Victoria

&Albert Art & Love

Victoria
&
Love and art:
Albert
Art & Love

Queen Victoria’s personal jewellery

Charlotte Gere

Essays from two Study Days held at the

National Gallery, London, on 5 and 6 June 2010.
Edited by Susanna Avery-Quash
Design by Tom Keates at Mick Keates Design

Published by Royal Collection Trust /

© HM Queen Elizabeth II 2012.

Royal Collection Enterprises Limited

St James’s Palace, London SW1A 1JR
www.royalcollection.org

ISBN 978 1905686 75 9

First published online 23/04/2012

This publication may be downloaded and printed either in its

entirety or as individual chapters. It may be reproduced, and copies
distributed, for non-commercial, educational purposes only. Please
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www.royalcollection.org.uk
Victoria
&Albert Art & Love

Love and art:

Queen Victoria’s personal jewellery

Charlotte Gere

For many people, their default view of Queen Victoria is as a figure in perpetual
mourning, wearing black, her pearls and diamonds appropriately colourless, with her
costume only slightly enlivened by jet embroidery and lace. Her love of colour and
festive trimmings, largely forgotten, was subsumed in her own presentation of her
tragic condition after Prince Albert’s death. The exhibition in 2010 at The Queen’s
Gallery, Buckingham Palace, on Victoria and Albert as collectors, showed by contrast
the happy days of her marriage, when her jewels, rather than commemorating
death, reflected her relationship with her husband and family.1 This essay looks at the
story of Victoria and Albert through the jewellery they commissioned, gave to each
other and wore on every kind of occasion. The jewels cease to be mere objects and
become part of the intimacy of the royal marriage.
Fig. 1
Whether by accident or design, in Franz Xaver Winterhalter’s 1847 watercolour Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805–73),
Queen Victoria, 1847
(fig. 1), painted for Albert, Victoria has a bouquet in the national colours of red, white Watercolour, oval 30 x 23.5cm
and blue. Her white silk dress is trimmed with red and flounces of black lace. She has Royal Collection, RL 17968

a wreath of flaming scarlet poppies and handsome jewels including a large brooch,
a pendant and a bracelet set with oval blue stones, possibly lapis lazuli. The jewels are
fashionable, even rather ahead of fashion. On that evidence and without knowing its
history the portrait would appear to date from some five or ten years later, showing
that the Queen was a leader rather than a follower of fashion.2 The Royal Archives
and the Crown Jeweller’s royal ledgers, along with the surviving personal jewellery,
provide ample evidence of the pioneering jewel tastes of the royal couple and their
interest in new materials and techniques. But the overriding impulse behind their
exchange of gifts is love and, owing to the Queen’s meticulous habit of engraving
her personal jewels with donor and occasion, they act rather like a journal of her
intimate life during her marriage.

The rapid growth of a print and visual culture was decisive in shaping the direction
of an up-to-date monarchy.3 The Court Circular in The Times reported fully on what
the Queen wore, as did the Morning Post and the Morning Chronicle.4 Society columns
came into being at this time, recording costume and jewellery in detail. Indeed, it is
almost possible to describe Victoria’s appearance at practically every event of her life.

Queen Victoria’s fashion sense has been widely derided. In fact she was very
interested in dress and jewels – her own largely in relation to Albert’s preferences

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in an objective but uncritical way, and other people’s with a true reporter’s eye for
telling detail. The Queen, so short in stature at less than 5ft tall, was never stylish,
but she had the unassailable dignity of royalty. She was eager to fulfil the legitimate
expectations of her people as well as her family. On occasion she could take the
whole matter very seriously, as for the State Visit to Paris in 1855, when she anxiously
assembled a wardrobe fit for the fashion capital of Europe. In Paris the Queen and
her family were very exposed, and the interest of the crowds reflected the fact that
no reigning English monarch had been seen in the capital since Henry VI had been
crowned there 400 years earlier.

A succession of public events tested dresses and jewels to the limit. For a ball at the
Hôtel de Ville on 23 August 1855 the Queen’s dress, made in Paris as a compliment
to her hosts, was of white net embroidered with gold, trimmed with red geraniums, Fig. 2
Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805–73),
and very full. It was she reported ‘much admired by the Emperor’. He asked if it was Queen Victoria, 1856
English and may have been somewhat disconcerted to learn of its Parisian origin.5 Oil on canvas, 88.6 x 72.2cm
Royal Collection, RCIN 406698
But she had one weapon that could be deployed against the magnificence of Parisian
fashion and the French crown diamonds. This was the legendary Koh-i-nûr diamond,
wearable as a brooch or a diadem. In Winterhalter’s 1856 portrait (fig. 2) she wears
the Grand Diadem and diamond collet necklace passed on to her at her accession
by Queen Adelaide, but now with the addition of the famous Koh-i-nûr, recently
re-cut at Albert’s suggestion and under his supervision, and given a diamond setting
by the Crown Jeweller. The collet necklace was lost to Hanover after the resolution
of a dispute over the terms of Queen Charlotte’s will. It was replaced by Garrard’s
in 1858, along with other items set with stones identified as Queen Charlotte’s
diamonds. It is curious to note that among the 1858 diamond jewels, Victoria did not
choose to replicate the highly fashionable rococo flower bouquet that had belonged
to her predecessor.

