International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 68

Volume 5, Issue 11, November 2022

https://www.ijresm.com | ISSN (Online): 2581-5792

Effectiveness of Social Assistance Expansion:

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) as a
Social Development Strategy in Quezon City
Cyrel S. Canlas1, Skyla Ray A. Castillo2*, Juan Paolo D. R. Estrella3, Marie Antoinette L. Rosete4
1,2,3,4
Department of Business Economics, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines

Abstract: This study measured and evaluated the effectiveness limitations extend to as little as the knowledge in food
of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program of select beneficiaries preparation that is vital to the sustainability and success of good
in Quezon City using primary data. Several studies have already
life outcomes (Parrocho et al., 2013). The small parameters
been done in different areas of the country that state that the said
program was not effective, but other studies say otherwise. Such needed for the effective and efficient administration of the
data-driven studies have proven that it was beneficial to the program are missing and bring challenges in the fulfillment of
recipients. This research exhibits that to some extent, the cash the goals of the program.
assistance program made by the government is creating a general The beneficiaries are selected objectively through the
and basic improvement in the lives of the beneficiaries. Based on National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction
the findings, it is recommended that policies regarding proper
(NHTS-PR), through this arrangement their living conditions
money allocation be implemented to the beneficiaries to ensure
that the program continues to have a positive outcome. A are examined through several vital factors and each family is
significant difference between majority of the beneficiaries’ life re-evaluated every 3 years to check if they still are eligible as
condition indicates that the Social Assistance Expansion (4Ps) beneficiaries of the 4Ps (World Bank, 2017). As a conditional
made a positive change to the beneficiaries’ lives. cash transfer recipient, they are tasked to uphold agreements
such as complying with the basic health care through check-ups
Keywords: cash aid, conditional cash transfer, effectiveness on and vaccinations for pregnant women and their children,
life conditions, government assistance.
children aged 18 and under must be enrolled at an elementary
or secondary level with an attendance of at least 85% for the
1. Introduction
entire school year. At least 1 person in the family should
The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a regularly attend DSWD Family Development sessions.
conditional cash transfer program in the Philippines. It is a Advocates of conditional cash transfers highlight the success of
Philippine government-run program that provides cash grants the program. According to Harrington (2011), the conditional
to low-income households to improve their living conditions. cash transfer (CCT) not only increased the income of the
One of the long-hard battles faced by the Philippines is poverty. poverty-stricken beneficiaries and communities in the short run
It has been a hindrance to proper development in different areas and enhanced the potentiality of recipients in the medium and
such as overall economic growth, education, health, and the long run but was also validated to be cost-effective. The general
like. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program has been trend of the program has a short run positive effect on factors
running since its pilot launch during 2007 (Catubig et al., 2016) such as education, health, and nutrition. The program has
and was officially set in motion during the month of February significantly reduced absenteeism, but it still does not correlate
2008 with an initial budget of Php 1.2 billion (Reyes et al., and translate to overall academic achievement due to lack of
2020). The program was spearheaded by the Department of income gathering opportunities. The low-income households
Social Welfare and Development (Fernandez and Olfindo, receiving the cash assistance program’s life have not
2011). According to the World Bank, the 4Ps program is the 3rd appreciated as they are bound to spend most part of it for food
largest CCT Program based on population and it intends to and other necessities and not for investment (Montilla el al.,
break the cycle of poverty among the poorest of the poor by 2015).
focusing on key factors such as health that will therefore result According to the 2020 Census of Population and Housing, as
in better life outcomes and a more probable good future for the of May 2020, the total population in the Philippines is
beneficiaries. 109,035,343 (PSA) and as of the first semester of 2021, poverty
The common problem arising from the program is the lack of incidence is at 23.7% (NEDA). As per the recent 2021 database,
extensive knowledge of the household involved towards the total number of beneficiaries in the Philippines is 3, 871,
informed choices in different parameters like health, education, 637 households with the project gaining a budget of Php
familial decision development, and finance decisions. The
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Canlas et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 5, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2022 69

