UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY

Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City

Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

Table of Contents

CHAPTER I

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scope and Delimitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER II

Related Foreign Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Related Local Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Related Foreign Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Related Local Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

CHAPTER I

The Problem and its Background

INTRODUCTION

Every Organization has a heart that served as foundation and do its function to produce an
effective and efficient performance of certain Organization.

In Philippine National Police, the backbone and the heart of the Police Organization is Police
Patrol according to some other among the variety of Police units in the Police organization Patrol
is the most exposed in apprehending criminal and they serve as the primary deterrent and
detection component of policing, as well as first responders to the incident, accident, and crime.
Patrol officer has had eyes and hands on the situation. Patrol officer are out there 24/7/365
answering calls, making stops of suspicious people, and making arrests. They develop the
information detectives will later use to find the culprit. Furthermore, Patrol consumes most of the
average police department’s resources including Mobile patrol, and radio as well as budget for
the everyday routine in patrolling.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

Nowadays Police become more active in conducting police patrol especially in this time of
pandemic where Philippine National Police is responsible in prevention of spreading covid19
virus, it leads to the variety of opinion in mind of the people on how police officer conduct
visibility patrol amidst of pandemic.

According to the research titled The Effectiveness of Visible Patrol in United Kingdom
conducted by their Police force, this study found out that crime and disorder can reduce by
means of Visible Patrol and that the crime reduction benefits would spread to the areas
immediately surrounding the targeted location. In this research entitled Brgy. 174 Satisfaction on
north Caloocan Police services in conducting visibility patrol the researchers would like to find
out the efficacy and impact of patrolling to the community of Brgy 174 if it has the same result
as the research study conducted in United Kingdom even though both country deals with
different problems in terms of crime.

Furthermore, this research would like to emphasize the efficacy and impact of the Visibility
Patrol in Brgy 174 Caloocan City the insights of residents living here who had direct experience
in system of Police patrolling specially in this time of pandemic

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The current Law Enforcement Unit Specifically Philippine National Police (PNP) are facing a
downward arrow of the level of trust of the community because of a current police issue.
Especially when most controversies were happened in Caloocan Police Station way back 2017
that result of the dismissal and some Police of Caloocan were transferred in different kind of
cities in Metro Manila.

However, According to Rappler, Caloocan City Police Station (CPS) was the most trusted police
station in 2017, the National Police Commission found in a survey conducted from October to
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

November 2017. Garnering an 88.8% trust rating during the survey period, Caloocan cops bested
16 other Metro Manila City and Municipality police stations. In 2016, it only stood as the third
most trusted in the Metro, receiving a 65% trust rating.

Police patrol is an effective crime prevention tool and boosts public confidence in urban security.
Many interesting decision-making problems appear in route design, resource allocation and
jurisdiction planning. Many cities across the world have adopted a structured and intelligent
method of police patrol due to the presence of a variety of operational and resource constraints.
In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in this domain, especially
from the practice of operations research (OR) point of view. This is the first-of-its-kind review
on police patrol presenting a classification scheme based on the type of problem, objective, and
modelling approach. In this novel scheme, one can track any paper almost readily to find the
specific contribution. The applicability of OR in this domain is set to grow significantly as the
governments formulate policies related to smart city planning and urban security. This study
reveals many practical challenges in police patrolling for future research.

Theoretical Framework

Home Rule Powers in Theory and Practice

JEFFERSON B. FORDHAM AND JOE F. ASHER

The notion that American municipalities have an inherent right to local self-government has
never made more than slight inroads upon the strongly prevailing doctrine of legislative
supremacy over local government.' Even that vigorous judicial champion of municipal home rule
in Ohio, Judge Wanamaker, readily conceded that prior to November 15, 1912, the effective date
of the so-called "Home Rule Amendment," legislative supremacy obtained in this state. 2 The
Ohio story of abuse of legislative power over municipal government has already been told in the
pages of this number of the Journal.3 In 1902 the Supreme Court put an end to evasion of the
constitutional ban upon special chartering of municipalities by resort to artificial classification
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