‘Royal’ jewellery suggests these celebrated treasures of the Crown, but from the
Queen’s own writings we know that such trophies of state were of less interest to Fig. 3
Unknown maker, Thistle brooch, 1847
her than modest gifts and pledges of love exchanged with Albert. The Prince was Enamelled gold set with an infant tooth, 2.7 x 2.1cm
Royal Collection, RCIN 13517
not at all well-off but for Victoria, neither value nor cost weighed with her in the
significance of the gift. This extended to her family, including her sons-in-law, upon
whom she pressed pebbles mounted as pins and studs in the belief that they would
treasure them as she did. The Marquess of Lorne, future husband of her daughter
Louise, was probably somewhat surprised when presented with a granite pin.
The Queen hoped that he would wear it, adding, ‘Louise has a brooch just like it
made out of the same stone’.6

Every piece had associations; this could even descend to the setting of infant teeth.
An enamelled gold thistle brooch incorporates Princess Victoria’s first tooth, which
she shed in Scotland in 1847 (fig. 3). A pendant and earrings in the form of fuchsias, Fig. 4
R. & S. Garrard, Fuchsia pendant and earrings, 1864
supplied by the Crown Jeweller in 1864, are set with Princess Beatrice’s milk teeth
Gold and enamel set with milk teeth
(fig. 4). The royal collection boasts a few other rare jewels set with infant teeth.7 Royal Collection, RCIN 52540–1

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The royal babies’ births were celebrated more conventionally, with enamelled
heart-shaped lockets containing baby hair hung on a bracelet (fig. 5). The first, for the
Princess Royal, was given soon after her arrival on 21 November 1840; the second
followed swiftly, for the Prince of Wales, born just a year later; more were added
almost annually, up to Leopold in 1853. The bracelet is just visible in Brian Edward
Duppa’s photograph of the Queen, taken on 5 July 1854 for presentation to Prince
Albert (fig. 6). The Duppa photograph required considerable forethought, since the
Prince’s photograph had to be taken and processed before the Queen could be
photographed holding the oval frame with the portrait in it. She holds it so that it
almost touches the bracelet with the children’s hair, making plain the importance
to her of her husband and family. By this date the hearts numbered eight; Princess Fig. 5
Unknown maker, Bracelet, 1840–57
Beatrice was born in 1857, so the lockets eventually numbered nine, each addition Gold with enamelled gold heart-shaped lockets,
being detailed in the archives.8 Queen Victoria wore the completed bracelet in length 11cm
Royal Collection, RCIN 65293
William Slade Stuart’s 1897 Jubilee photograph (fig. 7), among the diamonds and
orders – symbols of her reign and dignities as Queen and Empress of India, and with
Prince Albert’s portrait miniature on pearl strings, treasured emblems of her life story
with husband and children that she intended this Jubilee image to embody.

The secluded and austere upbringing of the future Queen did not encourage wearing
lavish jewellery. Conduct books of the period unanimously deplore jewellery for
very young girls. Apart from some conspicuous exceptions in the form of precious
gifts from William IV and Queen Adelaide acknowledging the inevitability of her
succession, Victoria’s much-treasured girlhood jewels consisted of modest, pretty,
inexpensive trinkets like those of her contemporaries in ‘polite’ society. There are few
pictures of her wearing jewellery as a girl, other than long top-and-drop earrings she

Fig. 6 (far left)

Brian Edward Duppa (active 1832–53),
Queen Victoria, 5 July 1854, 1889
Carbon print, 21.7 x 16.6cm
Royal Collection, RCIN 2906533

Fig. 7
William Slade Stuart (1858–1938),
Queen Victoria, photographic portrait published
by the Rotary Photographic Co., June 1897
Bromide postcard print, 12.4 x 8.1cm
National Portrait Gallery, NPG x 13850

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wears in a widely circulated profile portrait by Richard James Lane (fig. 8), taken after
her ears were pieced when she was 14. The floral motifs of rose beneath the crown,
oak and lily garlands outline ideal attributes for the royal heir, the ‘rose of England’
supported by strength and purity. She had been christened Alexandrina, but on her
accession she took her second name, Victoria, unknown in the British monarchy, and
the iconography of ceremonial imagery now identified her as a winged ‘Victory’.

Her earliest jewel-memory was of a portrait miniature given by her ‘Uncle-King’,

George IV, in 1826: remembering the occasion in later life, she wrote: ‘He said he
would give me something to wear, and that was his picture set in diamonds, which
was worn by the Princesses as an Order to a blue ribbon on the left shoulder.’9
She wore it on her sleeve at the first State Dinner after her accession.
Fig. 8
Even in her early Journal entries her birthday and Christmas presents leap off the
Richard James Lane (1800–1872),
page. These gifts seem not to survive or not to have been identified, but the Hull Portrait of Princess Victoria,
published by J. Bouvier, 1837
Grundy Gift to the British Museum is rich in examples of the types. On her 14th Stipple engraving printed in colours, 40.5 x 31.8cm
London, British Museum, PD 1852,1009.608
birthday in 1833 she received from her mother ‘a lovely hyacinth brooch’.10 From her
cousin George Cambridge she received ‘a brooch in the shape of a lily-of-the-valley’,
and Lady Sarah and Lady Clementina Villiers gave her ‘some flowers as a comb and
a brooch’.11 These presents meant a great deal to her and were enumerated with
care and in detail, but they were simply modish pieces manufactured in quantities.12
Inevitably the Princess, born on 24 May, received many seasonal lily-of-the-valley
jewels over the years. Conflating the lily-of-the-valley brooch with the flower-
mounted combs from the ladies Villiers suggests something similar to lily-of-the-
valley comb-mounts (fig. 9), made by Rundell & Bridge, first Jewellers to the Crown,
and of course the choice of those frequenting court circles.