106,800,569,000 for the same year. The study aimed to know In another study conducted by Gallego (2016), the researcher
whether the implementation of the Pantawid Pamilyang aimed to determine the academic performance of student
Pilipino Program in Quezon City has been effective for the beneficiaries in the province of Iloilo, and it was found that the
beneficiaries or not. The researchers chose Quezon City as the province's common households are dominated by families with
scope of the study because it is considered as the most a secondary level of education and a non-professional
populated city in the Philippines with an estimated number of occupation, whereas student beneficiaries have an average
2,960,048 people based on the 2020 Census of Population and academic performance. While families are optimistic about
Housing with a poverty incidence of 3.5% while obtaining the sending their children to school, their academic achievement is
highest employment rate of 24% of the total regional affected by characteristics such as age, gender, distance from
employment. (PSA) In the year 2018, 129 out of 149 barangays school, and congressional districts. On the other hand,
of Quezon City are beneficiaries of the CCT, and this is 90.84% according to Sasaki et al. (2018), student beneficiaries of the
of the total population of the city. Districts II, IV, and VI have 4Ps program can go to school and study, but there is still a
all their barangays covered by the program while the rest of the decline in their academic performance due to the needs that
districts have only parts of their barangays included in the must be met as they go to a higher grade. These needs such as
Program. District II has the highest number of beneficiaries, educational tools, fees for projects, etc., cannot be provided
with Commonwealth as the highest number of population for right away, since the household is struggling to make ends
the whole city. The number of beneficiary households from this meet.
city sums up to 36 555 which is roughly 16.65% of all NCR In general, the studies conducted by Lluz (2020), Reyes
household recipients. (2016), Gallego (2016), and Sasaki et al. (2018) assessed the
The research facilitated to determine the impact of the effectiveness of 4Ps in the educational needs of the Filipino
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), a conditional cash families, while looking into the demographic characteristics of
transfer program, on the living conditions of select beneficiaries the families in several regions of the country to promote human
in Quezon City in terms of Education, Health, Familial capital through education, this can be because conditional cash
Development, and financial aspect. transfer programs targets to reduce the country’s poverty
occurrence (Dungog-Cuizon, et al 2016).
2. Literature Review 2) Attendance of Student Beneficiaries of 4P’s
This chapter presents the collected literature and studies, both In the same study conducted by Sasaki et al. (2018) on the
foreign and local, which further supported the topic of the study academic performance of 4P’s students' beneficiaries, the
under scrutiny. Moreover, the researchers arranged the related research revealed that the average attendance of students in both
literature and studies according to the themes which they fell male and female population ranged between 90%-93% in the
into. academic year 2016-2018. This implies that the students have a
satisfactory attendance rate, however, the number of enrollees
A. Conditional Cash Transfer on Primary and Secondary enrolled as they get promoted to a higher year decreases due to
Education financial constraints. According to Bedas (2019), the first
1) Educational Attainment batches of students who are part of the cash financial transfers
One of the conditions for the beneficiaries is to have their showed a decline in academic performance and an increase in
children aged 3 to 4 years old to attend a daycare or be enrolled average attendance, influencing the overall promotion rate.
in a preschool while children aged 5 to 18 years old must be Garcines (2017), explained in this sense that when people are
enrolled in an elementary school or in a secondary education obliged to any institution because they feel indebted after
which requires all students to have at least 85% of attendance. receiving assistance they are required to reciprocate.
Conditional Cash Transfer programs have the potential to Similarly, Flores et al. (2019) conducted a study on the
increase the utilization of education services (Abalos Jr. et al, effectiveness of 4P’s on the academic performance of student-
2016). In a study made by Lluz (2020), the 4Ps are beneficial to beneficiaries in a selected national high school in Nueva Ecija.
the students, however there are pressing problems such as 95 4P’s student-beneficiaries were surveyed, and based on the
family living conditions that lead the students to drop out findings of the researchers, the cash grant was deemed as a
despite having financial assistance to stay in school. Elementary motivating factor for the students to attend classes and
school retention rates have dropped considerably as well participate in school activities. The favorable influence the
(Parreño et al. 2022). program has had on the lives of its beneficiaries can be seen in
Several studies were done in different areas of the country; the improved school attendance of students as well as the
others show beneficial feedback in terms of the program’s lowered dropout rate. To add to that, the 4Ps is based on the
impact on children’s education. Basic needs in school were premise that learners will be more motivated to attend school
being provided, parents were forced to urge their children to and do their best in studying if they are financially, emotionally,
attend school for their eligibility as recipients of the cash grants and intellectually supported by their family (Martin Jr. et al
to continue, attendance of children was improving. However, 2018).
others show failures in meeting their standards, evidence shows The studies conducted by Sasaki et al. (2018) and Flores et
that children are still getting low grades despite an improvement al. (2019) further strengthened the contextualization of 4P’s as
in attendance (Reyes, 2016). an effective program in aiding the issues in the education
Canlas et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 5, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2022 70

system of the country, while helping the Filipino households to poverty affects the children in terms of health and mental
attend to the needs of their families. development as well (Olapane, et al., 2021). Parents and
3) Dropout Rates of Student Beneficiaries guardians who are conditional cash grant recipients were able
The studies on whether the 4Ps program aids in reducing the to give daily allowance for their children, unlike before the
dropout rate in the country are still limited. Thus, conducting program was implemented, but still barely covers three (3)
assessments and thorough examinations on the present meals a day (Montilla et al., 2015). According to Develos
condition of student-beneficiaries are deemed crucial. (2020), one factor for the lack of meaningful influence is the
According to the findings of the study performed by Belostrino unfavorable environmental situation, which makes it difficult
et al. (2019), student-beneficiaries perceived that 4P’s program for the recipients to adhere to healthy lifestyles.
has a valuable impact on their academic performance. This can On the other hand, in a study conducted by Retauro and Tan
be traced back to their active participation at school as well as (2021), the researchers found that 4P's program has highly
their academic standing. contributed to improving the health of the beneficiaries. Based
These findings are backed by the study of Aranas et al. on the survey results, there are activities and benefits which
(2021), to which the researchers discovered that 4P’s has been students and families can take advantage of. This includes
an effective intervention in lessening the dropout rates of monitoring of student's height and weight every year,
students across the country. Through the expected financial immunization, deworming, financial assistance, and health
assistance by 4P’s, different households can acquire a better packages whenever the beneficiaries are confined or
educational background and have a more secure future. hospitalized.
Saavedra (2016) shows that, even without formal incentives, This is corroborated by the study of Acupido et al. (2020),
delivering a small monetary transfer and linking it loosely to the wherein the researchers found out that beneficiaries have
objective of education even in the absence of direct conditions different perspectives when it comes to the influence of 4P's
makes the significance of education apparent and improves implementation in terms of health. According to the
short term school enrolment. Although some studies showed respondents, the program has led to an increased growth in
that financial constraints and job practicality still outweighs the terms of health and nutrition in their households. Furthermore,
choice to stay in school according to Lluz (2020) where some the respondents highly agreed that the purpose of the
students appreciated the financial help through the cash implementation of 4P's has been greatly achieved and
assistance but still chose to work to support the financial needs manifested.
of their family. Kandpal et al. (2016) also made mention of 2 primary
Therefore, the findings of Belostrino et al. (2019) and Aranas pathways and their interaction that appreciated children’s
et al. (2021) both served as credible measures in understanding nutrition in the program. First, the extra money from the cash
how 4P’s aids different Filipino families in the country, wherein transfer program that aided in the diversification of diets.
poverty nor certain financial constraints will not be a hindrance Secondly is the circumstance, by encouraging the attendance to
to gain quality education. family development sessions, prompt prenatal assistance,
structured growth monitoring, and other healthcare aid. The
B. Health and Nutrition of 4P’s Beneficiaries
three factors of food, health, and care with small increments
1) Nutritional changes of the beneficiaries have a huge effect collectively.
Included in the Conditions for Entitlement set by the In a nutshell, the studies conducted by Tasarra et al. (2017),
Department of Social Welfare and Development that it is a must Montilla et al. (2015), Retauro and Tan (2021), and Acupido et
for pregnant women to utilize pre-natal check-ups, and once al. (2020) were deemed aligned in terms of assessing the
ready for delivery, it must be done in the health facility while effectiveness of 4P’s for the health-related concerns of the
being attended to by a health professional. Postpartum care, beneficiaries.
postpartum visits, and checkups for the new-born child are 2) Medicinal availability
included as well so that the eligibility continues for a One of the key assistances provided by 4P’s program is
beneficiary of this program. Furthermore, as per guidelines medicine. As a safety net program, 4P’s facilitates the needs of
from the Department of Health, children aged 0-5 must have the beneficiaries by providing cash assistance or health
regular check-ups and vaccinations from local health units or packages which include medicine. As Villamater (2021)
health stations and the deworming medicine provided must be mentioned in her study, financial assistance provided by the
availed at least twice a year for children aged 1-14. These set government was considerable and may be used as a supplement
conditions help solidify the program towards achieving their to meet fundamental requirements such as the acquisition of
goals (Orbeta et al, 2021). food, medication, and education.
Moreover, one of the main objectives of this program is the Furthermore, according to Attanasio et al. (2010), which is
nutrition status of the beneficiaries as well because malnutrition cited in Vallamater (2021), these benefits are not limited to
is still a major issue worldwide (Mamangon, et al. 2019). Thus, children but are instead offered to individuals of all ages who
the nutrition of every child who is aged 0-8 is very vital because are eligible for the program. This is true regardless of whether
it is an important part during the early stages of life, primarily the adult has children.
infancy and childhood, as it is connected to the growth and However, there is a contrasting viewpoint in a study
development of children (Tasarra et al., 2017). Furthermore, conducted by Magalit (2019) on the implementation and
Canlas et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 5, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2022 71