based on population. During the ten years which followed, a well-chastened General Assembly
showed no disposition to resort further to evasive tactics. It failed, however, to provide any
flexibility in municipal governmental organization. The municipal code of 1902 provided but
one form of government for municipalities of 5,000 or over and but one for those -of less than
5,000. Urban leaders were no longer satisfied, moreover, to depend upon legislative grace for the
authority to do whatever was deemed necessary in the conduct of what they considered local
business. They wanted the legal situation reversed so that the municipalities would have all
powers not denied instead of only those positively granted by the legislature.4 The upshot was a
constitutional amendment which made a direct grant of substantive powers to municipalities and
provided for three different methods of organizing municipal government: (1) incorporation and
operation under a uniform general law, (2) local option under an optional charter law and (3)
local framing and adoption of a home rule charter. The constitutions of twenty-one states make
some sort of provision for municipal home rule.5 Where the grant of charter-making powers
comes directly from the constitution it is called constitutional home rule. Ohio and a few other
states are committed to constitutional home rule. If enabling legislation is necessary to render
home rule powers available what we have is legislative home rule. Examples of this type are to
be found in Michigan, Texas, and West Virginia. Neither form gives positive assurance of
genuine local autonomy. There may be more local responsibility and freedom of action under a
devolution of authority from a liberally disposed legislature than under a scheme of
constitutional home rule. Much will depend upon the fate of the constitutional grant in the courts
as well as the original scope of the grant. The Ohio home rule pattern is distinctive in two
conspicuous respects. Although Article XVIII classifies municipalities under 5,000 as villages
and the rest as cities, home rule powers are granted to all municipalities alike, regardless of size."
While it is true that metropolitan problems have come to the medium-sized city and thus have
broadened the need for greater flexibility in both the organization and powers of municipal
government, the larger urban centers have always been the strongholds of the home rule
movement.7 Those centers have suffered most at the hands of the legislatures and, at the same
time, they have had more complex special problems not readily dealt with under a system of
uniform general laws. It is not without significance that only four of the more than 700 villages
in Ohio have adopted home rule charters. All save Canton of Ohio's twelve largest cities, on the
other hand, have exercised the power. A total of thirty-three of the 115 cities in the state have
home rule charters. The need for this authority, at the village level, at least, is not apparent. In
Ohio substantive home rule powers are granted directly by the constitution to all municipalities
and do not depend, for their realization, upon the adoption of a home rule charter. This does
violence to that basic "axiom of home rule," as Professor McBain put it, "that the grant of
substantive powers must not be separated from the adjective process prescribed for the exercise
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

of such powers."8 The draftsmen of Article XVIII had not been clear on this point. Section 3
grants all powers of local self-government to "municipalities." Such powers doubtless embrace
many things commonly placed in executive or administrative hands. The local legislative body
was not the "municipality." Charter-making was the only process available for the "municipality"
to determine who would exercise this or that power of local self-government. In view of these
considerations, it is not surprising that a majority of the Supreme Court, in the first case under
the amendment, interpreted it to make the availability of substantive powers of local self-
government depend upon the adoption of a home rule charter.9 This construction was not to
survive. It was ignored in 1917 in a case involving a local police regulation, a matter obviously
appropriate for action by the legislative body of the local unit as distinguished from its other
agencies and officers.10 Six years later it was flatly rejected for the view, which has ever since
prevailed, that the grant of Section 3 is direct and independent of charter making."

The experience of Ohio with municipal home rule has been a rather unhappy business. The
Home Rule Amendment was not well-conceived in the first place. There is ample evidence in the
Proceedings and Debates of the Constitutional Convention that much confusion existed in the
minds of the delegates. When they did not clearly tie the availability of substantive home rule
powers to the adjective process of charter-making they left a mass of legal problems in their
wake. They did not give a municipality a clean choice between operating under general law and
on a home rule footing. While the real crux of the home rule problem is the larger municipalities,
home rule powers were granted to all cities and villages without regard to size. The grant of "all
powers of local self-government" was just as vague and difficult to apply as the much-criticized
California provision with respect to "municipal affairs." A rigid city-village classification
borrowed from the Municipal Code of 1902 was frozen into the organic law. We have met with
something less than indifferent success in applying the Home Rule Amendment. This is due in
part to the inherent difficulty of the task and in part to public apathy and the inadequacy of the
efforts of the bar in handling home rule questions in the courts. Local responsibility for the
conduct of public affairs at the local level is a fundamental political value in the American
scheme of things. Home rule has been employed to assure municipalities this responsibility free
from legislative interference, on the one hand, and from the necessity for seeking all their
authority from the legislature, on the other. The difficulty has been that we have used a -vague
political concept as a formula for distributing power between the state and municipalities and
have distributed governmental power based on a. very artificial geographical pattern. This
rigidity has been at the expense of highly desirable flexibility and adaptability in governmental
arrangements. Urban growth is outward. While population in the older parts of- many cities is on
the decline, our cities have, - in social and economic fact, swarmed over their boundaries. Home
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

