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DIVISION OF NAVOTAS CITY

BUSINESS
MATHEMATICS
(Quarter 1 and 2)
First Semester

S.Y. 2021-2022
NAVOTAS CITY PHILIPPINES
Business Mathematics for Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
1st Semester (Quarter 1&2)
Second Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jenny-Lyn Rose A. Jabon
Editors: Editha O. Peregrino
Reviewers: Alberto J. Tiangco
Illustrator: Jenny-Lyn Rose A. Jabon
Layout Artist: Joseph G. Bantug
Management Team: Alejandro G. Ibañez, OIC- Schools Division Superintendent
Isabelle S. Sibayan, OIC- Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Loida O. Balasa, Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
Alberto J. Tiangco, EPS in Mathematics
Grace R. Nieves, EPS In Charge of LRMS
Lorena J. Mutas, ADM Coordinator
Vergel Junior C. Eusebio, PDO II LRMS

Inilimbag sa Pilipinas ng ________________________

Department of Education – Navotas City

Office Address: BES Compound M. Naval St. Sipac-Almacen Navotas City
____________________________________________
Telefax: 02-8332-77-64
____________________________________________
E-mail Address: ____________________________________________
[email protected]
Table of Contents
What I Know ................................................................................1

Module 1......................................................................................3

Module 2......................................................................................9

Module 3......................................................................................18

Module 4......................................................................................27

Module 5......................................................................................33

Module 6......................................................................................37

Module 7......................................................................................41

Module 8......................................................................................44

Module 9......................................................................................48

Module 10 ....................................................................................57

Module 11 ....................................................................................61

Module 12 ....................................................................................66

Module 13 ....................................................................................75

Module 14 ....................................................................................78

Module 15 ....................................................................................83

Module 16 ....................................................................................86

Assessment ..................................................................................92

Answer Key ..................................................................................94

References ...................................................................................95
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
Quarter I
1. Three out of four children in a school love chocolate products. Represent
the fraction of children who love chocolates to decimal form.
A. 0.34 C. 3
B. 0.75 D. 3.4
2. Ramon is 68 years old. As a senior citizen, he is exempted to VAT and is also
entitled for a 20% discount on food items. If he orders a meal and the cost of
the food is Php 90.00, how much will she pay the cashier?
A. Php 28.80 C. Php 64.29
B. Php 61.20 D. Php 72.00
3. The more the workers there are, the lesser the number of hours is needed
to complete a task. This is an example of what type of proportion?
A. direct proportion C. partitive proportion
B. inverse proportion D. mixed proportion
For numbers 4-5: 3 pieces of lumpiang sariwa cost Php 120. How much will it
cost for 15 pieces?

4. How will you translate this problem into a proportion?

3 15 3 𝑛
A. = C. =
120 𝑛 15 120
3 𝑛 3 15
B. = D. =
120 15 𝑛 120
5. How much will be the cost if you buy 15 pieces of lumpiang sariwa?
A. Php 240.00 C. Php 600.00
B. Php 360.00 D. Php 720.00
6. Rose would like to sell mobile phones she purchased from a supplier. The
cost of each phone is Php 3,500.00 each. The operating cost is set at 15%
of the cost and she would like to have a 25% profit on the cost of each
item. How much should be the selling price?
A. Php 3,525.00 C. Php 4,500.00
B. Php 3,900.00 D. Php 4,900.00
7. PQR Company sells laptops worth ₱24,999 each. Each unit costs 75% of
its selling price. What is the rate of margin?
A. 23.5% B. 25% C. 28.7% D. 75%
8. What is the single equivalent rate if the merchant gives you a trade
discount series of 20/10/10?
A. 43.5% B. 40% C. 35% D. 35.2%
9. How much is the profit/loss of a business if the revenue is ₱120,500 and
the expenses is Php102,000?
A. Profit; Php 18,500.00 C. Loss; Php 18,500.00
B. Profit; Php 120,500.00 D. Loss; Php 102,000.00

1
Quarter II

For numbers 10-11: You are planning to buy a condominium

unit worth ₱2,000,000. However, your savings is not enough to fully paid the
property, so you applied for a mortgage from a bank. The bank required you to make
a 10% down payment.
10. How much is the down payment?
A. Php 200,000.00 C. Php 2,000.00
B. Php 20,000.00 D. Php 200.00
11. What is the mortgage loan?
A. Php 2,200,000.00 C. Php 1,800,000.00
B. Php 2,000,000.00 D. Php 1,600,000.00
12. Adolfo works in a company that pays Php 2,000 a week and a 12%
commission on sales above Php 15,000 in the week. How much will he
receive if he sold products worth Php 28,000 in a week.
A. Php 15,000.00 C. Php 4,650.00
B. Php 13,000.00 D. Php 3,560.00
13. A car dealer earns a 2.5% commission on sales. If he sells a car for Php
980,000, how much commission will he earn?
A. Php 24,500.00 C. Php 245,000.00
B. Php 25,000.00 D. Php 2,450,000.00
14. A worker earns a salary of Php 36,000 a month. Suppose that he works 8
hours a day for a 24-day work month, how much does he get per hour?
A. Php 150.00 C. Php 1,500.00
B. Php 187.50 D. Php 36,000.00
15. Which of the following benefits is taxable?
A. SSS contribution C. Rice subsidy amounting to Php 2,000
B. Benefits over Php 90,000 D. 13th month pay not exceeding to
Php 90,000
16. An employee works as a clerk in ATL Company, a private lending
company in a barangay. His monthly gross income is Php 25,000. How
much is the employee’s share to Pag-IBIG Fund?
A. Php 100.00 C. Php 200.00
B. Php 150.00 D. Php 250.00
17. A wage earner who earns Php 537.00 a day rendered ten hours in work
during a regular day. How much pay will he receive that day?
A. Php 83.91 C. Php 704.81
B. Php 167.81 D. Php 939.75
18. A wage earner who earns Php 537.00 a day reported to work during a
regular holiday. How much pay will he receive that day?
A. Php 671.25 C. Php 939.75
B. Php 805.50 D. Php 1,074.00
19. In entering a formula inside a cell, the first symbol you must write is ___.
A. > B. < C. = D. ^
20. Which chart is appropriate to use if you want to show trends over time?
A. Line Graph C. Pie Chart
B. Bar Chart D. Tables

2
MODULE1

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Express fractions to decimals and percent forms, decimals to fraction and
percent forms and precent to fractions and decimal forms; and
2. Give real-life situations to illustrate fractions, decimals, and percent.

Lesson
Fractions, Decimals, Percent
1
You always encounter fractions, decimals, and percent even when you don’t
notice it. Whether you like it or not, they have been part of your daily living, and
your understanding of these concepts helps you in making better decisions in life.
For instance, you use these ideas in managing your personal finances, buying
decisions, and many more. In addition to its essence in practical life, expertise on
these concepts is necessary and foundational to more complex concepts in Math.

In this lesson, you will go back to the basics. Your mastery in these topics
will greatly help you in your next learning experience.

In your daily living, you experienced instances where it is better to use

fractions than decimals, and vice-versa. Thus, learning how to convert fractions,
decimals, or percent to other forms will give you an edge in doing daily estimation
and calculation.

3
Fractions
Expressing fractions to decimals
There are two ways to convert fractions to decimals.

1. By using long division

Example: Express 5/8 to decimal form.

Solution: The numerator is the dividend and the denominator is the
divisor.
.625
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
8 ) 5.000
-48
20
-16
40
-40
0
Therefore, 5/8 can also be rewritten as 0.625

2. By converting the fraction to an equivalent fraction whose denominator is

a power of 10.

Example: Convert 3/4 to decimal form.

STEPS SOLUTION
Step 1: Think of a number that can The denominator is 4, so you can
be multiplied by the denominator multiply it by 25 to make the
to make it 10, 100, 1000, 10 000, denominator as a power of 10.
and so on (power of 10).

Step 2: Multiply the numerator 3 25

⋅ =
75
4 25 100
and the denominator by that
number.
Step 3: Write down the numerator, In this case, there are two zeros in
then move the decimal point to the the denominator, so move the
left depending on the number of decimal point two places to the
zeros in the denominator. left. Therefore, the answer is 0.75.

Decimals
Expressing decimals to fractions.
1. When the decimal is terminating, use the concept of place value.

4
(The place value for decimals starts with tenths, hundredths, thousandths,
and so on.)

Examples:
a. Convert 0.8 to fraction.
Solution: 0.8 is read as “8 tenths”
8 4
0.8 = =
10 5

b. Express 0.25 to fraction form.

Solution: 0.25 is read as “25 hundredths”
25 1
0.25 = =
100 4

2. When the decimal is repeating and non-terminating, do the following:

Examples:
a. Write 0.3333… to fraction. ( 0.333… can also be rewritten as 0. 3̅ )
STEPS SOLUTIONS
̅
Let x = 0. 3 (first equation) The decimal has one repeating
decimal place so multiply both
sides by 10.

The resulting equation will be

10x = 3.3333…

10x = 3.3333… (second equation) Subtract the first equation from

-x = 0.3333… the second equation.
9x = 3
9𝑥 3 1 Solve for x.
= =
9 9 3
b. Express 0.454545… to fraction.
STEPS SOLUTIONS
Let x = 0.454545 … (1st equation) The decimal has two repeating
decimal places so multiply both
sides by 100.

The resulting equation will be

100x = 45.454545…

100x =45.454545 … (2nd equation) Subtract the first equation from

-x = 0.454545… the second equation.
99x = 45
99𝑥 45 5 Solve for x.
= =
99 99 11

Note: Always write your answer in its simplest form.

Percent
Percent means “per hundred.” It demonstrates a fraction whose denominator is
100.

5
Wondering about the difference between “percent” and “percentage”? According
to Peterson (2008), the only difference between these two words depends on how
you used them. Percentage speaks of the concept whereas percent serves as a unit.
For example, you do not say “50 percentage.” Instead, you say “50% or 50 percent.”
The word percentage does not come with a number while percent always come with
a number.

Example: The percentage of ABM students who passed in the previous semester
was 95%.

A. Expressing decimal to percent

Just multiply the decimals by 100 (or simply move the decimal point two
places to the right), and then add % symbol.

Examples:
1. 0.125 = 12.5% 2. 0.08 = 8% 3. 1.3 = 130%

B. Expressing percent to decimal

Divide the percent by 100%, or simply move the decimal point two places to
the left. Then, omit the % symbol.

Examples:
1. 64% = 0.64 2. 125% = 1.25 3. 1.5% = 0.015

C. Expressing fraction to percent

First, convert the fraction to decimal. Then, convert the resulting decimal to
percent.

Examples:
1 5 9
1. = 0.2 = 20% 2. = 0.625 = 62.5% 3. = 1.8 = 180%
5 8 5

Activity: The Mystery Guy

Mimi is a saleslady in a supermarket. One time after her noon break, Lily,
her co-saleslady, handed her a bunch of flowers and a chocolate bar. According to
Lily, these were given by one of their supervisors in the branch. Mimi wanted to find
out who was the mystery guy. The only clue given to her was that the guy is very
good at Math.

There are only four supervisors in the branch where Mimi works. Help her
find the mystery guy by examining the given mathematical statements inside the
box. Remember that the mystery guy is very good at math, so he would be able to
give all correct answers.

Determine whether the statement is True or False.

6
1.
7
= 0.875 6. 4.25 = 425%
8
5 3
2. 0.555… = 7. = 0.6
9 5
3. 0.456 = 45.6 8.
5
=
7
7 5
4. 15% = 0.15 9. 6% = 0.6
5.
6
= 68% 10. 0.0025 = 0.25%
8

Supervisor #1 Supervisor #2

No. 1 is True No. 2 is True

No. 3 is True No. 7 is True

No. 5 is True No. 10 is False

Supervisor #3 Supervisor #4
No. 3 is False No. 4 is True

No. 5 is False No. 6 is True

No. 10 is True No. 9 is True

Who is the mystery guy? _____________________________________________________

Let’s Do Quilting!

7
1. Look at the mat above. Then, copy this on a bond paper.
2. Make the copy as large as your bond paper so you can work on it.
3. Assume that you will be selling this mat online. However, it must be unique
and attractive so buyers would be interested to buy.
4. Beautify the item by coloring the box using your preferred colors.
5. Finally, make a table showing the components of your item.

Example:

Components based on the given example:

Color Fraction Decimal Percent

15 3
Red = 0.3 30%
50 10

10 1
Blue = 0.2 20%
50 5

25 1
White = 0.5 50%
50 2

TOTAL 1 1 100%

RUBRIC:

8
MODULE 2

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 2.1 – Operations on Fractions, Decimals, and Percent
• Lesson 2.2 – Problems Involving Fractions, Decimals, and Percent

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. convert between fractions, decimals, and percent if needed in the problem.
2. determine which operation(s) on fractions, decimals and/or percent must be
used to solve problems involving fractions, decimals and/or percent; and
3. solve problems involving fractions, decimals, and percent.

Lesson Fractions, Decimals,

2.1 Percent

Business always involves analysis and computation. Hence, you must

constantly practice the basic skills you’ve learned in mathematics. For this module,
you will start the lesson by studying how to perform the operations involving
fractions, decimals, and percent.

A. Operations on Fraction

9
1. Addition/Subtraction of Fractions
a. Similar Fractions (Fractions with the same denominator)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
➢ Rule: + = ,𝑐≠0
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

1 6 7
Example: + = When fractions are similar, just
12 12 12
add/subtract the numerators and copy
the denominator.

b. Dissimilar Fractions (Fractions with different denominators)

➢ Find the LCM and convert the fractions to similar fractions.
➢ Then, do the steps in adding/subtracting similar fractions.

1 3
Example: +
4 10

Step Solution
Find the LCM of 4 and 10 4 = 2⋅2
10 = 2 ⋅ 5
𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 = 20
Use the LCM in converting
fractions to similar fractions, 1 3 5+6
+ 10 = 20 =
11
then add. 4 20
Note: Always simplify your final answer.
2. Multiplication of Fractions
Multiply the numerator by the other numerator, and the denominator by
the other denominator. Do not cross multiply.
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑐
Rule: ⋅ = , 𝑏, 𝑑 ≠ 0
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑

2 1 2 2 1 2
Example: ⋅ = This equation is also read as 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠 .
3 5 15 3 5 15

Note: The preposition “of” signifies multiplication.

3 3 20 60
Example: 𝑜𝑓 20 means ⋅ = = 15.
4 4 1 4

3. Division of Fractions
Either you get the reciprocal of the divisor and proceed to the rule in
multiplication, or just do cross multiplication.

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑑 𝑎𝑑
Rule: ÷ = ⋅ =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏𝑐

3 1 3 10 30 15
Example: ÷ = ⋅ = =
4 10 4 1 4 2
B. Operations on Decimals
1. Addition/Subtraction of Decimals
Steps: Align the decimal points. Then add/subtract as if you are adding or
subtracting whole numbers. Finally, bring down the decimal point.
Example 1: Add 115.25, 30 and 4.27.
115.25

10
+ 30.00 Whole number has its decimal points after the ones digit
place.
4.27
149.52
Example 2: Subtract 14.75 from 25.
Solution: Take note of the word “from.”
25.00
- 14.75
10.25

2. Multiplication of Decimals
Steps: Multiply the decimals as if you are multiplying whole numbers. The
total number of decimal places of the factors is also the number of decimal
places in the product.

Example: Multiply 2.256 by 1.8.

