Science Reviewer phones, communication satellites, and wireless

networking. Radio waves are also used for

Waves
navigation in systems like Global Positioning
 Waves are a disturbance which travels through a
System (GPS) and navigational beacons, and
medium or vacuum in which energy is transferred.
locating distant objects in radiolocation.
 It is formed when objects vibrate or oscillate.
 Microwaves are basically ultra-high frequency to
 Has two kinds:
extremely high frequency radio waves.
 mechanical waves which travel through
 Microwaves are widely used in modern
medium which can be transverse waves and
technology, for example in point-to-point
compressional / longitudinal waves; and
communication links, wireless networks
 Transverse waves move up and down, or
(Bluetooth & Internet), microwave radio relay
perpendicular to particle motion, while
networks, radar (Radio Detection and
longitudinal waves travel parallel to the
Ranging), satellite and spacecraft
particle motion.
communication, medical diathermy and cancer
 electromagnetic waves which can travel
treatment, radio astronomy, particle
through vacuum.
accelerators, spectroscopy, industrial heating,
collision avoidance systems, garage door
Parts of a Wave
openers and keyless entry systems, and for
cooking food in microwave ovens.
 Infrared waves have wavelengths between that of
microwaves and visible light in the electromagnetic
spectrum.
 Military and civilian applications include
target acquisition, surveillance, night vision,
homing, and tracking. Non-military uses
include thermal efficiency analysis,
environmental monitoring, industrial facility
Figure 1.1 – Parts of a transverse wave
inspections, detection of grow-ops, remote
temperature sensing, short-range wireless
Electromagnetic Waves
communication, spectroscopy, and weather
 All EM Waves are transverse waves.
forecasting.
 It possesses magnetic and electrical properties hence
 Visible light is a form of EM wave that enables us to
the name Electromagnetic Waves.
see the physical world.
 EM Waves are produced by the movement of
 A common use for is a laser (Light
electrically charged particles.
Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
 They travel at the speed of light 299, 792, 458 m/s.
Radiation), which is used in the fields of
 The electromagnetic waves are arranged in the
Military, Industry, and Medicine.
electromagnetic spectrum in decreasing wavelength,
 Violet has the highest frequency and red has
increasing frequency, and increasing energy.
the lowest. The sun is the main source of light
The Electromagnetic Spectrum in our planet.

Figure 1.2 – Electromagnetic Spectrum

 Radio Waves have the longest wavelength, lowest
 Ultraviolet Radiation is an ionizing radiation whose
frequency, and carry the least energy. wavelength is shorter than the violet end of the
 Radio waves are extremely widely used in
visible spectrum but longer than the X-ray.
radio communication systems such as radio  To help prevent counterfeiting of currency or
broadcasting (AM & FM or amplitude
forgery of important documents such as
modulation and frequency modulation), heart driver's licenses and passports, the paper may
rate monitors, MRI (magnetic resonance
include a UV watermark or fluorescent
imaging), television, two way radios, mobile multicolor fibers that are visible under
 ultraviolet light. UV is a useful investigative
tool at the crime scene for locating and Sources of Light
identifying bodily fluids.  Natural Source
 X-rays, like the upper ranges of UV rays, are also  Luminous body – gives off light because of the
ionizing. In many languages, X-radiation is referred energy of its oscillating particles. Ex. Sun, stars
to as Röntgen radiation, after the German scientist  Illuminated body – has no light of its own. Ex.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who discovered it on Moon
November 8, 1895.  Artificial Source
 X-rays have been used for medical imaging.  These are hot bodies which radiate light. They
Airport security luggage scanners use X-rays are classified as thermal, gas discharge and
for inspecting the interior of luggage for luminescent.
security threats before loading on aircraft.
Industrial radiography uses X-rays for Brightness of Light
inspection of industrial parts, particularly  Photometry is the measurement of the brightness of
welds. Due to its high-energy content, a light source. The three measurable quantities of
following protective measures is a must. This light are as follows:
can be shown by dentists wearing lead vests  Luminous Intensity – is the brightness of a light
and limiting having a medical imaging to source expressed in terms of candela (cd).
every 6 months to 1 year.  Luminous Flux – is the radiant energy visible to
 Gamma Rays are the most energetic photons, having the eyes expressed in lumens (lm).
no defined lower limit to their wavelength. It is also  Illuminance (E) – measure of illumination; is the
an ionizing radiation. amount of luminous flux falling on a unit area of
 They are used for irradiation of foods and a surface measured in terms of lux or lumens per
seeds for sterilization, and in medicine they square meter or meter-candela.
are occasionally used in radiation cancer
therapy. More commonly, gamma rays are Kinds of Material According to Light Transmission
used for diagnostic imaging in nuclear  Transparent
medicine, an example being PET (Position  These are objects which allow light to pass
Emission Tomography) scans. through. Ex. Clear water, air, glass
 Translucent
Equations (answer in the nearest hundredths)  These are objects which allow light to diffuse or
Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of scatter, making it difficult to distinguish objects
the following three physical properties: the frequency f, that are behind them. Ex. Frosted glass bulbs,
wavelength λ (Greek letter lambda), or photon energy E. fluorescent tubes, parchment lamp shades
 Opaque
no . of waves  These are objects that do not transmit light at all.
f= Ex. Stones, wood, human body
no . of seconds

v v Path of Light
v=fλ f = λ=  Light travels in a straight line (rectilinear
λ f propagation) as shown in the formation of shadow.
 A Shadow is the region behind an opaque object
hv from which light is cut off. The following are
E=hf E=
λ the two regions of a shadow:
Figure 1.3 – Equations involving EM Waves  Umbra (Full Shadow) – the darker region;
and
Where:  Penumbra (Partial Shadow) – the lighter
E = energy in Joules (J) region
h = 6.63 x 10-34 J  s (Planck’s constant)  An Eclipse is a natural phenomenon that
f = frequency (c/s or Hz) exhibits rectilinear propagation of light. The
v or c = speed = 3 x 108 m/s following are the two kinds of eclipses:
λ = wavelength (m)  A Lunar Eclipse occurs when the earth casts
its shadow on the moon.
Light Waves  A Solar Eclipse occurs when the moon casts
 Light is a form of energy that has the properties of its shadow on the earth.
both particles and waves (Louis de Broglie, a French
Physicist proposed the Theory of the dual nature of Colors of Light
light); and is a form of EM wave.  Visible Spectrum the small range of EM
 Frequency: 4.3 x 104 to 7.5 x 1014 Hz wavelengths that humans can see. Light is a visible
 Wavelength: 4 000Å to 7 500Å spectrum.
 (1 Å = 10-10 m)  White Light (such as sunlight) is a mixture of all
 7.5 x 10-7 m (red) to the colors of the visible spectrum. When it is
 3.8 x 10-7 m (violet) refracted, it splits into a continuous band of
 Speed in vacuum: 3 x 108 m/s (It takes 8 colors in the following order: Red, Orange,
minutes for light to travel from the sun to Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo & Violet
the earth and can circle the Earth 8 times in (ROYGBIV).
a second)
  Red light has the longest wavelength human can
see but less energy. Violet has the shortest
wavelength but greater energy than red.
How Do Objects Appear Colored?
 Color and Reflected Light
 The color an opaque object appears to be is the
color of light the object reflects to our eyes. Ex.
A green leaf appears greenish because it reflects
mainly green light while absorbing the other
colors.
 Color and Transmitted Light
 The color a transparent object appears to be is
the color of light the object transmits. Ex. Some
blue glass absorbs all the color of white light
while it transmits only blue light. Figure 1.5 – Light spreading through spaces between clouds
 The primary colors in light are red, green  Interference happens when crest combines with
and blue. White is the combination of all crest, bright line is produced but when crest
colors and Black is the absence of all colors. combines with trough, dark line is produced.
 The primary colors in paint are red, blue and
yellow. When they are combined, the result
is black.