Among its many other messages of purity and the return of spring, lily-of-the-valley
stood for ‘return of happiness’ in the Victorian language of flowers. This became the
birthday greeting, ‘many happy returns’. Winterhalter’s painting The First of May 1851
Fig. 9
(fig. 10) shows the Queen and Prince Albert with the infant Prince Arthur and the Rundell, Bridge & Rundell, Lily-of-the-valley
aged Duke of Wellington against a background of the Crystal Palace, housing the comb-mounts, c.1833–7
Tortoiseshell, gold, chrysoberyls and
1851 Great Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations. Prince Arthur offers a bouquet of rubies, length 8cm
London, British Museum,
lily-of-the-valley to the Duke. So, leaving aside its connection with opening day of Hull Grundy Gift, HG Cat. 636
the Great Exhibition on 1 May 1851, Winterhalter’s subject is also birthdays in May.
The Duke of Wellington and the one-year-old Prince Arthur were both born on 1
May, so the message conveyed by the nosegay presented to his godfather by Prince
Arthur is ‘happy birthday’. In more sombre circumstances, the flower stood for being
reunited in death with a loved one and was associated with mourning, as Victoria
well knew. She sent lilies-of-the-valley to be laid on the grave of General Grey,
her private secretary.13

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&Albert Art & Love

Fig. 10
Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805–73),
The First of May 1851, 1851
Oil on canvas, 106.7 x 129.5cm
Royal Collection, RCIN 406995

Fig. 11
After Edmund Thomas Parris (1793–1873),
Meanwhile, among Queen Charlotte’s diamonds in the various guises they had Victoria in an opera box, Drury Lane Theatre,
assumed during the reign of William IV, a ray diadem like the one in Winterhalter’s 15 November 1837, 1837
Mezzotint engraving by C.E. Wagstaff,
First of May (always worn by Queen Adelaide as a necklace) became a favourite with 43.9 x 34.1cm
London, British Museum, P&D 1868,0808.1559
the Queen. She wears it in an image from her early reign (fig. 11): Edmund Thomas
Parris’s likeness of her in an opera box at Drury Lane, which he made by the simple
expedient of sitting in the opposite box. The print was so widely circulated that
became almost an official portrait.

The next event of great personal significance to the young Queen, her marriage
to Prince Albert on 10 February 1840, produced more jewellery. As the example
of the lily-of-the-valley shows, she was well versed in flower meanings. It was her
choice of orange-blossom wreath and trimmings to her white dress for her marriage
that made this almost a uniform for Victorian brides. The suite of orange-blossom
jewellery given by Prince Albert over a number of years from the first sprig, an
engagement gift accompanied by music of his own composition in 1839, has the
obvious flower-language associations with the marriage (fig. 12). The second brooch
and the earrings were a Christmas present in 1845. The Queen’s wedding wreath
is perpetuated in the gold and porcelain circlet, the finest item in the suite, with
blossoms studied from real, flowering sprigs, received in 1846. Victoria wrote in her
Journal: ‘My beloved one gave me such a lovely unexpected present … the leaves
are of frosted gold, the orange blossoms of white porcelaine & 4 little green enamel Fig. 12
oranges, meant to represent our children.’14 The four oranges would not suffice for Unknown maker, Orange-blossom parure, 1839–46
Porcelain, gold and enamel
long; Princess Helena, their fifth child was born in the same year. Victoria always wore Royal Collection, RCIN 65305, 65306.1–2, 65307.1–2

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Fig. 13
Sir George Hayter (1792–1871),
The Marriage of Queen Victoria (detail), 1840–42
Oil on canvas, 195.6 x 273.4cm
Royal Collection, RCIN 407165

Fig. 14
it on the anniversary of the day, often with the Honiton lace from her wedding dress. English, Queen Victoria’s Wedding Brooch, 1840
Sapphire, diamonds and gold, 3.7 x 4.1cm
At dinner on her wedding anniversary in 1856, she wore a new pink dress from her Royal Collection, RCIN 200193

mother, the Duchess of Kent, with the wreath from the set.15

This orange-blossom theme surfaces repeatedly in Victoria’s correspondence.

Constantly renewed with cuttings taken from royal wedding wreaths and bouquets,
orange blossom and the myrtle traditional in German marriage ceremonies
flourished on the terrace at Osborne House, and sprigs were sent to her married
daughters to be worn on their significant anniversaries. Orange-blossom wreaths and
trimmings were worn by Victorian royal brides right up to Queen Mary in 1893.

Sir George Hayter’s painting of Victoria and Albert’s marriage ceremony (fig. 13)
inexplicably omits an item of enormous sentimental significance to Victoria: the large
sapphire set in a diamond border given to her by Albert on the eve of their marriage
(fig. 14). She noted her wedding costume in her diary, including the sapphire brooch
(‘dear Albert’s beautiful sapphire brooch’) and her ‘Turkish’ suite of necklace and
diamond earrings (Journal, 10 February 1840). Victoria was a severe critic and a
demon for detail, and it is surprising that she let this pass when approving the huge
group portrait. She left the brooch to the Crown in her will – it was shown with the
State Jewels in the 2010 exhibition at The Queen’s Gallery – but it was an intensely
personal memento.16

Winterhalter’s portrait of the Queen in wedding dress, lace and jewels, painted seven
Fig. 15
years later for the Prince Consort on the anniversary of their wedding, corrects this Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805–73),
omission (fig. 15): Albert’s sapphire brooch is prominent on Victoria’s lace collar.17 Queen Victoria in her Wedding Dress, 1847
Oil on canvas, 53.7 x 43.4cm
The creamy-white silk-satin dress is in the Museum of London, while the magnificent Royal Collection, RCIN 400885

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Honiton lace flounce survives the Royal Collection.18 Her diamond necklace and
long earrings were made by Rundells in 1839 from diamonds presented to
her by Sultan Mahmúd II in 1838, hence the title of the suite as ‘Turkish’.19