Solution:
2.256 (3 decimal places)
× 1.8 (1 decimal place)
18048
+ 2256_
4.0608 (4 decimal places)

3. Division of Decimals
There are three cases in dividing decimals.

Case 1: Both the divisor and dividend are whole numbers, but the
quotient has a fractional part
➢ In this case, divide the decimals just like in whole numbers, then put
the decimal point directly above the decimal point in the dividend.

Example: 15 ÷ 4.
Solution:
3.75
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
4 )15.00
- 12
30
- 28
20
- 20
0

Case 2: The divisor is a whole number and the dividend has a fractional
part
➢ Put the decimal point of the quotient directly above the decimal point
in the dividend.

Example: 37.2 ÷ 6

Solution:
6.2

11
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
6 )37.2
-36
12
- 12
0
Case 3: The divisor has a fractional part.
➢ Multiply both the divisor and the dividend by an appropriate multiple
of 10 to make the divisor a whole number, then apply Case 2.

Example: 4.64 ÷ 0.8

Steps Solution
The divisor is 0.8. 0.8 (10) = 8
To make it a whole number,
multiply it by 10. Multiply also 4.64 (10) = 46.4
the dividend by 4.64.

(Clue: Count the number of digits Recall that a shorter way to

after the decimal point. In this multiply a decimal by 10𝑛 is by
example, there is only one digit moving the decimal point n places
after the point, so just multiply it to the right.
by 10. If there are 2 digits after
the point, then multiply it by
100.)

Apply Case 2 6.2

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
8 )46.4
-40
64
- 64
0

C. Operations involving Percent

When performing an operation involving percent, you have to
1. convert percent to decimal; and
2. apply the rule in multiplying decimals.

Example: Find the product of 75% and Php 240.

Solution:
240
x .75
1200
+ 1680_
180.00

As a Business Math student, you have to be familiar with all the problems that may
involve fractions, decimals, and percent. Before you proceed to the next example,
you have to be familiar with the three quantities you will be working with:

➢ Base (original amount) – is the whole in a problem.

12
➢ Percentage (or amount) – is the portion of the whole being compared to the
base.
➢ Rate (or percent) – is the ratio of the percentage to base. It is written as
percent.

Practice identifying these:

Base (B) Rate (R) Percentage (P)

20% of 50 is 10 50 20% 10
7.5 is 30% of 25 25 30% 7.5
18 is 75% of 24 24 75% 18

Hint: The base comes after the word “of”

The rate is the one with % symbol

To solve for the unknown, you just have to remember this triangle.

➢ P=R*B

𝑃
➢ B= 𝐵

𝑃
➢ R= 𝐵

Example 1: What is 30% of 12?

Given Solution
B = 12 P=R*B
R = 30% or 0.3 P = .3 * 12
P=? P = 3.6

Example 2: 25% of what number is 50?

Given Solution
P = 50
R = 25% or 0.25 B=
𝑃
=
50
= 200
B=? 𝐵 .25

Example 3: 10 is what percent of 40?

Given Solution
P = 10 R= =
𝑃 10

R=? 𝐵 40
R = 0.25
B = 40
Convert to 0.25 to percent
R = 25%

13
Lesson
Problems Involving
2.2
Fractions, Decimals and
Percent
Solving word problems require reading comprehension. Even if you are good
in mathematical concepts, you can still go wrong if you do not understand the
problems well. In this module, you will encounter several word problems, so read
everything carefully.

Solving Problems Involving Fractions, Decimals, Percent

Every day you solve different word problems, not just in school, but also in other
areas of your life. So, whether you like it or not, it is a necessity that you know what
to do when you encounter them. Schoenborn & Simkins (n.d.) suggested the
following tips in solving any word problems. Use only those that apply to the
situation.
1. Read the problem carefully. Do not proceed to any step until you
understand the problem well.
2. Find and list the given.
3. Identify what is being asked in the problem.
4. Eliminate information that are not necessary to find the solution.
5. Be attentive to the units of measure. There are times that you need to
convert units first before solving the problem.
6. If needed, draw a diagram to visualize the problem.
7. Identify or develop a formula to use for the computation.

1 3
Sample Problem 1: Aling Nena goes to a market to buy 3 kg pork, kg of
2 4
chicken, and 3 L of cooking oil. The following is the list of prices:

Description Amount per Unit

Pork Php 280.00
Chicken Php 210.00
Cooking Oil Php 25.75
Questions:
1. How much is the total amount of all the items bought by Aling Nena?
Solution:
1
For pork : 3 (280) = 3.5 (280) = 980.00
2

14
3
For chicken : (210) = 0.75 (210) = 157.50
4
For cooking oil : 3 (25.75) = 77.25
Total : 980 + 157.50 + 77.25 = 1,214.75

The total amount of the items is Php 1, 214.75.

2. If Aling Nena has Php 1500, how much will be left to her after paying all the
items?
Solution:
1500.00
– 1214.75
285.25
The money left to her is Php 285.25.

Note: Always indicate the peso sign at the final answer if it pertains to money.

Sample Problem 2: Your parents instructed you to call your grandma in the
province. If your current load balance is Php 145.00 and a call would cost you Php
6.50 per minute (assuming that you are not registered to any call and text promo),
how many minutes will you be able to talk with your grandma?
Solution:

145 ÷ 6.5 = 22.31

You will be able to call your grandma for 22 minutes.

Sample Problem 3: A laptop costs Php 23 500 before the 12% VAT. How much is
the total cost of the laptop after the VAT?

Solution:

• Php 23 500 has no VAT yet. We call this as VAT-able amount.

• Multiply the VAT-able amount by 112%.
o 112% = 1.12
o 23 500 (1.12) = 26 320
o The total cost of laptop after VAT is Php 26 320.00

Sample Problem 4: Your total water bill is Php 321.50. How much of it is the VAT-
able amount?

Solution:

• Take note of the following:

o Php 321.50 is already inclusive of VAT.
o The amount of VAT is 12% of the VAT-able amount.

Step Solution
Write a mathematical statement for Let x = VAT-able amount
this.
So,
o x + 12% of x = 321.50
o x + .12x = 321.50

Solve for x 1.12 x = 321.50

15
1.12𝑥 321.50
=
1.12 1.12

x ≈ 287.054
Final answer The VAT-able amount or the price
that is VAT free is Php 287.05

Sample Problem 5: Linda is 65 years old. As a senior citizen, she is exempted to

VAT and is also entitled for a 20% discount on food items. If she orders a meal and
the cost of the food is Php 90.00, how much will she pay the cashier?

Solution:

• Take note that the 20% discount is applied to VAT-able amount. Therefore,
compute first for the VAT-able amount.
90
o 𝑥= = 80.36
1.12
• So, what is 80% of 80.36? (Linda will only pay for 80% of the amount
because she is given with 20% discount.)
o 80.36*0.8 = 64.29

Answer: Linda’s exact bill for her food is Php 64.29.

Activity: Your Turn to Perform!

Refer to the following data to answer the problems below. Round your answers to
the nearest hundredths (2 decimal places).

Product Amount per Unit

Notebook Php 12.50
Pad paper Php 9.25
Ballpen Php 6.50
Pencil Php 6.00
Paste Php 4.75
Eraser Php 2.50
Crayon Php 32.75

You need to buy school supplies for the new school year. However, you do
not want to hustle with people who are also buying in the store. So, you decided to
contact someone to deliver it for you. The delivery fee is 25% of the total amount of
purchase.
Here are your selected items:
12 pcs of notebook
2 pcs. pad paper
3 pcs. ballpen
1 paste
1 box of crayon

16
1. How much is the total amount of items you intend to buy?

2. How much will you pay for the delivery charge?

3. Because you buy a dozen of notebook, the store gives you 8% discount for
the notebooks you bought. How much will be your total bill without the
delivery charge? With the delivery charge?

4. The amount you see in the table are inclusive of VAT. Find the VAT-able
amount of your purchased product.

5. You have a 20% discount voucher, and you want to use that in ordering your
supplies. How much will you pay (without the delivery charge) if you use the
said voucher?

Activity: Valuing Your Values

This activity contains some values you should possess in solving problems not
only in Math but also in daily life. Find it out by following the given instructions.
Instructions:
1. Perform the indicated operations.
2. Always follow the PEMDAS (Parenthesis, Exponent, Multiplication, Division,
Addition and Subtraction) Rule.
3. Round the decimals to the nearest hundredths.
4. Write the fraction to its simplest form.
5. Then, use the result to figure out the hidden word in each bullet.

2 1
A= +
9 9
C = 0.43+9.5 - 3.61 N = 18% of 1500
4 1
E = 5+8 D = 14.75 – 5.25 + 13 P = 25% of 6800

17 1 F = 90 ÷ 0.15 R = 12.5% of 350

I= −2
20
2
G = 2+ (0.3) (1.48) S = 15% of
9 1 5
O= ቀ3ቁ
16
L = 19.84 + 4.5 – 2 1
T = 60% of
4 2 5
U= ÷
7 3

17
➢ _____ _____ _____ _____
7
2.444 43.75 0.12
20

➢ ___ _ _ _ ___

9 6
600 6.32 0.06
48 7

➢ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___

1 7 37 37
1700 0.12 270 6.32
3 20 40 40

➢ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___

7 7 37 37
22.5 22.34 2.444 270 6.32
20 20 40 40

MODULE 3

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define and give examples of a ratio;
2. express a ratio as a fraction in simplest forms;
3. simplify a ratio involving rational numbers or decimals;
4. formulate and solve problems involving ratios;
5. differentiate between ratio and rate;
6. define and give examples of a proportion;
7. write proportions involving real-life situations;
8. use fundamental property of proportions to show if two ratios form a
proportion;
9. use fundamental property of proportions to solve a proportion; and
10. identify the different kinds of proportions and write examples of real-life
situations for each.

18
Lesson
Ratio and Proportion
3

Do you know that the terms “ratio” and “fraction” are used interchangeably?
That is because problems involving fraction can also be considered as ratio
problems too. This means that just like fractions, you also encounter ratios in real-
life. In this lesson, you will learn more about this topic. You will notice that the way
you handle fraction is also the same as the way you handle ratio.

Comparing things happens every day and everywhere. When you go to the
market, you make comparisons before buying a product. At school, you also make
comparisons when you check your score over a total number of items. Even in the
comfort of your house, you make comparisons when you decide how much rice will
you cook with the number of people who will eat. Even if you are not aware of it,
ratio and proportion apply to your daily living.

A. Ratio
The comparison of two quantities by division is called ratio, and it can be written
in two ways:

Odds Notation Fraction Notation

a:b 𝑎
read as “a is to b” or “a to b” 𝑏

Example 1: The ratio of 6 to 8 can be written as any of these:

• 6:8 or 3:4 (odds notation)

6 3
• 𝑜𝑟 (fractional notation)
8 4

Example 2: There are 15 boys and 10 girls in a classroom. What is the ratio of girls
to boys?

Solution:
• Note that you are asked for the ratio of girls to boys.

19
10
• There are 10 girls and 15 boys or .
15
10 2
• In simplest form, we can write 𝑡𝑜 .
15 3
2
• So, the ratio of girls to boys is or 2 : 3.
3
Example 3: Write the following ratios in its simplest form.
1 3
a. ∶
2 5

Steps Solution
Find the LCM of the denominator. The denominators are 2 and 5.
The LCM is 10.
Multiply both quantities by the 1
10 ቀ ቁ ∶ 10 ቀ ቁ
3
2 5
LCM.
10 30
∶ = 5: 6
2 5

Write the simplest form. 5:6

2 3
b. 1 ∶
3 4

Steps Solution
2 2 5
Rewrite 1 to improper fraction. 1 =
3 3 3

Convert the mixed number to

improper fraction
5 3
∶
3 4
Find the LCM of the denominator. The denominators are 3 and 4.
The LCM is 12.
Multiply both quantities by the 5
12 ቀ ቁ ∶ 12 ቀ ቁ
3
3 4
LCM. 60 36
: = 20: 9
3 4

Write the simplest form. 20:9

c. 0.04 : 0.06
Steps Solution
Write the ratio to its equivalent You need to multiply 0.04 and 0.06
form without decimals by by 100 to make both terms a whole
multiplying both terms by the number.
same power of 10.
0.04 (100) 4
=
0.06 (100) 6

Write to the ratio to its simplest 4

=3
2
6
form.

Thus, the simplest form is 2 : 3.

20
d. 0.25 : 0.675
Steps Solution
Write the ratio to its equivalent You need to multiply 0.25 and
form without decimals by 0.675 by 1000 to make both terms
multiplying both terms by the a whole number.
same power of 10.
0.25 (1000) 250 10
= =
0.675 (1000) 675 27

Write to the ratio to its simplest Thus, the simplest form is 10 : 27.
form.

Before solving any problems involving ratio, make sure that both quantities
or terms are expressed in the same unit of measure. Look at the next examples.

Example 4: Express the ratio of 1500 meters to 2 kilometers to simplest form.

> Convert one of the terms to make them of the same unit of measure.
> Know that 1 kilometer = 1000 meter
> Convert 2 kilometers to meters. So, instead of using 2 km, use 2000 m.
• 1500 meters to 2000 meters
1500 3
• 1500 : 2000 or =
2000 4
• The simplest form is 3 : 4

Will it also be the same if instead of converting kilometers to meters, you choose to
convert meters to kilometers? Let’s see.

Steps Solution
Convert 1500 meters to kilometers. 1500 𝑚 = 1000 𝑚
1 𝑘𝑚

1500 𝑘𝑚
= 1.5 𝑘𝑚
1000

Write the equivalent ratio with the 1.5 km to 2 km or

same unit of measure. 1.5 : 2
Note that 1.5 is in decimals so you 1.5(10) 15
= 20 = 4
3
have to make it a whole number. 2(10)

Make a statement. The simplest form is 3 : 4

Example 5: Write the ratio, 32 days to 10 weeks, as a fraction in simplest forms.

> Convert one of the terms to make them of the same unit of measure.
> Know that 1 week = 7 days
> Convert 10 weeks to days. So, instead of using 10 weeks, use 70 days.
• 32 days to 70 days

21
32 16
• 32 : 70 or =
70 35
• The simplest form is 16 : 35

B. Rate
Rate is a ratio. Meaning, it also compares two quantities. However, the term
“rate” is used to compare quantities of different units. When the rate has a
denominator of 1, it is called a unit rate.

Example 1: Write the unit rate for 400 km in 8 hours.

(Note that in unit rate, your goal is to make the denominator equal to
1.)
400 𝑘𝑚 50 𝑘𝑚
= 𝑜𝑟 50 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
8 ℎ𝑟 1 ℎ𝑟

Example 2: Give the unit rate when a pump moves 50 liters in 4 minutes.
50 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 12.5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
= 𝑜𝑟 12.5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
4 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒

C. Proportion
Proportion is a statement that the two ratios are equal. According to the
fundamental property of proportions, the two given ratios are equal when the
product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes. In symbols,
𝑎 𝑐
𝑖𝑓 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐
𝑏 𝑑

where a is the first term, b is the second term, c is the third term, and d is
the fourth term. a and d are called the extremes and b and c are called the means.

Example 1: Name the four terms in the following proportion:

2 10
= or 2 : 5 = 10 : 25
5 25

Solution:
First Term = 2 Second Term = 5 Third Term = 10 Fourth Term = 25

2 and 25 are the means; 5 and 10 are the extremes.