rule, as we have known it in Ohio, stops at the corporate limits, yet community development is
taking place in the vital urban fringe. Municipal power, then, stops at a line which has little
relation to the true scope of urban problems. Nor does home rule, as presently conceived,
contribute to the adjustment of our complex problems of intergovernmental relationships.
Vagaries in judicial interpretation of the Home Rule Amendment lie as, much at the door of the
bar as that of the courts. Local Government Law is a subject which has far from attracted
maximum lawyer interest. Perhaps the law schools are ultimately at fault for not having given
this important subject the attention it merits. There will, of course, be an opportunity in 1952 to
reopen the whole subject of home rule and state-local relations. It is hoped that the electors will
decide at that time in favor of calling a convention, under Section 3, Article XVI of the Ohio
Constitution, to revise, alter or amend that instrument. If so, home rule should be thoroughly re-
examined on a sweeping local government context not confined to municipalities. If the people
and the delegates do not trust the General Assembly to preserve local autonomy, the
constitutional scheme developed to achieve that end should somehow be made to assure
sufficient flexibility to enable us to get the over-all job of government in Ohio done well by
effective use of the powers and governmental machinery available.

Conceptual Framework
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

Figure 1.

The major concept of this study focused on ‘the level of satisfaction of the residents of Brgy 174
to North Caloocan police services’

Figure number 1 shows the relationship of: Police Patrol Visibility, Speed in response to crime,
Crime prevention, and Police-Community Relations those were the services of Police to the
satisfaction of Brgy 174 North Caloocan Residents.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

Statement of the Problem

1. How may the respondents be described in terms of:

1.1 age

1.2 gender

1.3 highest education attainment

1.4 socio- economic status

2. What is the level of citizen’s satisfaction towards the services provided by the police
officers in terms of:

2.1 Crime Response

2.2 Visibility Patrol

2.3 Crime Prevention

2.4 Arresting Criminals

2.5 Check Points

3. Is there a significance difference between the level of satisfaction of the respondents

when grouped according to their profile?

4. How Caloocan Police apprehend law violators during their Patrol hours?
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

5. What are the reactions of people residing in Brgy 174 in Police patrol?

6. How many police officer are needed to conduct Visibility Patrol?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research is made with the aim to provide crucial information and knowledge regarding the
chosen topic from the respondents, recent studies or theses, and related sites needed for the
expected importance to the individuals as follow:

Police Officers. This study will let result in building strong relationships of mutual trust between
police agencies and the communities of Brgy. 174 wherein they serve a critical role e public
safety and effective policing. This study will show if the community were satisfied or not. This
study may help develop or improve our current police officer. Police officials rely on the
cooperation of community members to provide information about crime in their neighborhoods,
and to work with the police to devise solutions to crime and disorder problems.

Residents. The result of this study will serve as a voice for individual. This study will exhibit
their comments and will show how they describe our current police officers. Also, be a way for
them to say their recommendations for more effective police service.

Students/Schools. The result of this study could serve as a baseline data to our future law
enforcers. This will l also expose the students to enhance their interest and skills in research and
help as a guideline to those who plan to conduct research which is relevant to the study.

Businessman/Entrepreneurs. Since this study focuses on effectiveness of police service in

Brgy. 174 of North Caloocan, it has been observed that, there are a lot of business in the
community that usually operates 24 hours. With this, the researcher will be in a middle of effort
just to radiate the findings of this research study in order for the business owners be benefitted
and how effective the police service in the area.

Private and Government employees. This study will cover for the effectiveness of the police
service unit on how they offer escorts and certainty for the safety and welfare not only to the
permanent residents but also to the individuals who is working both government and private
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

sectors. Through this output, there will be a relative increase on the security and certainty on the
part of the employees after the police strengthened their campaign to deny the opportunity to
commit crimes by narrowing the offer of police service.