Properties or Behavior of Light

 Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from
one medium to another medium of different density.

Figure 1.6 – Bubbles

 Reflection is the turning back of light rays as it hits
an obstacle. When light is incident on a surface, it
may be reflected, transmitted or absorbed.

Figure 1.4 – Spoon in a glass of water

 Optical Density – is the property of a
transparent substance which measures the
speed of light through the substance.
 Light velocity slows down upon
entering a denser medium and
speeds up when it passes into a less
dense medium. Figure 1.7 – Reflection of scenery on the lake
 Index of Refraction – the ratio of the speed of  Regular reflection happens when more light is
light in a vacuum to its speed in another reflected than what is absorbed; resulting
medium. images are sharply defined; occurs in smooth,
 Dispersion – the process by which light is opaque surfaces. Ex. Mirror, bright
separated into its colors due to difference in metals/polished surfaces, light from light
degrees of refraction. houses, search lights, car’s headlights, spot
 Rainbow – is formed by the lights
dispersion of sunlight.  Diffused reflection is the dispersal or scattering
 Diffraction is the spreading of light when it passes of the reflected ray; do not produce any clear
an object or through a small opening; results in the images; occurs in rough, opaque surfaces. Ex.
formation of blurred and color images. Irregular surface, rough walls, unglazed, frosted

