• Introduction to Computer

Lecture 1
 Lecturer’s information
• Name: Dr. Gamil R. S. Qaid

• Academic Qualification:

• - B. Tech. and M. Tech. in (Techniques and Technology) IT and CE

from Kursk State Technical University, Kursk City – Russian
Federation on 2005 and 2007 respectively.

• - Ph.D. in CSs and Engineering (Information Security) SGGS College

of Engineering & Technology, SRTMU, Nanded, M.S., India on 2016.

• Email: [email protected]

• Mobile No.: 735428075 – 773514388.

 Course Assessment
❑ This course consists of 2 parts: Theoretical and Practical

The marks of this course will be as the following:

20% practical part

10% Attendance & Participation

20% Mid Term Exam

50% Final Exam

Total: 100 %
 Computer Architecture and Number Systems
Topics that’s will cover in this Course
• Basics Computer Components, Concepts and Functions
• Application & System Software
• Operating Systems for Computers
• Telecommunication Systems
• Computer Files
• Web Browsers and Technology
• Utilizing Microsoft Office
• Database fundamentals
• Computer Programming Fundamentals
• Computer Threats and Security
 What is Computer?

• A data processing machine capable of performing computations and making

logical decisions very fast.

• Consists of hardware such as keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory,

CD-ROM, and processing units.

• A program (software) is a set of instructions written in a computer language

that runs on a computer.
 Major Computer Components

• Memory Unit (Main Memory, Secondary Storage Unit)

• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Input/Output (I/O) Unit

 Memory Unit

• Memory unit stores information such as computer programs, data, or

documents.

• Two types of memory devices:

1. Primary Storage or Main Memory
2. Secondary Storage
 Memory Unit

• Main memory is fast and expensive .

• Stores frequently accessed information such as programs and data

during their execution.

• Is volatile storage. That is, if power is lost, the information in main

memory is lost.

• Secondary storage is slower and cheaper.

• Disks (floppy, hard, removable), Tapes, CDs, DVDs.

• Is non-volatile, that is persistent (permanent) storage.

 Memory Unit

• Main memory consists of a collections of storage locations.

• Data are read from or written to memory in cells. A cell can be 8 – 64 bits.

• Address is used to uniquely identify a cell location.

• Cells may be grouped into words. E.g., four 8-bit cells forms one word.
 Memory Unit

• Memory Access Methods

• Sequential access memory

• Read memory address one after another, e.g. tape.

• Random-access memory (RAM)

• Any location can be read by specifying its address, e.g. main

memory, disks, CDs, DVDs.
 Input/Output (I/O) Unit

• Input/Output Unit
• Input unit accepts input data and programs from an input device.
• Output unit sends the results of processing (output) to an output
device.

• More generally, these devices are known as peripheral devices.

• Input device - keyboard, mouse, scanner
• Output device - monitor, printer
• I/O device - disk drive (floppy, hard, removable), CD or DVD drive
 ALU, CPU

• ALU performs calculations (such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,

division) and logical operations (e.g. comparing two numbers).

• CPU is the “brain” of the computer.

• Controls operations of other components, memory, ALU, I/O.

• Tells input unit when info is ready to be read into the memory unit.

• Tells output unit when to send info from the memory unit to an
output device.
 Computer Components Interconnection
• CPU and memory are connected by a bus.

• Connecting I/O devices

• I/O devices are slower than CPU/memory.
• Can’t connect directly to Bus. Need an I/O controller or interface to
handle the differences in speed between the I/O device and the bus.

• A bus is a group of parallel wires that carry control signals and data
between CPU and memory.
 Computer Components Interconnection

• Three types of Bus -

• Data Bus

• Address Bus

• Control Bus

• Data bus consists of many wires. Each wire carries 1 bit at a time.

• The # of wires (bits) needed = size of a word. If the word is 32 bits in a

computer, then we need 32-bit data bus.
 Computer Components Interconnection

• Address bus allows access to a particular word in a memory. The number

of wires = log2(total number of memory words). If the memory has 2n
words, address bus needs to carry n bits at a time.

• Control bus carries communication signals between CPU and memory.

