications with the height and number of
petticoats being greater for the higher voltages.
They may be mounted horizontally as well as
vertically, although their strength is diminished
when mounted horizontally.
Advantage of Pin or Post over
Suspension Insulators? Assignment
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CONDUCTORS
Line Conductors
Line conductors may vary
in size according to the
rated voltage.

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 Stranding
Conductor
Al/St

Gopher 6/1

Rabbit 6/1

Dog 6/7

Panther 30/7

Osprey 18/1

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SWITCHES
Switches shown in Figure 4-25 are used to interrupt the
continuity of a circuit. They fall into two broad
classifications: air switches and oil, vacuum or gas (SF6)
switches.
As their names imply, air switches are those whose contacts
are opened in air, while the other type switches are
those whose contacts are opened in oil, vacuum, or gas.
Oil switches are usually necessary only in very high-
voltage, high-current circuits.
Air switches are further classified as air-break switches and
disconnect switches.

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SWITCHES
Air-break Switches
The air-break switch shown in Figure 4-26 has both the
blade and the contact equipped with arcing horns.
These are pieces of metal between which the arc resulting
from opening a circuit carrying current is allowed to form.

As the switch opens, these horns are spread farther and

farther apart and the are is lengthened until it finally breaks.

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Figure 4-25. Switches interrupt the continuity of a circuit. (a) Typical
switch, (b) air switch, and (c) oil switches.

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