effectiveness of 4P’s in selected municipalities in Aklan officials and teachers, should assist in checking the compliance
province. Based on the findings of the researcher, there are of the recipients. This also implies that one of the program's
several factors that hindered local households in maximizing shortcomings is that it relies on reactive monitoring.
the benefits they are entitled of, due to specific limitations on In a different study conducted by Frufonga (2016), the
the determination of the beneficiaries and the political researcher concluded that the 4Ps program is advantageous
influences across the selected municipalities. Due to these because it meets its aim of increasing parental participation in
issues, the distribution of the cash grant and other health-related Family Development Sessions by speeding the rate of change.
benefits becomes limited and problematic. Therefore, Magalit Children's cognitive and emotional well-being are also based on
(2019) recommended the need to enact a law that will be the standard of their parents' interaction. Additionally, children
aligned with the purpose of 4P’s implementation to assist the learn their manners and habits by observation of their parents'
less fortunate households in the country, especially the collaboration positively with each other (Manguiat, et al.,
marginalized groups in different rural areas. 2021). It seems that 4Ps recipient families understand the value
In general, the studies of Villamater (2021) and Magalit of Family Development Sessions. It has increased their
(2019) helped in giving a clear direction of the purposes and understanding of family-related issues and boosted their
long-term goals of the program that must be stipulated in a confidence. Further, the study discovered that parent grantees
specific law in the country. Through this, certain benefits such were excited and willing to participate in family development
as health packages and medicines will be effectively distributed workshops to re-learn critical knowledge, and despite time
across different regions and beneficiaries. constraints; they also tried to attend.
Consequently, the 4Ps program's family development
C. Parental and Familial Decision Development on 4P’s
sessions have a positive impact on the families, which increased
Beneficiaries
the sessions to 100% after three years of implementation.
1) Engagements on Family Development Sessions 2) Cash Assistance on Supporting Households’ Development
The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, through the Aside from the general scope of the implementations of
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), Family Development Sessions (PDSS), there are other
implements the Family Development Sessions (FDS) that requirements that are reinforced in 4P’s. One of these
strives to create a forum for parents to improve and learn new requirements is the mandatory presence of mothers or female
abilities and information as they respond to their parental tasks heads of the family in attending the sessions. According to
and obligations, while also promoting the concept of shared Tutor (2014), as cited in Talimio and Salagubang (2019), the
parenting. The program emphasizes the children's health and program's beneficiaries are the people who stand to gain from
nutrition, as well as the academic, economic, and psychosocial it, and the head beneficiary of the program must be the member
requirements, while fostering strong family values. It promotes of the household who demonstrates the greatest capacity for
active citizenship, spiritual growth, gender sensitivity, responsibility, which is, in most cases, the mother. This implies
catastrophe preparedness, financial literacy, entrepreneurial that aside from the requirement of Family Development
skills, and volunteerism as well as building marital Sessions conducted for the beneficiaries, 4P’s also aims to
relationships. Furthermore, the recipients' engagement during strengthen women empowerment and break the stereotypical
the Family Development Session improves the perspectives of notions about females, which are usually seen as a weaker
4Ps beneficiaries on the importance of disaster preparedness member of the society.
(Vidal, et al., 2018). On the other hand, Dulliyao (2020) further emphasized that
According to the agency, increasing the degree of even if the members of the organization or the beneficiaries are
engagement and contribution of the beneficiaries to community getting financial assistance, they are also required to be taught,
development, the FDS will provide a venue for promoting the redirected, and trained so that they may become more self-
roles of qualified household beneficiaries as community sufficient. This should comprise the provision of necessary
members in their individual communities. skills and competencies that may assist them in earning an
More than half of the beneficiaries stated that the Family income that is sufficient for their needs. In a similar vein,
Development Sessions were meaningful for their family life, having some mechanisms to perform adequate monitoring and
notably in terms of parenting, family planning, food assessment, putting emphasis on the rightful attitude and
preparation, house management, nutrition, and health care. As character of a suitable receiver, is important for the success of
per reports, due to the Family Development Sessions, more 4P's in the nation.
husbands started to help out their wives in terms of household This is one of the many ways in which having these
chores. However, due to the beneficiaries’ expanded knowledge frameworks can contribute to the success of 4P's in the nation.
on how an ideal family should look like, there was still an This is an absolute requirement for the progress of the 4P's
increase in people who considered marital relationship to be a across the country.
major issue or difficulty. (Sanchez et al. 2017).
According to Bacolina (2016), family development sessions D. Finance and Social Security
are an appropriate venue; yet participants felt apprehensive 1) Income
while registering complaints against other recipients. They The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is formulated as
suggested that members of the community, such as Barangay an income-redistribution strategy (Lagdameo, 2018).
Canlas et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 5, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2022 72