Example 2: Do the following ratios form a proportion?

a. 3 : 8 4:9

Solution:

27 32
3 4
27 ≠ 32 Hence, the ratios do not form a
8 9
proportion.

22
20 4
b.
25 5

Solution:

100 100
20 4
100 = 100 Hence, the ratios form a proportion.
25 5

Example 3: Find the missing term in the following proportions.

a. 10 : 15 = n : 18
Solution:
Steps Solution
Rewrite the ratio in fraction form 10
=
𝑛
15 18
then get the cross products
15n = 10(18)
15n = 180
Solve for n 15𝑛
=
180
15 15

n = 12

10 2
Will it also be the same if you simplify first to before solving for n? Let’s try!
15 3

Solution:
2 𝑛 3𝑛 36
= 3n = 2(18) 3n = 36 = n=
3 18 3 3
12

b. n : 15 = 1 : 5

Solution:
𝑛 1 5𝑛 15
= 5n = 15(1) 5n = 15 = n=3
15 5 5 5

The relationship of variables can be either they are directly related, inversely related
or partitively related. Recognizing the type of variation will help you solve different
problems involving ratio and proportion.

23
Three Types of Proportion

1. Direct Proportion
The two variables are both increasing or both decreasing at the same rate.

Example:
If you work 15 hours, you earn Php 600. How much will you earn if you work
60 hours?

➢ Note that as the number of hours you work increases; the amount you
earn also increases. This is a type of direct proportion.

2. Inverse Proportion
The proportion is inverse if as one quantity increases, the other quantity
decreases at the same rate, and vice versa.

Example:
If 3 men can paint a wall in 1 day, how long will 5 men do it?

➢ This is an indirect or inverse proportion because the more workers, the

lesser the time they will finish the painting.

3. Partitive Proportion
A whole is divided into several parts given a ratio.

Examples:
Fifty liters of water is transferred into 3 jars in the ratio 2:3:4. How much
water is in each jar?

➢ This is an example of partitive proportion because the whole 50 liters is

divided into three parts in the ratio 2:3:5.

24
Activity: The Secret Ingredient!

Maria is problematic because her profit in bread and pastry business is declining
due to the competition in the market. Suddenly, she remembered that when she
was a child, her grandma was telling her about a secret ingredient in making a cake.
However, this was kept inside a box with a code.

Help Maria open the box and find the secret ingredient by solving for n in the
following proportions.

3 12 6 18 𝑛 21
C = H = 27 N = 24
4 𝑛 𝑛 8

9 𝑛 𝑛 16 10 𝑛
D = I = 56 O =
15 5 7 20 2

𝑛 16 4 𝑛 𝑛 16
E = 20 L = 54 R = 20
10 18 5

S 40 : n = 80 : 10 T 24 : 12 = n : 3

V 30 : 45 = 10 : n

6 9 8 5 8 16 4 8 6

____ ____ __G__ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
2 7 4 8 3 2 8 7 6 2 5

12 1 15 8

25
This is now your time to apply the concept you have learned about ratio and
proportion. Suppose you will make a delicious pastillas.
Ingredients:
• 1 ¼ cups of powdered milk
• ¼ cup condensed milk
• ¼ cup sugar
• Oil, for molding
These ingredients can yield 30 small pieces of pastillas.

Instructions:

1. You will give 3 pieces of pastillas to each member of your family.

2. Since the ingredients above yield 30 pieces, you may reduce or increase the
amount based on the number of people who will eat the pastillas.
3. Complete the table.

Number of people who will receive pastillas:

Number of pastillas needed to make:

Ingredients Actual Amount of Ingredients

1 ¼ cup of powdered milk
¼ cup condensed milk
¼ cup sugar
Oil, for molding

Sample Only: I need to make 10 pastillas.

(I use 10 so that it is not a multiple of 3)

Ratio: the amount of ingredient to the number of pastillas it produces

1 5 50
1 : 30 = n : 10 : 30 = n : 10 30n =
4 4 4

50 30 50 5 5
n= ÷ = = Therefore, I need cup of powdered milk.
4 1 120 12 12

26
MODULE 4

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. recognize the type of proportion in the problem.

2. use fundamental property of proportions to solve a proportion; and
3. solve problems involving direct, inverse, and partitive proportions.

Lesson Solving Problems

4 Involving Proportions
Proportion is not just a mathematical term confined in a book or in a
classroom setting. You apply it every day without even realizing that you are actually
dealing with it. In this module, you will use the concepts you have learned in the
previous module. You will solve different problems that will allow you to see
proportions as part of your daily life.

To solve any proportion problems, it would be easier if you write the given in
the form of a mathematical statement. Since it is a proportion, remember to set up
the two ratios in order. Meaning, each term of the first ratio corresponds to each
term of the second ratio.

27
A. Direct Proportion
Example 1: If you work 15 hours, you earn Php 600. How much will you earn if you
work 60 hours?
➢ The first set of ratio is 15 hours of work to Php 600.
➢ The second ratio is 60 hours of work to n pesos.

You may set the proportion in any or the vice versa of the following ways:

ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 1

= =
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔1 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘2 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔2

𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1

=
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔2 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔2

Steps Solution
1. Identify the type of proportion. It is a direct proportion because more
hours of work means more earnings.

2. Translate to a proportion statement. 15 60

=
600 x

3. For a direct proportion, simply use 15x = 36000

the cross-product method.
15𝑥 36000
=
15 15

x = 2400
4. Write a concluding statement. You will earn Php 2400 for 60 hours of
work.

Example 2: Three box of candies cost Php 195. How much do 8 boxes of candies
cost?

Steps Solution
1. Identify the type of proportion. It is a direct proportion because more
boxes of candies means higher cost.
2. Translate to a proportion statement. 3 8
=x
195
3. For a direct proportion, simply use 3x = 1560
the cross-product method.
3𝑥 1500
=
3 3

x = 520
4. Write a concluding statement. Eight boxes cost Php 520.00.

28
B. Inverse Proportion
Example 1: A supply of food is enough to feed 10 persons for 2 days. If 30 more
people join the camp, how long will the food supply last?

If you solve this using the method you used in direct proportion,
10 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 40 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 10 40
= or = 10x = 80 x=8
2 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑥 2 𝑥

What?! How come that when there are 10 people, the supply is enough for
2 days, but if there are 40 people, this supply is enough for 8 days?

Let us analyze the problem. Let us assume that the food supply is 10-kg rice.
What do you think will happen with this supply if 30 more people will be added to
10 people? Will it still be enough in two days? We can see in this problem that as
the number of people increases, the number of consumption days decreases.
Therefore, this is an inverse proportion.
So, if the method you use in direct proportion will not work in this type of
proportion, what will you do to solve this?

Steps Solution
1. Identify the type of proportion. It is an inverse proportion because as
the number of people increases, the
number of consumption days
decreases.
2. Translate to a proportion statement. Since it is an inverse proportion, we will
not use the cross-product method.

Instead, we will use x1y1 = x2y2

(10)(2) = (40)(n)

3. Solve for n.
10(2) = 40n or 40n = 20

40𝑛 20
=
40 40

1
n=
2
4. Write a concluding statement. If there are 40 persons, it will only take
half day to consume the food supply.

Example 2: If 3 men can paint a room in 8 days, then how many men are needed to
finish the same job in 4 days?

Steps Solution
1. Identify the type of proportion. It is an inverse proportion because as
the number of people increases, the
number of working days decreases.
2. Translate to a proportion statement. We will use x1y1 = x2y2

(3)(8) = (4)(n)

29
3. Solve for n. 3(8) = 4n or 4n = 24

4𝑛 24
=
4 4

n=6
4. Write a concluding statement. 6 men are needed to finish the job in 4
days.

C. Partitive Proportion
Example 1: Forty (40) students took a mathematics test after finishing a course.
How many failed in this test if the ratio of those who passed to those who failed the
test was 6:2?

Steps Solution
1. Identify the type of proportion. This is a partitive proportion
because the whole 40 students
were divided into parts – those who
passed and those who failed.
2. Translate to a mathematical Let n be the GCF.
statement.
6n + 2n = 40

3. Since the GCF is unknown, find

its value by solving for the those who fail
unknown. those who pass

Note that 6n + 2n is equal to 40

students.

6n + 2n = 40
8n = 40
8𝑛 40
=
8 8

n=5
4. Remember that you are only 2n = 2 (5) = 10
asked for those who “failed” in the
test. Thus, you need to know 2n.
5. Make a statement. There were 10 students who failed
in the test.

Example 2: Agents X, Y, and Z were able to sell 225 boxes of candies in the ratio
2:3:4 respectively. How many boxes of candies did each agent sell?

Steps Solution
1. Identify the type of proportion. This is a partitive proportion
because the whole 225 boxes are
divided into three parts in the ratio
2:3:4.

30
2. Translate to a mathematical Let n be the GCF.
statement.
2n + 3n + 4n = 225

3. Since the GCF is unknown, find 9n = 225

its value by solving for the 9𝑛
=
225
9 9
unknown.
n = 25

5. Remember that you are asked Agent X: 2n = 2(25) = 50

for the number of boxes sold by Agent Y: 3n = 3(25) = 75
each agent. Agent Z: 4n = 4(25) = 100
Total = 225
6. Make a statement. Agent X sold 50 boxes of candies.
Agent Y sold 75 boxes of candies.
Agent Z sold 100 boxes of candies.

Activity: Words to Symbols

Directions: Translate each of the following problems into a mathematical statement.

Use n for the unknown.

1) A piece of cloth, 500 cm

long, is divided into two 2) Jenny earns Php 500 a
pieces in the ratio 4:3. How day. How much does she
long is the shorter part? earn if she works 15 days?

3) 10 workers are needed to 4) An encoder can finish 4

finish a certain job in 24 pages in 60 minutes. How
hours. How long will it take long will it take him finish
15 workers to finish the 20 pages?
same job?

31
6) At the supermarket,
5) If 20 people can do a job oranges are being sold for
in 8 days, how many days Php 72 for every 8 pieces.
will 5 people do the same How much will you pay if
job? you buy 24 oranges?

Instructions:
1. Your parents gave you a 100-peso bill for your food and cellphone load
allowance. How much will you spend on each item?

Item Amount
Food
Cellphone Load
Total Php 100.00

2. Based on your budget, make a partitive proportion statement inside the box
below. Remember to express the ratio in simplest form.

Example:
I will divide my Php 100 for my food and cellphone load in the ratio 3:5.

Rubric:

3 points 2 points 1 point SCORE

Mechanics All Has Did not follow
instructions committed 1 any of the
were followed. error in instructions
following the
instructions
Content Shows clear Shows some Shows no
understanding understanding understanding
of the of the of the
mathematical mathematical mathematical
concept concept concept
Organization The statement The statement The statement
is clear and is somehow is difficult to
easy to clear and easy understand.
understand. to
understand.
Total

32
MODULE 5

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate markup, markdown, and mark on; and
2. obtain markup, markdown, and mark on given the price of a product.

Lesson
Markup, Markdown, and Mark On
5
Pricing plays a vital role in increasing your business’ profits. Hence, a poor
pricing strategy leads to hurting your sales drastically. This lesson will help you
learn the different terms needed in setting the price.

Some people think that the terms “cost price” and “selling price” are
synonyms. However, they are not the same in context. Cost price is the amount a
business spends to produce goods or services before adding a profit. It includes the
price of the raw materials used in creating a product. Usually, it is on a per-unit
basis. Operating cost is the expense relative to the production and actual selling
of a product. It comprises the salaries, rental fees, transportation, and other
incidental payments; it does not include the amount incurred for the raw materials.
These two terms (cost price and operating cost) are necessary for determining the
selling price – the amount a customer is willing to pay for the product or service
offered by the business. In determining the price, a business owner must set a target
profit after the sale. Thus, the formula to compute the selling price is:
where: S = Selling Price
C = Cost Price
S=C+E+P
E = Operating Cost/Expense
P = Profit

33
The amount added to the cost price is called markup. It is the difference
between the selling price and the cost price, and it is computed based on the cost.
To determine the markup, use the formula:

MU = S – C where: MU = Markup
S = Selling Price
or
C = Cost Price
MU = E + P E = Operating Cost/Expense
P = Profit

Example: Jenny would like to sell pad papers she purchased from a mall. The cost
of pad paper is Php 12.00 each. The operating cost is set at 15% of the cost and she
would like to have a 25% profit on the cost of each item.
a. Determine the markup price for each pad paper.
b. Help Jenny compute the selling price for each pad paper.

Solution:
a. Determine the markup price for each pad paper.
Step Solution
Take note that markup is the sum of the MU = E + P
operating expense and profit. MU = 15% of C + 25% of C
MU = 0.15(12) + 0.25(12)
MU = 1.8 + 3
MU = Php 4.80
Therefore, the markup for each pad paper is Php 4.80.

b. Help Jenny compute the selling price for each pad paper.
Step Solution
The formula S = C + E + P can also be S = C + MU
transformed to S = C + MU. S = 12 + 4.80
S = Php 16.80
Therefore, the selling price for each pad paper is Php 16.80.

Now, some products increase their price during peak seasons because the
demand for them rises. For instance, the price for red roses spikes during February
14. The increase on top of the selling price when there is seasonal demand for the
product or an undersupply of the product due to calamity is known as the mark on.

Example: The cost per unit of a flower is Php 50.00. The owner added a 45% markup
for sale. However, a mark on of 25% of the regular selling price is added on it during
peak seasons.
a. How much is the regular selling price (S)?
b. How much is the selling price during peak seasons (PS)?

34
Solution:
a. How much is the regular selling price (S)?
Steps Solution
1. Take note that markup is computed MU = 45% of the cost price
based on the cost price. MU = .45 (50)
MU = Php 22.50
2. Compute the selling price using the S = C + MU
available data. S = 50 + 22.50
S = Php 72.50
Therefore, the regular selling price of a flower is Php 72.50.

b. How much is the selling price during peak seasons (PS)?

Steps Solution
1. Compute the mark on. The problem MO = 25% of the regular selling price
states that the mark on is based on the MO = .25 (72.50)
regular selling price. MO = Php 18.15
2. Find the selling price during peak PS = S + MO
seasons. PS = 72.50 + 18.15
PS = Php 90.65
This means that each flower sells for Php 90.65 during peak seasons.

In some cases, businesses cut down prices to generate more sales or clear
inventory. It happens when they sell the product at a discounted price or sale price.
This decrease in the selling price is called markdown. Unlike markup, markdown is
computed based on the selling price. To calculate, subtract the discounted price
from the regular selling price. In symbols,

where: MD = Markdown
S = Selling Price
MD = S - SP
SP = Sale Price/Discounted Price

Example: Enzo had the chance to buy a branded shirt regularly prices at Php 990.00
for only Php 693.00.
a. What was the amount of the markdown?
b. What was the rate of the markdown?

Solution:
a. What was the amount of the markdown?
Steps Solution
Remember that markdown is the MD = S – SP
difference between the regular selling MD = 990 – 693
price and the discounted/sale price. MD = Php 297.00

This means that markdown price is Php 297.00

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b. What was the rate of the markdown?
Steps Solution
Take note that markdown is computed 𝑀𝐷𝑟 =
𝑀𝐷
∗ 100
𝑆
based on the selling price. 297
𝑀𝐷𝑟 = ∗ 100
990
MDr = 0.3 * 100
MDr = 30%
This means that markdown rate is 30%.