Researchers. As a BS Criminology student, the result of this research may encourage other
enthusiasts to study about peace and order. This would furnish those pertinent data that serve as a
reference material. This study would give them insights as to the impact of Police Officers to the
community. This research will also be a very enriching experience for us because of the
opportunity to see the 1st hand effects of the work performance of Police Officer as perceived by
the respondents.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

As Criminology Students of University of Caloocan City, this research entitled “ Barangay 174
satisfaction on North Caloocan City as to the efficiency and effectiveness of Caloocan Police"
shall be conducted within Caloocan City for the researchers to have appropriate and reliable
source of data or information that would satisfy the objective of the research. The Criminological
study about the satisfactory of the community in relation to the performance of the Caloocan
Police would conduct Online through Google form or One on One interview with the residents
that formulated by the researchers and shall be answered of 100 respondents from Barangay 174
North Caloocan City including their opinion, insights as well as their suggestion in relevant to
the performance of Caloocan Police. The respondents for this timely topic will be the people
residing in Barangay 174 regardless of their Gender, Class, Status, Work, or educational
attainment if they are 18 years of age above and can perceive the service of the Caloocan Police
for the researchers to have fair and balanced information regarding to the topic. The
accomplishment of this interesting topic will take 2-3 months in maximum.

Definition of terms:

1. Apprehend - it is an arrest and having knowledge that a person violates a certain law and
giving him/her penalty.

2. Classifications – the classifications of person whether if he is employed, unemployed,

students.

3. Effectiveness - is the capability of producing a desired result or the ability to produce

desired output.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

4. Efficiency – it is the state of being efficient. It means not doing unnecessary things to
achieve objectives or produce an output.

5. Jurisdiction - is the legal term for the authority granted to a legal entity to enact justice.

6. Philippine National Police (PNP) - it is a law enforcement unit that deals with the safety
and orderliness of the community.

7. Police patrol – it plays an important role in deterring and preventing crimes and
responding to incidents. It is where an officer will take rounds/roving to the community to
observe if the peace and orderliness are being maintained.

8. Satisfaction – it is the attainment of individual’s expectation or needs.

9. Visibility Patrol – is a kind of deterrence to prevent occurrence of crime. It is a strategy

allowing people to witness the presence of an officer to avoid future crimes.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Foreign Literature

Ozkan, 2016 shows that increasing use of governance practices in public

administration have had broad repercussions in law enforcement and policing. As a
result, law enforcement services have witnessed significant changes that shifted police
from a bureaucratic, incident driven force to a proactive service-oriented organization.
Among other governance indicators, citizen satisfaction and confidence in law
enforcement services has increasingly been one of the central tenets of the governance
structures in the contemporary world. In this new era of policing, enhancing community
relations and improving the satisfaction of citizens have become the main objective of
police departments. This study first explains the governance approach to law enforcement
and policing and then focuses on citizen satisfaction with police. It explores the general
determinants of citizen satisfaction and assesses the impact of police citizen encounters
on citizen satisfaction with police. Based on the literature and research studies, this article
shows that socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, race, gender, and income
independently determine the attitudes toward police. Police contact also has a significant
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

effect on satisfaction level. Favorable contacts with police improve citizens’ satisfaction
regardless of the type of contact. Residential location of an individual and physical police
presence in the neighborhood also affects attitudes toward police.

Related Foreign Literature

Based on survey research conducted on United States of America entitled

Understanding citizen satisfaction with the police: results from a community survey

Over the last few decades, law enforcement has come to value aspects of its role
as essential to its crime-fighting capacity, including legitimacy, procedural justice,
quality of life matters, and partnership with the community.

While evolving law enforcement strategies have improved crime control, many
departments still strive to enhance satisfaction among community members while
balancing crime control and community-oriented approaches. Police and their Policies set
a goal for the enhancement of community relation and at the same time to control the
commission of the crime to their cities Citizen satisfaction with police has been found to
promote community buy-in and participation in identifying and addressing both criminal
and non-criminal matters. Predictors of citizen satisfaction with law enforcement,
however, have generally been assessed in larger, urban contexts. This study extends the
literature on community-oriented policing approaches and citizen satisfaction by
exploring survey results from a mid-sized U.S. city. Aside from demographic factors,
levels of satisfaction with police were predicted by citizens’ perceptions of procedural
justice, safety, crime, and disorder. Results suggest that police departments attend closely
to fostering procedurally just interactions with citizens. Additional implications for
scholarship and police practice are included

-Police Practice and Research (An international Journal)