Miniatures and hearts were frequent currency in the exchanges

between Victoria and Albert. Victoria had an almost fanatical
attachment to the heart locket containing her husband’s hair, which
she wore constantly. It is her only ornament in Winterhalter’s
image of her with flowing hair, commissioned for Albert’s birthday
in 1843 (fig. 16).20 It was known as ‘the secret portrait’ because it
was contrived, with a good deal of difficulty, as a surprise for him.
Victoria had begged a lock of Albert’s hair four days after their
betrothal.21 She put it into a modest glass locket and wore it ‘night
and day’, according to her Journal.22 In fact there were two lockets, the
second being her betrothal present from Louise, Queen of the Belgians,
a diamond-set heart into which she transferred Albert’s hair. In portraits it
is sometimes hard to decipher the differences, but one or other of the hearts
appears in many of them. The Queen responded with a heart-shaped opal brooch-
pin for the Prince’s birthday in 1840. Although Victoria said she transferred Albert’s Fig. 16
Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805–73),
hair into the diamond-set locket, the locket in Winterhalter’s portrait appears still Queen Victoria, 1843
Oil on canvas, 64.8 x 53.4cm
to be the unadorned glass one. Royal Collection, RCIN 406010

Equally treasured were miniatures of the Prince set as jewels. John Partridge’s
portrait of the Queen, commissioned in 1840 as a Christmas present for Albert
(fig. 17), reflects her jewel tastes at that time. With both a heart and a miniature, it
is full of messages for Albert. The bracelet miniature is a version of William Ross’s
profile in enamel of the same year, considered by Victoria to be the best likeness
of him (fig. 18). Partridge, rather a pedantic artist, painted the jewels with care and
the heart-shaped locket appears to be rimmed with diamonds; it must be Queen
Louise’s gift. The other jewels include a ruby and diamond pendant brooch and a

Fig. 17 (far left)

John Partridge (1790–1872),
Queen Victoria, 1840
Oil on canvas, 142.6 x 112.1cm
Royal Collection, RCIN 403022

Fig. 18
Magdalena Dalton, née Ross (1801–74),
Prince Albert, 1840
Watercolour on ivory; gold bracelet clasp
surrounded by diamonds and with brooch
attachment, 3.1 x 2.8cm
Royal Collection, RCIN 4826

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ferronnière head-ornament, named after the jewel in Leonardo’s painting, La Belle

Ferronnière and doubtless one of several given her as girlhood presents.23 She
is wearing black velvet, possibly the dress in which she was observed attending
one of William Macready’s theatre productions, and a matching headdress with
silver fringing. Her fan and handkerchief with a deep edging of lace were her
signature accessories. The portrait bridges important aspects of the Queen’s life,
as monarch (connoted by the Garter ribbon, badge and star) and wife.24

In her portrait by John Lucas the infant Princess Royal holds another of her mother’s
bracelets, which includes her father’s portrait of 1839, also by Ross, set in a pearl
border (fig. 19). A version in watercolour on ivory of Lucas’s portrait, given to
Victoria by the Duchess of Kent in 1844 (the Duchess was the owner of the actual
portrait), thus shows a miniature within a miniature.25 The full significance of Lucas’s
Fig. 19
portrait of the Princess Royal needs to be seen in the context of another one using Guglielmo Faija (1803–73) after John Lucas
(1807–74), Victoria, Princess Royal, 1844
the same iconography. Sir William Beechey’s 1823 portrait of the Duchess of Kent Watercolour on ivory laid on card, 6.9 x 5.8cm
shows her holding the infant Victoria, who has a miniature likeness of the late Duke Royal Collection, RCIN 420321

of Kent in her hand (fig. 20). Lucas’s portrait, made for the Duchess of Kent, must
have been conceived as a pendant to it.26

A copy by William Essex of Ross’s portrait of the Princess Royal as a baby was
ruthlessly cut up for a brooch of her with angel wings set with diamonds, emeralds
and rubies, and holding a small gem-set cross in her hands (fig. 21). It was designed
by Albert as a gift to the Queen for Christmas in 1841. As the Queen remarked, ‘It
was entirely his own idea and taste’.27 The miniature of the Princess was inspired by
the angel heads in Raphael’s Sistine Madonna in Dresden, one of a number of angel
subjects popular in Victorian jewellery.28 Late in life the Princess (now Empress of
Germany) explained its history: ‘Papa gave it to Mama – and she always wore it on
my birthday’. Included with her note are a little drawing and instructions as to its
disposal: ‘This brooch was given to me by beloved Mama at Windsor – she had worn
Fig. 20
it a great deal. I should like it to be left to the Crown of England.’29 Henry Bone (1755–1834), after Sir William
Beechey (1753–1839), Duchess of Kent with
Kathryn Jones’s mining of the royal archives has unearthed a fascinating list of gifts the Infant Princess Alexandrina Victoria, c.1824
Enamel on copper, 26.4 x 21.5cm
from the Prince to his wife.30 This presents a vivid picture of intimate exchange in Royal collection, RCIN 404239
the 1840s and 1850s. Unravelling the fine detail of the personal jewellery sheds
an interesting light on the role of Garrard, the Crown Jeweller, acting as a sort of
clearing house for a whole team of suppliers to the royal family, many of whom
may have hoped for the Crown Jeweller title. As well as the sentiments expressed,
the latest scientific and technical innovations were encouraged to benefit British
trade. Promotion of the commercial interests of an advanced industrial nation
features, even if subliminally, in the Queen’s jewellery; it is a reflection of her patriotic
Fig. 21
and sentimental character and her obsession with associations, but also raises the Prince Albert (1819–61), designer; William Essex
(1784–1869), after William Ross (1794–1860),
question of what effect royal example had on choices made by the general public. miniaturist; unknown jeweller, Angel brooch, 1841
A direct influence is demonstrably the case, particularly with the ‘Celtic fringe’. Enamel with wings pavé-set with diamonds,
emeralds and rubies, 3.5 x 6.8cm
Royal Collection, RCIN 4834

