ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Module 1
Module Title: Plane Analytic Geometry

Module Description: This module covers the preliminary concepts of Plane Analytic
Geometry which includes the cartesian plane, the distance, midpoint and division formulas of
a line and finally the determination of the slope and the angle between lines.

Purpose of the Module:

This module let the students learn the use of a cartesian coordinate system in order to
solve problems involving the distance, slope and angle of lines. In addition, they will also learn
to solve the area of a triangle when the coordinates are given instead of the length of its sides.

Module Guide:

Each lesson in the module begins with a pre-test to test the awareness of the students
either of the lesson itself or of the previous lesson/s needed to understand the current lesson. It
is then followed by a discussion, a set of exercises wherein answers are provided in the “Let’s
Check” portion of the module and finally with a post-test.

Link to videos and/ or other reading materials are also given to reinforce the learnings
for each lesson presented.

Module Outcomes:
1. Set up equations given enough properties of lines.
2. Draw the graph of the given equation of the lines.

Module Requirements:

At the end of this module, the students will submit the following:

1. An educational video of at least one of the lesson presented in this module.

2. Solution to all the exercises of each lesson.
3. Take a module post-test.

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 9 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Module Pretest:
1. What color is the point drawn with Cartesian coordinates (2, -4) on graph A below?
2. What color is the point drawn with Cartesian coordinates (−1, 3) on graph B below?
3. What color is the point drawn with Cartesian coordinates (1, 4) on the graph C below?

Graph A Graph B Graph C

4. What is the angle between the x-axis and the y-axis?
5. Where do the x-axis and y-axis meet?

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 10 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 1

Lesson Title: Introduction to Analytic Geometry

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Know a brief history about Analytic Geometry.
 Define and know the importance of Analytic Geometry.
 Differentiate Plane Analytic Geometry from Solid Analytic Geometry.

Let’s Get Started:

Mathematics history indicates that Apollonius of Perga (c. 262-180 BC), known as the
“Great Geometer” prefigured the development of analytic geometry with his series of books
entitled Conics. However, it is interesting to note that its conception started from non-pure
mathematicians, namely, mathematician-astronomer Francois Viete (1540 – 1603),
mathematician-philosopher Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650), and lawyer-mathematician
Pierre de Fermat (1601 – 1665). Traditionally, algebra is treated separately from geometry.
It was Viete who developed the first systematic use of algebraic symbols and notation. This
work inspired Descartes and Fermat, who dared to independently discover the concept of
unifying algebra and geometry. Fermat, however, never published his findings, while
Descartes’ work was published in 1637 in his book entitled La Geometrie.

The concept, known today as rectangular Coordinate System or Cartesian Coordinate

System, became an important discovery. It later led to the development of a far more
comprehensive theory of geometry called analytic geometry, which later gave birth to
calculus.

Let’s Read:
Analytic Geometry is the branch of mathematics which deals with the properties, behaviors
and solutions of points, lines, curves, angles, surfaces and solids by means algebraic
methods in relation to a coordinate system. The study of Analytic Geometry is divided into
two parts. The first part, Plane Analytic Geometry, deals with figures on a plane surface.
The second part, Solid Analytic Geometry, deals with solid surfaces.

Let’s Do This:
What do you think is the importance of studying Analytic Geometry in our daily lives?
Email you answers to [email protected].

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 11 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 2

Lesson Title: Cartesian Coordinate Plane (Rectangular Coordinate Plane)

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Define and differentiate the unique ordered pair of numbers called
coordinates.
 Identify the coordinates of a given point.
 Plot and label points on the cartesian plane given the coordinates.

Let’s Get Started:

Creating a Cartesian Plane

1. In a sheet of 1 cm grid paper, fold the paper in half horizontally and then fold the paper
in half again, so that when it is opened it is divided into four quarters/quadrants.
2. Draw a green line over the horizontal fold and a red line over the vertical fold.
3. At the point where the two lines intersect (origin) write zero.
4. Write the numbers 1, 2, 3. . . on the green horizontal line to the right of zero, one number
per line and -1, -2, -3. . . on the horizontal line to the left of the zero.
5. Write the numbers 1, 2, 3. . . on the red vertical line above zero, one number per line
and -1, -2, -3. . . on the vertical line below zero.