Figure 1.8 – Regular and diffused reflection

A mirror is a highly polished surface which can

produce images by the regular reflection of light.
Kinds of Mirrors  internal migration – paglipat ng mamamayan
 A Plane Mirror produces images which are always ngunit ‘di lalabas ng bansang pinanggalingan;
of the same size as the objects they reflect. at
 Reversal effect happens when the right side of  international migration – pag-alis ng
the object appears as the left side of the image mamamayan sa bansang pinanggalingan.
and the left side appears as the right.  Ang mga sumusunod ay mga terminolohiya na
importante sa aralin:
 migrante – mga nandarahuyan o mga taong
lumilipat ng lugar;
 homestead – panahanan at mga katabing ari-
arian na pinagmumulan ng ikinabubuhay;
 diskriminasyon – pagtatangi-tangi o hindi
pantay na pagtingin dahil sa kulay ng balat,
lahi, paniniwalang panrelihiyon, kasarian, at
Figure 1.9 – Reflection of a ceramic jar from a mirror
katayuan sa lipunang ginagalawan;
 A Curved/Spherical mirror that has a surface which  human trafficking – illegal na pangangalakal ng
is a section of a sphere. mga tao para sa sapilitang pagtatrabaho (forced
 Convex Mirror or Diverging Mirror – uses the labor), exploytasyong seksuwal (sexual
outer surface of the sphere as the reflecting exploitation), o puwersang pang-aalipin
surface. (slavery);
 Its uses include: a. outside rearview  Juvenile delinquents – mga kabataan (10-18
mirrors on cars; and b. mirror on taong gulang) na lumalabag sa batas;
stores to see every part of the area.  delinquent acts – gawaing ginagawa ng
Juvenile delinquents;
 refugee – taong lumilikas o pwersang pinaaalis
sa sariling bansa dahil sa digmaan,
diskriminasyon, ang-aapi, at iba pang dahilan;
at
 asylum – proteksyon na ipinagkaloob ng
pamahalaan sa mga migrante o mga refugee.
 Nahahati ang mga migrante sa tatlo base sa tagal ng
pananatili sa nilipatang lugar:
 Permanent – mga naturalized citizen
 Temporary – mga OFW
 Irregular – mga turista at TNT migrants
Figure 1.10 – Outside rearview mirror of a car  Nahahati naman sa tatlo ang mga migrante base sa
 Concave Mirror or Converging Mirror – uses dahilan ng paglipat:
the inner surface of the sphere as the reflecting  Migrant Workers – mga manggagawang
surface. palipat-lipat ng pinagtatrabahuhan
 Uses: a. searchlights in naval and  Feminization of Labor Migrants – pagdami ng
aviation work; b. flashlights; c. manggagawang babae
headlights of cars; d. shaving  Migrant Brides – mga naghahanap ng
mirrors; e. dentist’s mirrors; and f. mapangangasawang dayuhan
mirrors used in telescope  Filipinos Around the World - Top 10 Locations
 USA – 3,430,864
 Saudi Arabia – 1,550,572
 Canada – 842,651
 UAE – 679,819
 Malaysia – 569,081
 Australia – 384,637
 Seabased – 369,104
 Qatar – 342,442
 Japan – 220,882
 UK – 220,000
 Ang mga sumusunod ang nagdudulot ng migrasyon:
PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS
Kawalan ng tirahan Mababang halaga ng
Figure 1.11 – Reflection from a convex mirror tirahan
 An image reflection of an object on mirrors. Karahasan ng pamahalaan Maunlad na ekonomiya
Kawalan ng hanapbuhay Magandang klima/panahon
Araling Panlipunan (Objective) Digmaan/Karahasan/ Tahimik at matiwasay na
Migrasyon Pagpatay kapaligiran
 Ito’y tumutukoy sa pag-alis o paglipat ng tao o Hindi maayos na Sistema Maayos na edukasyon at
pangkat ng mga tao mula sa kinagisnang lugar sa ng edukasyon serbisyong pangkalusugan
ibang lugar o bansa upang doon manirahan. Wala o Kulang ang Malapit sa pamilya at mga
 Ito’y nahahati sa dalawang uri: pagkakataon para sa kaibigan
hanapbuhay  Ang mga sumusunod ay mga salik sa pagkakaroon
Katiwalian Maraming mga libangan ng suliraning teritoryal:
Kahirapan  kaisipang magkakaiba;
 likas na yaman at kahalagahan ng teritoryo;
Figure 2.1 – Mga push at pull factors ng pagpili ng lilipatan
 Ang mga sumusunod ay mga epekto ng migrasyon: at
 kawalan ng malinaw at tiyak na hangganan,
 Pagbabago ng Populasyon
 Kaligtasan at Karapatang Pantao malabong kaanyuang heograpikal, at
pagbago-bago at magkakasalungat na
 Pamilya at Pamayanan
 Pag-Unlad ng Eonomiya pahayag.
 Ang mga sumusunod ay ang kahalagahan ng
 Brain Drain
 Intergrasyon at Multiculturism teritoryal at pandaigdigang hangganan:
 may kaugnayan sa karapatan ng bawat
 Bonus: Matagal nang naisasagawa nag migrasyon.
Natigil lamang ito sa panahon ng Agricultural estado o bansa; at
 para mapanatili ang kapayapaan sa buong
Revolutiuon 12, 000 taong nakalipas.
Suliraning Teritoryal at Hangganan mundo.
 Ang suliraning teritoryal ay nagdudulot ng iba’t
 Saligang Batas 1987, Artikulo I: Ang Pambansang
Teritoryo ibang epekto sa tatlong aspeto:
 Panlipunang Aspeto
 Ang pambansang teritoryo ay binubuo ng
kapuluang Pilipinas, kasama ang lahat ng  Migrasyon
 Digmaan
mga pulo at mga karagatan na nakapaloob
dito, at lahat ng iba pang mga teritoryo na  Pagkaantala ng Edukasyon
 Pang-ekonomiyang Aspeto
nasa ganap na kapangyarihan o hurisdiksyon
ng Pilipinas, na binubuo ng mga kalupaan,  Pagbaba ng foreign investment
 Pagsasara ng negosyo
katubigan, at himpapawirin nito, kasama ang
dagat teritoryal, ang lalim ng dagat, ang  Unemployment
 Pampolitikang Aspeto
kailaliman ng lupa, ang mga kalapagang
insular, at ang iba pang mga pook submarina  Tunggalian sa pagitan ng mga
pamahalaan
nito. Ang mga karagatang nakapaligid,
nakapagitan at nag-uugnay sa mga pulo ng  Kampihan ng mga bansa
 Kasalukuyang nagaganap ang mga suliraning
kapuluan, maging ano man ang lawak at
mga dimensyon ay nag-aanyong bahagi ng teritoryal sa mga sumusunod na lugar:
 Crimea
panloob na karagatan ng Pilipinas.
 Ang mga sumusunod ay mahahalagang  Ang Crimea ay isang peninsula sa
Ukraine, sa hilagang baybayin ng
