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cs304

Object oriented programming

FAQs

What is Abstraction?

Answer: The importance of abstraction is derived from its

ability to hide irrelevant details and from the use of names to
reference objects. Abstraction is essential in the
construction of programs. It places the emphasis on what an
object is or does rather than how it is represented or how it
works. Thus, it is the primary means of managing complexity in
large programs.

Question: What is a Class Diagram?

Answer: A class diagrams are widely used to describe the

types of objects in a system and their relationships. Class
diagrams model class structure and contents using design
elements such as classes, packages and objects.

Question: What is Method Overriding?

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Answer: Method overriding is a language feature that allows

a subclass to override a specific implementation of a method
that is already provided by one of its super-classes. A
subclass can give its own definition of methods but need to
have the same signature as the method in its super-class. This
means that when overriding a method, the subclass's method
has to have the same name and parameter list as the super-
class's overridden method.

Question: What is Operator Overloading?

Answer: The operator overloading is a specific case of

polymorphisms in which some or all of operators like +, - or ==
are treated as polymorphic (multi) functions and as such have
different behaviors depending on the types of its arguments.

Question: What is Method Overloading?

Answer: The method overloading is the ability to define

several methods (in same class) all with the same name but
different on the basis of i) number of parameters ii) types of
parameters.

Question: What are Polymorphisms?

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Answer: Polymorphism is a generic term that means 'many

shapes'. More precisely Polymorphism means the ability to
request that the same operations be performed by a wide
range of different types of things.

Question: What is Inheritance?

Answer: Ability of a new class to be created, from an

existing class by extending it, is called inheritance.

Question: What is a base class?

Answer: When inheritance is used to create a new class from

another, the new class is called the subclass or derived class,
and the class from which it was derived is called the base
class.

Question: What is a concrete class?

Answer: A concrete class is one that can be used to directly

create, or instantiate objects, unlike an abstract base class
which can only be used as a base class for other classes which
eventually lead to concrete classes
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Question: What are data members?

Answer: Objects are miniature programs, consisting of both

code and data. The code consists of a series of member
functions. The data items are called data members.

hat is a constructor?

Answer: Objects are complete, miniature programs and, like

any good programs, have well defined initialization and
termination phases. They have special routines (i.e. member
functions) to look after this. The initialization routine is called
the constructor, and C++ ensures that every object is properly
initialized by calling its constructor. The designer of the
object can have more than one constructor, a situation called
overloading and then the compiler will select between them
depending on exactly what arguments are passed to the
constructor function. However, there must always be a
default constructor, to be used when no information is
supplied.

Question: What is a destructor?

Answer: The termination routine is called the destructor, and

C++ will provide a default if none is supplied. If, during the
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lifetime of the object, it uses heap memory then the designer

of the object must provide a destructor function to release
such memory to avoid a memory leak.

Question: What is global variable?

Answer: Global variables can be accessed throughout a

program. Another way to put this is to say they have global
scope.

Question: What is local variable?

Answer: Local variables can only be accessed within the

function, or more specifically the compound statement in
which they are declared. Another way to put this is to say
they have local scope.

Question: What is a null pointer?

Answer: A null pointer is a pointer that is currently pointing

to nothing. Often pointers are set to zero to make them null
pointers or tested against zero to see if they are null or not.

Question: What is a pointer?

Answer: A pointer is a variable that holds the address of

another variable or object.

Question: What is meant by protected?

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Answer: The protected keyword in the class statement

means that the following members of the class are not
available to users of the objects of the class, but can be used
by any subclass that inherits from it, and consequently forms
part of its implementation.

Question: What is OOP?

Answer: The object-oriented programming is commonly known

as OOP. Most of the languages are developed using OOP
concept. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a
programming concept that uses "objects" to develop a system.
An object hides the implementation details and exposes only
the functionalities and parameters it requires to its client.
Here also an object shares the same concept as that of a bike.
While driving a motor bike, we are unaware of its
implementation details such as how it is developed, internal
working of gears etc.? We know only the functions or actions
it can perform.

Question: What are the various elements of OOP?