Let’s Find Out:

We now have "coordinate lines." It can be used to describe where a point is on the line.
To give the exact "address" of a point, we just look at how far the point is from zero, using
a minus symbol for numbers either going to the left of or down from zero . These numbers
are ‘negative’ numbers.

Let’s Read:

The Rectangular Coordinate Plane or the Cartesian Coordinate Plane consists of

two perpendicular lines – a vertical line called the y-axis and a horizontal line called the x-
axis. These two lines, called the Cartesian coordinate axes, or simply coordinate axes,
intersect at a point called the origin, usually designated as O. The coordinate axes divide
the plane into four quadrants. See Figure 1.1.

A convenient unit of length is chosen and is used to mark equal segments along each
axis. The segments marked on the right of the y-axis are positive and those on the left,
negative. Similarly, the segments marked above the x-axis are positive, and those below,
negative.

Each point on the xy-plane is associated with a unique ordered pair of numbers, (x,y),
called the coordinates, where x is the abscissa and y is the ordinate.

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 12 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Definition 1.1 Abscissa and Ordinate

The x-coordinate of a point P(x,y) is called the abscissa, while the y-coordinate
is called the ordinate.

Figure 1.1 Cartesian Coordinate Plane

Consider a point P whose coordinates are (x,y). Thus, the distance of P from the y-axis
is x, and that from the x-axis is y. The distance is actually a directed distance, wherein the
direction is important since the coordinates are signed numbers, including the location of
the point relative to the coordinates axes. See figure 1.2

Figure 1.2 Point P(x,y)

Example 1.1 Plot the points A(-2,0), B(3.5,1) and C(0,-4). Also identify the coordinates of
points D, E and F. See figure 1.3

Figure 1.3 Points D, E and F

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 13 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Solution: If one coordinate of a point is zero, then the point lies on one of the axes and is
not in any quadrant. See figure 1.4

Figure 1.4 Points A, B, C, D, E and F

Let’s Do This:

Exercise 1.1
Plot the points A(-5,-2), B(5,1) and C(0,4). Also, identify the coordinates of points D, E
and F. See figure 1.5

Figure 1.5 Points D, E and F

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 14 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 3

Lesson Title: Distance Formula

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Find the distance between two points.

Let’s Get Started:

Directed Line Segments. Heretofore, whenever we talk about the length of a line
segment, we generally mean the number of units in the line segment.

When a line segment us measured in a definite sense or direction, it is known to be

directed line segment. We speak of the directed line segment AB if the direction of
measurement is from A to B; or BA if we start at B and end at A. See figure 1.6

Figure 1.6. Directed Line Segments

If we take one direction, say AB, as positive, then the opposite direction BA would be
negative. If B is 3 units to the right of A, then AB = 3 and BA = -3.

Let’s Read:

Let the coordinates of two points be P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) and let d be the distance
between them. See Figure 1.7.

Figure 1.7 Distance between Two Points

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 15 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

By the Pythagorean Theorem, 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 , where: a = x2 – x1 , b = y2 – y1 and c = d,

𝑑 = (𝑥 – 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 – 𝑦 )

𝒅= (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 (1)

This is known as the distance formula and the coordinates may be taken in reverse order
because the quantity in parenthesis, whatever its sign, would become positive when squared.

Example 3.1 w

Solution:

In the distance formula,

x1 = 4 x2 = 6
y1 = -2 y2 = 5

𝑑 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦 )
𝑑 = (6 − 4) + (5 − −2)
𝑑 = √4 + 49
𝒅 = √𝟓𝟑 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔. 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

Figure 1.8 Distance bet. points (4, -2) and (6, 5)

Example 3.2 Show that the points (-3, 0), (-1, -1) and (5, -4) are in a straight line..

Solution: The points are in a straight line if the sum of the two shorter distances is equal to
the longest distance.

𝑃 𝑃 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦 )
𝑃 𝑃 = (−1 − −3) + (−1 − 0)
𝑃 𝑃 = √5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑃 𝑃 = (5 − −1) + (−4 − −1)

𝑃 𝑃 = 3√5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑃 𝑃 = (5 − −3) + (−4 − 0)
𝑃 𝑃 = 4√5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Figure 1.9 Distance bet. points (4, -2) and (6, 5) Since 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟑 = 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑 ,

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 16 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

𝑷𝟏 , 𝑷𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝟑 lies in a straight line.