terminolohiya sa aralin:
 Teritoryo Black Sea.
 Kasalukuyan itong pinagaagawan
 Ang teritoryo ay sukat ng lupaing
saklaw o sakop ng isang estado o ng Russia at Ukraine.
bansa.
 Hangganan
 Ito ang nagpapakita kung saan
lamang ang teritoryong sakop ng
isang bansa at ang nagpapatunay
kung hanggang saan lamang ang
kapangyarihang sakop ng gobyerno.
 Suliraning Teritoryal
 Ito ay nangyayari kapag dalawa o
higit pang bansa ang umaangkin o Figure 2.2 – Mapa ng Ukraine, Crimeas, at Russia
pinag lalaban ang kanilang  Senkaku Islands
Karapatan sa katawang lupa o tubig.  Ang Senkaku Islands ay isang grupo
 Suliraning Hangganan ng mga walang nakatirang isla sa
 Ito ay nangyayari kapag hindi East China Sea, na
magkasundo ang dalawang bansa pinangangasiwaan ng Japan.
kung saan ilalagay ang linyang mag Matatagpuan ang mga ito sa
hahati sa kanilang lupain. hilagang-silangan ng Taiwan,
 Ang mga sumusunod ay mahahalagang akronim sa silangan ng Tsina, kanluran ng
aralin: Okinawa Island, at hilaga ng timog-
 ASEAN kanlurang dulo ng Ryukyu Islands.
 Association of Southeast Asian  Kasalukuyan itong pinag-aagawan
Nations ng China at Japan dahil sa langis at
 NATO gas.
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 EEZ
 Exclusive Economic Zone
 UNICLOS
 United Nations Convention on the
Laws of the Seas
 Figure 2.3 – Mapa ng Senkaku Islands
 Kashmir
 Ang Kashmir ay ang pinakahilagang
heograpikal na rehiyon ng
subcontinent ng India.
 Ito’y nahati sa pagitan ng Pakistan Figure 2.4 – Mga pahayag ng iba’t ibang bansa sa teritoryo
at India. Kung saan ang hilagang
bahagi ay pagmamay-ari ng English
Pakistan habang ang timog na Cupid and Psyche
bahagi ay teritoryo ng India.  written by Lucius Apuleius
 Gulf War  Lucius Apuleius was a Roman writer born in
 Sa pamumuno ni Saddam Hussein Maduara, Numidia in 150 A.D. He was a
ng Iraq, sinubukan nitong sakupin Platonic philosopher, a teacher of literature, and
ang Kuwait dahil sa supply ng rhetoric.
langis, upang mawalan ng utang, at  He was an author remembered for The Golden
makakuha ng kapangyarihan. Sila’y Ass, a prose narrative that proved influential
hindi nagtagumpay dahil long after his death. The work called
nasuportahan ng Estados Unidos Metamorphoses by its author narrates the
ang Kuwait. adventures of a young man changed by magic
 West Philippine Sea into an ass.
 Napagaagawan ito ng pitong bansa  The African wild ass or African
kabilang ang Philippines, China, wild donkey is a wild member of the
Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, horse family, Equidae. This species
Vietnam, at Taiwan. is thought to be the ancestor of the
 2016 Arbitration Award Ruling domestic donkey, which is
 The nine dashed line & sometimes placed within the same
"historic rights "doctrine as species.
"incompatible" with
prevailing international law,
"no evidence that China had
historically exercised
exclusive control over the
waters or their resources.”
 No "islands" (Article 121,
UNCLOS) in the Spratlys,
no overlapping EEZs with
the Philippines;
 Reclamation & island-
building as inadmissible Figure 3.1 – An African wild ass
(Article 60, UNCLOS) &  The following are the characters of the story:
"inflicting irreparable harm"  Psyche, whose Roman name is Anima, and soul
on ecology in Greek, is a mortal princess who possesses
 Final & binding (Article exceptional beauty.
296; Article 11, annex VII)  Cupid, whose Greek name is Eros, is the son of
 Gave leverage to Venus (Aphrodite), and Mars (Ares). He is also
Philippines & other ASEAN the god of love.
claimants.  Venus, whose Greek name is Aphrodite, is the
mother and the goddess of love and beauty.
 Ceres, whose Greek name is Demeter, was a
goddess of agriculture, grain crops, fertility and
motherly relationships.
 Zephyr, whose Roman name is Favonius, was
the ancient Greek god of the west wind, one of
the four seasonal Anemoi (Wind-Gods).
  Jupiter, whose Greek name is Zeus, is the sky  After some time, she had thought of her
and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who family, ignorant of her current situation,
rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus. and decided to meet her sisters.
 Charon, in Greek mythology, is not a god but  Her sisters forced Psyche to see her
has the duty to ferry over the Rivers Styx and husband’s appearance and asked her to
Acheron those souls of the deceased who had kill it if it’s a hideous beast.
received the rites of burial.  Eros’ Face
 Proserpine, also Proserpina, whose Greek name  Psyche discovered that her husband was
is Persephone, is the queen of the underworld. one of the most beautiful and charming
She is also the goddess of spring, the dead, of the gods.
destruction, life, grain, and nature.  As she leaned the lamp over to have a
 Pluto, whose Greek name is Hades, is the king better view of his face, a drop of burning
of the underworld and the god of death. oil fell on the shoulder of the god.
 Erebus, whose roman name is Scotus, is the  The Consequences
personification of darkness and one of the  This wake Eros up and flew out of the
primordial deities. window. Psyche, trying to chase after
 Cerberus, often referred to as the hound of him, fell from the building.
Hades, is a multi-headed dog that guards the  Eros caught her and banished Psyche
gates of the Underworld to prevent the dead from his palace.
from leaving.  Psyche then wandered day and night,
 Mercury, whose Greek name is Hermes, is without food or repose, in search of her
considered the messenger of the gods, the god husband.
of speed, and the guide of the souls of the dead  Ceres’ Advice
to the Underworld.  Psyche cast her eyes on Ceres’ temple
 The following are the sequence of events in the and began sorting the harvest which