Answer: Various elements of OOP are: Object Class Method

Encapsulation Information Hiding Inheritance Polymorphism

Question: What are the characteristics of Object-

Oriented programming language?
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Answer: Some key features of the Object Oriented

programming are: Emphasis on data rather than procedure
Programs are divided into entities known as objects Data
Structures are designed such that they characterize objects
Functions that operate on data of an object are tied together
in data structures Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by
external functions Objects communicate with each other
through functions New data and functions can be easily added
whenever necessary Follows bottom up design in program des.

What are the basic Concepts used in the Object-Oriented

Programming language?

Answer: Object Class Data Abstraction and Encapsulation

Polymorphism Inheritance Message passing Dynamic binding

Question: What Is an Object? (Object-Oriented

Technology)
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Answer: There are many definitions of an object, such as

found in [Booch 91, p77]: "An object has state, behavior, and
identity; the structure and behavior of similar objects are
defined in their common class; the terms instance and object
are interchangeable". This is a "classical languages" definition,
as defined in [Coplien 92, p280], where "classes play a central
role in the object model", since they do not in
prototyping/delegation languages. "The term object was first
formally applied in the Simula language, and objects typically
existed in Simula programs to simulate some aspect of reality"
[Booch 91, p77]. Other definitions referenced by Booch
include Smith and Tockey: "an object represents an individual,
identifiable item, unit, or entity, either real or abstract, with
a well-defined role in the problem domain." and [Cox 91]:
"anything with a crisply defined boundary" (in context, this is
"outside the computer domain". A more conventional definition
appears on pg 54). Booch goes on to describe these definitions
in depth. [Martin 92, p 241] defines: "An "object" is anything
to which a concept applies", and "A concept is an idea or notion
we share that applies to certain objects in our awareness".
[Rumbaugh 91] defines: "We define an object as a concept,
abstraction or thing with crisp boundaries and meaning for the
problem at hand." [Shlaer 88, p 14] defines: "An object is an
abstraction of a set of real-world things such that:

Question: What Is Object Encapsulation (Or Protection)?

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Answer: [Booch 91, p. 45] defines: "Encapsulation is the

process of hiding all of the details of an object that do not
contribute to its essential characteristics." [Coad 91, 1.1.2]
defines: "Encapsulation (Information Hiding). A principle, used
when developing an overall program structure, that each
component of a program should encapsulate or hide a single
design decision... The interface to each module is defined in
such a way as to reveal as little as possible about its inner
workings. [Oxford, 1986]" Some languages permit arbitrary
access to objects and allow methods to be defined outside of
a class as in conventional programming. Simula and Object
Pascal provide no protection for objects, meaning instance
variables may be accessed wherever visible. CLOS and Ada
allow methods to be defined outside of a class, providing
functions and procedures. While both CLOS and Ada have
packages for encapsulation, CLOS's are optional while Ada's
methodology clearly specifies class-like encapsulation (Adts).
However most object-oriented languages provide a well-
defined interface to their objects thru classes. C++ has a very
general encapsulation/protection mechanism with public,
private and protected members. Public members (member data
and member functions) may be accessed from anywhere. A
Stack's Push and Pop methods will be public. Private members
are only accessible from within a class. A Stack's
representation, such as a list or array, will usually be private.
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Protected members are accessible from within a class and also

from within subclasses (also called derived classes). A Stack's
representation could be declared protected allowing subclass
access. C++ also allows a class to specify friends (other
(sub)classes and functions), that can access all members (its
representation). Eiffel 3.0 allows exporting access to specific
classes.

Question: What Is A Class?

Answer: A class is a general term denoting classification and

also has a new meaning in object-oriented methods. Within
the OO context, a class is a specification of structure
(instance variables), behavior (methods), and inheritance
(parents, or recursive structure and behavior) for objects. As
pointed out above, classes can also specify access permissions
for clients and derived classes, visibility and member lookup
resolution. This is a feature-based or intentional definition,
emphasizing a class as a descriptor/constructor of objects (as
opposed to a collection of objects, as with the more classical
extensional view, which may begin the analysis process).
Original Aristotle a classification defines a "class" as a
generalization of objects: [Booch 91, p93] "a group, set, or
kind marked by common attributes or a common attribute; a
group division, distinction, or rating based on quality, degree
of competence, or condition".
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Question: What Is A Meta-Class?