Example 3.3 The vertices of the base of an isosceles triangle are at (1, 2) and (4, -1). Find
the ordinate of the third vertex if its abscissa is 6.

Solution: Let P (6, y) be the required point. AP = PB since two sides of an isosceles
triangle are equal.

𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝐵
(1 − 6) + (2 − 𝑦) = (4 − 6) + (−1 − 𝑦)

Squaring both sides, we obtain

25 + 4 − 4𝑦 + 𝑦 = 4 + 1 + 2𝑦 + 𝑦
−6𝑦 = −24
y=4

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐱 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐭 (𝟔, 𝟒).

Figure 1.10 Vertex of an isosceles triangle

Let’s Do This:

Exercise 1.2
1. Plot and find the distance between the points (1, 5) and (-5, 3).
2. Find the point on the y-axis that is equidistant from (5, 1) and (-3, -1).
3. Show that the points (-2, 5), (-2, -1) and (4, -1) all lie on a circle whose center is at
(1, 2). Find the length of the radius.
4. The abscissa and ordinate of a point 2√5 units from (3, 3) are numerically equal but of
opposite signs. Find the point.
5. Express by an algebraic equation the statement that the point (x, y) is equidistant from
(6, -2) and (5, 2).

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 17 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 4

Lesson Title: Point of Division Formula (Division of a Line Segment)

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Find the coordinate of points dividing any line segment both internally and
externally.
 Find the coordinate of midpoints of any line segment.

Let’s Get Started:

A line segment maybe divided internally (when the point of division is in the line
segment) or externally (when the point of division lies on the extension. See figure 1.11

Figure 1.11 Internal and External Division of Line Segments

Let’s Read:

Let us now derive a formula for the division of line segments. In figure 1.12, we obtain
by proportion,
= or 𝑘=

Simplifying, we obtain
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒌(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 ) (2)

Similarly, we have
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒌(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 ) (3)

𝑃 𝑃
In the above formulas, one must remember that 𝑘 = 𝑃 1𝑃 .
1 2

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 18 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Figure 1.12 Division of Line Segments

A special case of the division of a line segment is that where we have the point of
division at the midpoint. In formula (2) and (3), if k = ½, and we let the point of division
P (x, y) be Pm (xm, ym), we obtain:

𝟏
𝒙𝒎 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝟏
𝒙𝒎 = 𝟐
(𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) (4)

Similarly, we have
𝟏
𝒚𝒎 = 𝟐 (𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 ) (5)

Example 4.1 The line segment joining (-5, -3) and (3, 4) is to be divided into five equal
parts. Find the point of division closest to (-5, -3).

Solution:

𝑃 𝑃 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 𝑃 1𝑃 = 5
1 2

x1 = -5 x2 = 3
y1 = -3 y2 = 4

𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑥 )
1 𝟏𝟕
𝑥 = −5 + (3 − −5) = −
5 𝟓

𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑘(𝑦 − 𝑦 )
𝟖
𝑦 = −3 + (4 − −3) = − 𝟓

Figure 1.13

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 19 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Example 4.2 The line segment from (1, 4) to (2, 1) is extended a distance equal to twice
its length. Find the terminal point.

Solution:

𝑃 𝑃 3
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 𝑃 1𝑃 = 1 = 3
1 2

x1 = 1 x2 = 2
y1 = 4 y2 = 1

𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑥 )
𝑥 = 1 + 3(2 − 1) = 𝟒

𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑘(𝑦 − 𝑦 )
𝑦 = 4 + 3(1 − 4) = −𝟓

Figure 1.14

Example 4.3 Find the midpoint of the segment joining (7, -2) and (-3, 5).

Solution:

x1 = 7 x2 = -3
y1 = -2 y2 = 5

𝟏
𝒙𝒎 = (𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟏
1
𝑥 = (7 + −3) = 𝟐
2
𝟏
𝒚𝒎 = 𝟐
(𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
1 𝟑
𝑦 = (−2 + 5) =
2 𝟐

Figure 1.15

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 20 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Example 4.4 A circle has its center at (2, -1) and one end of a diameter at (5, 1). Find the
other end of the diameter.