-Police Community Relation

Related Foreign Literature

Using survey data collected from the residents in a neighborhood of the capital
city and from the passengers on a 41-hour-1,281 miles journey traveling from the
northern part to the southern part of the country and return via Indian Railways, this study
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

empirically analyzed citizens’ perceptions of police and factors that accounted for the
variation in Indian citizens’ assessment of police. Consistent with the literature, this study
integrates a broader range of explanatory variables to explain citizens’ perceptions
toward police, including demographic characteristics, views about professionalism in
police, police performance, fairness, police corruption, and citizens’ perceptions about
their safety in their neighborhood. Older citizens reported higher satisfaction with the
police. Among the contextual characteristics, the authors find a positive relationship
between perceived police performance, fairness, professionalism, and citizen satisfaction
with police. As expected, perceived police deviance is associated with lower citizen
satisfaction with police. Findings of the study provide Indian police administrators with
important references and directions to improve police performance and move to increase
citizen satisfaction about police. It also adds to the limited literature on citizens’
perceptions of the police in India. This study is an attempt to systematically assess the
citizens’ perception of police in India. The researchers believe that this as an original
contribution in the body of criminal justice research, particularly to the scholarship on
policing in India. Moreover, the examination of citizens’ satisfaction of police highlights
their detailed views about professionalism of police, police performance, corruption,
fairness, and their perceptions about the safety in their neighborhood. (Madan and Nalla,
2015)

Related Local Literature

The Effectiveness of the Barangay Justice System in Barangay 176 Bagong Silang,
Caloocan City

Barangay Bagong Silang was founded under the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, the
Philippines' tenth president. For majority of the population who were evacuated from their
original slum neighborhoods in Tondo, Manila, a commonwealth in Quezon City, and San
Juan, the barangay's name was designed to signify a baby. Bagong Silang is also the most
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

populous barangay in Caloocan, with about 270,743 residents, or nearly 16 percent of the
city's total population. Because of several circumstances, such as its large population,
barangay 176 in Bagong Silang, Caloocan, like many other barangays in the Philippines,
faces problems and challenges. The title of the study was "The Effectiveness of the Barangay
Justice System in Barangay 176, Caloocan City."

In Barrio 176, Bagong Silang, Caloocan City, the researchers employed the
descriptive approach to assess the performance of the barangay judicial system. Using
several research equipment, the researchers were able to collect data on the subject under
study. The questionnaire was used to collect data and information for the study's completion.
The participants in the study were chosen at random by the researchers. Random sampling is
a term that applies to several different selection strategies in which sample members are
chosen at random but with a known probability of being chosen. Different demographic
profiles were used to describe the respondents. The bulk of the respondents were between the
ages of 18 and 22, with 56 percent being male, 64 percent being unmarried, and 36 percent
having completed a vocational course.

Most responses were regarded as agree on the effectiveness of the barangay justice
system in Barangay 176 Bagong Silang Caloocan City in terms of the level of compliance to
the Katarungang Pambarangay procedure on the variables receiving complaints, issuance of
summons, conduct of conciliation, settlement, and execution. Most respondents agreed that
the barangay justice system in Barangay 176 Bagong Silang Caloocan City was effective in
terms of satisfaction of complainants and respondents on factors such as receiving a
complaint, issue of summons, conciliation, settlement, and execution.

Most respondents agreed that the barangay justice system in Barangay 176 Bagong
Silang Caloocan City is effective in terms of the level of compliance with the Katarungang
Pambarangay procedure on the variables of receiving complaints, issuing summons,
conducting conciliation, settlement, and execution. In terms of satisfaction of complainants
and respondents on aspects such as receiving a complaint, issuing summons, conciliation,
settlement, and execution, most respondents agreed that the barrio justice system in Barangay
176 Bagong Silang Caloocan City was effective.

Gallego, Murillo, G. ., Nicolas, B. ., Roncale, R. C. ., Tanjay, D. ., & Cuntapay,

MSCRIM, M. S. . (2019). The Effectiveness of the Barangay Justice System in Barangay
176 Bagong Silang, Caloocan City. Ascendens Asia Singapore – Bestlink College of the
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

Philippines Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1). Retrieved from

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1503

Related Local Literature

“Local government unit analytics for program planning & policymaking in

Caloocan city”

In terms of the level of compliance with the Katarungang Pambarangay procedure on the
variables of receiving complaints, issuing summons, conducting conciliation, settlement, and
execution, the majority of respondents agreed that the barangay justice system in Barangay 176
Bagong Silang Caloocan City is effective. The majority of respondents agreed that the barrio
justice system in Barangay 176 Bagong Silang Caloocan City was effective in terms of
satisfaction of complainants and respondents on elements such as receiving a complaint, issuing
summons, conciliation, settlement, and execution.