According to Babasa (2015), During the first term of the year instigated the development of the local economy. In line with
2014, the number of Filipinos with incomes under the food De Jesus and Rivera (2020) research, they concluded that the
target level was projected to be 10.5%. It is the same as the 10.5 allocation of the majority of the cash proceeds to education.
percent sustenance recurrence among Filipinos during the first In a study made by Vigilla et al., (2015) the cash received
fifty percent of 2013. The program is promulgated by focusing from the program is mainly allotted for school and health
on low-income communities. Focused on incidents that are related expenses of their children and that they see to it most of
larger than 50%, a considerable portion of the population was the cash is spent only for the needs of their children as their
eligible for the conditional transfers (Crost, et al., 2015). income can afford other expenses like food. Additionally, due
Conditional Cash Transfer programs, according to the World to the conditionalities, the rate of student enrolling who receives
Bank, is the proponent of social protection because they can be allowance from the program increases (Babasa, AL., 2015).
successfully and rapidly channeled to the marginalized in Concerning health, according to Balacuit (2018) findings, the
commitment to human development by investments in program really helped the beneficiaries to attain basic health
education and health (Kim, et al., 2015). needs such as vitamins and other appropriate vitamins, with the
The poverty line is a concept that has been enhanced to provided health allowance poor households were able to
integrate basic non-food necessities such as clothing, housing, support the medical needs. However, there are still some
public transit, wellbeing, and cost of education. The Pantawid beneficiaries who are spending their cash grants on nonsense
Pamilyang Pilipino Program was adopted by the government to things. (Martinez, et al., 2017)
comply with the recommendations made by the World Bank in 3) Savings
its 1996 Strategy to Fight Poverty in the Philippines, which On the other hand, as the beneficiaries spend mostly on their
included a great significance to human capital development basic needs, they often report that the allowance is deficient.
(Simeon, 2021). Poverty-stricken families require cash support According to Melad et al., (2020), the beneficiaries spend their
to meet their necessities and retain their stability (Shrivastava allowance or education of children, food for the household,
et al 2022). Poor people's limited income is spent mainly on clothing, and health expenses including vitamins for children
food and basic necessities. Education and welfare, which are and check-ups. A few recipients too specified investing the gifts
indicators of personal growth, are not primary concerns. The for other family needs such as utilities and family enhancement
marginalized do not spend money on healthcare and education and durables. Moreover, the beneficiaries were unable to set
because they cannot manage to pursue higher education or aside some of the grant money, which is frequently depleted by
fulfill their own healthcare needs. Parents may want to have the time of the next payments. Yet only a very few can
their children work to subsidize the household income. The contribute, few beneficiaries stated that they use a part of the
4P’s objective is to lessen poverty that the country is donation as investment for their startups or long-term savings.
experiencing by focusing on the education and health of the Unforeseen educational payments are commonly given as a
young Filipinos. As the program provides an allowance to the reason why the cash grant is insufficient.
poor households. This program provided social securities to Although 4Ps children attend public schools with no course
some Filipino households, the 4P’s shielded the poor from the fees, parents invoke miscellaneous fees. Parents also mention
damaging outcomes of the country's recent shocks. As the the issue of tasks, textbooks, and learning modules. Another
program expands and reaches more families that are suffering, parent stated that as 4Ps recipients, it is intended for the
grownups, such as heads of households, wives, and other education administration/faculty to encourage their students’
individuals, are determined to engage and start their own involvement in voluntary work such as field trips. In situations
entities. Parents are hopeful about their condition and the in which beneficiaries struggle financing for living expenses,
prospects of their children (World Bank 2017). their adaptation strategies entail limiting living expenses,
2) Consumption Pattern optimizing the allocation by reducing the allocated part of cash
The 4P’s program of the government is launched by the for the food or buying cheaper alternative foods, borrowing of
DSWD, World bank and many other international development money or food products from stores in the community, and
agencies. The 4P’s program was initially funded through World having to work extra jobs. Beneficiaries must manage their cash
Bank and ADB loans, with only one-third of the total amount grants wisely because it is a short-term aid effort (Cuaton, et al
to be allocated coming from the national government's budget. 2016).
The banks and officials started the pilot project with 6,000
E. Hypotheses
beneficiaries and the fund as well as the quantity of recipients
were greatly increased. The national government's total budget H1: The amount of cash grants the beneficiaries receive has
increased from PHP 10.9 billion in 2010 to PHP 21 billion in no effect on their Educational Attainment and Opportunities.
2011, and PHP 39 billion in 2012—in a year, an approximately H2: The amount of cash grants the beneficiaries receive has
100-point margin raise (Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies). It no effect on their Healthcare and Medicine Availability.
was created and pushed to be implemented here in the H3: The amount of cash grants the beneficiaries receive has
Philippines with a goal to lessen poverty or better, eradicate it. no effect on their Parental and Familial Decision Development
Through investing in education and health, in particular the in terms of the general welfare of children.
ages 0-14 of age. The consumption of the beneficiaries usually H4: The amount of cash grants the beneficiaries receive has
went to the basic needs such as education, food, and health that no effect on their Finance and Social Security in terms of
Canlas et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 5, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2022 73

Consumption and Savings. to Johnson (2014), Snowball Sampling is a non-probability