Solution:

x1 = 5 x2 = x xm = 2
y1 = 1 y2 = y ym = -1

𝟏
𝒙𝒎 = (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟐
1
2 = (5 + 𝑥);
2
𝒙 = −𝟏
𝟏
𝒚𝒎 = (𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝟐
1
−1 = (1 + 𝑦)
2
𝒚 = −𝟑

Figure 1.16

Let’s Do This:

Exercise 1.3
1. Find the midpoint of the line segment joining (-3, -4) and (1, 2).
2. The segment joining (1, -3) and (4, -6) is extended a distance equal to one-sixth of its
own length. Find the terminal points.
3. Three vertices of a parallelogram are (5, 12), (2,7), and (6, 1) joined in order named.
Find the 4th vertex.
4. The midpoints of the sides of a triangle are at (0, -3), (-1/2, 7/2) and (-7/2, ½). Find
the coordinates of the vertices.
5. The line joining (-3, 10) and (4, 3) is divided in what ratio by the point (-1, 8)?

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 21 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 5

Lesson Title: Inclination and Slopes

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Solve for the slope and angle of inclination of straight lines.
 Determine whether the lines are parallel or perpendicular to each other.

Let’s Get Started:

A straight line makes four angles with the x-axis. The angle that a straight line makes
with the positive x-axis in a counter-clockwise direction is called the Angle of Inclination
and is denoted by the letter . See figure 1.17

Figure 1.17 Angle of Inclination

The slope, denoted by letter m, of a straight line is equal to the tangent of its angle of
inclination.
m = tan 𝛼 (6)

The slope of a line parallel to the x-axis is zero. For an angle of inclination between 0
and 90, the slope is positive; between 90 and 180, the slope is negative. When
𝛼 = 90, tan 𝛼 = , and the idea of slope becomes meaningless.

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 22 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Let’s Read:

Slope in Terms of Coordinates

Figure 1.18 Slope in Terms of Coordinates

Consider the line joining two distinct points, P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2). Draw the
auxiliary lines P1N and NP2 forming the right triangle P1NP2 (see figure 1.18). The slope of
the line P1P2 can now be expressed in terms of the coordinates of P1 and P2, m being equal
to the tangent of the angle of inclination 𝛼. By the definition of the tangent function, we
have
tan 𝛼 =

Substituting, we obtain the formula

m= (7)

This formula has no meaning when the line P1P2 is parallel to the y-axis since 𝑥 − 𝑥
would then be equal to zero.

Slopes of Parallel Lines

Take two lines ℓ and ℓ which are parallel to each other (see figure 1.19). These
parallel lines which are cut by a transversal, the x-axis form corresponding equal angles 𝛼
and 𝛼 . These angles represent the angles of inclination ℓ and ℓ respectively and being
equal, their tangents are also equal. Thus, we have formula (8) which shows the slope of
parallel lines to be equal.

𝑚 = 𝑚 , ℓ1 ∥ ℓ2 (8)

Conversely, if the slopes of two lines are equal, the lines are parallel.

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 23 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Figure 1.19 Slope of Parallel Lines

Slopes of Perpendicular Lines

Consider now a line ℓ perpendicular to the line ℓ . Let the angle of inclination of ℓ
be 𝛼 . In figure 1.20, we have 𝛼 = 90° + 𝛼 .

Figure 1.20 Slope of Perpendicular Lines

Being equal, their tangents are equal.

tan 𝛼 = tan( 90° + 𝛼 )

From trigonometry, tan(90° + 𝛼 ) = - cot 𝛼

Substituting, we have
tan 𝛼3 = - cot 𝛼
tan 𝛼 = -

Since the tangent of the angle of inclination is equal to the slope of the line, we obtain
the formula which shows that the slope of perpendicular lines are negative reciprocals to
each other.

𝑚 = − ; ℓ ⊥ℓ (9)

Conversely, if the slopes of two lines are negative reciprocals, the lines are
perpendicular to each other.