Read the following situation and supply the needed information.

Rose bought boxes of chocolates for Php 85.00 each. She decided to impose
a markup rate of 40% on each box before selling it to the market. During holidays,
a mark-on of 15% of the regular selling price is added on. One day during a regular
season, she found out that the chocolates are about to expire. To dispose of the
products immediately, she decided to lower the price by Php 29.75.

1. What is the cost price of each box of chocolate?

2. Compute the markup.
3. How much is the price per unit during holidays?
4. How much is the sale price?
5. What is the markdown rate?

Activity: Find it Out!

1. A store owner used a markup rate of 50%. How much is the markup if the item
costs the owner Php 300.00?

Solution Final Answer

2. During a sale, a shirt regularly priced at Php 500.00 was sold at a 15%
markdown. How much was the markdown?

Solution Final Answer

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3. Many people prefer to eat fish over pork and beef during a special season.
Because of the high demand, fish vendors increase the price by 35% of the selling
price. How much is the new selling price if the regular selling price is Php 110.00
per kilo?

Solution Final Answer

MODULE 6

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate mark-up from margins.
2. describe how gross margins is used in sales; and
3. compute single trade discounts and discount series.

Lesson
Markup and Margin
6.1
The aim of any business is to succeed in its chosen field. However, success
in business does not only mean having a high revenue or gross sales. It is also about
how much is the profit it gained from selling its products or services. In this lesson,
you will know some ways how businesses compute the rate of gross profit – the
amount left when you subtract the cost of goods sold from the revenue or sales.
Cost of goods sold (COGS) is the direct expenses incurred in manufacturing a
product or delivering a service whereas the revenue (or sales) is the income a
company earns solely from selling the products or services.

37
Markup and margin have commonalities. Both margin and markup tell you
the difference between the selling price and COGS, but they differ on perspectives.
Recall that markup is the amount you added to the cost price before selling it to the
consumers. It tells you about the relationship between your selling price and the
amount it costs you to manufacture a product or provide a service. On the other
hand, margin (or gross margin) is the amount you gain on making a sale or service.
It shows you the relationship between sales and profits. Hence, it reveals more
precise data about your actual earnings. Thus, the higher the markup, the higher
the selling price. The higher the margin, the higher the profits.

However, to calculate the rates of markup and margin:

Markup Margin
Gross profit Gross profit
MU(%) = x 100 M s ( %) = x 100
Cost of Goods Sold Revenue

Example: MXY Company sells laptops worth ₱31,999 each. Each unit costs 85% of
its selling price. What are the gross profit of the product, the rates of markup rate
and margin?

Solution:
Steps Solution
Identify the given. S = ₱31,999.00
C = 85% of S
C = 0.85 (31,999)
C = ₱27,199.15
Find the gross profit. GP = 31,999 – 27,199.15
GP = ₱4,799.85
Calculate the rate of markup. Gross profit
MU(%) = Cost of Goods Sold x 100
4799.85
MU(%) = x 100
27199.15
𝐌𝐔(%) = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟓%
Calculate the rate of margin. M s ( %) =
Gross profit
x 100
Revenue
4799.85
M s ( %) = x 100
31999
𝐌𝐬 (%) = 𝟏𝟓%

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Activity: Complete the Table

Revenue COGS Gross Profit Markup (R) Margin (R)

A. ₱3,500 ₱1,200
B. ₱4,275 ₱2,327
C. ₱7,000 ₱6,000
D. ₱10,500 ₱4,850

Lesson
Trade Discounts
6.2
Suppliers make different strategies to attract people to patronize their
products or services. One of their tactics is to offer discounts to customers. It is to
encourage more resellers and to keep their customers loyal to them. In this lesson,
you will learn how to compute trade discounts and discount series.

Suppliers always set a suggested retail price for their products. It is called
the list price. However, they usually give a special discount to those people involved
in bringing these to the customers. Those people are called the middlemen, and the
discount they receive is known as a trade discount. This price reduction will allow
the middlemen to gain a profit in selling the products.

To compute for the trade discount:

Formula Description
TD = Trade Discount
TD = TDR (S) TDR = Trade Discount Rate
S = Selling Price

Example: Your regular pork supplier gives you a 10% discount on your weekly
purchases. How much is the trade discount if the price of pork per kilo is ₱380.00
and you are planning to buy 7 kilograms next week?

39
Solution:
Step Solution
1. Compute the trade discount per TD = TDR (S)
unit. TD = .10(380)
TD = ₱38.00 per kilo
2. Multiply the computed trade ₱38.00 (7) = ₱266.00
discount per kilo by 7.
Therefore, you will receive a total trade discount of ₱266.00.

There are times that a supplier gives a series of discounts to activate a

specific behavior from the customers. For example, the supplier’s desired behaviors
from the clients are these:
- Clients will choose to buy from them regardless of the competition.
- Clients will buy items in volume.
- Clients will pay in cash.
In this case, the supplier may give a discount of 15/15/10. The symbol you
see represents a trade discount series.

For instance, a facemask supplier wants to give its distributors a discount of

20% when they buy during morning hours. In addition to the 20% discount, the
distributors will receive a 10% discount if they purchase a set minimum volume of
items and another additional 10% if they pay in cash. In symbol, 20/10/10.

Suppose that the required minimum order is 1000 boxes of the facemask.
How much will you pay in cash if you buy 1,200 boxes that cost ₱35.00 each?
Assume that you will do the transaction during morning hours.

Solution:

Traditional Method Single Equivalent Rate (SER) Method

1200 boxes (₱35) = ₱42,000 In this method, you must know the
Note that there are three offered discount complement. It means you
discounts here. need to subtract the given discount rate
from 100%.
Step 1: Find the first discount (D1).
₱42,000 (.20) = ₱8,400 The given trade discount series in the
Hence, the new price to pay is problem is 20/10/10. Find the rate of
₱42,000 - ₱8,400 = ₱33,600 discount complement.

Step 2: Find the second discount (D2). Discount Discount Complement (𝐶𝑟 )
₱33,600 (.10) = ₱3,360 (Dr) 100% - Dr
So, the new price to pay is ₱30,240. 20% 80%
10% 90%
Step 3: Find the third discount (D3). 10% 90%
₱30,240 (.10) = ₱3,024
SER = 1 – [(𝐶𝑟1 )( 𝐶𝑟2 )]
Finally, the net price to pay is ₱27,216. SER = 1 – [(.80)(.90)(.90)]
SER = 1 – .648

40
SER = 0.352 or 35.2%

Meaning, a discount series 20/10/10 is

NOT the same with 40%. The single
equivalent rate of 20/10/10 is 35.2%.

Total Discount = 42,000 (.352)

Total Discount = ₱14,784.00

Hence, the net price is

₱42,000.00 - ₱14,784.00 = ₱27, 216.00

Activity: Complete the table.

List Price Discount Complement SER Total Net

Series Discount Price
₱1,750.00 10/7/5
₱3,100.99 20/12
₱8,499.00 15/10/5
₱10,575.00 12/10/7

MODULE 7

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate profit from loss.
2. illustrate how profit is obtained and how to avoid loss in a given transaction.
3. determine the break-even point; and
4. solve problems involving buying and selling products.

41
Lesson
Profit and Loss
7
In the previous module, you have learned that people in the business sector
offer discounts to attract and keep more customers. They do this to make more
sales and increase their profit. But how to know if the company is making a profit?
In this lesson, you will learn how to determine whether a business is having a profit
or not.

Profit is the amount left when you subtract all the expenses from the
revenue (or sales). We have different types of profit:
Sales – Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Profit
Gross Profit – Expenses (Operational) = Net Profit

There are instances that when you subtract the expenses from the sale, the
result is a negative number. It occurs when the expenses exceed the revenue (or
sales). In this case, it is a loss for the company. In other words, there is a profit if
the difference between the sales and expenses is positive. If it is negative, then it is
a loss.

A company may also experience a break-even point. It happens when the

profit is zero. In this case, the revenue is equal to the expenses. The break-even
point helps to determine the minimum number of items needed to sell to avoid
losses. The sales made with the break-even point are called the break-even sales.
To calculate this, multiply the selling price by the break-even point.

Example: Phoebe sells dolls. The labor, material, packaging, and shipping cost her
₱500 per doll. Suppose that the total expenses incurred to manufacture the dolls
are ₱1,250,000, and the dolls are sold for ₱1,000 each.
a. How much is the revenue if 2,500 pieces of dolls are sold?
b. If she was able to sell only 1,200 pieces of the doll, was it a loss or a profit?
c. What sales volume is necessary for Phoebe to break even?

Solution:
a. How much is the revenue if 2,500 pieces of dolls are sold?
Step Solution
1. Identify the given. Quantity = 2,500 pieces
Selling Price = ₱1,000
2. Compute the revenue. R = ₱1,000 (2,500)
R = ₱2,500,000

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b. If she was able to sell only 1,200 pieces of doll, was it a loss or a profit?
Step Solution
1. Compute the revenue for 1,200 R = ₱1,000 (1,200)
pieces of dolls. R = ₱1,200,000
2. Subtract the expenses from the R – E = Profit/Loss
revenue. ₱1,200,000 - ₱1,250,000 = -₱50,000
Since the result is a negative number, then it is a loss. It means that
Phoebe will lose ₱50,000 if she will only be able to sell 1,200 pieces of
dolls.

c. What sales volume is necessary for Phoebe to break even?

Step Solution
Compute the break-even point. Revenue = Expenses
Note that to compute the revenue, ₱1,000N = ₱1,250,000
we multiply the quantity by the
selling price. Since we do not know 1000𝑁 = 1,250,000
1000 1000
yet the required quantity, we will N = 1,250
use a variable N.
Therefore, to make a break-even sale, Phoebe should be able to sell
1,250 pieces of dolls.

Activity: Profit or Loss?

Directions: Find out if the business made a profit or loss.

Revenue Expenses Amount of Remark

Profit/Loss (Profit or Loss)
1) ₱2,800.00 ₱2,499.00
2) ₱4,500.00 ₱4,650.00
3) ₱10,875.00 ₱10,892.00
4) ₱15,186.00 ₱12,123.00
5) ₱24,432.00 ₱26,900.00

43
Activity: Profit or Loss?

Directions: Find the break-even point (the minimum number of items needed to be
sold) to avoid losses.

Given Break-even Point

1. The expenses incurred in
manufacturing a bag is ₱270,000.00
while the selling price of a bag is
₱300.00.
2. Each ballpen is being sold at ₱ 20.00.
The amount spent in producing the
ballpens is ₱1,260.00.

3. A company spent ₱100,000.00 in

manufacturing its beauty products. The
selling price of each product is ₱250.00.

MODULE 8

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• compute interest specifically as applied to mortgage, amortization, and on
services/utilities and on deposits and loans

44
Lesson Mortgage and
8 Amortization
If you want to buy a property but you do not have enough money to pay it off
in full, banks or other lending institutions offer different types of loans to help you.
In return, they will charge you an amount, called the interest, for using their
money. In this lesson, you will learn more about how it works in mortgage.

Mortgage (pronounced with silent T) is a type of loan you use to buy real
estate properties. For instance, if you want to buy a house and lot but your savings
is not enough to pay the property in full, you may apply a mortgage from a bank or
any lending institutions. Of course, these institutions will secure a collateral from
you. Collateral is a property that the lenders will take from you just in case you
cannot pay them anymore for some reasons. Oftentimes, the collateral is the
property you acquired using the funds from the mortgage. Most of the time, the
lender will also require you to pay for a down payment. Note that the higher the
down payment, the better. Why? Because it will decrease the amount of mortgage
you will avail from the lender. Note that these lenders will charge you an interest
only for the amount you loan from them. Let us say that you give a 40% down
payment. It means that the remaining amount or the mortgage loan will just be
60% of the total contract price (TCP). Hence, only 60% of the TCP will be subject for
interest.

Example 1: You are planning to buy a house and lot from a real estate company
worth ₱2,000,000. However, your savings is not enough to fully paid the property,
so you applied for a mortgage from a bank. The bank required you to make a 20%
down payment.
a. How much is the down payment?
b. How much is the mortgage loan?

Step Solution
1. Identify the given TCP = ₱2,000,000
Down payment = 20% of the TCP
2. Calculate the amount of down Down payment = TCP (down payment %)
payment. Down payment = 2,000,000 (.20)
Down payment = ₱ 400,000.00
3. Compute the mortgage loan. Mortgage Loan = TCP – Down Payment
Mortgage Loan = 2,000,000 – 400,000
Mortgage Loan = ₱1,600,000.00
Therefore, the required down payment is ₱400,000.00 and the mortgage loan is
₱1,600,000.00.

45
In the example above, the amount left after you give your down payment is
₱1,600,000.00. It means that you will be paying this amount to the lender on an
installment basis, usually a series of fixed payments, called amortization. In this
case, the lender will spread out the repayment of loan over an agreed period of time
referred to as the term of the loan. Part of the amortization you pay goes to the
principal, and a portion of it goes to the interest. Principal refers to the original
amount you borrowed from the lender. To determine the monthly amortization, use
the formula:
where: A = monthly amortization
𝑖𝑃(1 + 𝑖) 𝑛 P = principal
𝐴= 𝑛 i = monthly interest rate
(1 + 𝑖) − 1
n = total number of payments
Example 2: Suppose that you will pay the mortgage loan for 25 years. How many
months will it take you to fully pay your loan?
Solution:
Term of the Loan = 25 years
25 years (12 months per year) = 300 monthly payments
Therefore, the total number of payments to fully pay the loan is 300 months.

Example 3: Using the previous example, the mortgage loan of ₱1,600,000 is subject
for a 7.5% annual interest rate and you need to pay this for 25 years.
a. How much is the monthly payment?
b. How much is the interest incurred for 25 years?

Step Solution
1. Identify the given. P = ₱1,600,000
n = 300
annual interest rate = 7.5% or 0.075
i = .075/12 = .00625
2. Solve using the formula for monthly 𝐴 = 𝑖𝑃(1+𝑖)𝑛
(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
amortization.
(.00625)(1,600,000)(1+.00625)300
𝐴= 300
(1+.00625) −1
(10,000)(1.00625)300
𝐴=
(1.00625)300 −1
(10,000)(1.00625)300
𝐴=
(1.00625)300 −1
(10,000)(6.4829)
𝐴=
6.4829−1
64829
𝐴= = 11,823.85
5.4829

Thus, you will pay ₱11,823.85 monthly for 25 years.

3. Calculate the total amount of Total Payment = A (n)
payment you made for 25 years. Total Payment = 11,823.85 (300)
Total Payment = ₱3,547,155.00
4. Subtract the mortgage loan from the Total Interest = Total Payment –
total amount of payment. Mortgage Loan

46
Total Interest = ₱3,547,155.00 -
₱1,600,000.00
Total Interest = ₱1,947,155.00
It means that the total interest incurred for 25 years is ₱1,947,155.00.

Activity: Find It Out!

Directions: You bought a house and lot from a real estate company in the
Philippines. The total contract price of your chosen property is ₱2,000,000, and you
are required to pay a 20% spot down payment. Suppose you applied for a mortgage
from a bank that offers a 7.5% annual interest rate to pay off the remaining amount,
and you are planning to pay the loan for 20 years. Find out the following:

1. Amount of down payment : ____________________

2. Mortgage Loan Amount : ____________________
3. Number of payments : ____________________
4. Monthly amortization : ____________________
5. Interest incurred for 20 years : ____________________
6. Total Payment for 20 years : ____________________

Activity: Choose Wisely!