Thus, using IS benchmarking and agile methodology, the researchers proposed a system
design framework in developing a data management and analytics system that is comprised of
modules and visualizations customized to the needs of a Philippine LGU in uncovering
relationships with their city hall data to define root causes of issues and discover trends and
outliers useful in program planning for improvement of the educational and social welfare of the
city.

- C. D. Lim, S. Sy, G. C. Roxas and G. Atayan, "Local government unit analytics for
program planning & policy-making in Caloocan City," TENCON 2017 - 2017 IEEE
Region 10 Conference, 2017, pp. 2830-2834, doi: 10.1109/TENCON.2017.8228343.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8228343

Related Local Literature

One of PNA’s article shows that, MANILA – Philippine National Police (PNP) chief,
Gen. Guillermo Eleazar, on Monday expressed elation over an improvement in the
organization's trust rating based on the results of a non-commissioned survey. The
findings of the survey, conducted by independent pollster PUBLiCUS Asia Inc., showed
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

that the PNP achieved improvements in trust with a five-point gain in total high trust
(35.200) and an eight-point drop in total low trust (26.800). According to PUBLiCUS,
the police force has improved its trust ratings in two successive quarters. Eleazar
welcomed the development and attributed this to the hard work, efforts, and sacrifices of
all police personnel in preserving the integrity of the organization. “The Philippine
National Police welcomes the result of the survey conducted from October 11 to 18
which showed improved trust and approval ratings for the police organization,” he added.
Eleazar appealed to all police personnel to set aside their personal interests and always
prioritize the welfare of the public as this is what true service means. “I express my
sincerest gratitude to the men and women of the PNP for sharing my passion for reforms
by supporting our transformation programs to improve our services to the Filipino
people, both as law enforcers and public servants,” the PNP chief said. He also thanked
the public and even other stakeholders for trusting the PNP in performing its mandate to
serve and protect the public. “The figures that we present to the public as
accomplishments are just part of the instruments to our main objective of winning the
trust and confidence of the people. Dahil sa huli, ang tiwala at respeto ng ating mga
kababayan ang siyang tunay na sukatan kung maayos nga natin na nagagawa ang ating
mandato bilang mga pulis, at kung nasa tamang landas ba kami ng pagsisilbi sa
sambayanang Pilipino bilang mga lingkod bayan (In the end, the trust and respect of our
kababayans is the real measurement of our capability to perform our mandate as police
officers and if we are taking the right path in serving the people),” he said. (PNA)

Related Local Literature

According to De Guzman, M.C. (2004), "One for all? Philippine police officers'
perceptions of civilian review"), there is a widespread belief that police officers are
hostile to civilian review processes. This image also includes the belief that all police
officers are united in their opposition to any civilian investigation. This study investigates
the extent to which popular impressions of police officers' attitudes toward civilian
reviews are accurate. The overwhelming assumption in the literature that police officers
are united in their opinions on civilian review is called into doubt in this study. The study
discovered that police officers have differing views on civilian review. Furthermore, the
experience of being subjected to these reviews is linked to these disparities in
perceptions. According to the research, police officers' impressions of civilian assessment
are generally good. Police officers who have never been subjected to civilian scrutiny, on
the other hand, have a negative impression of review boards. The findings of the study
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

also suggest that civilian review boards must overcome initial negative preconceptions,
particularly among police officers who have never had a case handled by one.

Related Local Literature

"Most people willingly obey most laws, whether a police officer is present or not.
They comply with the laws because they consider them fair and because they believe that
in the long run it is in their interest to observe them." (William Francis Walsh, 2020)

Related Foreign Study

Rogge, N. and Verschelde, M. (2013), "A composite index of citizen satisfaction

with local police services", Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 238-
262. The purpose of this paper is to propose a non‐parametric methodology to construct
composite scores of citizen satisfaction with local police services. More precisely, the
paper advocates a custom-made version of the popular Data Envelopment Analysis
approach, also referred to as the “Benefit‐of‐the‐Doubt” model. The key advantage of this
approach is that it weights the citizen satisfaction rates with the multiple local police
functions and tasks into the composite score in an endogenous manner, thereby allowing
for different values and interpretations of “good local policing” among police services.
The methodology is illustrated with citizen satisfaction data on a sample of Belgian local
police services.