sampling method that focuses on referrals who are known to be
F. Simulacrum
in the same feature of interest. This helped quickly recruit
individuals needed for the study. In addition, according to Elder
(2009) Snowball Sampling is useful when the members
included in the population is well-connected. The researchers
gathered the data with the help of referrals from other people
while taking into consideration that they must also be included
in the program.
B. Study Site
The study was conducted in Quezon City, Philippines. The
researchers chose Quezon City as the study's focus because it is
the Philippines' most populous city, with an estimated
population of 2,960,048 people according to the 2020 Census
of Population and Housing, a 3.5 % poverty rate, and the highest
Fig. 1. Simulacrum of cash transfer received by beneficiaries,
effectiveness on educational condition, effectiveness on health condition,
employment rate of 24 % of total regional employment (PSA).
effectiveness on familial development, and effectiveness on financial In 2018, 129 of Quezon City's 149 barangays benefited from
condition the program, accounting for 90.84% of the city's total
population. Given that there are roughly 159 public schools
3. Methodology (QCG) and 423 public hospitals (PSA) located in the said city,
This study adapted a descriptive quantitative method of most of the city’s population still needs to be supported by the
research to determine the effectiveness of the Pantawid program even though there are a lot of windows of opportunity.
Pamilyang Pilipino Program of select beneficiaries in Quezon The city contains 36, 555 beneficiary families, or 16.65% of all
City using primary data. The study is descriptive since it aimed beneficiaries in the Region.
to describe the demographic profile, the health, education, C. Instrumentation
finance, family development before and during the selected
The study used a researcher-made questionnaire which
beneficiaries are members of 4Ps. It is descriptive because it
tapped the information needed in the study. It involves the three
aimed to describe a population, situation, or phenomenon
parts in the survey: the demographic profile of the family,
accurately and systematically. It answers the questions of what,
questions about health, education, finance, and family
where, when, and how (Siedlecki, 2020).
development before and while they are a member of 4Ps. A total
Further, it is cross-sectional since the survey questionnaires
of 41 questions were composed of the instrument. The
were given once to the respondents (Kesmodel, 2018).
researchers used descriptive statistics to identify the
A. Subjects demographic profile of the respondents. Included in the survey
The study involved a population of 36, 555 beneficiaries in questionnaire are Likert scale-type questions. Furthermore,
Quezon City according to the 2018 Ecological Profile of included in the familial development part of the survey
Quezon City. This is the total number of household questionnaire are questions from the survey of Pambid (2017)
beneficiaries in the city. The sample of the study involves the which was used for the study entitled “Level of Application of
respondents who are residing in the top 5 barangays with the Family Development Session to Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
greatest number of beneficiaries in Quezon City accounting for Program (4P’s) Beneficiaries” that aimed to show whether they
10,620 household beneficiaries. According to the Quezon City have applied the teachings brought about by the said sessions.
data of 4Ps beneficiaries, the following are the districts and the The rest of the questions in the survey were formulated by the
number of barangays covered by 4Ps: District I-32; District 2- researchers.
5; District 3-33; District 4-34; District 5-14 and District 6-11. The study measured the program’s effectiveness on its
A total of 129 barangays are covered by the 4Ps in Quezon City. beneficiaries using a 5-point Likert Scale. Likert Scales are
The inclusion criteria were to be a citizen of the chosen advantageous for allowing degrees of opinion rather than a
barangays of Quezon City and is a member of a household simple yes or no response from the respondent (McLeod, 2019).
beneficiary of 4Ps for at least a year who is 18-60 years old, Researchers used a 5-point Likert scale adapted from the study
regardless of their gender. The household must also have at of Martinez and Guevara (2017) where it used a 5-point system
least 1 child of the age of 0-18 years old for the researcher’s to assess the performance of the 4Ps beneficiaries before and
assessment on the educational aspect of the Pantawid during acquiring their cash grants. Questions with the Likert-
Pamilyang Pilipino Program. With the confidence level of the scale were analyzed by assigning a numerical value for each
study set to 90% and its margin of error to 10% the researchers choice. Strongly Agree was assigned numerical number 5 as it
have a sample size of 68 household beneficiaries of 4Ps. is the highest and Strongly Disagree was the lowest or 1.
The respondents were selected using the Snowball Sampling D. Data Collection Procedure
given that the researchers only covered 5 barangays. According
The study was conducted by securing the approval of the
Canlas et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 5, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2022 74

school and the respondents before the survey was administered. normal Filipino family. Educational well-being includes
After securing the informed consent from the respondents, the enrollment rate, attendance rate and the perception of
researchers gathered the data in the form of an online survey opportunities in life with the help of education. Health and
questionnaire that was distributed to the beneficiaries. The nutrition include availability and easy access to vaccines,
researchers then asked for referrals, within the same medicines, check-ups, and laboratories. Familial development
participating Barangays, from the respondents themselves to includes sanitation, and the day-to-day practice of a household.
gather more data and reach the desired number of respondents Financial and social security includes monthly income, status
needed for the study. After collecting all the necessary data, the of payment for monthly bills, monthly savings, and government
researchers checked, scored and analyzed the data. benefits membership. An overall better standing and well-being
of a household can indicate the effectiveness of the Cash
E. Ethical Considerations
Assistance Program.
The research proponents ensured that the respondents were
not harmed, physically or psychologically in answering this A. Results
study and that they were free to decline the invitation to Table 1
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
participate (“What needs to go in the Ethics Statement,” 2018).
Demographic Profile Frequency (N = 80) %
Answering the questionnaire was not supervised and they were Age
free to opt out from answering their names hindered them from 26 – 30 years old 11 13.75
giving accurate answers. 31 – 35 years old 7 8.75
The proponents also provided the respondents with the 36 – 40 years old 9 11.25
purpose, methods and the possible uses of the research. They 41 – 45 years old 15 18.75
46 – 50 years old 10 12.5
were informed that there are no risks entailed in conducting the 51 – 55 years old 13 16.25
survey. Consent is also included in the survey to ensure that the 56 – 60 years old 15 18.75
participants are willing to participate in accordance with the No. of Family Members
Data Privacy Act of 2012. All information that the respondents 1–3 12 15
shared will be credited and used for the said research only 4–6 49 61.25
7–9 16 21.25
("Ethical Considerations," 2018).
10 and above 3 2.5
F. Data Analysis Years as 4P’s Beneficiary
1–3 9 11.25
The study employed the use of percentage and frequency in 4–6 26 32.5
describing the demographic profile of the respondents. In terms 7–9 36 45
of the significant difference between health, education, finance, 10 and above 9 11.25
and family development before and while they were a member No. of Family Members aged 0-18
0–1 12 15
of 4Ps, the researchers used the Wilcoxon Rank Test for
2–3 47 58.75
Repeated Measure. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for 4–5 18 22.5
repeated Measure is the statistical tool to be used since the 6 and above 3 3.75
researchers intend to determine if there are any significant No. of Family Members with regular job
differences. According to Stoltzfus (2016), the Wilcoxon 0 6 7.5
1 36 45
Signed Rank Test for Repeated Measure is useful in
2 22 27.5
determining the difference between two measurement points. 3 11 13.27
4 5 6.25
4. Results and Discussion
All variables measured makes up the overall well-being of a
Table 2
Profile of the respondents during and before becoming a 4P’s beneficiary
DURING BEFORE
PROFILE
Frequency % Frequency %
No. of family member studying
0–1 10 12.5 38 47.5
2–3 47 58.75 38 47.5
4–5 19 23.75 2 2.5
6 and above 4 5 2 2.5
Highest Educational Attainment
Elementary 5 6.25 48 60.0
Junior High School 21 26.25 27 33.75
Senior High School 29 36.25 2 2.5
College 25 31.25 3 3.75
Monthly Income
Php 1,000 – Php 5,000 14 17.5 31 38.75
Php 5,001 - Php 10,000 12 15.0 18 22.5
Php 10,001 - Php 15,000 31 38.75 19 23.75
Php 15,001 – Php 20,000 23 28.75 12 15.0
Canlas et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 5, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2022 75

