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Calculus - Limits

1. Calculus is the branch of mathematics dealing with derivatives and integrals of functions, originally based on infinitesimal differences. It has two main types: differential calculus and integral calculus. 2. Limits and continuity are introduced, including one-sided limits and properties of limits. Derivatives are defined as instantaneous rates of change and rules for differentiation of various functions are covered. 3. Examples are provided for calculating limits of functions as x approaches a number, including limits at infinity and limits of rational and radical functions. The relationship between limits and continuity is also discussed.

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Allel Censo
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99 views

Calculus - Limits

1. Calculus is the branch of mathematics dealing with derivatives and integrals of functions, originally based on infinitesimal differences. It has two main types: differential calculus and integral calculus. 2. Limits and continuity are introduced, including one-sided limits and properties of limits. Derivatives are defined as instantaneous rates of change and rules for differentiation of various functions are covered. 3. Examples are provided for calculating limits of functions as x approaches a number, including limits at infinity and limits of rational and radical functions. The relationship between limits and continuity is also discussed.

Uploaded by

Allel Censo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC CALCULUS

Calculus the branch of mathematics that deals with


the finding and properties of derivatives
and integrals of functions, by methods originally
based on
the summation of infinitesimal differences. The
two main types are differential
calculus and integral calculus.

Topics:
1. Limits and Continuity
a. Limit of Algebraic Functions
b. Rules of Limits
c. Limits at Infinity
d. Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes
e. Limits of Transcendental Functions
f. Continuity at a Point
g. Continuity on an Interval

2. Derivatives
a. Tangent Line to a Curve lim f ( x )
a. x→−2
b. Instantaneous Rate of Change
c. Definition of Derivative b. lim f ( x)
x →0
d. Basic Differentiation Rules
c. lim ¿
e. Chain Rule −¿
x→ 3 f ( x ) ¿
f. Differentiation of Transcendental Functions lim ¿
d.
(Trigonometric, Exponential, and Logarithmic) +¿
x→ 3 f ( x ) ¿

h. Implicit Differentiation e. lim f (x)


x →3
7.
Lesson 1: Limit of a Function:
The limit of a function f ( x) is the value L it
approaches as the value of 𝑥 approaches a certain
valuec . “As 𝑥 approaches c , the limit of (𝑥)
approaches L”. In symbols, we write this process
aslim f ( x )=L.
x →c

From the previous activity, we have lim


x →2
(1+3 x)=7
.
Examples:
2
lim (x +1)
1. x→−1

2. lim |x|
x →0
lim ¿
3. x→ 3
−¿
2
x −5 x+ 4
¿
x−1
lim ¿
4. x→ 3
+¿
2
x −5 x+ 4
¿
x−1

5. lim
x→ 4 { x +1
2
if x< 4
(x−4 ) +3 if x ≥ 4

Remarks:
1. lim f ( x )=L if and only if lim ¿ and
−¿
x →c x→ c f ( x ) =L ¿
lim ¿.
6. +¿
x→ c f ( x ) = L¿

f ( x ) DNE whenever lim ¿


2. lim
x →c
−¿
x→ c f ( x ) ≠ lim ¿¿
+¿
x→c f (x )¿

3. One – sided limits


a. Left – hand Limit
lim ¿ 10. Limit of Rational Function
−¿
x→ c f ( x ) =L ¿
f (x) f (c)
b. Right – hand Limit lim = , where g( c)≠ 0 .
lim ¿ x →c g(x ) g( c)
+¿
x→ c f ( x ) = L¿ 11. Limit of Radical Function
lim √ f ( x)=√ f (c), where n is positive integer and
n n

Lesson 2: Does thelim f ( x )=f ( c ) ? x →c


x →c
f (c ) is positive when n is even.
Examples:
Examples:
1. f ( x )=(1+3 x)
lim f ( x ) and f ( 2 ) 1. lim
x →2
3

2. lim −3.14
x →2
2. f ( x )=| x| x →5

lim f ( x ) and f ( 0 ) 3. lim


x →9
x
x →0
3. 4. lim x
x→−0.005

5. lim ( 3 x +5 x−1 ) ( √ 5 x+ 4)
2

x →1
( 3 x 2+ 5 x −1 ) (2 x +5)
6. lim
x →1 ( 3 x 2−3 x +1 )
x 2−9
7. lim
x →3 x−3
Note: When direct substitution is applied, the
answer is indeterminate.

lim f ( x )and f (−2 )


a. x→−2

b. lim f ( x ) and f ( 0 )
x →0

c. lim f ( x ) and f (3)


x →3

Lesson 3: Rules of Limits

1. Limit of a Constant
lim k=k , k ∈ R
x →c
2. Limit of variable x,
lim x =c
x →c
3. Constant Multiple Theorem
lim k ∙ f (x)=k ∙ lim k =¿
x →c x→c
4. Addition and Subtraction Rule
lim f ( x )+ g ( x)=lim f (x)+ lim g ( x)
x →c x →c x →c
lim f ( x )−g( x )=lim f (x )−lim g (x)
x →c x→ c x→ c
5. Multiplication Rule
lim f ( x )∙ g(x)=lim f (x )∙ lim g( x )
x →c x→ c x→ c
6. Division Rule
lim f ( x )
f (x) x →c
lim = , lim g ( x) ≠ 0
x →c g(x ) lim g( x) x →c
x→c
7. Power Rule
lim ¿ ¿
x →c
8. Radical/Root Rule

x →c x→ c
√
lim √n f (x)= n lim f (x), where n ∈ Z+¿ ¿ and lim f ( x )
x →c
+¿ ¿
∈R when n is even.
9. Limit of Polynomial Function
lim f ( x )=f (c) , where f ( x) is a polynomial
x →c
function.

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