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 24 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Example 5.1 Find the slope of the line joining (-9, 3) and (2, -4).

Solution:

x1 = -9 x2 = 2
y1 = 3 y2 = -4

𝑦 −𝑦
𝒎=
𝑥 −𝑥
𝟏𝟕
𝒎= = − 𝟏𝟏

Note: Formula 7 may also be written with

subscripts interchanged.

Figure 1.21

Example 5.2 Show by formula that the triangle whose vertices are (8, -4), (5, -1) and
(-2, -8) is a right triangle.

Solution:

x1 = 8 x2 = 5 x3 = -2
y1 = -4 y2 = -1 y3 = -8

𝒎 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = = = −1
𝑦 −𝑦 −8 − −1
𝒎 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑 = = =1
𝑥 −𝑥 −2 − 5

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒎𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = 𝒎𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑

,

Therefore, 𝑃 𝑃 ⊥ 𝑃 𝑃 and 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 is a right

triangle.
Figure 1.22

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 25 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Example 5.3 Show by formula that the points (-3, 3), (-2, -2), (8, 3) and (7, 8) are the
vertices of a parallelogram.

Solution:

x1 = 8 x2 = 7 x3 = -3 x4 = -2
y1 = 3 y2 = 8 y3 = 3 y4 = -2

𝑦 −𝑦 8 − 3
𝒎 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = = = −5
𝑥 −𝑥 7 − 8
𝑦 −𝑦 −2 − 3
𝒎 𝑷𝟑 𝑷𝟒 = = = −5
𝑥 −𝑥 −2 − −3
𝑦 −𝑦 −2 − 3 1
𝒎 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟒 = = =
𝑥 −𝑥 −2 − 8 2
𝑦 −𝑦 3 − 8 1
𝒎 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑 = = =
𝑥 −𝑥 −3 − 7 2

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒎𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = 𝒎𝑷𝟑 𝑷𝟒 and 𝒎𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟒 = 𝒎𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑 ,

the opposite sides are parallel to each other
and is therefore a parallelogram.
Figure 1.23

Let’s Do This:

Exercise 1.4
1. Find the slope and angle of inclination of the line joining (-1, -5) and (7, -4).
2. A line through (-2, y) and (2, -10) is perpendicular to a line through (-3, -7) and
(5, -5). Find y.
3. Given two points A (8, 6) and B (-7, 9), determine a third point P (x, y) such that the
slopes of AP and BP are ½ and -2/3 respectively.
4. Determine x so that the three points (x -3), (9, 1) and (13, 2) will lie on a straight line.
5. Prove by three methods that the points (-1, 6), (-3, 4) and (2, -1) are the vertices of a
right triangle.

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 26 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 6

Lesson Title: Angle Formed by Two Lines

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Find the angle between two lines.

Let’s Read:

The angle between two lines is the angle through which the first line is to be rotated in
a counterclockwise direction to make it coincide with the second. See figure 1.24

Figure 1.24 Angle Between Two Lines

In figure 1.24 (a), 𝜑=𝛼 − 𝛼

tan 𝜑 = tan( 𝛼 − 𝛼 )

In figure 1.24 (b), 𝜑 = 180° + (𝛼 − 𝛼 )

tan 𝜑 = tan [ 180° + (𝛼 − 𝛼 )]
tan 𝜑 = tan( 𝛼 − 𝛼 )

In both cases, from trigonometry,

tan 𝛼 − tan 𝛼
tan 𝜑 =
1 + tan 𝛼 tan 𝛼

By formula (6), tan 𝛼 = 𝑚 and tan 𝛼 = 𝑚 . Substituting, we have the formula for
the tangent of the angle from ℓ to ℓ .

tan 𝜑 = (10)

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 27 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Example 6.1 Find the angle from the line through (-1, 6) and (5, -2) to the line through
(4, -4) and (1, 7).