Scenario: The total contract price of a house and lot is ₱2,500,000.00. You paid a
20% spot down payment, and to pay the remaining 80%, you applied for a mortgage
from a lending institution that offers an 8.1% annual interest rate. Compute the
monthly amortization and the total interest accumulated based on the term
indicated in the first column.

Term Monthly Amortization Accumulated Interest

10 years
15 years
20 years
25 years
30 years
Question: Do you think it is wise to extend the term to a longer term if you have the
capacity to pay the loan in a short span of time? Why or why not?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
______

47
MODULE 9

This module targets the following learning competencies:

1. Illustrate the different types of commissions (ABM_BM11BS-IIa-11).
2. Compute commissions on cash basis and commissions on installment basis
(ABM_BM11BS-IIa-12).
3. Compute down payment, gross balance and current increased balance
(ABM_BM11BS-IIa-13).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• define commission;
• define each of the types of commission;
• compute commissions on cash basis;
• compute commissions on installment basis; and
• define and compute down payment, gross balance, and current increased
balance.

Lesson
Commissions
9
There are many reasons why people work. One of these is to make money.
Some earn this by establishing their own business, while some by receiving
compensations for their service through a salary, a wage, or an incentive and/or
commission. The latter will be the topic of this module. You will find out the different
types of commissions and how it is being computed.

48
Compensations for a person’s service are not always fixed. Sometimes, people
get paid based on the percentage of selling price of the products or goods they sell.
The fee that these people are receiving is called a commission. This serves as a
payment in exchange for a person’s service in either managing or completing a sale.
Examples of commission-based businesses are real-estate marketing projects, car
dealership, and direct selling companies. Whenever a salesperson closed a deal, he
or she will get a commission from it.

Example: A direct seller of skin care products was able to sell 25 bottles of whitening
lotions amounting to Php 75.00 per piece. How much was she earning if the
company gave her a 25% commission rate for the products she sold?

Solution:

Each bottle of lotion costs Php 75.00. She was able to sell 25 bottles of it.

Steps Solutions
Find the total amount of sold products. 25(Php 75) = Php1875
Express the rate to decimal form. Express 25% to decimal: 0.25
Multiply the total amount by the Php 1875 (0.25) =Php 468.75
commission rate.
State the final answer. The direct seller received Php 468.75 as
commission for her service to the
company.

Types of Commission
Generally, there are three types of commission.

1. Straight Commission
This type of commission is also known as the revenue commission
because the fee is only based on the percentage of sales. Meaning, the
employee receives no fixed salary because everything depends on her
performance to sell products. It is advantageous if the person is selling
high-cost items.

Example:

49
Jen receives a 25% commission on the beauty products she sells. If she
sells a lotion for Php 350, 2 whitening soaps for Php 65 each, and a set
of makeup for Php 975, how much does she make in commission?

Solution:
Steps Solutions
Find the total amount of sold =Php 350 + 2(Php 65) + Php 975
products. =Php 1455
Express the rate to decimal form. Express 25% to decimal: 0.25
Multiply the total amount by the Php 1455 (0.25) =Php 363.75
commission rate.
State the final answer. Jen will receive Php 363.75 as
commission for her service to the
company.

2. Salary Plus Commission

Some company offers this type of commission wherein the salesperson
receives a basic salary plus a percentage of whatever sales he makes. In
other words, the employee gets paid (salary) even without making any
sales.
Example:
Enzo works in a company that pays Php 2,500 a week and a 12%
commission on sales above Php 15,000 for the week. How much will he
receive if he sold products worth Php 28,000 in a week?
Solution: Take note that the problem states that he will only receive a
commission based on his sales above Php 15,000.

Steps Solutions
Subtract Php 15,000 from the =Php 28,000 – Php 15,000
amount of sold products. =Php 13,000
Multiply the result by the Express 12% to decimal: 0.12
commission rate. Php 13,000 (0.12) = Php 1,560
Add the commission to the salary. Php 2,500 + Php 1,560 = Php 4,060
State the final answer. Enzo will receive Php 4,060.00 for
that week.

3. Graduated Commission
This type of commission has a step-up fee structure because the
commission varies depending on how much sales are made. Whenever a
salesperson achieves a sales milestone, the commission rate gets higher.

Example:
A company offers the following commission structure:

50
5% on the first Php 15,000 sold
10% on the next Php 20,000 sold
15% on all sales beyond Php 35,000

How much is the gross pay if the salesperson sells Php 75,000?
Steps Solutions
Compute the first commission. Php 15,000 (.05) = Php 750
Remember to express the rate to
decimal form.
Compute the second commission. Php 20,000 (.1) = Php 2,000
Compute the third commission. All sales beyond Php 35,000 mean
all sales above Php 35,000.

Php 75,000-35,000 = Php 45,000

Php 45,000 (.15) = Php 6,750

Add all the commissions. Php 750 + Php 2,000 + Php 6,750
=Php 9,500.00
State the final answer. The salesperson will receive a gross
pay Php 9,500.

B. Computing Commissions on Cash Basis and Commissions

on Installment Basis
1. Commission on Cash Basis
The computation is the same as the computation of straight commissions.

Example:
Jen is a salesperson at XYZ Computer Store. She gets a 6.1% commission
for every cash purchase of a laptop. In her first month of work, she was able
to sell five laptops that were paid cash at Php 36,000 each. How much was
her total commission for such sales?

Solution:
Steps Solutions
Find the total amount of sold = 5 (Php 36,000)
products. = Php 180,000
Multiply the commission rate by 6.1% is 0.061 in decimal form.
the total amount of sold products.
= Php 180,000 (0.061)
= Php 10,980
State the final answer. Jen received a Php 10,980
commission for all the cash
purchase of laptop.

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2. Commission on Installment Basis
In some cases, customers opt to pay for the purchased item on an
installment basis.

Example:
Dolfo is a salesperson at XYZ Computer Store. He was able to sell five laptops
that cost Php 36,000 each. The promo is that the customer may pay the
amount in six (6) months wherein the total price is equally divided into six
equal monthly installments with 0% interest. Dolfo gets a 2% commission on
the first month of payment, and it decreases by 0.30% every month
thereafter. The commission is computed based on the outstanding balance
for the month. How much will be his total commission at the end of the
installment period?

Solution:
Since the commission varies every month for six months, we must find out
the commission he received for each month.

Php 36,000 ÷ 6 = Php 6,000 monthly fee

➢ First month commission
= Php 36,000/laptop x 5 laptops x 0.02 = Php 3,600
➢ Second month commission
= Php 30,000/laptop x 5 laptops x (0.02 – 0.003) = Php 2,550
➢ Third month commission
= Php 24,000/laptop x 5 laptops x (0.017 – 0.003) = Php 1,680
➢ Fourth month commission
= Php 18,000/laptop x 5 laptops x (0.014-0.003) = Php 990
➢ Fifth month commission
= Php 12,000/laptop x 5 laptops x (0.011 – 0.003) = Php 480
➢ Sixth month commission
= Php 6,000/laptop x 5 laptops x (0.008 – 0.003) = Php 150

Dolfo’s total commission for six months is Php 9,450.00

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C. Down Payment
A down payment is an initial payment you give when you buy something
pricey or expensive. This payment is deducted from the purchase price. You
minimize the remaining balance to the company when you provide a down payment.
The higher the down payment, the lower the remaining balance is. For example,
when you buy a house in the future and you make a 20% down payment, then all
you need to loan is 80% of the total price. When you give a 60% down payment,
then your remaining balance is just 40% of the purchase price. Most of the time,
this remaining balance is subject to interest.

Example:

A customer wants to buy a car amounting to Php 1,100,000. The agreement with
the company is that the customer should submit all the requirements with a down
payment before taking home the car. How much are the down payment and the
remaining balance if the customer will give a 30% down payment?

Solution:

Steps Solutions
Compute the down payment first. The customer gives a 30% down
payment. Just multiply the price by
30% or 0.3.

= Php 1,100,000 (0.3)

= Php 330,000
Subtract the down payment from = Php 1,100,000 – Php 330,000
the total price of the car. = Php 770,000
Write a concluding statement. The customer will pay Php 330,000
as down payment. Thus the
remaining balance is Php 770,000.

D. Book Balance or Gross Balance

Book balance is a banking term that refers to the actual money accessible
for a person or a company to use. It is “a measure of what the bank has on hand
before adding or subtracting regulatory obligations and items that will soon appear
on its books.” (Paredes et al., 2016)

Example:

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Your bank passbook currently has Php 50,000. This day, a client deposited a check
amounting to Php 15,000 in your bank account. Because of this, the reflected
amount in your bank passbook becomes Php 65,000. However, you cannot
withdraw the whole amount of Php 65,000 today because the deposited check has
not cleared yet. Your actual money in the bank (which is the gross balance) is only
Php 50,000 because the check has not been cleared yet.

E. Current Increased Balance

Some clients fail to pay loans on time. This is now where the term “current
increased balance” comes in. This term is used to describe the total amount a client
needs to pay that includes the interests or penalties earned by unpaid loan balance
that is supposed to be paid but were not able to make it on time.

Example:

The total current amount due from a purchase made using a credit card is Php
55,286.50. Based on the agreement, the minimum required payment is 7.5% of the
total amount due. If the client pays only the minimum required payment, a charge
of 3% of the remaining balance will be carried on to the next bill. If there are no
purchases made for the next three months and a charge of 3% is added every billing
period, what is the required monthly bill for the next three months?

Solution:

Time Minimum
(month) Total Amount Due for the Month Required Payment
for the Month
0 55,286.50 0.075 (55,286.50)
= 4,146.49
1 = (55,286.50 – 4,146.49) + 0.075 (52,674.21)
0.03 (55,286.50 – 4,146.49) = 3,950.57
= 51,140.01 + .03(51,140.01)
= 1.03(51,140.01)
= 52,674.21
2 =1.03(52,674.01 – 3950.57) 0.075 (50,185.35)
=1.03(48,723.61) = 3,763.90
=50,185.35
3 =1.03(50,185.35 – 3763.90) 0.075 (47,814.09)
=1.03(46,421.45) =3,586.06
=47,814.09

54
Based on the table, you will see that the client paid Php 11,300.53 for the
next three months. However, if you will look at the second column, only Php
7,472.41 has been deducted from the original debt of Php 55,286.50. It shows that
more payment goes to interest fees rather than to the sum of the actual debt every
time a client is paying only the required minimum payment. The highlighted amount
in the second column is the current increased balance for each month.

Activity: Which Earns More?

Directions: Figure out which of the two options will give a higher commission by
solving each item. Show your solutions.
1. Jenny was able to sell Php 120,000 of the company products in one week.
Option A: Receiving a Php 3,000 salary a week plus a 10% on all sales above Php
75,000
Option B: Receiving a 7% commission on all her sales

2. An agent closed a deal amounting to Php 100,000 in one month.

Option A: Receiving a 5% commission on all the sales
Option B: Receiving a 3% commission on the first Php 50,000 sales, then 6%
commission on all sales above Php 50,000

3. A salesperson sold an item that costs Php 75,000.

Option A: Receiving a 5% commission on all the sales
Option B: Receiving a 3% commission on the first Php 50,000 sales, then 7.5%
commission on all sales above Php 50,000

4. Enzo’s sales in one month is Php 98,500.

Option A: Receiving a 10% commission on all sales.
Option B: Receiving a Php 10,000 monthly salary plus a 2% commission on all
sales above Php 50,000

5. Lois sold eight television sets that cost Php 45,000 each in a week.
Option A: Receiving a 7.5% commission on all the sales
Option B: Receiving a Php 3,000 weekly salary plus a 5% commission on all sales

55
Instructions: Read the problem carefully. Then, complete the table and answer the
questions below.

A client made a purchase using her credit card. The total amount due at the
month’s cut-off date is Php 70,548.75. The minimum required payment is 6.6% of
the total amount due. As stated in the agreement form, if the client pays only the
minimum required payment, a financing charge of 4.5% of the remaining balance
will be carried on every billing period. If there are no credit bill transactions for the
next five months and only the minimum required payment is paid, show the total
amount due for each of the five months.

Complete the table:

Time Minimum
(month) Total Amount Due for the Month Required Payment
for the Month
0
1
2
3
4
5

1. How much of the payment goes to interest payments?

__________________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________________
_

2. How much of the payment goes to the payment of the actual debt?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__

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MODULE 10

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• analyze each problem to identify the unknown and the given information;
and
• apply the procedures for finding the interest and commission.

Lesson Interest and Commission

10 Problems
In the previous modules, you studied how to compute interest and
commission. Considering these topics is essential because you can use it to protect
the fruit of your labor or to grow your income in the future. Hence, you must take
time to study how to deal with problems involving these, as this can help you
develop your skill in calculating. In this module, you will solve real-life problems
involving these topics: interest and commission.

It is undeniable that people need money to buy necessities in life. This is one
of the reasons why many people work hard just to earn it. However, it will only come
to waste if the person using it does not know how to manage it well. Thus, making
wise financial decisions is essential. You need to weigh things before entering in to
any contract or agreement.
Interest and commissions deal with money. To make right decisions, you need
to know how to compute and solve problems related to these.

57
Recall the formula for simple interest:

I = PRT Take note that R and T must

where I = Interest charged be of the same unit. For
P = Principal instance, if R is an annual or
R = Rate of interest yearly interest rate, then T
T = Term or Interest Period must also be written in
years.

Express the following periods in terms of years.

Time Term in Years

73 days 73
or 0.2 year
365
120 days
6 months 6
or 0.5 year
12
10 months
15 weeks
36 weeks

Knowing the basic concepts in fraction, decimal, and percent is necessary for
dealing with problems involving interest and commissions.

Example 1:

A lending company offers a simple interest rate of 7.25% per annum. How much is
the interest in three years if a client loan Php250,000 for business purposes?

Solution:

Steps Solutions
Identify the given. P = Php250,000
R = 7.25% or 0.0725 per year
T = 3 years
*simple interest
(Note that R and T are both expressed in
years.)
Solve for the interest in three years. I = PRT
I = (250,000) (.0725)(3)
I = 54,375
State the final answer. The interest in three years when a client
loans Php250,000 is Php54,375.

Example 2: Rose invested Php35,000 in a business with an agreement that she will
earn a 10% simple interest per year. How much does she earn in 9 months?

Solution:

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Steps Solutions
Identify the given. P = Php35,000
R = 10% or 0.10 per year
T = 9 months
*simple interest
(Note that R and T are not of the same
unit. To express months in terms of
years, you have to divide 9 by the total
number of months in a year.)
Solve for the interest in three years. I = PRT
9
I = (35,000)(.10)ቀ ቁ
12
I = 2,625
State the final answer. Rose earns Php2,625 in 9 months.

Example 3: Enzo works in a company that offers a 15% commission for every sold
item. In one month, he was able to sell items worth Php358,500. He then decided
to invest the commission he received to a lending company that offers a 2.75%
simple interest per annum. If he decided to withdraw all the amounts in nine (9)
months, how much is the total money he received?