Answer: Meta-Class is a class' class. If a class is an object,

then that object must have a class (in classical OO anyway).
Compilers provide an easy way to picture Meta-Classes.
Classes must be implemented in some way; perhaps with
dictionaries for methods, instances, and parents and methods
to perform all the work of being a class. This can be declared
in a class named "Meta-Class". The Meta-Class can also
provide services to application programs, such as returning a
set of all methods, instances or parents for review (or even
modification). [Booch 91, p 119] provides another example in
Smalltalk with timers. In Smalltalk, the situation is more
complex

Question: What Is Inheritance?

Answer: Inheritance provides a natural classification for

kinds of objects and allows for the commonality of objects to
be explicitly taken advantage of in modeling and constructing
object systems. Natural means we use concepts, classification,
and generalization to understand and deal with the
complexities of the real world. See the example below using
computers. Inheritance is a relationship between classes
where one class is the parent base/superclass/ancestor/etc.)
class of another. Inheritance provides programming by
extension (as opposed to programming by reinvention [LaLonde
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90]) and can be used as an is-a-kind-of (or is-a) relationship or

for differential programming. Inheritance can also double for
assignment

Question: What Is the Difference Between Object-Based

and Object-Oriented?

Answer: Object-Based Programming usually refers to objects

without inheritance [Cardelli 85] and hence without
polymorphism, as in '83 Ada and Modula-2. These languages
support abstract data types (Adts) and not classes, which
provide inheritance and polymorphism. Ada95 and Modula-3;
however, support both inheritance and polymorphism and are
object-oriented. [Cardelli 85, p481] state "that a language is
object-oriented if and only if it satisfies the following
requirements: - It supports objects that are data
abstractions with an interface of named operations and a
hidden local state. - Objects have an associated type. - Types
may inherit attributes from supertypes. object-oriented =
data abstractions + object types + type inheritance These
definitions are also found in [Booch 91, Ch2 and Wegner 87].
[Coad 91] provides another model: Object-Oriented = Classes
and Objects + Inheritance + Communication with messages.
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Lecture 01 complete concept:

To understand OOP, you must first understand what

programming was like before OOP.

Back then, the basic definition of programming was this : a

program is a sequence of logical instructions followed by the
computer. And that's it. All well and good, but let's face it,
it's hardly inspiring. Until now, that is. It's been hiding in the
background for quite some time now, but OOP has finally
taken off. but now it is done in the terms of the objects that
define that problem, and using functions that work with those
objects

A Historical Interlude

Hundreds of years ago, in Britain (specifically England), there

was civil unrest. People were angry - the poor people to be
more specific. They noticed that some people were richer
than them, they did not like it. What to do about this
problem? How to keep the people happy? Religion had already
gone some of the way, but even the promise of eternal utopia
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if the poor behaved themselves in life didn't seem to work.

Capitalism already had sunk its powerful jaws into the world,
and a new idea was needed to keep the masses happy. That
idea became known as 'class'. The basis was that if everyone
understood their place and role in society, they would feel
secure and happy, and would not challenge the authority. It
worked. There was the upper class (who were rich), the middle
class (who were not so rich), and the poor sods class (who
could barely afford to live). Quite unfair, but nevertheless it
became reality. What has this got to do with C++ you ask?
Well in C++, all Object Orientation comes in the form of
classes. But enough of that; we're programmers, not social
scientists.

Data types

Up to this point in your use of C++, you've used only the basic
types of variables : int, float, bool, double, and so forth.
These are called simple data types. However, they are very
linear in what we can 'model' with them. Let's take an
example. Let's say we wanted to represent a real life object,
say a house. Obviously, we would have to examine the various
attributes of a house : the number of rooms it has, its street
number and whether or not it has a garden (okay, so there are
more attributes, but I won't go into them now). In C++, we
could show the house like this:

int number, rooms;

bool garden;
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And it would work fine for this particular example. But

suppose we wanted many houses? Suppose we wanted to make
the program more complicated than this? Suppose we wanted
to define our own data type to represent the house. C++ allows
us to do this through the use of classes.