The number of bits used = log2(total number of control commands).
 Data Representation

Data types:
• Text
• Number
• Image
• Audio
• Video
 Bits, Bytes, and Words
• A bit is a single binary digit (a 1 or 0).
• A byte is 8 bits
• A word is 32 bits (that is, 4 bytes)
• Long word = 8 bytes = 64 bits
• Quad word = 16 bytes = 128 bits
• Programming languages use these standard number of bits when organizing
data storage and access.
• What do you call 4 bits?
(hint: it is a small byte)
 Number Systems

• The data in memory is represented in terms of 1’s and 0’s.

• Therefore, thinking about how information is stored in RAM requires

knowledge of the binary (base 2) number system.

• Let’s review the decimal (base 10) number system first.

 The Decimal Number System

• The decimal number system is a positional number system.

• Example:
1 2 65 5 X 100 = 5
103 102 101 100 6 X 101 = 60
2 X 102 = 200
1 X 103 = 1000
 The Decimal Number System

• The decimal number system is also known as base 10. The

values of the positions are calculated by taking 10 raised to
some power.

• Why is the base 10 for decimal numbers?

o Because we use 10 digits, the digits 0 through 9.
 The Binary Number System

• The binary number system is also known as base 2. The values

of the positions are calculated by taking 2 to some power.

• Why is the base 2 for binary numbers?

o Because we use 2 digits, the digits 0 and 1.
 The Binary Number System

• The binary number system is also a positional numbering system.

• Instead of using ten digits, 0 - 9, the binary system uses only two
digits, 0 and 1.

• Example of a binary number and the values of the positions:

1 0 0 1 1 0 1

26 25 24 23 22 21 20
 Converting from Binary to Decimal

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 X 20 = 1
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 0 X 21 = 0
0 X 22 = 0
20 = 1 24 = 16 1 X 23 = 8
21 = 2 25 = 32 0 X 24 = 0
22 = 4 26 = 64 0 X 25 = 0
23 = 8 1 X 26 = 64
7310
 Converting from Binary to Decimal

Practice conversions:

Binary Decimal
101
1101
101101
 Converting From Decimal to Binary

• Perform successive divisions by 2, placing the remainder (0 or 1) in each of the

positions from right to left.
• Continue until the quotient is zero.
• Example: 4410

44 / 2 = 22 rem = 0
22 / 2 = 11 rem = 0
11 / 2 =5 rem = 1
5/2 =2 rem = 1
2/2 =1 rem = 0
1/2 =0 rem = 1
Done answer = 1 0 1 1 0 0 2
 Converting From Decimal to Binary

Practice conversions:

Decimal Binary

59
82
175
 Working with Large Numbers

1101000010100110 = ?

• Humans don’t work well with binary numbers; there are too
many digits to deal with.

• Memory addresses and other data can be quite large.

Therefore, we sometimes use the hexadecimal number system.
 The Hexadecimal Number System

• The hexadecimal (hex) number system is also known as base 16.

• The values of the positions are calculated by taking 16 to some power.

• Why is the base 16 for hexadecimal numbers ?

• Because we use 16 symbols, the digits 0 and 1 and the letters A
through F.
 The Hexadecimal Number System

• Example of a hexadecimal number and the values of the positions:

3 C 8 B 0 5 1
166 165 164 163 162 161 160
 The Hexadecimal Number System

Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Binary Decimal Hexadecimal

0 0 0 1010 10 A
1 1 1 1011 11 B
10 2 2 1100 12 C
11 3 3 1101 13 D
100 4 4 1110 14 E
101 5 5 1111 15 F
110 6 6
111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9
 Converting From Hexadecimal to Decimal

• Example: Convert 1A5F16 to decimal.

1 A 5 F

163 162 161 160

4096 256 16 1

Recall: A16 = 1010 and F16 = 1510.

= 1 x 4096 + A x 256 + 5 x 16 + F x 1

= 1 x 4096 + 10 x 256 + 5 x 16 + 15 x 1

= 4096 + 2560 + 80 + 15
 Converting From Decimal to Hexadecimal

• Perform successive divisions by 16, placing the remainder (0-9, A-F)

in each of the positions from right to left.
• Continue until the quotient is zero.
• Example: Convert 14310 to hex.

143 / 16 = 8 rem = 1510 = F16

8 / 16 = 0 rem = 8
Done answer = 8F16

To Check: 8 x 16 + 15 = 128 + 15 = 14310

 Example of Equivalent Numbers

Binary: 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 12

Decimal: 2064710

Hexadecimal: 50A716

Notice that the number of digits needed

is smaller as the base increases.
 Next Class

• Operating System and Using Linux.

• Homework #1 due beginning of class on September 9.