According to the data gathered, the predominating age and before becoming a 4P’s beneficiary. Food and drinks
groups are 41-45 and 56-60 years old with 18.75%. It was ranked 1st at both times, and alcoholic drinks and tobacco
revealed that 49 or 61.25% of the respondents have 4-6 products was 11th. This implies that the first and last priority
members of the family. Additionally, 36 or 45% of them are during and before becoming 4P’s beneficiary never changed.
4P’s beneficiary for 7-9 years already. Most of them have 2-3 However, education and health, two of the most important
members of the family who are 0-18 years old with a percentage priorities of the program, were interchanged after becoming
of 58.75%. However, 36 or 45% of the respondents have only beneficiary.
1 member of the family who has a regular work or job.
Table 2 presents the profile of the respondents before and Table 4
Cash assistance from 4P’s
while they are beneficiaries of 4P’s. It shows that most or
Amount Frequency %
58.75% of the beneficiaries have 2 – 3 family members who are 600 3 3.75
studying while they are members of the program. 700 5 6.25
In terms of highest educational attainment, most of the 800 4 5.0
respondents’ family member attained Senior High School with 1200 2 2.5
1300 10 12.5
the frequency of twenty-nine (29) or 36.25%, followed by 1400 3 3.75
college with the frequency of twenty-five (25) or 31.25% after 1500 7 8.75
becoming 4P’s beneficiary. However, before becoming a 1850 1 1.25
beneficiary, most of the respondents’ family members only 1900 9 11.25
2000 19 23.75
attained elementary education with frequency of forty-eight 2100 11 13.75
(48) or 60% of the respondents. Majority of the respondents 2200 4 5.0
were earning an average monthly income of 10,001 - 15,000 2400 1 1.25
pesos while they are beneficiaries, and the least range of 2700 1 1.25
Total 80 100
earnings are5,001 - 10,000 with the frequency of 12 or 15%.
However, before becoming 4P’s beneficiary, majority of the
Table 4 shows the cash assistance the respondents receive as
respondents have a monthly income of 1,000 – 5,000 pesos only
4P’s beneficiary. The cash assistance with the highest rank of
with frequency of 31 or 38.75%. Implying that the monthly
in the frequency distribution with the frequency of nineteen (19)
income of the respondents improved after becoming 4P’s
or 23.75% was 2,000, and one (1) or 1.25% of the beneficiaries
beneficiary. From predominating income 0f 1,000 to 5,000
receives an amount of 1,850, 2,400 and 2,700. This revealed
before to 10,001 to 15,000 after becoming a beneficiary.
that the majority of the beneficiaries were receiving cash
Table 3
assistance of 1,400 from 4P’s.
Ranking of expenses according to the allocation of money received from Education, health, familial development, and financial
cash assistance during and before becoming a 4P’s beneficiary condition has a weighted mean of 3.38, 4.29, 4.28, and 2.49
DURING BEFORE respectively. Furthermore, it was discovered that there was no
PROFILE
Average Rank Average Rank
Food and Drinks 1.7 1 1.83 1
significant relationship between cash benefits and education (r
Alcoholic Drinks, Tobacco = .149, p = .186), health (r = -.029, p = .801), and familial
10.6 11 10.1 11
products development (r = -.175, p = .121). Correlation shows that there
Clothing and Shoes 7.4 8 6.88 6 is a weak positive relationship between cash benefits and
Bills 2.78 2 2.8 2
Appliances 7.23 7 7 7
financial condition of the respondents (r = 3.02, p < 0.1).
Health 3.25 3 3.05 4 Table 6 shows the means, standard deviations, and
Transportation 6.63 6 6.7 5 correlations with p-values before becoming 4P’s beneficiary.
Communication 6.48 5 7.09 8 Education, health, familial development, and financial
Culture and Entertainment 7.78 9 7.71 9
Education 3.49 4 2.94 3
condition has a weighted mean of 1.67, 4.45, 3.69, and 1.59
Dining and other expenses 8.74 10 9.91 10 respectively. Furthermore, it was discovered that there was no
significant relationship between monthly income and education
The table revealed that the ranking of expenses according to (r = .112, p = .321), Financial Condition (r=.069, p=.545) and
the allocation of money received from cash assistance during that health (r = -.003, p = .978) as well as Familial Development
Table 5
Means, standard deviations, and correlations with p-values - during
Variable M SD 1 2 3 4
1. Cash Benefits 1656.88 512.05
2. Education .149
3.38 0.28
(.186)
3. Health -.029 .532**
4.29 0.38
(.801) (.000)
4. Familial Development -.175 .242* .529**
4.28 0.40
(.121) (.030) (.000)
5. Financial Condition .302** .016 -.012 .073
2.49 0.31
(.006) (.889) (.913) (.518)
Note: M and SD are used to represent mean and standard deviation, respectively. Values in parentheses indicate the p-values for each correlation
Canlas et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 5, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2022 76