History of oop?

The basis for OOP started in the early 1960s. A breakthrough

involving instances and objects was achieved at MIT with the
PDP-1, and the first programming language to use objects was
Simula 67. It was designed for the purpose of creating
simulations, and was developed by Kristen Nygaard and Ole-
Johan Dahl in Norway.

Who invented OOP?

Alan Kay
Alan Kay invented OOP and coined the term.

What was the first OOP language?

SIMULA 67 was formally standardized on the first meeting
of the SIMULA Standards Group (SSG) in February 1968.
Simula was influential in the development of Smalltalk and
later object-oriented programming languages.

When OOP concept did first came into picture?

When OOP concept did first came into picture?
Explanation: OOP first came into picture in 1970's by Alan
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and his team. Later it was used by some programming

languages and got implemented successfully, SmallTalk
was firstlanguage to use pure OOP and followed all rules
strictl

Why was OOP developed?

It was created for making simulation programs, in which what
came to be called objects were the most important
information representation. Smalltalk (1972 to 1980) is
another early example, and the one with which much of the
theory of OOP was developed.
Four principles of OOP are encapsulation,data abstraction,
data hiding and inheritance.

Encapsulation: In technical terms, it means wrapping up of

data and code in to a single unit(i.e Class) and also protecting
the data from outside world.

There is also another term related with encapsulation is data

hiding. Data hiding means hiding the data from world. Data can
not be accessed directly.

Data Abstraction: Abstraction means hiding unessential

details from user. And providing only essential information.

Inheritance: Inheriting the properties of super class in

subclass. Basically subclass is more specialized one and it
provides re usability.

In layman terms: For eg Mobile phone which we use everyday.

Everything is wrapped inside the body of the phone. No one
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can access the functionality of mobile directly. To access the

stuff you need object(here object is mobile)

you can’t make a call without having mobile. Now what is data
hiding?

Data hiding means giving access to mobile in control manner.

In technical terms: we use getter and setter methods. But in

our mobile: Password and pattern lock are the ways of
providing data hiding. One who knows the password, only can
access your phone(This is called data hiding)

Data hiding basically provides you security. Your phone is

locked. Even if you are not having your phone nearby . you
know that it is protected.

Data Abstraction: suppose you wanna make a call to your mom.

What you need?

Just valid number!

To make a call, you never need to know the background details

how calling is being done. (Like connecting to network
whichever your mom is using either airtel or idea etc)

So What data abstraction gives? it provides easiness to us.

Inheritance: Suppose you are using android phone version

suppose lollypop. So basically lollypop version has inherited all
functionality of previous versions i.e kitkat

with some new functionalities.

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So, Lollypop version basically is specialized version of Kitkat.

There is another principle also: Polymorphism

It means having same name but different functionality. In

technical terms, function overloading, function overriding etc

Now let see how polymorphism is implemented in your mobile.

Every mobile has inbuilt camera. But still there are another
apps which let us take photos like Retrica.

Retrica which has different functionality but does the same

work(clicking photos).

So, what is OOPS (Object Oriented Programming)???

Object-oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming

paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which may
contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes;
and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods.

Here are the four principles of OOPS are : pillers of oop

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 Abstraction: Abstraction means using simple things to

represents complexity. Abstraction can be understood
by an example of the TV, where we have a simple button
to switch it on and without being bothered by its
internal working power and circuity we can start with a
button.
 Inheritance: When an object acquires all the
properties and behavior of a parent object. A car is a
four-wheeler vehicle so assume that we have a class
Four Wheeler and a subclass of it named Car.
 Polymorphism: Polymorphism means one name and many
forms and it works on parent and child relationship. A
task is performed in different ways. For example: to
convince the customer differently.
 Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the technique used to
implement abstraction in object-oriented programming.
Encapsulation is used for access restriction to class
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members and methods. An example of encapsulation is

the class of java.util.Hashtable.