The paper develops a multidimensional measure of local police effectiveness

based on citizen satisfaction measures. It uses a non‐parametric evaluation methodology
related to the popular DEA‐model. The paper looks for strengths and weaknesses in the
performances of local police services both at the micro level (per local police service) and
at the macro level (region).most of the citizens are generally satisfied with local police
services. The BoD‐model identifies per local police service the basic functionalities that
citizens rated relatively highly and poorly. Results show that urbanization per se does not
drive the satisfaction scores of the participating local police services. Of much more
importance are the regional disparities. Participating local police zones in Flanders
receive higher satisfaction scores than those in the Walloon Region (the two big regions
in Belgium). One of the findings is that the BoD‐model offers both conceptual and
practical advantages in the evaluations of local police services. BoD grants each police
service the benefit‐of‐the‐doubt in the effectiveness evaluations. The BoD‐model also
identifies the factors of strength and weakness that explain the citizen satisfaction scores.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that multidimensional scores of
citizen satisfaction are used in the effectiveness evaluations of local police services. The
paper uses a methodology that accounts for the own circumstances of the local police
services (by assigning in an endogenous manner weights in the evaluations).

Related Foreign Study

Min Chen, C., Tau Lee, H., Hua Chen, S. and Hsien Tsai, T. (2014), "The police
service quality in rural Taiwan: A comparative analysis of perceptions and satisfaction
between police staff and citizens", Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 37 No. 3, pp.
521-542. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perceptions and satisfaction
between police officers and citizens on Kinmen Island (of Taiwan), using an analytical
framework that combines five primary dimensions and 25 corresponding determinants.

It considers recent developments in the application of performance measures and

management to public and, particularly, police services. It goes on to assess comparative
rural police performance which suggests that the application of targets could ultimately
serve to provide the overall satisfaction with police services.

The findings of the study suggest that perceptions and satisfaction of both citizens
and police staff may result in the success of the policing management, and that police
managers must satisfy their citizens with a high level of service quality based on different
localities.

From managerial perspectives, police managers should consider both the service
quality and customer satisfaction constructs as determinants of behavioral intentions
since satisfaction can be a strategic key to maintain long term relationship with citizens as
it is found of significant impact on the intentional behavior.

This research adds empirical support to this vein of literature and has identified
the five main dimensions and the 25 sub-dimensions as important constructs for police
service quality.

Related Foreign Study

 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

In 2012, the number of police officers in Canada reached 69,539, representing

eight consecutive years of growth and the highest police officer strength since 1981.
Total spending on policing was over $12.5 billion in 2012, more than double its 1997
level (Statistics Canada, 2014). The reported crime rate in Canada has been dropping
steadily over the past two decades, from its peak in the early 1990s. However,
notwithstanding declining crime rates, police have been increasingly called upon to
address a wide range of non-criminal calls for service, including social and mental health
incidents (Statistics Canada, 2011). Growing policing costs are not sustainable for many
jurisdictions, particularly given competing priorities for public funds, such as education
and healthcare. Provinces and municipalities, as well as policing stakeholders, have
voiced their concerns on this issue as they are finding it increasingly difficult to justify
paying these levels for police services (Brennan, 2014; CBC, 2013). In an environment of
limited resources, it becomes increasingly important to measure and evaluate the
performance of policing services to ensure the performance of the service is in line with
the objectives set out for it. Public Safety Canada led the coordination of a national
conference entitled the Summit on the Economics of Policing: Strengthening Canada’s
Policing Advantage, in January 2013, in Ottawa. The purpose of the Summit was to
increase awareness of the challenges and opportunities facing policing, provide practical
information on improving efficiency and effectiveness, and strengthen the foundation for
innovation and reform in Canadian policing. The emerging debate on how to best achieve
long-term, sustainable levels of policing has included a discussion of targeting and
refining the application of policing resources to ensure police service delivery is both
efficient and effective. It is recognized that, in order to assess the activities and
performance of police, as well as how and where resources should be applied, objective
performance metrics are required.