Table 6
Means, standard deviations, and correlations with p-values - before
Variable M SD 1 2 3 4
1. Monthly Income 512.05
.112
2. Education 1.67 0.31
(.321)
-.003 -.144
3. Health 4.45 0.31
(.978) (.202)
-.051 -.133 .477**
4. Familial Development 3.69 0.27
(.654) (.241) (.000)
.069 .101 -.072 -.203
5. Financial Condition 1.59 0.31
(.545) (.371) (.525) (.071)
Note: M and SD are used to represent mean and standard deviation, respectively. Values in parentheses indicate the p-values for each correlation.
has a negative relationship. The variables signify low White's test for heteroskedasticity
correlation which was not statistically significant. Null hypothesis: heteroskedasticity not present
Test statistic: LM = 12.209
with p-value = P(Chi-square(14) > 12.209) = 0.589525
Table 7
Test for Normality using Jarque- Bera Test
DURING BEFORE Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity
p-value p-value Null hypothesis: heteroskedasticity not present
1. Education 0.762333 0.414185 Test statistic: LM = 6.39977
2. Health 0.252436 0.275491 with p-value = P(Chi-square(4) > 6.39977) = 0.171217
3. Familial Development 0.85113 0.747511
4. Financial Condition 0.724194 0.152303 Ho: The variances are constant. 
Ha: The variances are not constant. 
Ho: The residuals are normally distributed. 
Ha: The residuals are not normally distributed.  White’s Test Heteroskedasticity and Breusch-Pagan test for
Heteroskedasticity’s p-value is greater than alpha, therefore
The p-value of all variables are greater than alpha (p-value accept the null hypothesis that variances are constant therefore
>0.10). The researchers conclude to accept the null hypothesis there is no heteroskedasticity error.
that the residuals for all variables are normally distributed.
R-squared 0.148132 Adjusted R-squared 0.102699
The researchers found that all condition for OLS regression F(4, 75) 3.260446 P-value(F) 0.016052
is met:
Ordinary Least Squares Regression was used to test if cash
transfer received by the beneficiaries significantly predicted the
prevalence of education. The fitted regression model was
Education = 3.1825 + .0001 x (cash benefits). It was found that
Table 8
OLS regression results and hypotheses testing
Hypotheses Coefficient Std. Error t-ratio p-value R2 Adj R2
H1: Cash Benefits à Education .0001 .0001
2.393 0.0192** .046 .033
constant 3.1825 .1065
H2: Cash Benefits à Health -7.11e-06 .0000
−0.3948 0.6941 .0001 -.013
constant 4.3022 .1474
H3: Cash Benefits à Familial Development -.0001 .0001
−1.404 0.1646 .016 .003
constant 4.4375 .1518
H4: Cash Benefits à
.0001 .0001
Financial Condition 2.341 0.0219** .027 .061
constant 2.244 .1148
Note: Coef. Represents unstandardized regression coefficients. SE represents standard error. R represents the zero-order correlation.

Table 9
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test – Before and During
Variable Ranks Observed Sum Ranks Expected z p Analysis
Positive 0 0 1620
Education
Negative 80 3240 1620 -7.796 .000 Significant
Zero 0 0 0
Positive 46 2259 1592.5
Health
Negative 24 926 1592.5 3.207 .001 Significant
Zero 10 55 55
Positive 7 117 1612.5
Familial Development Negative 68 3108 1612.5 -7.176 .000 Significant
Zero 5 15 15
Positive 1 11.5 1617
Financial Condition Negative 76 3222.5 1617 -7.724 .000 Significant
Zero 3 6 6
Canlas et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 5, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2022 77

cash transfer received by the beneficiaries did not significantly money, food and drinks ranked first followed by utility bills for
predict the prevalence of health (R2 = .0001, p > .10) and the both before and while they are beneficiaries of the program, and
Familial Development of the Beneficiaries. alcoholic drinks and tobacco products ranked last also before
On the other hand, an OLS regression established that cash and while they are beneficiaries of the program. In line with the
transfer received by the beneficiaries could statistically study conducted by Melad et al. (2020), beneficiaries spend
significantly predict financial condition, F(1, 78) = 5.09, p < .05 their money more on their needs. For cash assistance from the
and cash transfer accounted for 6.1% of the explained program, 23.75% of the respondents are receiving Php 2,000.
variability in financial condition. It was discovered using spearman rank correlation that there
A Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was performed to determine was a significant low positive relationship between cash
if there was a statistically significant difference in perception of benefits and financial condition of the respondents. Using the
the respondents in education, health, familial development, and rank correlation, it was found that there was a significant low
financial condition before and during they are 4P’s positive and to add to that, the OLS regression established that
beneficiaries. The test revealed that there is a statistically cash transfer received by the beneficiaries could statistically
significant difference in the status in education during and significantly predict the financial condition of the beneficiaries,
before becoming 4P’s beneficiary (z = -7.796, p < .001). These F(1, 78) = 5.09, p < .1 and cash transfer accounted for 6.1% of
results indicate that the cash transfer they had a significant the explained variability in financial condition. Shapiro (2016)
effect on their educational status. The test revealed a indicated that savings and investments are highly corresponding
statistically significant difference in respondents' perceptions of to receiving cash assistance.
health before and after they became 4P's beneficiaries (z = The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was performed in order to
3.207, p.01). These findings suggest that the cash transfer they determine the statistical significance of the variables namely:
received had a significant impact on their health. However, it education, health, familial development and financial condition
became lower after becoming a 4P's beneficiary. before and during the Conditional Cash Transfer Program. The
There was a statistically significant difference in the test utilized 80 beneficiaries in order to form an analysis. The
perception of the respondents in familial development before test revealed that there was a statistically significant difference
and during they are 4P’s beneficiaries (z = -7.176, p < .001). in the status of education during and before becoming a 4P’s
These results indicate that the cash transfer they received had a beneficiary (z = -7.796, p < .001). The highest educational
significant effect on their familial development. attainment of the respondents has also improved, going from
The test also revealed a statistically significant difference in 60% being able to complete only elementary school before
respondents' perceptions of their financial situation before and receiving program benefits, to 67.5% in total or majority being
after becoming 4P's beneficiaries (z = -7.724, p < .01). These able to complete senior high school and college while being
findings suggest that the cash transfer they received had a members of 4P’s.
significant impact on their financial situation. It implies that Since the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a
becoming a 4P's beneficiary improved their financial situation. conditional cash transfer, conditions like school attendance are
one of the defining factors to qualify, this can be the ground for
B. Discussion
the appraisal of educational state of the beneficiaries. Saavedra
The researchers discovered that the most common age (2016) shows that, even without formal incentives, delivering a
groups of the respondents are 41 – 45 and 56 – 60 years old both small monetary transfer and linking it loosely to the objective
with a percentage of 18.75%. More than half or 61.25% of the of education even in the absence of direct conditions makes the
beneficiaries consist of 4 – 6 family members and almost half significance of education apparent and improves short term
or 45% of the respondents are 4p’s beneficiaries for 7 – 9 years school enrolment. It was also revealed that Conditional Cash
already. 58.75% of the respondents have 2 – 3 family members Transfer programs have the potential to increase the utilization
who are 0 – 18 years old and 45% of the respondents have only of education (Abalos Jr. et al, 2016).
one family member with a regular job. In terms of health, the test revealed that there’s a statistically
It was also discovered that before they were beneficiaries of significant difference between before and during the program
the program, 0 – 3 family members were studying, and when (z = 3.207, p.01). The findings suggest that the impact on health
they became beneficiaries, it went up to 2 – 3 family members reduced after being included in the program. According to
being able to attend school. Most of the respondents’ highest Develos (2020), one factor for the lack of meaningful influence
educational attainment before they were beneficiaries was is the unfavorable environmental situation, which makes it
elementary, but it showed an improvement once they were difficult for the recipients to adhere to healthy lifestyles.
included in the program because it increased to senior high Utilization of health services like child medical care and
school. Similar to the studies done by Sasaki et al. (2018) and maternal services display the existence of “moderate wealth-
Flores et al. (2019) results show that 4P’s has been effective in based disparities” caused by underlying issues like
assisting to resolve the education system's problems. socioeconomic factors namely employment status and
Their monthly income also showed an improvement which educational attainment. (Borlongan, et al 2020)
was from Php 1,000 – Php 5,000 before to Php 10,001 – Php Moreover, a statistically significant difference was also
15,000 while they are beneficiaries of 4P’s. For the average of found in the perception of the respondents in familial
the ranking of expenses according to the allocation of their development during and before they are 4P’s beneficiaries (z =
Canlas et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 5, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2022 78