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Among the presents from her husband are at least six ancient Irish brooch copies
(fig. 22), popular at the time through their exhibition in London in 1851 and
at Dublin in 1853. The enormous number of surviving examples confirms their
popularity with the wider public.
Fig. 22
From portraits, archives, memoirs and reporting of all kinds, the Queen and Edmund Johnson (active 1831–1868) for West
& Sons, Dublin, Two ring-brooches, 1849
royal family are shown leading the way in popularising jewellery and fashionable Silver and silver with garnets,
accessories at every level. On receiving a deputation from members of the 7.2 x 13.9cm and 7.2 x 13.6cm respectively
Royal Collection, RCIN 12457, RCIN 4833
Birmingham jewellery trade Albert expressed astonishment ‘that fashion could
perversely persist in going abroad for articles of bijouterie when it could command Fig. 23 (below far left)
Thornhill & Co., Chatelaine, 1849
so admirable and exquisite a manufacture of them at home’.31 On another occasion Cut and faceted steel, velvet, ivory
and ebony, length 49.1cm
Victoria was credited with reviving the fortunes of Sheffield tortoiseshell comb Royal Collection, RCIN 45005
makers by wearing a ‘Jenny Lind’ comb to the opera.32

Many typically ‘Victorian’ jewellery types, particularly popular novelties incorporating

puns and catchwords, originated in royal circles. However, public interest in royal
purchases could have unforeseen consequences: a chatelaine by Thornhill, self-
advertised supplier of chatelaines to the Queen, has an almanac for 1849 as one
of its pendants, thus establishing its date (fig. 23). It is exactly contemporary with
an otherwise unexplained spate of ‘chatelaine’ jokes in Punch. The punchline to one
of John Leech’s spirited drawings reads: ‘How to make a chatelaine a real blessing
to mothers’ (fig. 24). The inference is plain, although by this date the royal children
Fig. 24 (above)
numbered six.33 John Leech (1817–64),
‘How to make a chatelaine a real blessing to
mothers’, Punch, 1849
Reproduced in Gere and Rudoe 2010, fig. 70

Fig. 25 (left)
Charles du Vé (active c.1839–40) for
R. & S. Garrard, Eagle trainbearer’s brooch, 1839–40
Gold set with turquoises, rubies diamonds
and pearls, 3.7 x 4.6 x 1.8cm
Royal Collection, RCIN 65320

Some of the Queen’s personal jewels are not particularly feminine, the 1840
turquoise eagle for the trainbearers at her marriage, for example (fig. 25), made by
Charles du Vé of London, and the gem-set Crimean trophy of 1855 (fig. 26), made
by John Linnet and given at Christmas, 1855, both designed by Albert. The German
spread eagle, pavé-set with turquoises for true love, has a ruby eye (for passion),
Fig. 26
a diamond-set beak (for eternity), and holds pearls (for beauty) in its claws.34 John Linnit (active 1809–c.1855),
‘Alliance flag’ brooch, 1855
The Queen presented the train-bearers with their brooches in dark blue velvet cases Silver, gold, rubies, sapphires, diamonds,
emeralds and enamel, 5.8 x 4.5cm
after the wedding ceremony. At Woburn Abbey and Hatfield they remain with the
Applied label ‘JL’ for John Linnet, London, 1855
Royal Collection, RCIN 4804

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descendants of Lady Elizabeth Sackville West (who married the 9th Duke of Bedford
and became Queen Victoria’s Mistress of the Robes) and Lady Frances Cowper
(whose granddaughter married the 4th Marquess of Salisbury). The Bedford brooch
retains the original rosette of white ribbon, to be worn on the shoulder like an order,
as is shown in the portrait of the Duchess at Woburn Abbey painted by Richard
Buckner in about 1850.

The Prince also designed a Crimean brooch for Florence Nightingale, who wore
it for the Queen’s benefit at Balmoral – as Lady Augusta Stanley reported, ‘[s]he
wears the Queen’s brooch which her soldiers are so proud of, taking it as a personal
compliment to each individual!’ – but Florence otherwise wore it only reluctantly as
she felt it looked like an order rather than a pretty dress jewel.35 Queen Victoria
Fig. 27
acquired a coloured lithograph of the Nightingale brooch for her collection (fig. 27), C. Blunt, Design for Florence
Nightingale’s Crimean brooch, 1856
and it is possible that memories of her first jewel from George IV gave her this Hand-coloured lithograph, 28.4 x 19.0cm
predilection for order-like jewels, both for herself and for presentation. When it came Royal Collection, RCIN 659460

to the design of an actual order, the newly instituted Royal Family Order in 1856,
the Queen took a bold decision to have the badge set with a cameo rather than the
more conventional enamel miniature used for Ladies of the Household (fig. 28).

Victoria and Albert observed the German custom of decorated Christmas trees Fig. 28 (below)
R. & S. Garrard & Co., goldsmith;
and birthday tables. Nothing conveys the family atmosphere of the royal homes Tommaso Saulini (1793–1864), gem engraver,
Princess Helena’s badge of the Order of Victoria
better than the birthday and Christmas tables arranged for members of the royal and Albert First Class, c.1862
family. From 1848 the Queen’s birthday was celebrated at Osborne. On the birthday White on brown onyx, silver gilt, enamel,
diamonds, rubies, white silk ribbon, 8.9 x 4.3cm
table in 1856 (fig. 29), visible just to the left of centre is a jewel-case containing the Royal Collection, RCIN 442015

Fig. 29 (left)
James Roberts (c.1800–1967),
The Queen’s Birthday Table at Osborne, 1856
Watercolour, 20.9 x 17.2cm
Royal Collection, RL 26522