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbIedEXkM13ynuI1sNAI
1cA

Abstraction: Abstraction refers to showing only the

essential features of the application and hiding the
details. In C++/Java, classes provide methods to the
outside world to access & use the data variables, but
the variables are hidden from direct access. This can
be done access specifiers. For example: phone call, we
don't know the internal processing.
Abstraction = Encapsulation + Data Hiding

Inheritance: Inheritance is a way to reuse code. The class

which is inherited from, is called the base class, and the class
which inherits the code from the base class is called a derived
class. A derived class can use all the functions which are
defined in the base class, making the code reusable.
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 Encapsulation: It can also be said data binding.

Encapsulation is all about binding the data variables and
functions together in class.

 Polymorphism: It is a feature, which lets us create

functions with same name but different arguments,
which will perform differently. That is function with
same name, functioning in different way. Or, it also
allows us to redefine a function to provide its new
definition.
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Hope this short yet crispy explanation help you to clear your
OOPS concepts…

“some of from”

The four Pillars of OOP are in Grady Booch’s original book on

the topic,. Object Oriented Analysis and Design. They are:

Abstraction - Ability to represent complex software systems

as a domain model of classes and objects, abstracting out the
details of real world object models through the attributes
(e.g. color, size, shape) and methods (actions) of these classes
(e.g. read(), write(), playSound())

Encapsulation - Providing different levels of scope on how

classes, methods, and attributes can be accessed and only
allowing access on a need-to-know basis. Generally, oop uses
private, public and protected keywords to implement
encapsulation on attributes, methods and classes. For
example, a private method in a class could only be accessed by
the class and a public method could be accessed any other
class.

Inheritance -. The ability for classes to be generalized in the

base class and specialized in sublasses of the base class. A
subclass can inherit the attributes and methods of a base
class and a subclass can specialize with it's own additional
attributes and methods.

Polymorphism - The ability for multiple objects of the same

base class, but different subclasses to override a method of
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the base class and perform different operations on that same

method. For example, say I had a base class called animal and
subclasses: cheetah, deer, and sloth. The base class had a
method called CalculateTopSpeed. I could override that
method in all 3 subclasses and each subclass would return a
different answer. I could have a collection of animal objects.
The animal collection could consist of 3 objects: a cheetah, a
sloth and a deer object. If I loop through this collection and
call CalculateTopSpeed on each item in the collection, I would
get polymorphic behavior on each object. Even though all the
objects in the collection are all animals, they are different
kind of animals in their subclass and give different answers
for the overridden method CalculateTopSpeed.

Advantages of OOP:

 It provides a clear modular structure for programs

which makes it good for defining abstract datatypes in
which implementation details are hidden
 Objects can also be reused within an across
applications. The reuse of software also lowers the cost
of development. More effort is put into the object-
oriented analysis and design, which lowers the overall
cost of development.
 It makes software easier to maintain. Since the
design is modular, part of the system can be updated in
case of issues without a need to make large-scale
changes
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 Reuse also enables faster development. Object-

oriented programming languages come with rich
libraries of objects, and code developed during projects
is also reusable in future projects.
 It provides a good framework for code libraries

where the supplied software components can be easily

adapted and modified by the programmer. This is
particularly useful for developing graphical user
interfaces.
 Better Productivity as OOP techniques enforce rules

on a programmer that, in the long run, help her get

more work done; finished programs work better, have
more features and are easier to read and maintain.
OOP programmers take new and existing software
objects and "stitch" them together to make new
programs. Because object libraries contain many
useful functions, software developers don't have to
reinvent the wheel as often; more of their time goes
into making the new program

What is coop ?
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Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming

paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which can
contain data, in the form of fields (often known
as attributes), and code, in the form of procedures (often
known as methods). A feature of objects is an object's
procedures that can access and often modify the data fields
of the object with which they are associated (objects have a
notion of "this" or "self"). In OOP, computer programs are
designed by making them out of objects that interact with
one another.[1][2] OOP languages are diverse, but the most
popular ones are class-based, meaning that objects
are instances of classes, which also determine their types.