story: seemingly thrown without care.
 Psyche’s Beauty  Ceres found her religiously employed
 Psyche was adorned by many due to her and spoke to her into what she can do to
beauty. get on the good side of the goddess
 Due to the number of admirers, the Venus.
temples of Venus were left empty which  Psyche then became a servant to Venus
then angered the goddess of beauty. to gain her favor.
 Venus’s Wrath  The Grains and Ants
 Venus then ordered her son, Cupid, to  Venus asked Psyche to separate the
punish Psyche by making her fall in love grains and be done before evening.
with a “low, mean, unworthy being.”  Psyche was assisted by ants whom Eros
 Why performing the task, Cupid assigned.
accidentally wounded himself with his
arrow and fell for Psyche.
 The Oracle’s Prophesy
 Although Psyche has had many admirers,
none have proposed marriage to her. Due
to this, her parents consulted the oracle of
Apollo.
 The oracle spoke of her lover not being
mortal, and that lover awaits her on the
top of the mountain.
 Eros’ Palace
 As prophesized, Psyche waited at the top
of the mountain and was lifted by the
gentle west win, Zephyr. Figure 3.3 – Psyche’s first task
 She was taken into a flowery dale in  The Rams Beyond the River
which she was taken care of by invisible  Venus tasked Psyche to fetch a sample of
servants and a husband whom she cannot golden wool from fleeces of sheep across
see. the river.
 A river god told her that the ram are
aggressive during the day and calms
down at night.
 Venus Seeks Beauty from Proserpine
 Venus ordered Psyche to get some of
Proserpine’s beauty and put it in a box.
 Psyche, convinced that her destruction is
at hand, being obliged to go with her own
feet down to Erebus, tried to kill herself
by jumping off of a building.
 The Voice from the Tower
Figure 3.2 – Zephyr carrying Psyche to Eros’ palace
 The Sisters’ Jealousy
  A voice from that very tower told her of a  a very steep rock face or cliff, especially
way to descend without vanquishing a tall one
herself.  consternation
 The voice also described how to pass  feelings of anxiety or dismay, typically at
through Cerberus, Charon, the ferryman, something unexpected
and reminded her not to open the box  inextricable
after receiving it.  impossible to disentangle or separate
 To the Underworld and Below  lamentation
 Psyche obeyed every advice and met  the passionate expression of grief or
Proserpine along with Hades. sorrow; or
 There she was offered a delicate seat and  weeping
a delicious banquet but refused, then
returned with the box at hand. The Trojan War
 Imprudent Move  A summary from the stories of Homer, Aeschylus.
 Psyche, upon wondering the things she Sophocles and Euripedes.
could do with what was inside the box,  It is from the Illiad by Homer (1000BC – unknown).
opens the box.  The following is the summary of the story:
 Inside the box was not beauty but an  The Sea-Nymph Thetis
infernal and truly Stygian sleep.  Namely, many years before the war’s
beginning, both Poseidon and Zeus had
fallen in love with a sea-nymph with the
name Thetis. Both wanted Thetis to be
his bride; however, they both backed off
after they were told of the consequences
that awaited them if they made such an
action.
 This consequence was that if the sea-
nymph were to lay with Zeus or his
brothers, that a son would be born who
would be stronger than his father and
possess a weapon that would be much
more powerful than the trident or the
thunderbolt. To avoid this from
Figure 3.4 – Psyche opening the box happening, Zeus made it so that Thetis
 Eros’ Return would have to marry King Peleus.
 Eros wiped the endless sleep from  The Golden Apple
Psyche, and as swift as lightning,  After Thetis’ marriage was figured out,
penetrates the heights of heaven, Zeus held a big feast to celebrate Peleus’
presented himself before Jupiter with his and Thetis’ marriage, where all of the
supplication. gods were invited – except for the
 The End goddess of strife, Eris. The goddess was
 Jupiter listened and sent Mercury to bring annoyed at the fact that she was turned
Psyche to the heavenly assembly. Jupiter away that before she left the gathering,
handed her a cup of ambrosia which she flung her gift amongst the crowd of
made her immortal. guests; this gift was called the Apple of
 Psyche united with Cupid and had a Discord, which was a golden apple with
daughter named Pleasure. the words, “for the fairest” inscribed on
 Vocabulary it.
 contumacious  Not too long after the apple was thrown,
 (especially of a defendant's behavior) Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera began to
stubbornly or willfully disobedient to fight about who should have the apple.
authority Zeus was unable to decide by himself, so
 mortification he sent the goddesses to Mt. Ida, where
 great embarrassment and shame Paris, the prince of Troy, is left to decide.
 exaltation
 a feeling or state of extreme happiness; or
 the action of elevating someone in rank,
power, or character
 deplored
 feel or express strong disapproval of
(something)
 dale
 a valley, especially a broad one
 admonition
 an act or action of admonishing; or
 authoritative counsel or warning
 precipice
  To pacify the raging goddess,
Agamemnon sacrificed her daughter
Iphigenia. Agamemnon lures his
daughter to Aulis by pretending that she
will marry Achilles. Once she learns the
truth, Iphigenia begs for her life, but
eventually she goes willingly to her
death.
 Immediately the cult servants seize the
young girl, "as they would have seized a
goat," and laid her on the altar, wrapped
in her veils, her head hanging down. The
sacrificer strikes the throat of the victim;
blood flows and reddens the ground.

