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Tutorial Topic 2 2020 Revised

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103 views

Tutorial Topic 2 2020 Revised

Uploaded by

Tara Pillay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial TOPIC 2.

Open Systems 1

Tutorial Questions Topic 2


P1V1^gamma=P2V2^Gamma=constant

1. ADIABATIC RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR Wf=-P1V1+P2V2

(a) The fluid work for all reciprocating compressors with zero
clearance volume is given by W f = (W f 2 + W f 1 ) = − P1V1 + P2V2
(this was derived in class.). From this general equation derive an
equation for the fluid work that is specific for an adiabatic
compressor. However, the final equation must not contain the
volume of the compressed gas.
(b) Use this result and the expression for the volume work, that was
derived before, to derive an equation for the shaft work.
(c) Compare this result to the equation derived in class.
(d) Sketch the process (all three parts) in the same P − V -diagram.
Indicate the direction of the individual processes, the associated
volume work contributions and their respective signs.
(e) In the P − V -diagram sketched in part (d) include the shaft work
and indicate its sign.
Text

2. ADIABATIC COMPRESSOR
Air at a rate of 18kg/s is drawn into the compressor of a jet engine at 55kPa
and -23 oC. Assuming the air is compressed reversibly and adiabatically
to 3.0 bar, which means the process undergoing a polytropic process with
n=γ=1.4. Determine the power input to the compressor.
[Ans: 2818.8 kW]

3. ADIABATIC AIR EXPANSION


50 litre of air, which should be treated as an ideal gas with cv = (5 / 2)R ,
is expanded adiabatically from 10 bar and 293 K in an adiabatic
reciprocating “expander” until its volume increases by a factor of 10.
(a) Sketch all parts of the process in the same P − V -diagram.
Indicate the direction of all processes, all work contributions
including the shaft work and their signs.
(b) Calculate the shaft work.
(c) Calculate the fluid work.
[Ans: (b) – 105.3 kJ; (c) – 30.1 kJ]

©HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITY…………………B48BC………………………November 2020


Tutorial TOPIC 2. Open Systems 2

4. COMPRESSOR DESIGN
An isothermal compressor is required to compresses 1 kg of oxygen per
second at 231 K from 100 kPa to 1 MPa. Treat Oxygen as an ideal gas.
(a) Determine the necessary engine power.
(b) To maintain isothermal conditions sufficient heat must be
dissipated. Determine the required heat dissipation rate.
[Ans: (a) 138.2 kW; (b) Q= - 138 kW)

5. Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at a pressure of 1.0 bar,


a temperature of 290K, and a velocity of 6.0 m/s through an inlet with an
area of 0.1 m2. At the exit, the pressure is 7.0 bar, the temperature is 450 K,
and the velocity of 2.0m/s. The heat transfer from the compressor to its
surroundings occurs at a rate of 18.0 kJ/min. The air can be treated as ideal
gas, calculate the power input to the compressor in kW.
[Ans: 116.2 kW]

6. THE ADIABATIC COMPRESSOR


A 10k W compressor is used to compress air from 1 atm and 50°C to 5
atm. The intake flow rate of air is 0.05kg/s. Treat air as an ideal gas with
c P = (7 / 2)R . With this information, calculate the temperature of the air
leaving the compressor.
[Ans: T2=250 °C]

7. THE LIVINGSTON MILL IN THE ALMOND VALLEY HERITAGE CENTRE


This mill uses water from the river Almond. The flow rate through the mill
is about 400 kg/s and the height difference is 2.5 m is used.
(a) Determine the power output of the mill.
(b) If this energy is used to heat water for a shower, calculate the
maximum flow rate of warm water (kg/s), when cold water inlet
temperature to the shower is 10°C and shower outlet temperature
is 42°C (from steam tables hH2O at 10 °C = 41.96 kJ/kg; hH2O at 42
°C = 171.82 kJ/kg)
[Ans: (a) Ẇs=9.81 kW; (b) ṁ = 0.076 kg/s]

8. HEAT EXCHANGER
A flow of 1000 m3/min of carbon dioxide c P = 55 (J/(mol K), at 1500°C
and 1 atm, is cooled in a long tube heat exchanger to 700°C by cold
water which is heated in the process from 8°C to 68°C.
(a) Estimate the cooling power needed to cool 1 mol carbon dioxide

©HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITY…………………B48BC………………………November 2020


Tutorial TOPIC 2. Open Systems 3

gas.
(b) Determine the coolant water flow rate.
[Ans: (a) 4,987 kW; (b) ṁ = 19.9 kg/s]

9. Hot combustion gases (can be considered as air as the ideal gas) enter a
gas turbine at 1100kP, 1327 oC with a mass flow rate of 0.2 kg/s and exit at
300kPa and 727 oC. If the heat transfer from the turbine to its surrounding
occurs at a rate of 16 kW, determine the power output of the turbine in kW.
[Ans: –104.54 kW]

10. THE ADIABATIC FLOW NOZZLE


An adiabatic flow nozzle is an ingenious device that transforms a slow
flow of a hot gas into a fast flow of a cold gas. In the present case air
(molar mass = 28.9644 g/mol) at 600 K and negligible velocity enters the
nozzle and leaves it at 500 K.
Determine the velocity of the gas exiting the nozzle, given that air may
be treated as an ideal gas with c P = (7 / 2)R .
In this problem use the fact that, for an ideal gas, the internal energy
and the enthalpy depend on the temperature only and are independent
of the pressure.
[Ans: vout = 448.25 m/s]

11. MULTI-STAGE COMPRESSION


Air is compressed from 100 kPa, 293 K and a volume of 1m3 to 1 MPa: (i)
isothermally, (ii) adiabatically, and (iii) with two-stage adiabatic compression
with isobaric intercooling to 293K.
(a) Sketch the processes on the same P − V diagram. Label the processes
and indicate their direction. Shade the area that represents the shaft
work of the two-stage process and then do the same for the difference
between the shaft work for the single-stage isothermal and the two-stage
adiabatic process.
(b) Calculate the isothermal shaft work.
(c) Calculate the adiabatic shaft work.
(d) Calculate the shaft work for the two-stage compression.
[Ans: (b) 230 kJ; (c)326 kJ; (d) 259 kJ]

©HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITY…………………B48BC………………………November 2020

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