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suite of gold filigree and pearl-set jewellery, comprising head ornaments, necklace,
brooch, bracelet and earrings, bought by the Prince in Paris the previous year,
when he and Victoria stayed with Napoléon and Eugénie and attended the 1855
International Exhibition.36 Between 1845 and 1861 many of the decorated tables
were painted in watercolour by Joseph Nash and James Roberts. It is apparent
from the list of Albert’s gifts compiled by Kathryn Jones for the 2010 exhibition
catalogue (Marsden 2010, pp. 456–60) that there were jewels on nearly every table.
For example, the holly brooch set with two stag’s teeth and tied with a Royal Stuart
tartan ribbon, souvenir of Balmoral, was a birthday gift in 1851 (fig. 30).37

Every location was capable of yielding treasure. The earliest of the pebble jewels are
mute travel diaries. Royal visits to the stately homes of the great Whig Bedford and Fig. 30
R. & S. Garrard & Co., Holly brooch
Cowper families at Woburn and Panshanger in July 1841 were marked by an agate- with Royal Stuart tartan ribbon, 1850
set souvenir bracelet (fig. 31, top). The itinerary also took in a visit to Brocket Hall, Enamelled gold set with stag’s teeth,
2.0 x 3.7 x 4.0 cm
home of Lord Melbourne, now in the final weeks of his premiership. Victoria was in Engraved on the reverse:
‘Dee Sept. 11. 1850/From Albert May 24 1851’
a state of extravagant despair at the imminent fall of the Whigs, and with them her Royal Collection, RCIN 13516
beloved Melbourne. Her hatred of the incoming Premier Sir Robert Peel had not
yet been modified by Albert’s warm admiration for him. In the unlikely event that he
had known of it, the bracelet would have raised unpleasant memories for Peel, of the
‘Bedchamber Crisis’ in 1839, when the Queen refused to dismiss her Whig Ladies
from her Household.

Another pebble bracelet (fig. 31) commemorates visits in 1842 to Windsor,

Claremont and Brighton, where the royal family circulated before they had their
much-loved homes at Osborne and Balmoral. In fact, although they liked Claremont,
it was small and was not theirs, being the property of King Leopold of the Belgians,
while Brighton, the soon-to-be-abandoned Pavilion, was much disliked by the Queen
on account of the complete lack of privacy, while Prince Albert was frankly horrified
by its exotic architecture. The brooch, engraved ‘Rapley’ and dated 1853 (fig. 31) is
‘composed of 3 pieces of pebble picked up at Bagshot’, then the residence of the
Fig. 31
Queen’s aunt, Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester. A beetle brooch made from the Attributed to R. & S. Garrard,
Two bracelets and brooch,
same pebble and a brooch with the initials ‘PA’ from another Bagshot pebble found 1841 (top); (centre); (bottom)
by the Prince are also recorded in the archives. There must be a reason why Rapley Agates and gold, 18.0 x 1.5cm; (centre)
Royal Collection, (top) RCIN 12453;
in 1853 should mean so much to the Queen. (centre) RCIN 13538; (bottom) RCIN 12483

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On 31 July 1841 Victoria received a ‘pebble cut as a double heart set in gold with a Fig. 32 (left)
Carl Haag (1820–1915), Prince Albert in Highland
pebble drop both picked up by Prince Albert’, one of the first of the heart-shaped evening dress with the star and ribbon of the Thistle
and the Garter below his left knee, study for An
pebbles mounted as jewellery in the records. These items, dating from 1841 and
Evening at Balmoral, 1853
1842, come at the start of the Victorian mania for pebbles set in jewellery, before Watercolour with pencil, 35 x 25.2cm
Royal Collection, RL 17280
the acquisition of Balmoral opened the floodgates.38 In Germany a sophisticated
production of polished and colour-enhanced hard stone ornaments had existed Fig. 33 (above)
since the eighteenth century, and in fact the royal ledgers describe the onyx used British, Brooch, 1848
Enamelled gold set with seed pearls,
in jewellery as ‘German’, but lapidaries capable of undertaking this work certainly rubies and a cairngorm from Lochnagar,
5.7 x 2.4cm
existed here in the richest pebble locations and these ornaments were turned Royal Collection, RCIN 4806
around very quickly by Garrards.

The country houses of Osborne and Balmoral provided many opportunities for
sentimental commemoration. Albert’s Christmas present from the Queen in 1845
was a set of studs made from Osborne pebbles by Kitching & Abud, who often
acted as backup to the Crown Jeweller.39 Osborne brought out a maritime theme,
with yachting jewels and sailor suits, but the Scottish connection is particularly rich
in commemorative jewels. Victoria called Balmoral ‘this dear Paradise’; the most
ordinary pebbles found on the estate and mounted as jewellery had almost the
status of holy relics.40 At Balmoral the royal family wore ‘Highland things’ in specially
designed Royal Stuart and Dress Stuart tartans with full accoutrements for the men
and Scottish ring brooches for the women. One of the Ladies-in-waiting, Eleanor
Stanley, disobligingly remarked that Albert was ‘rather too fat and substantial’ for the
Highland outfit he wore in the evening (fig. 32).41 A ring brooch (fig. 33), set with

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a cairngorm picked up by the Prince at Lochnagar in September

1848, one of the finest of the Scottish pieces, was yet another
of the Queen’s personal jewels singled out to be left to the
Crown in her will.

