Transform plate boundaries script ^^

(All): *insert intro things

Fiona: Tectonic plate boundaries are the boundary between two or more tectonic plates. Albeit slowly,
these plates move constantly in many different directions. There are three types of plate boundaries;
Convergent: where plates collide; Divergent: when a plate or two moves away from the other and
divide; And transform: when plates skid and slide through each other.

*insert yung magsasabi ng quote

Luis: In the Philippines, we often experience earthquakes since our country is located at the “Pacific Ring
of Fire” wherein many volcanic eruptions occur. According to PHIVOLCS (Philippines Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology), our country experiences 100 - 150 earthquakes every year. Between 1988
and 2003, major earthquakes in the Philippines claimed 1,385 lives and cost approximately PhP34.94
billion worth of damages to private and public infrastructures and properties. But what is the cause of
earthquakes?

Ryu: Transform Plate Boundaries. The plates of these boundaries move past one another without
producing or destroying crust. As the plates slide past one another, this causes stresses occur which may
result in the breaking down of rocks or even earthquakes. The grinding action between the plates at a
transform plate boundary results in shallow earthquakes, large lateral displacement of rock, and a broad
zone of crustal deformation. Most transform faults are found on the ocean floor. However, a few occur
on land, for example, the San Andreas fault zone in California.
Lana: Transform Plate Boundaries is a fault along a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly
horizontal. It ends abruptly when it connects to another plate boundary. A transform fault is a special
case of a strike-slip fault that also forms a plate boundary. The fracture zone that forms a transform
plate boundary is known as a transform fault. Most transform faults are found in the ocean basin and
connect offsets in the mid-ocean ridges.
Ulyse: Linear valleys or stream beds with discontinuities are the most frequent features at transform
boundaries. They commonly encounter earthquakes. Friction develops as the crust travels horizontally
against another plate. An earthquake will eventually be the form in which the energy is released.
Shallow earthquakes, masses of rock displaced tens to hundreds of miles, and a landscape made up of
long ridges separated by narrow valleys are all characteristics of the vast zone of shearing at a transform
plate boundary.

Joash: Also, long, narrow faults that pierce through the surface of the land are a distinctive feature of
transform plates. Additionally, they can move constructed elements like fences and roadways around
because to their parallel movement. Nearly all plate boundaries, including mid-ocean ridges, transform
faults, and subduction zones, are where earthquakes can happen. But for transform plates, seismic
activity typically occurs at a short depth. Volcanoes along transform faults are widely dispersed. We
have developed major cities along two transform plates because transform faults have less
distinguishable features. San Francisco and Los Angeles, for instance, serve as the best examples of this
situation in California.

Ryu: A major fracture of the Earth’s crust in extreme western North America. The
fault trends northwestward for more than 800 miles (1,300 km) from the northern end of the Gulf of
California through western California, U.S., passing seaward into the Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of San
Francisco. Tectonic movement along the fault has been associated with occasional large earthquakes
originating near the surface along its path, including a disastrous quake in San Francisco in 1906, a less
serious event there in 1989, and a strong and destructive quake centered in the Los Angeles suburb of
Northridge in 1994 that occurred along one of the San Andreas’s larger secondary faults.

Joash: According to the theory of plate tectonics, the San Andreas Fault represents the transform (strike-
slip) boundary between two major plates of the Earth’s crust: the Northern Pacific to the south and west
and the North American to the north and east. The Northern Pacific plate is sliding laterally past the
North American plate in a northerly direction, and hence the San Andreas is classified as a strike-slip
fault. The movement of the plates relative to each other has been about 1 cm (0.4 inch) per year
over geologic time, though the annual rate of movement has been 4 to 6 cm (1.6 to 2.4 inches) per year
since the early 20th century. Parts of the fault line moved as much as 6.4 meters (21 feet) during the
1906 earthquake