Solution:

Steps Solutions
Identify the given. Commission Rate = 15%
Total Sales = Php358,000
Solve for the commission earned. C = 0.15(358,000)
C = 53,700
Enzo invested this to a business. I = PRT
Compute the interest earned in 9 I = 53700(.0275)( 9 )
12
months.
I = 53700(.0275)(0.75)
I = 1107.56
Add the interest to the principal amount
he invested.
53700 + 1107.56 = 57807.56
Make a concluding statement. Enzo received Php57,807.56 from the
lending company.

Example 4: A client invested his Php50,000 to a business that offers a simple

interest rate. If this client gained a Php2,500 interest in 2 years, what is the interest
rate?

Solution:

Steps Solutions
Identify the given. Principal = Php50,000
Interest = Php2,500
Term = 2 years
Find the interest rate using the formula
I = PRT.
I = PRT

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• Substitute the given to the 2500 = (50,000)(R)(2)
formula, then solve for R. 2500 = 100,000R

2,500 100,000 𝑅
=
100,000 100,000

0.025 = R (in decimal)

Multiply the result by 100, then add %
symbol. R = 2.5%
Make a concluding statement. The interest rate of the business where
the client invested Php50,000 is 2.5%.

Example 5: A salesperson received Php2,925 as a commission for selling products

worth Php58,500. What is the rate of commission?

Solution:

Steps Solutions
Identify the given. Commission = Php2,925
Total Sales = Php58,500
Solve for the commission rate.
• Recall that the formula for commission is: • C = TS*R
Commission = Total Sales x Commission
Rate • 2925 = 58500*R
• Substitute the given to the formula. •
2925
=
58500𝑅
58500 58500
• Divide both sides by the numerical
coefficient of R .05 = R
R = 5%
Make a concluding statement. The commission rate that was
given to the salesman is 5%

Activity: Fill Me Out!

Instructions: Complete the table by applying the concepts that you have learned
from interests and commissions.

A. Interest
Simple Interest Principal Rate Time
1 Php 12,750 0.7% 48 months
2 Php 9,000 Php 150,000 3 years
3 Php 4,000 20% 6 years
4 Php 5,887.50 Php 78,500 3.75%
5 Php 15,000 1.5% 1 year

B. Commission

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Commission Rate Sales
6 2.5% Php 350,000
7 Php 600 Php 20,000
8 Php 10,000 10%
9 Php 4,400 Php 80,000
10 6% Php 400,000

Wait, Let’s Weigh!

Directions: Read the problem below and weigh the options before answering the
questions.

Phoebe is a supplier agent. Every month, she receives Php12,000 plus a 15%
commission on all her sales above Php150,000. Her usual monthly sales range from
Php250,000 to Php350,000 because she’s good at marketing the products. For some
reason, her sales per month never gets below Php250,000 and never gets higher
than Php350,000. One day, another supplier of the same business as her current
supplier came to her with a 12% commission rate offered. If you were Phoebe and
you are after a higher compensation, which of the two suppliers will you choose:
the current or the new one? Explain.

Answer:

MODULE 11

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This module targets the following learning competencies:
1. Define salary, wage, income, benefits (ABM_BM11SW-IIc-1).
2. Compute gross and net earnings (ABM_BM11SW-IId2).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• define salary and wage;
• differentiate between salary and wage;
• distinguish between salary earners and wage earners;
• define income and benefits; and
• compute gross and net earnings.

Lesson
Salaries and Wages
11
A business will not operate without a workforce. It may consist of one (the
owner) or more people working together to achieve a common goal. In return, these
people have the right to receive compensation for the time and service they employ
in a company or business entity. In this module, you will identify different ways of
how these people are being compensated. You will also study how to compute their
earnings.

Compensation is an essential aspect of managing a business. It is a form of

transaction where an employee receives a payment in exchange for his or her service
to an employer. Compensation can be in direct forms (e.g., basic pay and incentive
pay) or indirect forms (e.g., vacation pay and health insurance).

There are varied ways of compensating for a service. One of these is by giving
salaries and wages. Salary is a regular payment quoted either monthly or annually.
It is fixed and does not change regardless of the number of hours an individual
worked for the company. Meaning there is no extra pay if they work beyond their
working hours. Those who receive a salary as a form of compensation are the salary
earners. On the other hand, those who receive wages are called wage earners. In
contrast to salary, the wage is calculated based on the number of hours or days an
employee worked. Thus, working for extra hours means receiving extra payment.
Examples:

Salary Earner Wage Earner

A manager who receives Php 30,000 A tutor who is paid Php150 per hour.
every month.

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➢ The daily wage of a salary earner ➢ The compensation of a wage
depends on a fixed amount per earner in a month depends on
month. In this example, the Php the number of hours or days he
30,000 earning will not change or she worked in a company. In
whether there are 28 days or 30 the example, if the tutor coaches
days in a month. If there are 28 days a child for 40 hours in a month,
in a month, the daily wage is Php then her pay in a month for that
1,071.43. If there are 30 days, then job would be Php6,000. If she
the daily wage becomes Php tutors for 45 hours, then her
1,000. compensation for that month
would be Php6,750.
Again, an employee is a salary earner if his or her compensation is not based
on an hourly rate but on a monthly or annual rate. Conversely, an employee is a
wage earner if his or her earnings are computed based on the number of hours or
days he or she worked in a company. Hence, when you calculate the daily or hourly
rate of an employee, the computed amount is a wage. You do not say “How much is
your daily salary?” and not even “How much is your salary per hour?”

Example: A saleslady earns a salary of Php 11,520 per month. If she works 8 hours
a day for working 24 days in a month, how much is her daily and hourly wage?

(Solution: 11,520/24 days = 480 per day; 480/8 hours = 60 per hour)

You should know how to compute the daily rate or hourly rate of a person
even if he or she is earning a salary. Why? It is because an amount for being late
or absent should be deducted from an employee’s salary at the end of the month.

A. Income and Benefits

Income is the money earned by a person in a particular period. Some may
earn it from doing a job, and some by investing in entities like businesses, stocks,
or banks. The source of income also differs depending on the nature of the work of
an individual. For instance, a farmer earns an income by offering goods such as
crops, fruits, and vegetables. The most common sources of income are salaries and
wages.

Another way to compensate for a person’s service is by giving them benefits.

It is not the same with income because some benefits are intended for a specific
purpose like clothing and medical health costs. It is given on top of the basic salary
or wage. It could be in the form of cash (i.e., 13th-month pay, food allowance, and
clothing allowance) or in-kind (i.e., Pag-IBIG, Philhealth, and Life Insurance).

63
B. Gross and Net Earnings
Gross earnings (or gross income) refer to the total amount an individual
receives before taking out any deductions. There are two types of deductions. These
are the voluntary (i.e., life insurance and loans) and mandatory deductions (i.e.,
income tax and SSS/GSIS). It includes the basic pay, overtime pay, bonuses,
commissions, and other forms of earnings you receive from your employer. Net
earnings (or net income), on the other hand, refer to the amount an employee takes
home on payday. It is the remaining amount after subtracting all the voluntary and
mandatory deductions.

Example 1: How much is the monthly gross income if the annual gross income is
Php 300,000?

Solution: Monthly Gross Income = Annual gross income ÷ 12 months

Monthly Gross Income = Php 300,000 ÷ 12 = Php 25,000

Example 2: A salesperson gets a basic pay of Php 20,000 a month, a food and
transportation allowance of Php 1,500 a month, and a commission of 3% of all his
sales is a month. How much is his gross income if he was able to sell Php 120,000
in a month?

Solution:
Basic Pay Php 20,000.00
Food and transportation allowance 1,500.00
Commission (3% of Php 120,000.00) 3,600.00
Total Income (Gross Pay) Php 25,100.00

The salesperson received Php 25,100.00 in that particular month.

Example 3: Suppose that the monthly gross income of an employee is Php 20,000

and she has to pay annually Php 3,600 for PhilHealth, Php 1,200 for Pag-IBIG, and

Php 9,600 for SSS:

a. How much are her monthly deductions?

b. How much is her monthly net income?

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Solution:
a. Compute the monthly deductions by dividing the amount by 12 months.
Hence, you will get the following results per month:

PhilHealth Php 300.00

Pag-IBIG 100.00
SSS 800.00
Total Deductions Php 1,200.00

b. Compute the monthly net income by subtracting the amount of total

deduction from her monthly gross income.

Gross Income Php 20,000.00

Less: Total Deductions 1,200.00
Net Income Php 18,800.00

Activity: Who Earns the Most?

Instructions: Find out who among the employees earns the most by ranking their
names based on their annual gross earning. The ranking should be in descending
order.

• Rose, who earns Php 345,000 per

annum
• Lyn, who earns Php 24,000 per
month
• Jen, who works 40 hours a week
at Php 80 per hour
• Arnel, who works 56 hours a week
at Php 65 per hour
• Enzo, who works 5 days a week at
Php 1,500 a day
• Adolfo, who earns Php 420,000
annually
• Employee A, who earns
Php 30,000 per month
• Employee B, who works 36 hours
a week at Php 300 per hour
• Employee C, who earns
Php 375,000 annually

65
It’s a Payday!
Directions: Select the employee with a higher take home pay based on the given
situations. Then, state by how much the difference of their net earnings is.

1. Rico and Rica are both employees of ABC Company. Rico is a supervisor while
Rica is a saleslady. Rico’s monthly salary is Php 16,800. Aside from this, he
also receives a food and transportation allowance of Php 1,500 a month.
However, a deduction of Php 3,500 is subtracted from his salary every
payday. Rica, on the other hand, earns Php 11,000 a month after all
deductions have been made. Who between the two has a higher take-home
pay?

Answer:

2. An instructor gets a basic monthly salary of Php 30,000 and a living

allowance of Php 3,000 per month. However, this instructor has to pay
monthly Php 5,000 for her loan and Php 3,600 for all the mandatory
deductions. On the other hand, a private tutor earns Php250 per hour for
tutoring a child. She works 40 hours a month and a deduction of Php 500
for monthly dues is being subtracted from her pay. Who between the two has
a higher take-home pay?

Answer:

MODULE 12

66
This module targets the following learning competencies:
1. Define each of the benefits given to wage earners (ABM_BM11SW-IIe-5).
2. Distinguish taxable from nontaxable benefits (ABM_BM11SW-IIe-6).
3. Enumerate the standard deductions with the corresponding computation
(ABM_BM11SW-e-6).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• define and enumerate the benefits given to wage earners;

• determine whether a benefit is taxable or nontaxable;
• enumerate the standard deductions with the corresponding computation;
and
• calculate gross and net earnings.

Lesson
Employee Benefits
12
The previous module tackled some ways on how to compensate an employee
working for the benefit of the company. You also experienced how to calculate his
or her earnings. In this module, you will study another type of compensation that
may help a business attract dedicated and committed employees – employee
benefits. These are an essential part of the company’s compensation system to
encourage more employees to perform better. When the employee works well, the
business has a higher tendency to grow and succeed.

Success will not be possible without people who will work towards the vision
and mission of a company. To sum up, they are the real asset of any business. They
do a significant contribution to business undertakings.

Studies have shown that there is a relationship between employee

satisfaction and company financial performance (Hyacinth, 2019). What does it
mean? If you want to profit, motivate your people. The reason is that people perform
at their best when they are motivated. Hence, a business must know how to take
care of its people.
One way to motivate people is by offering the right benefits. It is not the only
motivating factor, but this can make an employee feel valued. This may result in a
higher commitment and outstanding performance.
The benefit is given in addition to salary or wage. This can be in the form of
cash or in-kind (or non-cash). Examples of cash benefits are the 13th month pay,

67
14th month pay, living allowance, and bonuses while SSS/GSIS, Pag-IBIG, and
PhilHealth are examples of non-cash benefits.

Employee Benefits
Every company has its way of providing benefits for their employees. For
instance, a company may offer a benefit that is different from another company.
Though benefits vary from one company to another, some benefits are compulsory
and mandated by the law. In our country, the Labor Code of the Philippines known
as the Presidential Decree No. 442 protects the rights to benefits of all employees.
Hence, all employed individuals should receive the benefits required by the
government. Otherwise, an employee may file a case against his or her employer for
not abiding with the law.
Mandatory benefits of an employee include the following:

• Minimum Wage
➢ The minimum wage varies from one region to another. In NCR, the
minimum wage (as of the year 2020) is Php 537.00 per day.
• Overtime Pay
➢ A wage earner who performs work over eight (8) hours a day should
receive overtime pay. The computation depends on the time when the
overtime work happens. In the next module, you will learn how to
compute this.
• Leave Benefits
➢ This benefit allows an employee to be absent from work for a certain
period due to different reasons. The number of days depends on the
type of leave benefit. Examples of leave benefits are maternity leave,
paternity leave, and solo-parent leave.
• 13th Month Pay
➢ An employee who has worked for at least one (1) month is eligible for
a 13th month pay. To compute this, just multiply the monthly basic
salary by the employment length then divide it by 12 months. Note
that a 13th month pay is not the same as the Christmas Bonus. As
the name suggests, a bonus is given according to the generosity of the
employers. The company is not required to give this to an employee.
• Mandatory Government Contributions
➢ All employees below 60 years old who receive more than Php 1,000
per month are required to contribute to the three social insurance
funds in the Philippines:
✓ the Social Security System (SSS) for private employees or the
Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) for government
employees
✓ the Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF, known as Pag-IBIG
Fund)
✓ the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)

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B. Taxable and Nontaxable Benefits
Some benefits are not required by the law. We call these “de minimis
benefits.” While these are not compulsory, the government encourages employers
to provide these to their employees. “De minimis benefits” are the small privileges
offered to an employee to protect the general well-being of the employees. The good
thing about this type of benefit is that it is exempted for income tax purposes
provided that it does not exceed Php 90,000. All other allowances regularly earned
by the employees are subject to income tax purposes under certain conditions. The
updated list of de minimis benefits are as follows:

1. Monetized unused vacation leave credits of private employees not exceeding

ten (10) days during the year
2. Monetized value of vacation and sick leave credits paid to government official
and employees
3. Medical cash allowance to dependents of employees, not exceeding Php 1,500
per employee per semester or Php 250 per month
4. Rice subsidy of Php 2,000 or one (1) sack of 50-kilogram rice per month
amounting to not more than Php 2,000
5. Uniform and clothing allowance not exceeding Php 6,000 per annum
6. Actual medical assistance, e.g., medical allowance to cover medical and
healthcare needs, annual medical/executive check-up, maternity assistance,
and routine consultations, not exceeding Php 10,000 per annum
7. Laundry allowance not exceeding Php 300 per month
8. Employee’s achievement awards, e.g., for length of service or safety
achievement, which must be in the form of tangible personal property other
than cash or gift certificate, with an annual monetary value not exceeding
Php 10,000 received by the employee under an established written plan
which does not discriminate in favor of highly paid employees
9. Gifts made during Christmas and major anniversary celebrations not
exceeding Php 5,000 per employee per annum
10. Daily meal allowance for overtime work not exceeding twenty-five percent
(25%) of the basic minimum wage
11. Benefits received by an employee by virtue of a collective bargaining
agreement (CBA) and productivity incentive schemes provided that the total
annual monetary value received from both CBA and productivity incentive
schemes combined do not exceed ten thousand pesos (Php 10,000) per
employee per taxable year

Source: https://www.bir.gov.ph/index.php/tax-information/withholding-tax.html#wt09

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Based on law, all other benefits that are not included in the list of “de minimis
benefits” are taxable. Also, if a company provides more than the indicated
limitations, the amount beyond the limit would be taxable. Lastly, the amount more
than Php 90,000 tax exemption (including the 13th month pay and other benefits
such as productivity and incentive bonuses) will be taxable.