The sporting souvenirs were engraved with the date

and place of the kill. Gold-mounted stag’s teeth poured
in an endless succession from Garrards’ workshops
(fig. 34). The fringe necklace is the more remarkable for
being an elegant and fashionable ornament in contrast
to the general run of stag’s teeth set in leafy twigs of oak.
Setting stag’s teeth in precious ornaments was common
in Germany at this date. This raises the interesting possibility
that both the stag’s-teeth items and the pieces set with
infant teeth (figs 3 and 4) are examples of Prince Albert having
introduced the Queen to German forms of commemorative
jewel. The orders, with the Prince often bearing half the
cost, persisted until his death in 1861.42
Fig. 34
R. & S. Garrard & Co., Fringe necklace, 1860
Victoria’s correspondence is peppered with mentions of her treasured jewels Gold and enamel with stag’s teeth pendants,
43.2 x 3.2cm
of sentiment. For example, on her birthday in 1858 she received a ‘very small Clasp inscribed in enamel: ‘All/ shot by/ Albert’,
photograph of the Princess Royal in her marriage dress, set in gold with a black velvet the reverses of the links engraved with location
and date of the kill
band’.43 From Windsor Castle on Christmas Day, 1858, she wrote to the Crown Royal Collection, RCIN 13508

Princess in Berlin, giving thanks for a bracelet from the Princess and her husband:

I had your picture on my arm (a little photograph in the wedding dress) and Affie’s in a
locket, and your pretty little locket given me the last evening at dear Babelsberg round
my neck – and while I gazed on the happy merry faces – amongst whom you used to be
– I thought of the inroad time had made on the ‘children’!44

There is an element of premonition here, the preponderance of lockets containing

photographs a foretaste of the endless stream of commemorative jewels that
flowed  from the Crown Jeweller in years to come.

With the Prince’s death in December 1861 the character of the jewel gifts changed.
The daughters were furnished with trousseaux, the granddaughters with memorial
pendants featuring their unknown grandfather. In a little-known full-face portrait of
the mourning Queen she wears dense black with a black fan, with only her wedding
ring – a much-employed metaphor for tragic widowhood – and fingering a chain
with a hidden pendant at her throat (fig. 35). It is more than plausible that this is one Fig. 35
Anonymous, Queen Victoria in mourning, 1862
of the heart-shaped jewels containing Albert’s hair, dating from the earliest moments Colour lithograph, 34.8 x 27.8cm
of their relationship. London, British Museum, PD 1902,1011.9194

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Notes

1. Marsden 2010.

2. The Queen and her family loved this portrait and it was copied a number of times in miniature and in
porcelain for a blotting book. It was published as a print, but being in black-and-white, the significance
of the colours in the bouquet was lost. The meaning of the poppies is ‘sleep’ or ‘death’, pointing up the
dangers in over-interpreting the messages of flowers in portraiture and particularly in respect of the
Queen. Victoria often wore real flowers, and wreath-making was a much-valued skill among her ladies.

3. For a detailed examination of this topic, see Plunkett 2003.

4. The Court Circular was instituted by George III in order to counteract inaccurate reporting of his activities.

5. The visit is reported in detail in Mortimer 1961.

6. ‘I send you here a little pin made out of a piece of granite I picked up on the path to the Glassalt Shiel
on 26th October, with 3rd October engraved on it at the back, and with a wreath of bog myrtle
[emblem of the Campbell clan to which Lord Lorne belonged] round it, which I hope you will
sometimes wear. Louise has a brooch just like it made out of the same stone’, see Longford 1991, p. 133.

7. I would like to thank Geoffrey Munn of Wartski’s for his help in assembling this account of the
phenomenon of jewels with infant teeth.

8. The third for Alice was added in 1843, a fourth for Alfred in 1844, a fifth for Helena in 1846, a sixth for
Louise in 1848 and a seventh for Arthur in 1850. The bracelet was listed among Albert’s gifts, on 21
November 1846, as a ‘gold chain bracelet with five enamelled hearts’. Royal gifts did not always come
as a surprise and there is sometimes an element of contriving to justify the expenditure.

9. Buckle 1926, vol. 1, p. 11. See also Remington 2010: Victoria’s account of the gift is quoted fully in the
catalogue entry for one of the surviving examples of the miniature, no. 112.

10. The Queen was born on 24 May 1819. For the quotation, see Esher 1912, vol. 1, p. 75.

11. Ibid., pp. 76–7.

12. A pair of lily-of-the-valley sprays in pearls and emeralds in the Hull Grundy Gift to the British Museum,
adaptable to brooch or comb-mount, is particularly suited to the Princess, since lily-of-the-valley is the
birth flower for May and emerald is one of the May birthstones, see Gere and Rudoe 2010, fig. 115.
The brooches carved with lily-of-the-valley in ivory illustrated with the emerald and pearl brooches
suggest that the imagery was also used for mourning jewellery.

13. Writing to his daughter Sybil, she said, ‘they were his favourite flowers, as they are mine. He sent
them to me, on my poor old birthday from his garden and I therefore wished that this small tribute of
affection and friendship should be placed in his last resting-place’, quoted in Antrim 1887, pp. 89–90.

14. Bury 1991, vol. 1, p. 303.

15. Stoney and Weltzein 1994, p. 18.

16. For her 26th birthday in 1845 Albert gave her another, described in her Journal as ‘a beautiful single
sapphire brooch, set round in diamonds, much like the beauty he gave at our marriage but not quite
so large’ (Journal, 24 May 1845).

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17. The Times reporter observed that the Queen ‘wore no diamonds on her head, nothing but a simple
wreath of orange blossoms.… A pair of very large diamond earrings, a diamond necklace, and the
insignia of the Order of the Garter, were the personal ornaments worn by the Queen’, see The Times,
11 February 1840, p. 4. This was not strictly true, as Lady Wilhelmina Stanhope (later Duchess of
Cleveland) noted in her journal, she had on her head ‘a very high wreath of orange flowers, a very few
diamonds studded into her hair behind’, quoted in Picture Post, 29 November 1947, ‘When a
Princess Marries’.