Ryu: The Dead Sea is a rift lake in the Jordan Rift Valley. Although the Dead Sea is not the world's
deepest lake, the deep Jordan Rift makes it the lowest land elevation on Earth. The Dead Sea Rift is a
600 km long, approximately 20 km wide geomorphological depression, showing a topographic relief of
1,000 to 3,000 m from the axial depression to the mountainous margins in many places. The Rift is the
northern extension of the Red Sea young oceanic spreading center, and it is built of a series of internal
basins. The Rift is the product of vertical displacements that down-faulted its floor and uplifted its
margins, but some sinisterly strike-slip offset affected the Rift as well. The tectonic evolution of the Rift
started probably in the Pliocene, subsequent to the termination of the intensive tectonic activity in the
Suez Rift. The so-called Dead Sea Transform is a geologically complex area, where tectonic
plates interact in many ways.

Fiona: On the other hand, the Philippines has the famous Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ) that is 1,200 km
long and transects the whole Philippine archipelago from northwestern Luzon in Bangui Ilocos Norte to
southeastern Mindanao. The Philippine Fault Zone is widely accepted as a major strike-slip fault
comparable to the San Andreas fault.

Luis: This fault has been very active in the past 200 years with several destructive earthquakes
accompanied by surface rupture. However, there was no large-scale map of the Philippine fault, which is
essential for mitigating seismic hazards from future earthquakes. This arc-parallel, left-lateral strike slip
fault is divided into several segments. There are about 30 active fault systems in the Philippines from
where earthquakes may originate. Two of the most common faults are the Philippine Fault consisting of
at least 20 segments distributed from Luzon to Mindanao and the Valley Fault System consisting of two
segments transecting the Greater Metro Manila Area (GMMA) area.

Fiona: This has been the source of large-magnitude earthquakes in recent years, such as the 1973 Ragay
Gulf earthquake, the 1990 Luzon earthquake, and the 2003 Masbate earthquake. The high seismic risk
posed by this fault zone requires a large-scale active faults map, a fundamental data set for seismic
hazard mitigation.

Fiona: The segments in the Philippine fault zone are the following: Vigan-Aggao Fault, Digdig Fault,
Infanta Fault, Guinayangan Fault, Sibuyan Sea Fault, Central Leyte Fault, Lianga Fault, and Eastern
Mindanao Fault.

Lana: The most significant, historic earthquake zone (geological fault) in the Philippines is located just

10km East of Manila City and is known as the "West Valley Fault System" or, frequently, "Marikina

Fault''. Archaeological evidence tells us that the Marikina/West Valley Fault earthquake zone, which

runs almost North-South along the Marikina Valley, slips every 200-400 years delivering a magnitude

6.0-7.0 earthquake.

Ulyse: It is a dominantly right-lateral strike-slip fault system in Luzon, Philippines. It extends from Doña

Remedios Trinidad, Bulacan in the north and runs through the provinces of Rizal, and the Metro Manila

cities of Quezon, Marikina, Pasig, Makati, Taguig, and Muntinlupa, and the provinces of Cavite and

Laguna that ends in Canlubang.

In addition to this, it's possible that it may cause the Taal Volcano to erupt as a consequence of this fault

line shifting. There are actually a number of recognized earthquake fault lines within the Marikina Valley

Fault System. The most significant of which is the 10 km-long East Valley Fault, in Rizal, and the 100 km-

long West Valley Fault, from Bulacan, down through Cavite, to Laguna.
Lana: The Central Philippine Fault which affects the areas of Aurora, Quezon, Masbate, Eastern and

Southern Leyte, Agusan del Sur, Agusan del Norte, Davao del Norte, and the entire area of Ilocos Norte.

The Central Philippine Fault Zone, on the other end of the spectrum, is the source of fault creep activity,

slow slip event, and great earthquakes in the archipelago.

Joash: After a quake along a strike-slip fault, railroad tracks and fences can show bends and shifts. The

motion can cause bridges and buildings to collapse. With both normal and reverse faults, movement

occurs vertically. This can destroy buildings by generating waves that propagate through the soil and

create movement at a building's foundation. Transform fault can also be the reason for the cracks in

roads and walls. Field observations suggest that in many cases (5–9), strike-slip motion can indeed

generate tsunami waves.

All: Thank you for listening!