Related Local Study

Delivery of the services of the Philippine national police: A community-based

assessment Victor V Martinez International Journal of Advanced Research in
Management and Social Sciences 8 (2), 278-290, 2019 The Philippine National Police
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

play an important role in the development and progress of the community. It is one of the
implementing mechanisms of peace and order which has the primary task of ensuring that
peace and order prevail in the community and the municipality in general. Peace and
order in local communities translates to a sense of a shared feeling of security among the
citizens. People who have this sense of security are more likely to participate in
community activities that aim to improve the livelihood and well-being of all. In this
sense, the maintenance of peace and order is part of the foundation for genuine,
community-based development. This study was conducted to determine the level of
satisfaction of community residents on the service delivery of the Philippine National
Police and utilized the descriptive correlational research design. This design described the
profile of the PNP and community residents and correlated the profile with the level of
satisfaction of community residents on the PNP delivered services. The positive
responses of the residents are a reflection that the PNP have efficiently provided the
services as mandated in their functions as peacekeepers. From the results of this study, it
is recommended that the Philippine National Police should sustain its outstanding
performance and further capacitate itself to provide swift response to emergency cases in
the community. According to the survey of the police and the community, the poor
communication between them is considered to be the greatest problem. Police often say
that language barrier, lack of connection and two-way communication, and
misunderstanding of police practices are some of the main reasons of having a
disharmonious relationship (Building Police Community Relations, 2010). According to
Holgado (2008), the residents of Lucena City claims that they didn’t experience any
difficulty in the implementation of the PCR programs in Lucena City Police. The
relationship of the police and the community should be harmonious. The community
relies to the police to provide safety and security; on the other hand, the police also rely
to the community in giving their support and cooperation in order to have an effective
rapport. The better police-community connection, the law enforcer will have enhanced
understanding of the public’s concerns, specifically on crime-related matter. Thus,
citizens will have the initiative and cooperation to report crimes that occur in their
community, provide tips and intelligence to law enforcement, willingly serve as
witnesses and participate in jury trials. As a result, police tend to become more proactive
which leads to preventing crimes In line with the study, why is the ―general image of
police worth measuring? There are a number of important reasons. First, an
understanding of the general image of the police among citizens provides an important
indicator of support for the institution among its constituents. Understanding how the
public views the police is a crucial first step in improving relationships between the
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

police and communities. This is why community surveys are a prominent component of
the community policing movement. Similarly, measurements of the public image of the
police can be compared. By producing such measures, agencies can learn whether their
image is improving or declining over time, or whether they are held in higher or lower
esteem by their citizens than police in other communities. And second, the general image
of the police may affect the sorts of behaviors by the public that greatly interest the
police. These include supporting tax initiatives or referenda designed to enhance the
resources of local police agencies, to participate in co- production activities like
neighborhood watch, and providing the police with information useful to solving crime or
improving the quality of life in neighborhoods. Communities with a poor image of the
police will be less likely to support and help the police do their jobs, and more likely to
file complaints, launch civil suits, rebel against the police, and produce media problems.
Whether there is indeed a strong relationship between these public behaviors and the
overall image of the police is an untested, but certainly plausible, thesis (Gallagher, C. et
al, 2001). When citizens trust the police, they are more likely to perceive police authority
as legitimate, and thus more likely to cooperate with authorities and comply with the law.
Trust in police is linked to the ability of police officers to provide basic citizen security
(Goldsmith, 2003). In line with this, the factors that promote or inhibit citizen’s trust in
the police warrant additional study.

Related Local Study

The Philippine National Police are the ones who are responsible for preventing
crimes. The study attempted to determine the level of the Community Satisfaction of the
Philippine National Police’s Services in Nasipit, Agusan del Norte Philippines. The study
utilized the descriptive method employing the survey technique. The method describes
community satisfaction on the PNP’s services. The study used 382 randomly selected
respondents from a population of 8, 407 in seven communities. The community
satisfaction of residents in the services of the Philippine National Police is high. There is
no significant difference in the level of community satisfaction to the Philippine National
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang-Awa St., 12th Avenue East Caloocan City
Fortitude Liberty Vigilance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
-Intelligente Pauca-

Police services in Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, Philippines. The respondents strongly agree
that the PNP services are performed accordingly in the area of investigating and
preventing crimes, maintenance of peace and order, police-community relation, enforce
all laws and ordinance, and community perception of safety and security.