What is object?

an object can be a variable, a data structure, a function, or

a method, and as such, is a value in memory referenced by
an identifier.
In the class-based object-oriented
programming paradigm, object refers to a
particular instance of a class, where the object can be a
combination of variables, functions, and data structures.
What is class?
To make object in programming we make classes
Data + function = classes
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What is Object-Orientation?
It is a technique in which we visualize our programming
problems in the form of
objects and their interactions as happen in real life.

What is a Model?
A model is an abstraction of something real or conceptual.
We need models to understand an aspect of reality.

Objects
Ali, Car, House, Tree

Interactions
Ali lives in the house
Ali drives the car
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Object-Orientation - Advantages
As Object Oriented Models map directly to reality as we have
seen in examples
above therefore,
We can easily develop an object-oriented model for a
problem.
Everyone can easily understand an object-oriented model.
We can easily implement an object-oriented model for a
problem using any object
oriented language like c++ using its features1 like classes,
inheritance, virtual
functions and so on…

What is an Object?
An object is,
1. Something tangible (Ali, School, House, Car).
2. Something conceptual (that can be apprehended
intellectually for example
time, date and so on…).

Summary:
• Model is the abstraction of some real word scenario. It helps
us to understand
that scenario.
• Object oriented model of any scenario (problem) describes
that scenario
(problem) in the form of interacting objects.
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• We use Object Orientation because it helps us in mapping

real world problem
in a programming language.
• Object Orientation is achieved using objects and their
relationships.
• Properties of an object are described using its data
members and behavior of an
object is described using its functions.
• Objects may be tangible (physical) or intangible (also called
conceptual or
virtual).
• Generally, when we have given a certain problem description,
nouns in that
problem description are candidates for becoming objects of
our system.
• There may be more than one aspect of an object
• It is not necessary that every object has a specific role in
implementation of a
problem there may be some objects without any role, like
school parking in
our school.
• It is easier to develop programs using Object Oriented
Programming because
it is closer to real life.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

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class sonu

//data members

strings name;

int age;

string address;

float height;

//functions

public:

void notes making()

cout<<"i ammaking notes";

void walk()

cout<<"i am walking";

void eating()
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cout<<"i am eating";

};

int main ()

system("PAUSE");

return 0;

}
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Use of classes and object in coding

Classy!

Continuing with our example of the house, let's have a look at

how we could 'model' a house using a C++ class:

class house
{
public:
int number, rooms;
bool garden;
};

main()
{
house my_house;
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my_house.number=40;
my_house.rooms=8;
my_house.garden=1;
return 0;
}

A class defines a data type

A region of storage with associated semantics.

After the declaration int i; we say that “i is an object of

type int.” In OO/C++, “object” usually means “an instance of a
class.” Thus a class defines the behavior of possibly many
objects (instances).

Lecture No.02

Information Hiding:

Information hiding is one of the most important principles of

OOP inspired from real
life which says that all information should not be accessible to
all persons. Private
information should only be accessible to its owner.

By Information Hiding we mean “Showing only those details to

the outside world which
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are necessary for the outside world and hiding all other
details from the outside world.”

Real Life Examples of Information Hiding

1. Ali’s name and other personal information is stored in his
brain we can’t
access this information directly. For getting this information
we need to ask
Ali about it and it will be up to Ali how much details he would
like to share
with us.
2. An email server may have account information of millions of
people but it
will share only our account information with us if we request it
to send
anyone else accounts information our request will be refused

In object oriented programming approach we have objects

with their attributes and
behaviors that are hidden from other classes, so we can say
that object oriented
programming follows the principle of information hiding.