Example: Ms. Jen is an employee of ABC Company. She received the following
annual compensations and benefits.

Annual Basic Salary Php 350,000.00

13th Month Pay and bonuses 83,000.00
Rice Subsidy 30,000.00
Clothing Allowance 7,500.00

The next table shows which of the benefits is taxable and nontaxable.

Description Taxable Nontaxable

De Minimis Benefits:
Rice Subsidy (Ceiling amount is Php Php 24,000.00
2,000 per month15) Php 6,000.00
Clothing Allowance (Ceiling amount is Php 6,000.00
Php 6,000 per year) Php 1,500.00
Other Benefits:
13th Month Pay and bonuses Php 83,000.00
Total Php 7,500.00 Php 113,000.00

C. Mandatory Deductions
Basically, the formula for computing taxable income is:
Taxable Income = (Basic Salary + Additional Pay) – Deductions

where:
Basic Salary = the amount of money an employee receives before any
deductions or any additional pay
Additional Pay = refer to the amount that is being added to the basic salary
such as overtime pay
Deductions = the amount of money that is subtracted from the gross income.
Some reasons for deductions are:
• tardiness
• absences
• loans
• tax and mandatory contributions

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Now, let us talk about the mandatory government deductions from salary.
1. Income Tax
This amount is known as the withholding tax because the employer does
not give this to the employee. Instead, the employer subtracts this amount
from the employee’s salary then remits this later to the Bureau of Internal
Revenue (BIR).

2. SSS/GSIS Contribution
An employee working in the private sector is required to be an SSS member
(or GSIS member if the employee works in a public institution). SSS/GSIS is
an insurance program for all employees. However, every member needs to
contribute a percentage of their salary.

3. PhilHealth Contribution
The contribution intends to provide health insurance to employees. Just
multiply the basic salary by the premium rate. Half of the result is shouldered
by the employer and the other half by the employee. Both the employee and
employers contribute equal shares for PhilHealth.

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4. Pag-IBIG Contribution
Please take note that Pag-IBIG uses a maximum monthly compensation of
Php 5,000. Thus, the highest share is Php 100 per employee and Php 100
per employer.

Sample Problem: Enzo works as a salesman in XYZ Private Company. His monthly
gross income is Php 30,000. How much is the taxable income and the net income?

Solution: Enzo’s gross income (basic salary + additional pay) is Php 30,000.
(To answer the problem, look at the monthly contribution tables that were presented
before arriving to this part.)

Gross Salary Php 30,000.00

Less SSS Contribution Php 800.00
PhilHealth Contribution 450.00
Pag-IBIG Contribution 100.00 1,350.00
Taxable Income Php 28,650.00
Less Withholding Tax 1,563.40
Net Income/Net Pay Php 27,086.60

72
Activity: The Greatest Asset
Instructions: Decode the message by answering the following problems. Then,
explain the message in three to five sentences. (Omit the Peso sign in the final
answer.)

A = the withholding tax if the taxable income is Php 20,000

E = the withholding tax if the taxable income is Php 25,000
I = the income tax if the taxable income is Php 21,000
O = the SSS contribution of an employee whose compensation is Php 15,000
U = the company’s share for the SSS contribution of its employee earning Php
20,000
B = the employee’s SSS contribution earning below Php 2,250
L = the employee’s share to PhilHealth if his salary is Php 10,000
M = the employer’s PhilHealth contribution if his employee’s monthly basic salary
is Php 10,000
P = the employee’s Pag-IBIG contribution if she is earning Php 1,500 a month
T = the employee’s contribution to Pag-IBIG Fund if the monthly compensation is
Php 5,000

73
Directions: Compute the taxable income and the net income of the following
employees, assuming their company compensates its employees every month
and considering the mandatory government deductions.

1. Employee X with a gross income of Php 40,000

Gross Salary
Less SSS Contribution
PhilHealth
Contribution
Pag-IBIG Contribution
Taxable Income
Less Withholding Tax
Net Income/Net Pay

2. Employee Y with a gross income of Php 35,000

Gross Salary
Less SSS Contribution
PhilHealth
Contribution
Pag-IBIG Contribution
Taxable Income
Less Withholding Tax
Net Income/Net Pay

3. Employee Z with a gross income of Php 30,000

Gross Salary
Less SSS Contribution
PhilHealth
Contribution
Pag-IBIG Contribution
Taxable Income
Less Withholding Tax
Net Income/Net Pay

74
MODULE 13

This module targets the following learning competencies:

1. Identify the variables needed in the computation of the overtime
(ABM_BM11SW- IIe -8).
2. Compute overtime pay (ABM_BM11SW- IIe -9).
After going through this module, you are expected to:
• know your overtime pay rights.
• identify the variables needed to compute the overtime; and
• compute overtime pay.

Lesson
Overtime Pay
13
Employers protect their employees by giving them enough time to rest. It is
because an overworked employee cannot perform at its best. However, there are
times that employees may be required to work overtime when there is urgent work
needed to fulfill that may affect the business status. In this module, you will learn
how the Labor Code of the Philippines protects the employees with this matter.

According to Article 83 of the Labor Code, any employee shall work not
exceeding 8 hours a day, excluding at least a one-hour lunch break. Working
beyond eight hours a day will entitle an employee to an extra pay called overtime
pay (or premium pay if an employee report to work during a non-working day like rest
days and holidays). Articles 93 and 94 specify the hourly rate and overtime
premium an employee should receive depending on the workday he or she reports
to work. This benefit applies to all employees except to those listed on this site:
https://www.laborlaw.ph/legal/overtime-pay-under-philippine-labor-law

75
To compute the overtime pay:

Step 1: Divide the daily wage by eight to determine the regular hourly wage.
Step 2: Identify the workday an employee reported to work. Refer to the
table below. Note that this table is applicable only for non-night shift.
Workday Hourly Rate if an employee Hourly Rate in
will NOT be working for excess of eight
more than eight hours hours
Ordinary Day 125%
Rest Day 130% 169%
Special Non-working 130% 169%
Day
Special Non-working 150% 195%
Day that falls on a
Rest Day
Regular Holiday 200% 260%
Regular Holiday that 260% 338%
falls on a Rest Day

Step 3: Compute the overtime pay using the variables needed, i.e., the
regular hourly wage, overtime rate, and overtime.

Example: Jenny works as a saleslady in a store that sells branded clothes. She
works from Monday to Friday, and her pay is Php 537.00 a day.

a. Suppose she reported to work from Monday to Friday with no overtime. How
much is her pay in a week if she worked eight hours on a regular Saturday
(rest day)?
Step Solution
1. Compute her pay from Since there is no overtime from Monday to
Monday to Friday. Friday, just multiply the daily wage by 5.

➢ 537(5) = 2,685
2. Calculate the overtime pay • Her overtime happened during her rest
(premium pay). day.
• The overtime rate is 130%.
• Rewrite 130% to 1.30 (or 1.3).

➢ 537(1.3) = 698.10
3. Add the results from steps 1 ➢ 2,685 + 698.10 = 3,383.10
and 2.
Therefore, her pay during that week is Php 3,383.10.

76
b. Suppose that she worked 10 hours on a regular holiday. How much is her
pay on that day?

Step Solution
1. Compute her hourly wage. Divide the daily wage by 8.
• 537/8 = 67.125
2. Calculate her pay on that Determine the pay for the first 8 hours.
day. • 537(200%) = 1,074

(Note that aside from working Determine the pay for the hours worked
during a regular holiday, she beyond eight hours
also worked two hours beyond • 67.125 (260%) (2 hours overtime) =
the required working hours. This 349.05
means, you will be using two
different overtime rates.)

• Regular Holiday Rate (for the

first 8 hours) – 200%
• Overtime rate during a
regular holiday – 260%

3. Add the results in Step 2. • 1,074 + 349.05 = 1,423.05

Therefore, her pay on that day is Php 1,423.05.

Activity: Pay Me Right

Directions: Find the pay you must receive based on the following scenarios.
1. My rest day fell on a special non-working holiday. However, the company
manager requested me to report to work on that day because there was a
task to finish and a deadline to meet. How much was my pay that day if my
daily wage is Php 800?
Solution:

2. Suppose that my daily wage is Php 1,000.00, and I worked for 9.5 hours on
a normal day. How much is my total pay on that day?

Solution:

77
3. My daily wage is Php 537.00. If I work on Christmas Day, how much pay will
I receive on that day?

Solution:

Directions: Complete the table.

Overtime
(No. of hours Daily Pay
Total
worked (Including
Time Time Number
Workday beyond the the
In Out of Hours
regular Overtime
Rendered
working Pay)
hours)
Monday (Ordinary Day)
Tuesday (Regular
Holiday)
Wednesday (Ordinary
Day
Thursday (Rest Day)

Friday (Ordinary Day)

Total Weekly Pay

Note: 12:00-1:00 is Lunch Break (Not included in the number of hours rendered in the
company.)

MODULE 14

78
1. Use E- spread sheet in the computation of salary and overtime pay
(ABM_BM11SW- IIf -10).
2. Present graphical representation of the details or particulars of the salary.
(ABM_BM11SW- IIf -13).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• identify the important parts of electronic spreadsheet needed in the
computation of salary and overtime pay.
• compute the salary and overtime pay using e-spreadsheet; and
• show graphical representation of the details or particulars of the salary using
tables.

Lesson E-spreadsheet in Computing

14 Salary and Overtime Pay

All employees have the right to receive what is due to them. Hence, it is
necessary to ensure that they get the right compensation. However, computing
salary and overtime pay are quite complicated. In this module, you will learn how
to use a program that can help you greatly in doing this task.

During the old days, people assigned in the payroll used a paper spreadsheet
(or ledger paper) to compute salary and overtime pays. It is a form of a table with
many rows and columns. These rows and columns intersect and form a rectangular
box where the data is being written manually. As the technology progresses, some
people were able to invent and develop apps that will help ease the burden of
computing. Now, people use an electronic version of a spreadsheet.
If you search on the internet, you will find different spreadsheet programs.
Some of these are Google Sheets, Open Office, Microsoft Excel, and many more.
Among these, Microsoft Excel is the most widely used.

Explore the different parts of a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.

79
To enter data in a spreadsheet, do the
following steps:

1. Choose the cell where you want to enter

the data by clicking on it.
2. Encode the data. You will notice that the
data you entered on the selected cell is also
reflected on the Formula Bar. The name of
the selected cell is in the upper left corner
beside the formula bar. In the figure above,
the Cell Name is D8. It is the intersection
of Column D, Row 8.
3. To compute, you need to apply the
mathematical principles you have learned
previously. For example, subtract the total
deduction from the gross pay to calculate
the net pay.

• Start by encoding a formula in the cell.

Take note that you should always start
with the = sign before encoding any
formula.
• Then, type the Cell Name (or click the cell
that you want to include in the formula)
instead of encoding 30,000 and 3,400. It is
to get accurate results even if you change
the values you encoded in B6 and B7.

Formula Bar

• Click ENTER after you have encoded the

formula. You can now see the net pay
amount in the cell.
• Since you encoded a formula for net pay,
the result here is dependent on B6 and
B7. If you modify the amount in B6 or
B7, the net pay amount will
automatically be changed.
• Observe that if you look at the formula
bar, you will see the formula used.

80
• If you want to get the sum of many data, you
may encode the = sign, type SUM, then open
parenthesis, highlight the cell that you want
to add, close parenthesis, then ENTER.
• Remember that to compute the net pay, you
need to get the difference between the gross
pay and the total deductions.
• To calculate the net pay, click the = sign, click
the cell where the gross pay amount is
located, press the minus sign using your
keyboard, click the cell where the amount of
total deductions is located, and the press
ENTER.

• To compute the overtime pay, type in the

cell after the heading overtime the
following:
▪ =B8-8
• Fill the cells with the formula by
dragging down the lower right corner of
the cell and stop at row 17.
• To determine the OT pay per row, encode
the following on the first cell after the OT
Pay column:
▪ =$G$9*1.25*C8
• Drag down the formula to fill in the cells
below.
❖ Note that the Cell Names B8, G9,
and C8 may vary from your work
because it depends on where you
typed the variables needed in the
computation.

81
Activity: Your Work is Not in Vain
Directions: Suppose an employee, who is earning Php 600.00 a day, receives
weekly pay from a company. Determine the total amount of pay by completing the
needed data using MS Excel.

Instructions:
1. Assume that you have a small business with ten employees. Each employee
earns Php 600.00 a day.
2. Think of a business name, an employee name, a department, and a payroll
date.
3. Complete the table below by utilizing MS Excel. Use a formula to compute
the overtime, overtime pay, total overtime pay, hourly wage, basic pay, and
gross pay. (Note: You may present the table differently, as long as the required
data are there.)

82
MODULE 15

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Business Mathematics. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of learners. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course.
This module targets the following learning competencies:
1. Compare the forms (textual, tabular, and graphical) of business data
(ABM_BM11PAD-IIg-2).
2. Describe the different kinds of graphs and its essential parts for data
presentation.
3. Give a set of business data; identify the graphs to be used (ABM_BM11PAD-
IIi-8).
4. Draw the graph/table to present the data (ABM_BM11PAD-IIi-9).

Lesson
Presentation of Data
15
Business data serve as a basis for making decisions. However, these will
only be mere data if not organized and presented well. Thus, knowing how to show
data is necessary, especially if you want to attract investors. In this module, you
will learn more about this.

83
Presentation of data is about organizing the information to help the readers
(or viewers) understand the matter easier. There are different ways to do it. You may
show it using texts, tables, or graphs.

Textual Form
• the data are presented in words
Example:
• usually in paragraph form
In 2020, five hundred out of seven
• used to explain or interpret
hundred fifty workers of a factory lost
significant features of the data their job due to an outbreak in the city.
• used if the data that you want Forty-five percent of them were female.
to show is not very large

Tabular Form
• the data are presented using
tables
• easy to read and construct
• can be used even with a large
amount of data because it
helps simplify complex data
• can be used even if you are
presenting information with
different units

Source: https://studyofplant.blogspot.com/2016/08/biostatistics-
tabulation-of-data-and-parts-of-table.html?m=0

Graphical Form
• the data are presented using graphs
• easy to understand even if the reader (or viewer) is not good in language or numbers
• helps simplify complex data
The common types of graphs are bar chart, pie chart, and line graph.

Bar Chart
• uses bars of different lengths
but with equal widths
• used when the order of
categories is not important
• usually used to compare values
across a few categories

84Source: https://thetablebar.blogspot.com/2018/02/bar-graph-parts.html
Line Graph
• uses line to present data
• used to show trends over time
• used when the order is
important

Source: https://www.formpl.us/resources/graph-chart/line/

Pie Chart
• uses pie slices
• used to show parts of a whole

Source: https://www.smartsheet.com/pie-chart-excel

It is also good to support tabular or graphical presentations with text.

However, you don’t have to go into detail anymore. When you add text to a table or
graph, emphasize only the information you want to highlight. There is no need to
write everything that is already in the table or graph.

Directions: Write the correct answer in the space provided before the number.

___________ 1. Which type of graph is appropriate to use if you want to compare

the most popular shoe brands in your barangay?
___________ 2. You planted a mango seed, and you want to measure its growth for
ten weeks. What type of graph is best to use?
___________ 3. To show how you allocate your expenses in business, which type of
graph is the most appropriate to use?