Figure 3.5 – Eris’ Apple of Discord

 Paris’ Choice
 Paris was unable to make a decision, so
the goddesses started to bribe him. First,
Hera offered to grant him political power
and a throne if he were to choose her;
then, Athena offered him wisdom and
skills in battle; finally, Aphrodite
promised Paris the most beautiful woman Figure 3.6 – Iphigenias’ death
in the world, Helen of Sparta. Without  Protesilaus’ Act of Heroism
batting an eyelash, Paris chooses  Upon reaching the river Simois in Troy,
Aphrodite. the first Greek to leap ashore will be the
 The Calm Before The Storm first to die with a Trojan spear.
 However, Helen was already married to  The solder Protesilaus sacrificed his life
Menelaus, the king of Sparta. So, Paris, and was honored by both men and gods
under the disguise of a diplomatic alike.
mission, went to Sparta to abduct Helen  Agamemnon and Achilles’ Quarrel
from her home so he could bring her  A quarrel broke out between
back to Troy with him. Before Helen Agamemnon and Achilles because of the
could look up to see Paris, she was shot maiden princess Briseis.
with an arrow by Cupid, or Eros, and fell  Agamemnon took Briseis in exchange of
in love with Paris the moment she saw Chryseis, the war prize of Agamemnon.
him.  Chryseis was to be returned to his father
 There are other theories that Zeus started Chryses to stop the god Apollo from
the Trojan War to kill off some of the sending pestilence to their camp.
population – especially of demigods.  Achilles’ Wounded Pride
This is because Zeus had many  Achilles vowed not to fight for the
relationships that resulted in the birth of Greeks anymore. His mother Thetis
many demigods, and he felt that the earth asked Zeus to give victory to the Trojans.
was overpopulated, and he wanted to  The Lying Dream
depopulate it as much as possible. So, it’s  Zeus sent a lying dream to Agamemnon
said that he started the war to do this. to attack the Trojans.
 The Start of the Trojan War  During the battle, Menelaus and Paris
 The Trojan War can be said to have met. The fighting stopped and decided to
started shortly after the abduction of settle it with a duel between the two.
Helen. This is because Helen’s husband,  Menelaus won the battle but Paris
Menelaus, got his brother, Agamemnon, escaped with the help of Aphrodite.
to lead a voyage to find her and get her Agamemnon then asked the return of
back. Agamemnon was able to get other Helen.
Greek heroes, such as Odysseus, Ajax,  Persuasion Techniques with Athena
Nestor, and Achilles, to join him on this  The war ended but Athena went to the
adventure. battlefield to persuade the archer
 The Sacrifice of Iphigenia Pandarus to shoot an arrow at Menelaus.
 The armies met in Aulis to commence  She succeeded and the fighting
their journey to troy but for three days, continued.
there was no wind.  Diomedes and Hera Against Hector and Ares
 Calchas, the soothsayer, told them that  Diomedes met Hector at the battlefield
the goddess Artemis is angry because the but signaled the Greeks to fall back since
Greeks had killed her sacred hare.
 they were accompanied by Ares, the god
of war.
 Hera came to help and commanded
Diomedes to hurl his spear at Ares.
 Farewell Between Hector and His Family
 Hector bids his son Astyanax and wife
Andromache farewell before returning to
the battlefield.
 The Tamer of Horses
 Without Achilles, Hector wreaked havoc
to the Greek army. By the evening, the
Trojans had driven the Greeks to their
ships. Figure 3.7 – Priam kissing the hand of Achilles
 Folly and Wisdom  Extra Plot (Canon)
 Agamemnon planned to return home due  The Trojan Horse
to defeat. Nestor advised him to reconcile  The Trojan War, which was punctuated
with Achilles. Odysseus tried to convince by battles and skirmishes, lasted for ten
Achilles to return to the battlefield but years (1194BC to 1184BC). It finally
failed. ended when the Greeks retreated from
 Seduction Zone: Mount Olympus camp and left behind a large wooden
 Hera borrowed Aphrodite’s girdle to horse outside the gates of Troy. Inside
seduce Zeus and forget about the Trojans. Troy, there were many debates on if they
 Poseidon came to help the Greeks while should bring the wooden horse in,
Zeus was asleep. including unheeded warnings by
 The Impersonation of Achilles Cassandra, Priam’s daughter –
 Patroclus, the dearest friend of Achilles ultimately, the horse was brought into the
decided to help the Greeks. city.
 Achilles lent him his armaments together  The wooden horse was a plan made by
with myrmidons. Odysseus to end the war. The wooden
 All Trojans fled in fear seeing Patroclus horse was designed to be hollow in the
thinking he was Achilles. middle so that soldiers could hide inside
 Patroclus’ Demise and then was wheeled in front of the city
 Patroclus met Hector one day and was of Troy. After the Trojan Horse was left
killed. Hector then took the armor and at the gates, the Greeks sailed away from
weapons of Achilles. Troy to the island of Tenedos, leaving
 Achilles’ Return behind one double agent named Sinon.
 News reached Achilles’ ears from He was able to convince the Trojans that
Antilochus, the swift footed son of the Greeks had retreated from the war
Nestor. and that the horse was a parting gift that
 Achilles, with his anger, vowed not to eat would ultimately give the Trojans a
nor drink until he had his revenge. fortune.
 Thetis asked Hephaestus to fashion his  However, once nighttime fell, the horse
son a new weapon and armor. opened up and out came the Greek
 Battle between Achilles and Hector soldiers. From the inside of the city, the
 All Trojan warriors except Hector Greeks were able to destroy the city of
retreated inside the city except for Troy and win the war.
Hector.  Achilles’ Demise
 Athena took the shape of Deiphobus, the  Achilles is killed by an arrow, shot by the
brother of Hector to convince him to Trojan prince Paris. In most versions of
fight Achilles. the story, the god Apollo is said to have
 Finally, Hector faced Achilles in their guided the arrow into his vulnerable spot,
final fight. his heel.
 Achilles’ Victory
 After killing Hector, Achilles dragged his
body around the city walls of Troy for
everyone to see. (honestly that’s not nice)
 Hector’s bruised body was brough to
Achilles’ camp where it was to be fed to
the dogs.
 Priam Ransoms the Body of His Deceased Son
 Zeus commanded Hermes to help Priam
in ransoming the body of Hector.
 King Priam kissed the hands of Achilles
to show his humility and sincerity.
 Reminded by his father, Achilles treated
Priam with respect, gave back Hector’s
corpse, and promised not to attack them
Figure 3.8 – Achilles’ heel shot by an arrow
for nine days.
  Paris’ Death  Paragraph 6
 Paris was killed by Philoctetes at the end  Restatement of thesis statement
of the Trojan War. At one point,  Suggestions, opinion or prediction
according to Homer's The Iliad, Paris had for the future
a chance to end the Trojan War by  The rhetorical triangle is also used as shown in
fighting Menelaus one-on-one. Before figure 3.9.
Menelaus could kill Paris and end the
war, Aphrodite carried him away.
 Priam’s Brutal Death
 Priam is killed during the Sack of Troy
by Achilles' son Neoptolemus (also
known as Pyrrhus). His death is
graphically related in Book II of Virgil's
Aeneid. In Virgil's description,
Neoptolemus first kills Priam's son
Polites in front of his father as he seeks
sanctuary on the altar of Zeus. Priam
rebukes Neoptolemus, throwing a spear
at him, harmlessly hitting his shield.
Neoptolemus then drags Priam to the
altar and there kills him too. Priam's
death is alternatively depicted in some
Greek vases. In this version,
Neoptolemus clubs Priam to death with
the corpse of the latter's baby grandson,
Astyanax. Figure 3.9 – The rhetorical triangle
 Claims in argumentation can be used to strengthen
Argumentative Essays / Speech / Writing your point or overall impact. These claims can be
 An argument involves the process of establishing a separated into three:
claim and then proving it with the use of logic,  Claim of Fact
reason, and research.  It is proven or verified by research.
 The following are the goals of argumentative  Usually used in debates that is objective.
writing:  Claims like these must be sufficient,
 to convince or persuade the audience; reliable, recent, accurate, and clear.
 to change the audience’s mind; and  Claim of Value
 to convince him/her/them to agree with the  It states that one idea or thing is better or
point of view. more desirable than the other.
 The following are terminologies used in the topic:  It is commonly used on debates about
 Issue – the topic being discussed morality.
 Argumentation – the action  To use effectively, their use of this claim
 Pro Argument – a point in favor of your claim must:
 Counter Argument – a point against your claim  establish standards of evaluation;
 Refutation – disprovement of counter argument  note the priority of the value in that
 Opponent – an author / speaker against you instance;
 Proponent – an author / speaker with you  establish the advantage;
 The writing of a manuccript for the speech follows  use examples to clarify abstract
different outlines. The most commonly used one is values; and
as follows:  use reliable authority for support.
 Introduction  Claim of Policy
 Paragraph 1  It states a proposal on what should be
 Hook done to solve a problem.
 Background or Supporting Info  To use effectively, their use of this claim
 Main Idea or Thesis Statement must:
 Body  have a clear action plan;
 Paragraph 2  justify why there is a need for a
 Support 1 (first reason) plan;
 Explanation, detail, example  present the plan’s advantage; and
 Paragraph 3  consider refutation and add a
 Support 2 (second reason) counterargument.
 Explanation, detail, example  To evaluate an argument, one must analyze it.
 Paragraph 4
 Support 3 (third reason) Science Enrichment
 Explanation, detail, example Statement of the Problem
 Paragraph 5  A statement of a problem is an organized
 Opposite Side investigation of a problem where an investigator
 Counterargument attempts to gain solution to a problem in order to get
 Refutation the right solution and clearly defined objectives.
 Conclusion
 For the right solution, clearly defined objectives are  to clarify concepts and propose relationships
necessary. among the concepts;
 A clearly defined objective directs a researcher  to provide a context for interpreting the study
in the right direction. findings;
 “Research objectives” is the old name of the  to explain observations; and
statement of the problem.  to encourage a theory development that is
 To form the statement of the problem, use the useful to practice.
acronym SMART. Specific, measurable, attainable,  To summarize, it provides an outline of how you
realistic, and time-bound. plan to conduct the study.
 The statement of the problem is formed by the  Numerous models may be used, but in this case, the
following guidelines: IPO or Input-Process-Output model is used.
 A statement of the problem is stated as a  It is a functional chart that lets you identify the
question. inputs, outputs, and processes.
 It begins with how or which.  Inputs refer to the raw data or
 It may follow the formula: independent variables, processes refer
 Which/how will the independent variable to the actions that are needed to
affect the dependent variable? perform the actual experimentation,
 A variable is any characteristics, number, or quantity and output refers to the result or the
that can be measured or counted. It is divided into dependent variables.
three categories:
 Independent variables are variables you
manipulate in order to affect the outcome of an
experiment.
 Dependent variables are variables that represent
the outcome of the experiment.
 Control variables are variables that are held
constant throughout the experiment.
 A hypothesis states your predictions about what your
research will find. It is a tentative answer to your
research question that has not yet been tested. A Figure 1: Research Paradigm

hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on Figure 4.1 – Example of an IPO model
existing theories and knowledge.
 It also has to be testable, which means you can Significance of the Study
support or refute it through scientific research  The significance of the study provides details to the
methods (such as experiments, observations reader on how the study will contribute such as what
and statistical analysis of data). the study will offer and who will benefit from it. In
 It has three types, namely null, alternative, and simple words, this includes an explanation of the
cause and effect hypothesis. work's importance as well as its potential benefit.
 The null hypothesis (H0) is the claim that
 “Rationale” is crucial – the researcher tries to
there’s no effect in the population.
convince the audience that the research is worth
 An alternative hypothesis (Ha) claims that
doing.
there’s an effect in the population.
 The significance of the study answers the following
 The cause and effect hypothesis is just a
questions:
different way of phrasing the two
 Why is this work important?
hypotheses.
 What are the implications of doing it?
 Not all researches contain a hypothesis. Most
 How does it link to other knowledge?
quantitative research contains hypotheses,
 How does it stand to inform policy making?
while qualitative research almost never
 Why is it Important to conduct the study?
contains a hypothesis.
 What new perspective will you bring to the
topic?
Conceptual Framework
 Who might you decide to share your findings
 A conceptual framework consists of concepts that
with once the project is complete?
are placed within a logical and sequential design.
 The following are some techniques in writing the
 It has a less formal structure; and used in which
significance of the study:
existing theory is inapplicable or insufficient.
 writing in paragraph form should be followed;
 It is based on specific concepts and
 refer to the statement of the problem; and
propositions derived from empirical
 write from general to specific contribution.
observation and intuition.
 It may conclude theories from a conceptual
Scope and Limitations of the Study
framework.
 Limitation is something that limits, bounds, or gives
 A framework, in general, has two kinds: conceptual
restriction.
and theoretical.
 Limitation is a phrase or aspect of the
 Conceptual framework is mostly used in
investigation which may affect the result of the
qualitative research. Theoretical framework, on
study adversely but over which you have no
the other hand, is mainly used in quantitative
control.
research.
 It must be stated honestly.
 The following are the purpose of a conceptual
framework:
 Scope refers to the extent or how far something is least one dependent or outcome
explored. variable.
 Scope of investigation defines where and when  Purpose: Prove or disprove a cause-
the study was conducted and who the subjects effect relationship between two
were. The scope sets the delimitations and variables.
establishes the boundaries the study.  Quasi-Experimental Design
 Delimitations are choices made by the  Attempts to establish a cause-effect
researcher which should be mentioned. relationship.
They describe the boundaries that you  The main difference between True and
have set for the study. Quasi Experimental is that groups are
 Things to be considered in phrasing the scopes and not randomly assigned.
limitations of the study are:  Involves the manipulation of an
 area; independent variable without the
 subject/problem random assignment of participants to
 research apparatus, equipment or instrument; conditions or orders of conditions.
 time frame; and  The following are things are considered in forming
 any limitations in the reference population, the research design:
sample size.  identify the subject of the study;
 location of the study;
Research Design  variables;
 The success failure of an investigation usually  experimental and control groups;
depends on the design of the research.  instruments/devices to be used in the
 The design used as a guide to achieve your research experiment;
objectives it is important to follow a certain  storage/handling of data; and
procedure for accurate and better results.  statistical tools needed for the analysis of the
 A research design is complete sequence of date collected.
steps or procedures that need to be followed  Validity refers to the extent to which a measurement
when obtaining the needed data during an does what it is supposed to do, which is to measure
investigation (Caintic & Cruz, 2008) what it intends to measure.
 It is the blueprint of the study. It guides the  Valid data are not only reliable but also true
collection, measurement and analysis of data and sound.
(Cooper & Schindler, 2001).  The following are validity threats:
 It is a plan or course of action which the  history;
research follows in order to answer the research  selection;
question/s or solve the research problem  testing;
(Sanchez, et al., 1996).  instrumentation;
 The following are the types of research based on  maturation; and
levels of investigation:  mortality.
 Exploratory or Assessment  The use of an appropriate design minimizes the
 It is done to find out pertinent variables. occurrence of error in the conduct of the study and
 Descriptive or Correlation in the conclusions drawn from the study.
 It is done to find out the relationship of
two variables.
 Experimental
Mathematics
Zeros of Polynomial Equations
 It is done to find the effect on one
 Descartes’ Rule of Signs
variable to another.
 A way of determining the number of zeros.
 The following are commonly used research designs:
 The variable with the highest exponent is the
 Non or Pre-Experimental Design
total number of zeros. The number of positive
 It is the simplest form of research
or negative zeros is/are counted by the number
design.
of variation of signs.
 In a pre-experiment, either a single
 The variation of signs pertains to the pairs of
group or multiple groups are observed
consecutive terms with opposite signs.
subsequent to some agent or treatment
presumed to cause change. 3 2
 Lack of manipulation of an independent P( x )=x +7 x +14 x positive zeros=0
variable.
 Describe a group or examine
Figure 5.1 – Example 1
relationships between preexisting
groups.  Steps in Finding the Rational Zeroes of Polynomials
 True Experimental Design  List all possible rational zeros of the
 A statistical approach to establish a polynomial using the Rational Zero Theorem.
cause-effect relationship between  The rational zero theorem lists the
variables. possible rational zeros.
 The most accurate forms of research  If leading coefficient is 1, the
designs. factors of the constant are used.
 Randomized experiment studies with at  If the leading coefficient is more
least one independent variable that is than 1, the factors of the constant
experimentally manipulated and with at
 divided by the factors of the
leading coefficient is used.
 Use synthetic division to identify the possible
rational zeros. If R = 0, then x is a rational zero.