“Hiding the object details (state and behavior) from the

users”

Information Hiding is achieved in Object Oriented

Programming using the

following principles,
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•All information related to an object is stored within the

object

•It is hidden from the outside world

•It can only be manipulated by the object itself

Advantages of Information Hiding

Following are two major advantages of information hiding,
It simplifies our Object Oriented Model:
As we saw earlier that our object oriented model only had
objects and their
interactions hiding implementation details so it makes it easier
for everyone to
understand our object oriented model.
It is a barrier against change propagation
As implementation of functions is limited to our class and we
have only given the
name of functions to user along with description of
parameters so if we change
implementation of function it doesn’t affect the object
oriented model.
We can achieve information hiding using Encapsulation and
Abstraction, so we see
these two concepts in detail now,

Encapsulation
Encapsulation means “we have enclosed all the characteristics
of an object in the object
itself”
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Encapsulation and information hiding are much related

concepts (information
hiding is achieved using Encapsulation)

Consider the same example of object Ali of previous lecture

we described it as
follows,

object characteristics include data members and behavior of

the object in the form of functions.

we can say that Data and Behavior are tightly coupled inside
an object and both the information structure and
implementation details of its operations are hidden from the
outer world.

You can see that Ali stores his personal information in itself
and its behavior is
also implemented in it.
Now it is up to object Ali whether he wants to share that
information with
outside world or not. Same thing stands for its behavior if
some other object in
real life wants to use his behavior of walking it can not use it
without the
permission of Ali.

So we say that attributes and behavior of Ali are

encapsulated in it.
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Advantages of Encapsulation
The following are the main advantages of Encapsulation,
a. Simplicity and clarity
As all data and functions are stored in the objects so there is
no data or function
around in program that is not part of any object and is this
way it becomes very
easy to understand the purpose of each data member and
function in an object.
b. Low complexity
As data members and functions are hidden in objects and each
object has a
specific behavior so there is less complexity in code there will
be no such
situations that a functions is using some other function and
that functions is
using some other function.
c. Better understanding
Everyone will be able to understand whole scenario by simple
looking into object
diagrams without any issue as each object has specific role
and specific relation
with other objects.

Interface :
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Interface is a set of functions of an object that he wants to

expose to other objects

• Different objects may need different functions of an object

so interface of
an object may be different for different objects.
• Interfaces are necessary for object communication. Each
object provides
interface/s (operations) to other objects through these
interfaces other
objects communicate with this object.

Example – Interface of a Phone

• Input Number
• Place Call
• Disconnect Call
• Add number to address book
• Remove number
• Update number

Implementation

It is actual implementation of the behavior of the object in

any Object Oriented
language.
It has two parts,
• Internal data structures to hold an object state that will be
hidden from us
it will store values for an object data members.
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• Functionality in the form of member functions to provide

required
behavior.

• Data Structure in the form of Mechanical structure of gear

box
• Functionality mechanism to change gear
b. Address Book in a Phone
Similarly take the example of contact details saved in the
SIM of a phone,
In that case we can say physical structure of SIM card as
Data Structure
And Read/write operations provided by the phone as
Functionality.

Real Life example of separation of interface and

implementations
□ Driver has a standard interface to drive a car and using that
interface
he drive can drive any car regardless of its model or type
whatever
engine type it has or whatever type of fuel it is using.

Question
What is the difference between an Object Model Diagram and a Class Diagram in IBM
Rational Rhapsody?
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Cause
You may want to understand which diagram is more suitable as per your requirement.
Answer
Class diagram is a graph of classifier elements connected by their various static
relationships. A “class” diagram may also contain interfaces, packages, relationships,
and even instances,
such as objects and links. Perhaps a better name would be “static structural diagram”,
but “class diagram” is shorter and well established.

Object diagram on the other hand is a graph of instances, including objects and data
values. A static object diagram is an instance of a class diagram. It shows a snapshot of
the detailed state of a system at a point in time. The use of object diagrams is fairly
limited, mainly to show examples of data structures.

The actual differences lie in their purpose. A Class diagram shows your classes and
their relationships. An Object Model Diagram shows the interaction between objects at
some point, during run time.
The actual differences lie in their purpose. A Class diagram shows your classes and their
relationships. An Object Model Diagram shows the interaction between objects at some point,
during run time.

A Class Diagram will show what the Objects in your system consist of (members) and what they
are capable of doing (methods) mostly static. In contrast, an Object Diagram will show how
objects in your system are interacting with each other at some point in time, and what values
those objects contain when the program is in this state.