Solution:
x1 = -1 x2 = 5 x3 = 4 x4 = 1
y1 = 6 y2 = -2 y3 = -4 y4 = 7

𝒎 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = = =−
𝑦 −𝑦 7 − −4 11
𝒎 𝑷𝟑 𝑷𝟒 = = =−
𝑥 −𝑥 1 − 4 3
11 4
𝑷𝟑 𝑷𝟒 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 − −
tan 𝜑 = = 3
11
3
4
𝑷𝟑 𝑷𝟒 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 (− )(− )
3 3
𝟐𝟏
𝝋 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 (− )
𝟓𝟑

Figure 1.25

Example 6.2 A line ℓ with slope -2 intersects a line ℓ parallel to the y-axis at (3,6). Find
the angle from ℓ to ℓ .

Solution:
In figure 1.26,

𝛼 + 𝜑 = 270°
𝜑 = 270° − 𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑 = tan( 270° − 𝛼 )

By identities, tan( 270° − 𝛼 ) = cot 𝛼

1 1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑 = cot 𝛼 = = = −
tan 𝛼 𝑚 2

𝟏
𝝋 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 (− )
𝟐
Figure 1.26

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 28 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Example 6.3 The vertices of a triangle are (7, 4), (1, 7) and (-3, -4) Find the interior angle
at the vertex (7, 4).

Solution:

x1 = 7 x2 = 1 x3 = -3
y1 = 4 y2 = 7 y3 = -4

𝒎 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = = =−
𝑦 −𝑦 −4 − 4 4
𝒎 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟑 = = =
𝑥 −𝑥 −3 − 7 5
4 1
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟑 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 − −
tan 𝜑 = = 5
4
2
1
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟑 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 ( )(− )
5 2
𝟏𝟑
𝝋 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )
𝟔
Figure 1.27

Let’s Do This:

Exercise 1.5
1. A line with an angle of inclination of 45 passes through (-5/2 , -9/2). If the ordinate
of the point is 6, what is its abscissa?
2. Find the angle from the line through (13/2, 0) and (2, -7) to the vertical line 5 units
from the y-axis.
3. The angle from line 1 to line 2 is arctan (2/3) and the slope of line 1 is -1. Find the
slope of line 2.
4. The inclination of line 1 is arctan (1/2). If line 2 makes an angle of 45 with line 1,
find the slope of line 2.
5. The vertices of a triangle are (7, 4), (1, 7) and (-3, -4) Find the interior angle at the
vertex (-3, -4).

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 29 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 7

Lesson Title: Area of Triangle by Coordinates

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Find the area of a triangle given the coordinates.

Let’s Get Started:

In Trigonometry, we learned how to find the area of a triangle by the following

formulas:
Area = base x altitude Area = bc sin A
Area = 𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) Area = ac sin B
Area = ab sin C
where s = (a+b+c)
a, b and c are the sides of the triangle
A, B and C are the angles of the triangle

Let’s Read:

Let us now derive a formula for the area of a triangle using the coordinates of its
vertices. Consider a triangle (see figure 1.28) whose vertices are at P1 (x1, y1), P2 (x2, y2)
and P3 (x3, y3).

Figure 1.28 Deriving Formula for Area of a Triangle

The area of triangle P1P2 P3 may be obtained by subtracting from the area of trapezoid
P1 N1 N2 N3 P3 the areas of trapezoids P1 N1 N2P2 and P2N2 N3 P3.

𝐴rea of P1P2 P3 = (x3 - x1) (y1+ y3) - (x2 - x1) (y1+ y2) - (x3 – x2) (y2+ y3)

Expanding and rearranging, we obtain

𝐴rea of P1P2 P3 = [x1 (y2– y3) – x2(y3– y1) – x3(y1– y2)]

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 30 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

We will find this to be identical with the expansion by minors of the first column of the
determinant.

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1

Thus, we have derived the formula for the area of a triangle whose vertices are
P1 (x1, y1), P2 (x2, y2) and P3 (x3, y3) to be

𝑥 𝑦 1
Area of △ = 𝑥 𝑦 1 (11)
𝑥 𝑦 1

It is advisable to arrange the vertices in a counterclockwise order because the answer will
be positive in this order and negative when the vertices are taken in the clockwise order. In
any case, the same numerical answer shall be obtained. Formula (11) may be used to find
the area of any quadrilateral by dividing the quadrilateral into triangles.

Example 7.1 Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are (-6, -4), (-1, 3) and (5, -3).