-7.176, p < .001). This denotes that the cash assistance the program abetted the appreciation of living condition of the
families of the beneficiaries are receiving have a good impact beneficiaries in educational aspect. It also shows that 4Ps has
on their familial development situation. enhanced the financial state of the respondents.
Lastly, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test also displays a The significant difference in respondents' education and
statistically significant difference in respondents' perceptions of financial condition before and after they were 4P's beneficiaries
their financial situation during and before becoming 4P's suggests that the conditional cash transfer of the 4P's has a
beneficiaries (z = -7.724, p < .01). This implies that the financial positive effect on education and financial state of the
situation of the recipients developed positively. beneficiaries. As a result, the cash transfers received by
In context, the cash assistance given to them by the respondents as 4P's beneficiaries were effective in improving
government improved their financial situation. Poverty-stricken the educational outcome as well as the financial aspect of the
families require cash support to meet their necessities and retain families belonging to the program. In terms of the significant
their stability (Shrivastava et al 2022). The cash transfer aims difference between health, education, finance, and family
for human development through investment. Overall, the development before and while they are a member of 4Ps, the
conditions of the beneficiaries in education, familial researchers discovered the conditional cash transfer was indeed
development, and financial situation improved during the effective as it was discovered that there was a significant
program. difference in education, familial development, and financial
condition before and while the respondents are 4P’s
5. Conclusion and Recommendations beneficiaries.
This section presents the summary of the study conducted. B. Policy Implications
This also shows the findings derived from the analysis and
Based on the findings and conclusions, the researchers
interpretation of the results. Moreover, this imparts the
recommended that the 4P’s beneficiaries should prioritize
conclusion framed and recommendation thereafter.
education as it improves quality of life from a long-term point
A. Conclusion of view. Similar to the study made by Flores et al. (2019),
H1: The amount of cash grants the beneficiaries receive has financial assistance was determined to be a motivating element
no effect on their Educational Attainment and Opportunities. for the students to attend courses and take part in extracurricular
H2: The amount of cash grants the beneficiaries receive has activities based on the survey results of 95 4P's student
no effect on their Healthcare and Medicine Availability. beneficiaries. The enhanced student attendance and the
H3: The amount of cash grants the beneficiaries receive has decreased dropout rate are clear indicators of the positive
no effect on their Parental and Familial Decision Development impact the program has had on its recipients' lives. The
in terms of the general welfare of children. government should stress financial management seminars for
H4: The amount of cash grants the beneficiaries receive has 4P’s beneficiaries to guide them on the more important things
no effect on their Finance and Social Security in terms of to spend their cash grants on. This is to continue the trend in the
Consumption and Savings. ranking of their expenses wherein they mostly spend the money
Based on the findings, the researchers discovered that the for their needs. Also, this is to guide other cash grantees because
program had an effect in improving the level of education. according to Martinez et al. (2017), there are still some
Therefore, the researchers reject the null hypothesis that the beneficiaries who are spending their cash grants on nonsensical
amount of cash grants the beneficiaries receive has no effect on things. It is recommended that the government should create a
their Educational Attainment and Opportunities. Furthermore, policy to have a way of knowing where the money is being
the study showed that the program also had an effect on the spent and to require beneficiaries to prioritize spending their
financial condition of the respondents. Therefore, the cash grants on their needs rather than their personal wants to not
researchers reject the null hypothesis that the amount of cash spoil the efforts of the government in helping them improve
grants the beneficiaries receive has no effect on their Finance their life conditions.
and Social Security in terms of Consumption and Savings. A more in-depth exploration of the aspects that the program
The study displayed that there was no effect on their has helped improve the life conditions of its beneficiaries is also
healthcare and medicine availability, therefore the researchers recommended. Since the program has been deemed effective to
accepted the null hypothesis that the amount of cash grants the some extent, a more extensive approach regarding the deeper
beneficiaries receive has no effect on their Healthcare and aspects of the program can be made to further examine the
Medicine Availability. It was discovered that there was no program and eventually make the program better. Finally,
effect on their family decision development, therefore, the future researchers should conduct a deeper study on this matter,
researchers accepted the null hypothesis that the amount of cash using this research as a guide.
grants the beneficiaries receive has no effect on their Parental
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