18. The cost of the lace veil and flounce, made by Miss Jane Bidney of Beer near Honiton, Devon, with a
team of helpers, was reported variously at £1,000 and £1,500; see Roberts 2007, p. 20. As was the
convention for royal brides, Victoria’s Honiton lace veil is thrown back to reveal her face. For a detailed
account of the wedding lace, see Staniland and Levey 1983, pp. 1–32.

19. After the wedding ceremony Victoria asked Hayter to design an engraved seal. The design of clasped
hands is a conventional expression of love in jewellery, but in this instance it has a personal meaning in
showing the actual moment in the marriage ceremony of the joining of hands by the couple. On the
Prince’s little finger in the design can be seen the gold ring set with an emerald, given to him as an
engagement present by the Queen; she wears a bracelet with a miniature portrait of the Prince by
William Ross at the centre. The seal, if it was made, has not been found. A very similar design was used
for clasps to Albert’s and Victoria’s velvet covered prayer books (Marsden 2010, nos 347, 348), given
to them by the Duchess of Kent on their wedding day. The prayer book clasp combines wit (clasped
hands as a ‘clasp’) with sentiment of the kind so congenial to Victoria. Lady Lyttelton remembered that
a seal was given by Prince Albert to the Queen, engraved with a pineapple and the legend ‘S’a gloire
n’est pas sa couronne’, see Wyndham 1912, p. 338.

20. For the circumstances of the commission, see O. Millar 1992, no. 813. For the lockets, see RA VIC
MAIN QVJ/1839: 12 November, and Bury 1991, vol. 1, p. 313. Anna Reynolds kindly copied the Journal
entries for me, augmenting the information given by Shirley Bury. The locket in the ‘secret’ portrait is
half-hidden and it is difficult to be sure which one is depicted.

21. On 15 October 1839; see Esher 1912, vol. 2, p. 270.

22. Journal entry for 12 November, 1839. Queen Louise’s gift was in November 1839.

23. The ‘féronières’ [sic] received by the Princess may now pass as necklaces; in fact, according the Crown
Jeweller’s royal ledgers, much later as Queen she prudently altered at least two of them. In 1856 one
was lengthened and in March 1863 an entry shows ‘Altering diamond férronière into neckchain’.

24. When the popular print publisher George Baxter issued a version of this portrait, the Queen’s black
and silver headdress was replaced with the coronation Regal Circlet and the heart pendant with her
wedding diamond necklace, presumably to look more monarchical.

25. The miniature is framed en suite with other miniatures intended for the Audience Room at Windsor;
see Remington 2010, p. 24.

26. Queen Victoria acquired Henry Bone’s miniature after the portrait in about 1861; see Remington 2010,
no. 116.

27. Bury 1991, vol. 1, p. 321; Remington 2010, no. 355.

28. The Raphael connection is typical of Prince Albert, whose efforts in documenting Raphael’s works
were very important for art history. For popular versions of the angel model, see Hinks 1991, p. 111.

29. I am grateful to Stephen Patterson and Kathryn Jones for giving me copies of these documents,
recently unearthed in the Royal Archives. It was assumed that the angel brooch had remained in the
Royal Collection, but these documents give the full history of its travels.

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30. Marsden 2010, pp. 456–62.

31. Report in the Illustrated London News, 1845, p. 352, illustrated. The term ‘bijouterie’ must have been
used deliberately here; it signifies jewellery of gold or silver with enamel or stones rather than joaillerie,
predominantly of precious stones.

32. See Lankester 1876.

33. At the Great Exhibition in 1851 Thornhill’s showed a steel chatelaine waist plaque by William Harry
Rogers, with the conjoined initials V&A beneath a royal crown, blatantly affirming their claim to royal
patronage. Rogers designed the boxwood cradle for Princess Louise in 1850; see Marsden 2010,
no. 171.

34. Roberts 2007, p. 19.

35. Bailey 1927, p. 106.

36. The suite of jewellery was made by J. Payen of Paris.

37. A watercolour of the 1850 table shows a bracelet designed by the Prince enclosing a miniature
of Princess Louise, who had been born in 1848.

38. Elizabeth Gaskell, in her novel Cranford (London 1851, chap. 8), set in the Cheshire town of Knutsford
in the 1830s and 1840s, has this description of Miss Pole, decked out for an evening party wearing no
less than seven brooches: ‘Two were fixed negligently in her cap (one was a butterfly made of Scotch
pebbles, which a vivid imagination might believe to be the real insect) …’.

39. Recently a bracelet of many-coloured Osborne pebbles surfaced on the Antiques Roadshow at
Somerleyton Hall, and is identifiable with a March 1848 gift: ‘A jointed bracelet composed of 10
pebbles picked up at Osborne & set in gold’, to celebrate the birth of Princess Louise. One of the
Queen’s last presents from the Prince was a bracelet of stones picked up at Shanklin on the Isle
of Wight.

40. The popular version of Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, priced at 2/6d (25 pence),
was immensely successful, selling 103,000 copies in the year of publication alone. For an account of the
Queen at Balmoral, see D. Millar 1985. Commemorative pebble jewels start with the first married
tours in 1841.

41. Quoted in D. Millar 1995, p. 390.

42. The royal ledgers show Garrard’s regularly polishing pebbles and repairing ‘cairngorm pins’ (the most
popular of Scottish souvenir jewels). In October 1848 they mounted a pebble in silver as a brooch for
£2 10s (£2.50p). Masses of deer’s teeth were mounted, as studs as well as brooches, earrings and
necklaces. In 1858 Garrard’s were ‘cutting heart-shaped earrings from granite and mounting d[itt]o in
silver’, charged to the Prince.

43. List of jewellery gifts from Prince Albert to Queen Victoria; see Marsden 2010, p. 459.

44. Fulford 1961, p. 153.

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