85
___________ 4. Which form of data presentation is best to use if the data you want
to present is very few?
___________ 5. Your boss wants you to present a detailed quarterly report. What
form of data presentation will you use?

Instructions:
1. Assume that you have a business.
2. Name your business.
3. Present the daily sales of your business from Monday to Friday using tabular,
textual, and graphical forms. Use the most appropriate graph.

Rubric:

MODULE 16

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Business Mathematics. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of learners. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course.
This module targets the following learning competencies:
1. Analyze and interpret the data presented in a graph/table (ABM_BM11PAD-
IIi-10).
2. Analyze and interprets the data presented in the table using measures of
central tendency and variability and tests of significant differences
(ABM_BM11PAD-IIh-5)
3. Use software (i.e., MS Excel, SPSS) programs to compute and present
graphical representation of business data (ABM_BM11PAD-IIj-11)

86
Lesson
Analysis of Data
16
After you have presented the data, the next thing is to analyze its meaning.
What do these data tell you? In this module, you will learn ways on how to analyze
and interpret a set of data.

One of the most used tools in data analysis is the measures of central
tendency. It attempts to describe a set of data by determining the center of the
distribution using a single value.

Example:
Monthly Sales in Peso
(2021)
25,000 23,500 24,788 21,988
28,435 26,705 24,927 25,682
23,401 22,999 23,755 27,004

If there is one single value that would represent all these data, what would it
be? The answer to this question is called a central tendency. Generally, the most
common measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and mode. Sometimes
they are called averages.

The mean is determined by adding all the values, and then divide the sum
by the number of values in the data set. Among the three measures, the mean is
unique and may not be one of the data values.

Example: What is the average salary of office staff in NCR?

Median is another form of average. To find this, arrange all the data from
smallest to largest (or vice versa). Then get the middle value. If the number of data
is even, add the two middle values and divide it by two.

87
Example: Find the average salary of office staff in NCR using the median.

Solution:

• Make sure that all the data are arranged

in order.
• Since there are 12 data, get the average of
the two middle values:
Median = (24788 + 24927)/2
Median = 24,857.50
• Hence, using the median, the average
salary is Php24,857.50.

The mode, on the other hand, is the easiest to identify. Just look at the data
set and determine the value that occurs most often. It represents the highest bar in
a bar chart. A data may have one mode (unimodal), two modes (bimodal), three
modes (trimodal), more than three modes (multimodal), or no mode at all. In the
previous data for office staff salary, no salary appears more than once. Hence, we
cannot use the mode in this example.
Good news! You don’t have to do this manually. With the aid of computers,
you may do all the analysis by using a software program like SPSS and Microsoft
Excel. In this module, you will focus on the latter.
Microsoft Excel has many ways to analyze your data. For now, you will
focus on one of the add-in programs that will help you in data analysis – the
Analysis ToolPak. To check if you have it in your Excel, do this.

1. Go to Data 2. Check if you have the Data Analysis tool

If you don’t see the Data Analysis tool, do the following:

88
Let’s try to do it.

Step 1: Make sure that you

have prepared the data
needed to analyze.

Step 2: Click the Data

Analysis tool, then click
Descriptive Statistics if you
want to describe the data.

Step 3: Highlight/Select the

data that you want to
analyze. (You will notice
that it automatically
reflects on the Input
Range.)

Step 4: If you included the

heading/label in the
selection, tick the Labels in
first row.

Step 5: Tick the Summary

statistics. Then click Ok.

You may explore the tool if you want to measure the variance or test the
difference.
Another feature of Excel is that you can make charts in it. To do this,

Step 1: Select the data that you

want to present with a
chart/graph.

Step 2: Click the Insert tab, then

click the Recommended Charts.
Select the most appropriate
chart from the options. If the
chart you’re looking for is not
there, click All charts, and select
the chart you want to use.

Step 3: Click Ok. You may edit

the text in the chart, the colors,
and the other parts if needed.

After the analysis, the next part is to interpret the result. What can you say
about the data? You may look at the trend and find out if there is anything not
normal.

89
Directions: Answer the questions below the figure.

Number of Customers in Week 1

70
60
Number of Customers

50
40
30
20
10
0

Day in a Week

Questions:
1. What is the title of the graph?
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Which day has the least number of customers?

__________________________________________________________________________

3. How many customers went to store on Tuesday?

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Which day has the most number of customers?

__________________________________________________________________________

5. What information can you get on the graph?

__________________________________________________________________________

90
Instructions:
1. Assume that you have a business.
2. Name your business.
3. Present the monthly sales of your business for the Year 2020 using tabular,
textual, and graphical forms. Use the most appropriate graph.
4. Include a descriptive analysis in your textual presentation.
5. Interpret the result.

Rubric:

91
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
Quarter I
1. The more the workers there are, the lesser the number of hours is needed to
complete a task. This is an example of what type of proportion?
A. direct proportion C. partitive proportion
B. inverse proportion D. mixed proportion
2. Three out of four children in a school love chocolate products. Represent the
fraction of children who love chocolates to decimal form.
A. 0.34 B. 0.75 C. 3 D. 3.4
4. Rose would like to sell mobile phones she purchased from a supplier. The
cost of each phone is Php 3,500.00 each. The operating cost is set at 15%
of the cost and she would like to have a 25% profit on the cost of each
item. How much should be the selling price?
A. Php 3,525.00 C. Php 4,500.00
B. Php 3,900.00 D. Php 4,900.00
3. Ramon is 68 years old. As a senior citizen, he is exempted to VAT and is also
entitled for a 20% discount on food items. If he orders a meal and the cost of
the food is Php 90.00, how much will she pay the cashier?
A. Php 28.80 C. Php 64.29
B. Php 61.20 D. Php 72.00
For numbers 5-6: 3 pieces of lumpiang sariwa cost Php 120. How much will it cost
for 15 pieces?

5. How will you translate this problem into a proportion?

3 15 3 𝑛
A. = C. =
120 𝑛 15 120
3 𝑛 3 15
B. = D. =
120 15 𝑛 120
6. How much will be the cost if you buy 15 pieces of lumpiang sariwa?
A. Php 240.00 C. Php 600.00
B. Php 360.00 D. Php 720.00
7. PQR Company sells laptops worth ₱24,999 each. Each unit costs 75% of
its selling price. What is the rate of margin?
A. 23.5% B. 25% C. 28.7% D. 75%
8. A worker earns a salary of Php 36,000 a month. Suppose that he works 8
hours a day for a 24-day work month, how much does he get per hour?
A. Php 150.00 C. Php 1,500.00
B. Php 187.50 D. Php 36,000.00
9. How much is the profit/loss of a business if the revenue is ₱120,500 and
the expenses is Php102,000?
A. Profit; Php 18,500.00 C. Loss; Php 18,500.00
B. Profit; Php 120,500.00 D. Loss; Php 102,000.00

92
10. Adolfo works in a company that pays Php 2,000 a week and a 12%
commission on sales above Php 15,000 in the week. How much will he
receive if he sold products worth Php 28,000 in a week.
A. Php 15,000.00 C. Php 4,650.00
B. Php 13,000.00 D. Php 3,560.00
11. What is the single equivalent rate if the merchant gives you a trade
discount series of 20/10/10?
A. 43.5% B. 40% C. 35% D. 35.2%
Quarter II

For numbers 12-13: You are planning to buy a condominium

unit worth ₱2,000,000. However, your savings is not enough to fully paid the
property, so you applied for a mortgage from a bank. The bank required you to make
a 10% down payment.

12. How much is the down payment?

A. Php 200,000.00 C. Php 2,000.00
B. Php 20,000.00 D. Php 200.00
13. What is the mortgage loan?
A. Php 2,200,000.00 C. Php 1,800,000.00
B. Php 2,000,000.00 D. Php 1,600,000.00
14. Which of the following benefits is taxable?
A. SSS contribution C. Rice subsidy amounting to Php
2,000
B. Benefits over Php 90,000 D. 13th month pay not exceeding to
Php 90,000
15. A car dealer earns a 2.5% commission on sales. If he sells a car for Php
980,000, how much commission will he earn?
A. Php 24,500.00 C. Php 245,000.00
B. Php 25,000.00 D. Php 2,450,000.00
16. In entering a formula inside a cell, the first symbol you must write is ___.
A. > B. < C. = D. ^
17. An employee works as a clerk in ATL Company, a private lending
company in a barangay. His monthly gross income is Php 25,000. How
much is the employee’s share to Pag-IBIG Fund?
A. Php 100.00 C. Php 200.00
B. Php 150.00 D. Php 250.00
18. Which chart is appropriate to use if you want to show trends over time?
A. Line Graph C. Pie Chart
B. Bar Chart D. Tables
19. A wage earner who earns Php 537.00 a day reported to work during a
regular holiday. How much pay will he receive that day?
A. Php 671.25 C. Php 939.75
B. Php 805.50 D. Php 1,074.00
20. A wage earner who earns Php 537.00 a day rendered ten hours in work
during a regular day. How much pay will he receive that day?
A. Php 83.91 C. Php 704.81
B. Php 167.81 D. Php 939.75

93
94
Assessment What I Know
(Q1) (Q1)
1. B 1. B
2. B 2. C
3. D 3. B
4. C 4. A
5. A 5. C
6. C 6. D
7. B 7. B
8. B 8. D
9. A 9. A
10.D (Q2)
11.D 10.A
(Q2) 11.C
12.A 12.D
13.C 13.A
14.B 14.B
15.A 15.B
16.C 16.A
17.A 17.C
18.A 18.D
19.D 19.C
20.C 20.A
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https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/how-to-calculate-a-
commission.html
AccountingTools (April 10, 2021). The difference between margin and markup.
Retrieved from https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/what-is-the-
difference-between-margin-and-markup.html
BATAS natin (June 25, 2020). Illegal deductions from wages/allowable deductions
from salary/free legal advice Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCjpeRPo3BE
Berry-Johnson, Jane. (February 28, 2020). How to calculate profit margin and
markup (Formula and examples). Retrieved from
https://bench.co/blog/accounting/how-to-calculate-profit-margin/
Bluementhal, A. (April 22, 2020). Book balance. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/book-balance.asp
Buffington, E. (2016, September 12). Decimals with 4 basic operations. Retrieved
from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PF6r1N6rglY
Chiechi, T. (n.d.) Down payments: How they work, how much to pay. Retrieved from
https://www.thebalance.com/choosing-a-down-payment-
315602#:~:text=The%20down%20payment%20is%20the,part%20of%20obt
aining%20a%20loan.
Computer Hope. (August 2, 2020). Spreadsheet. Retrieved
from https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/spreadsheet.htm
Delishably. (2020). How to make three-ingredient pastillas, a Filipino-inspired
delicacy. Retrieved from https://delishably.com/world-cuisine/How-to-
Make-Homemade-Three-Ingredient-Pastillas
eCompareMo. (December 11, 2019). Employee benefits in the Philippines: Complete
list, guide, and FAQs. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/33WzjEf
Ferguson, G. (n.d.). What are gross income inclusions? Retrieved from
https://finance.zacks.com/gross-income-inclusions-
7231.html#:~:text=Your%20gross%20wages%20include%20all,are%20inclu
ded%20in%20gross%20pay.
Gasbarre, A. (n.d.). Compensation administration. Retrieved from
https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Clo-
Con/Compensation-Administration.html
Gonia, R. (2018). 3 types of proportion. Retrieved 26 Jun 2020 from
https://www.slideshare.net/rogeliogonia/3-types-of-proportion
Hart, M. (n.d.) Everything you need to know about sales commission in 2020 (For
reps & leaders). Retrieved from https://blog.hubspot.com/sales/sales-
commission
Hyacinth, B. (February 4, 2019). Employees are a company’s greatest asset!
Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/employees-companys-
greatest-asset-brigette-hyacinth/
Kokemuller, N. (January 25, 2019). Advantages and disadvantages of salary plus
commission. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2T42teP

95
Laerd Statistics. (n.d.). Measures of central tendency. Retrieved
from https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/measures-central-tendency-mean-
mode-median.php
Market Business News (n.d.). What is salary? Definition and meaning. Retrieved
from https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/salary-
definition-meaning/
Math Antics (2012, April 16). Adding and subtracting fractions. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5juto2ze8Lg

96
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division Office Navotas

Learning Resource Management Section

Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound

M, Naval St., Sipac Almacen, Navotas City

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Email Address: [email protected]

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Bus Math

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Bus Math

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DIVISION OF NAVOTAS CITY

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Inilimbag sa Pilipinas ng ________________________

Department of Education – Navotas City

Answer Key ..................................................................................94

4. How will you translate this problem into a proportion?

For numbers 10-11: You are planning to buy a condominium

After going through this module, you are expected to:

In your daily living, you experienced instances where it is better to use

1. By using long division

Example: Express 5/8 to decimal form.

2. By converting the fraction to an equivalent fraction whose denominator is

Example: Convert 3/4 to decimal form.

Step 2: Multiply the numerator 3 25

b. Express 0.25 to fraction form.

2. When the decimal is repeating and non-terminating, do the following:

The resulting equation will be

10x = 3.3333… (second equation) Subtract the first equation from

The resulting equation will be

100x =45.454545 … (2nd equation) Subtract the first equation from

Note: Always write your answer in its simplest form.

A. Expressing decimal to percent

B. Expressing percent to decimal

C. Expressing fraction to percent

Activity: The Mystery Guy

Determine whether the statement is True or False.

No. 1 is True No. 2 is True

No. 3 is True No. 7 is True

No. 5 is True No. 10 is False

No. 5 is False No. 6 is True

No. 10 is True No. 9 is True

Who is the mystery guy? _____________________________________________________

Components based on the given example:

Color Fraction Decimal Percent

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Lesson Fractions, Decimals,

Business always involves analysis and computation. Hence, you must

b. Dissimilar Fractions (Fractions with different denominators)

Note: The preposition “of” signifies multiplication.

Example: Multiply 2.256 by 1.8.

Example: 4.64 ÷ 0.8

(Clue: Count the number of digits Recall that a shorter way to

Apply Case 2 6.2

C. Operations involving Percent

Example: Find the product of 75% and Php 240.

➢ Base (original amount) – is the whole in a problem.

Practice identifying these:

Base (B) Rate (R) Percentage (P)

Hint: The base comes after the word “of”

Example 1: What is 30% of 12?

Example 2: 25% of what number is 50?

Example 3: 10 is what percent of 40?

Solving Problems Involving Fractions, Decimals, Percent

Description Amount per Unit

The total amount of the items is Php 1, 214.75.

145 ÷ 6.5 = 22.31

You will be able to call your grandma for 22 minutes.

• Php 23 500 has no VAT yet. We call this as VAT-able amount.

• Take note of the following:

Solve for x 1.12 x = 321.50

Sample Problem 5: Linda is 65 years old. As a senior citizen, she is exempted to

Answer: Linda’s exact bill for her food is Php 64.29.

Activity: Your Turn to Perform!

Product Amount per Unit

2. How much will you pay for the delivery charge?

Activity: Valuing Your Values

17 1 F = 90 ÷ 0.15 R = 12.5% of 350

➢ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

➢ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

➢ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Odds Notation Fraction Notation

Example 1: The ratio of 6 to 8 can be written as any of these:

• 6:8 or 3:4 (odds notation)

➢ ___ _ _ _ ___

➢ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___

➢ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___