Solution:
x1 = -6 x2 = -1 x3 = 5
y1 = -4 y2 = 3 y3 = -3

𝑥 𝑦 1
Area = 𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1

1 −6 −4 1
Area = 5 −3 1
2
−1 3 1
- - -
−6 −4 1 −6 −4
Area = 5 −3 1 5 −3
−1 3 1 −1 3
+ + +
Figure 1.29

Area = [(18 + 4 + 15) − (3 − 18 − 20)] = = [(37) − (−35)]

Area = [(37) − (−35)] = (72) = 𝟑𝟔 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Let’s Do This:

Exercise 1.6
1. Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are (-6, -8), (3, -5) and (4, -2).
2. Find the area of a parallelogram whose vertices are (0, 8), (-2, 6), (-4, -6) and (-2, -4).

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 31 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Let’s Check:

Exercise 1.1

Exercise 1.2 Exercise 1.5

1. 2√10 1. 8
2. (0, 4) 2. Arctan (9/14)
3. 3√2 3. m = -1/5
4. (1, -1) and (-1, 1) 4. m = 3
5. 2x – 8y = 11 5. Arctan (39/64) or 31.36

Exercise 1.3 Exercise 1.6

1. (-1, -1) 1. Area = 12 sq. units
2. (1/2, -5/2) and (9/2, -13/2) 2. Area = 20 sq. units
3. (9, 6)
4. (-3, -6), (3, 0) and (-4, 7)
5. 2:5

Exercise 1.4
1. 1/8
2. 6
3. (2, 3)
4. -7

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 32 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Let’s Remember:

Analytic Geometry is the branch of mathematics which deals with the properties,
behaviors and solutions of points, lines, curves, angles, surfaces and solids by means
algebraic methods in relation to a coordinate system.

Two parts of Analytic Geometry:

Plane Analytic Geometry, deals with figures on a plane surface.
Solid Analytic Geometry, deals with solid surfaces.

The Cartesian Coordinate Plane consists of two a vertical line called the y-axis and
a horizontal line called the x-axis. These coordinate axes, intersect at a point called the
origin, usually designated as O and divides the plane into four quadrants.
Each point on the xy-plane is associated with a unique ordered pair of numbers, (x, y),
called the coordinates, where x is the abscissa and y is the ordinate.

The distance between two points can be solved by the formula

𝑑 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦 ) .

The point of division formula for any line segments are 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒌(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 ) and
𝑃 𝑃 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒌(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 ) where 𝑘 = 𝑃 1𝑃 . On the other hand, 𝒙𝒎 = 𝟐
(𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) and
1 2
𝟏
𝒚𝒎 = 𝟐 (𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 ) is used for solving the midpoint of line segments.

The angle that a straight line makes with the positive x-axis in a counter-clockwise
direction is called the Angle of Inclination and is denoted by the letter .

The slope, denoted by letter m, of a straight line is equal to the tangent of its angle of
inclination, m = tan 𝛼 . If the slopes of two lines are equal, the lines are parallel. On the
other hand, if the slopes of two lines are negative reciprocals, the lines are perpendicular
to each other.
The formula for the tangent of the angle from ℓ to ℓ is tan 𝜑 = .

The formula for the area of a triangle whose vertices are P1 (x1, y1), P2 (x2, y2) and
𝑥 𝑦 1
P3 (x3, y3) is Area = 𝑥 𝑦 1 .
𝑥 𝑦 1

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 33 of 156

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Suggested Readings/ Videos:

Introduction to Plane Analytic Geometry

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTLHJlrdXPs

Cartesian Plane
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgx0kT5UbKk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqrHvGAaNDI

Distance Formula
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVv1KiGkx50

Point-of-Division Formula
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nC10MN5-Q_c

Inclinations and Slope

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFsfyg0t70s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3ASPC6bJPg

Angle Formed by Two Lines

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILzOxUNXuSs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwYylpXS4gg

Area of Triangle by Coordinates

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmFv95VwWHU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvFmcuZQ8XQ

References/Sources:
Quirino D.D.A & Mijares J.M. (1993). Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry. Quezon City:
Royal Publishing House, Inc.

Dela Cruz, P.S., Maderal, L.D. & Valdez, T.C.C. (2013). Analytic Geometry Revised Edition.
Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 34 of 156