Graphs of Polynomial Equations

 In order to graph the following steps are needed:
 Determine the end behavior using the leading
coefficient test.
 It has four types:
 if + and odd, it is type 1 - falls to
the left and rises to the right
 if - and odd, it is type 2 - rises to
the left and falls to the right
 if + and even, it is type 3 - rises
to the left and right
 if - and even, it is type 4 - falls to Figure 5.2 – Parts of a circle
the left and right  Types of Angles
 Identify x - intercepts (zeros of the  central angle - vertex is on the center point
polynomials) and y - intercepts (organize with  inscribed angles - vertex is on the circle
table of values)  Types of Arcs
 Use the lowest and highest as substitute  Major arc - most of the circle (>180 degrees)
values to find the value of y.  Minor arc - less than half of the circle (<180
 Identify the number of turning points degrees)
 Use the highest exponent of a variable.  Semicircle - exactly half of the circle (=180
 number of turning points = n - 1 degrees)
 Finally, plot the points.  Measurements of an Arc
 Minor Arc or Semicircle - measurement is equal
Circles to the central angle
 Circles are sets of all points in a plane that are at a  Major Arc - measurement is equal to 360 minus
given distance from a given point. It is named after the arc with same endpoints
the center point.  Congruent Arcs are two arcs that have the same
 The following are parts of a circle: measurement and parts of the same circle or
 Radius is the line from the center to any congruent circles. Two arcs that have the same
side. measure aren't necessarily congruent arcs.
 Diameter is the line from each side  Measurement of Central Angles and Arcs
passing through the center.  Postulate 22: Central Angle - Intercepted Arc
 The center angle is an angle whose Postulate
vertex is the center of the circle (named  In a circle, the measure of the central angle
clockwise). is always equal to the measure of its
 An arc is part of a circle connecting two intercepted arc.
points of a circle (the circumference).  Postulate 23: Arc Addition Postulate
 A sector is a region contained by two  The measure of the arc formed by two
radii and an arc. adjacent arcs is the sum of the measures of
 A chord of a circle is a segment whose the two arcs.
end points lie on the circle which doesn't  Postulate 24: A diameter divides a circle into
pass the center point. two semicircles.
 A secant line is a line intersecting the
circle at exactly two points. It is an Inscribed Angles
external line.  Inscribed Angle is an angle whose vertex is on the
 A tangent line is a line intersecting the circle and whose sides contain chords of the circle.
circle at exactly one point. It is an The arc that lies in the interior of an inscribed angle
external line. is the intercepted arc.
 Theorem 97: The Inscribed Angle Theorem
 The measure of the inscribed angle is half
the measure of its intercepted arc. The
inscribed angles are always smaller than
their arcs.
 Theorem 98: The Semicircle Theorem
 An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right
angle. (Ex. mAngle=90 = mArc=180)
 Theorem 99: Inscribed Angle in the Same Arc
 If two inscribed angles of a circle intercept
the same arc, then the angles are congruent.
 Theorem 100: The Inscribed Quadrilateral
 A quadrilateral can be inscribed in a circle
if and only if the opposite angles are
supplementary.
Filipino Binigyan niya si Pandora ng pisikal na
kagandahan at biyaya.
Ang Kahon ni Pandora
 Si Apollo ay anak ni Zeus at ng Titan Leto at
 Naisulat ni Hesiod sa librong Theogony.
kambal na kapatid ni Artemis, ang diyosa ng
 Si Hesiod ay isang sinaunang makatang Griyego
pangangaso. Siya ang diyos ng liwanag, musika,
na karaniwang naisip na aktibo sa pagitan ng
propesiya, gamot, salot, sayaw, tula, intelektwal
750 at 650 BC, sa halos parehong panahon ni
na pagkamausisa, mga bakahan at kawan.
Homer. Ipinanganak siya sa Cyme at namatay sa
Binigyan niya si Pandora ng regalo ng talento sa
Ascra.
musika.
 Si Homer ay pinaniniwalaang nabuhay
 Si Hermes ay sugo ng mga diyos at diyos ng
noong mga ika-9 o ika-8 siglo BCE at
mga manlalakbay, mangangalakal, timbang,
tubong Ionia. Isang makata sa oral na
panukat, mananalumpati, panitikan, atleta at
tradisyon, ang kanyang mga gawa ay
magnanakaw. Siya ay kilala sa kanyang
malamang na na-transcribe ng iba. Siya ay
katalinuhan, tuso at panlilinlang. Binigyan niya
tradisyonal na inilalarawan bilang bulag, at
si Pandora ng isang magnanakaw,
sinasabi ng ilan na siya ay hindi marunong
mapagkunwari na personalidad.
bumasa at sumulat.
 Si Athena ang diyosa ng karunungan, sining,
 Itinuring ng mga Griyego noong huling
katarungan, kasanayan at digmaan. Siya ay
bahagi ng ika-5 at unang bahagi ng ika-4 na
bumangon nang husto at ganap na armado mula
siglo BC ang kanilang pinakamatandang
sa bungo ng kanyang ama. Si Athena ay naging
makata na sina Orpheus, Musaeus, Hesiod at
patron na diyosa ng Athens pagkatapos ng isang
Homer—sa ganoong pagkakasunud-sunod.
paligsahan kay Poseidon upang makita kung
Pagkatapos noon, nagsimulang isaalang-
sino ang maaaring magbigay sa mga tao ng mas
alang ng mga Griyegong manunulat si
magandang regalo. Iniharap ni Poseidon ang
Homer nang mas maaga kaysa kay Hesiod.
tubig dagat ngunit ito ay masyadong maalat para
 Ang “kahon” ay hindi kahon ngunit isang jar. Ang
maging kapaki-pakinabang. Ibinigay sa kanila ni
misconception ay naganap sa pagtranslate ni
Athena ang puno ng olibo, na nagbibigay ng
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus mula griyego
pagkain, langis at kahoy. Ibinigay niya kay
hanggang latin.
 Pandora ang mga regalo ng damit, dekorasyon at
Greek Latin
 paggawa ng mga craft.
Pithos Pyxis
  Matapos makumpleto ng mga diyos ang
Jar Box
Figure 6.1 – Proseso ng pagsalin Pandora, iniharap nila siya kay Epimetheus
 Ang mga sumusunod ay mga karakter sa istorya: bilang isang nobya. Binalaan ni Prometheus si
 Si Prometheus at Epimetheus ay mga miyembro Epimetheus laban sa pagkuha ng mga regalo
ng sinaunang tribo ng mga diyos na Griyego na mula kay Zeus, ngunit ang babala ay hindi
tinatawag na Titans. Ang ibig sabihin ng pinansin. Isa sa mga regalo sa kasal ay isang
Prometheus ay "pag-iisipan," at nakikita niya selyadong garapon o kahon na naglalaman ng
ang hinaharap. Ang kanyang kapatid ay si lahat ng paghihirap sa mundo. Nang buksan ni
Epimetheus, o "hindsight." Nilikha ni Pandora ang kahon, naglabas ito ng paghihirap
Prometheus ang tao mula sa luwad at tubig. tulad ng sakit, kahirapan at digmaan sa mundo.
Nang ang mga diyos na tinawag na mga Tanging pag-asa ang natitira. Inihambing ng
Olympian ay tinanggihan ang kaalaman ng tao "The Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman
sa apoy, ninakaw ito ni Prometheus mula sa Mythology" ang Pandora sa Bisperas ng Bibliya
kanila at ibinigay ito sa tao. para sa kanilang mga katulad na tungkulin sa
 Si Zeus ay ang hari ng mga diyos na Griyego na pagpapalabas ng paghihirap sa mundo.
tinatawag na Olympians. Sinamba siya ng mga
Griyego bilang diyos ng langit, batas,
katarungan at moralidad. Iniutos niya ang
CUT
paglikha ng Pandora bilang kabayaran sa
mapanghimagsik na pag-uugali ni Prometheus.
Kahit na maganda, siya ang magiging bane ng
pagkakaroon ng tao. Ipinagapos din niya si
Prometheus sa isang istaka kung saan tuwing
umaga kinakain ng agila o isang buwitre ang
kanyang patuloy na nagbabagong-buhay na atay.
 Si Hephaestus ay ang diyos ng mga bulkan,
apoy, panday at manggagawa, lalo na ang mga
nagtatrabaho sa metal. Nililok niya ang Pandora
mula sa lupa at tubig. Ginawa rin siya ng
gintong headband na pinalamutian ng mga ukit
ng lahat ng mga halimaw sa mundo.
 Ayon sa makata na si Hesiod, ipinanganak si
Aphrodite nang kinapon ng Titan Cronus si
Uranus, ama ng mga diyos, at itinapon ang
kanyang ari sa dagat. Si Aphrodite ay bumangon
mula sa nagresultang bula. Si Aphrodite ay ang
diyosa ng pag-ibig, sekswalidad at kagandahan.