DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ENV

1996-1-1:
1996

Eurocode 6:
Design of masonry
structures —
Part 1-1: General rules for buildings —
Rules for reinforced and unreinforced
masonry —

(together with United Kingdom

National Application Document)

ICS 91.080.30
DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

Committees responsible for this Draft

for Development

The preparation of the National Application Document for use in the UK with
ENV 1996-1-1:1995 was entrusted by Technical Committee B/525, Building
and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee B/525/6, Use of masonry,
upon which the following bodies were represented:

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Products Association

Brick Development Association
British Ceramic Research Ltd.
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
Calcium Silicate Brick Association Limited
Concrete Block Association
National House-building Council

This Draft for Development,

having been prepared
under the direction of the Sector
Board for Building and Civil
Engineering, was published
under the authority of the
Standards Board and comes
into effect on Amendments issued since publication
15 December 1996

© BSI 11-1998 Amd. No. Date Comments

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this Draft
for Development:
Committee reference B/525/6
Draft for comment 88/13626 DC

ISBN 0 580 26435 1

 DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Text of National Application Document v
Text of ENV 1996-1-1 7

© BSI 11-1998 i
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National foreword

This publication comprises the English language version of ENV 1996-1-1:1995

Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings — Rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry, published by the
European Committee for Standardization (CEN), plus the National Application
Document (NAD) to be used with the ENV for the design of buildings to be
constructed in the United Kingdom (UK).
ENV 1996-1-1:1995 results from a programme of work sponsored by the
European Commission to make available a common set of rules for the design of
building and civil engineering works.
An ENV is made available for provisional application during a period of trial use
of 3 years, but does not have the status of a fully agreed European Standard (EN).
At the end of the trial period the aim is to use the experience gained to modify the
ENV so that it can be approved as an EN.
The values for certain parameters in the ENV Eurocodes may be set by CEN
members so as to meet the requirements of national regulations. These
parameters are designated by • (boxed values) in the ENV.
This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.
During the ENV period reference should be made to the supporting documents
listed in the National Application Document (NAD). The purpose of the NAD is to
provide essential information, particularly in relation to safety, to enable the
ENV to be used for buildings constructed in the UK. The NAD takes precedence
over corresponding provisions in the ENV.
The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document A 1992 draws designers’
attention to the potential use of ENV Eurocodes as an alternative approach to
Building Regulation compliance. ENV 1996-1-1 has been throughly examined
over a period of several years and is considered to offer such an alternative
approach, when used in conjunction with this NAD.
Compliance with ENV 1996-1-1:1995 and this NAD does not of itself confer
immunity from legal obligations.
Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of
use and any ambiguities or anomalies. These comments will be taken into account
when preparing the UK national response to CEN to the question of whether the
ENV can be converted to an EN.
Comments should be sent in writing to BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, Chiswick,
London W4 4AL, quoting the document reference, the relevant clause and, where
possible, a proposed revision, within 2 years of the issue of this document.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to xxiv,
the EN title page, pages 2 to 101 and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

ii © BSI 11-1998
 DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

National Application
Document
for use in the UK with
ENV 1996-1-1:1995

© BSI 11-1998 iii

DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

Contents of
National Application Document

Page
Introduction v
1 Scope v
2 References v
3 Partial safety factors, combination factors and other values v
4 Loading codes xiii
5 Reference standards xiii
6 Additional recommendations xv
Figure 1 — Moment at top and bottom of wall panel from two
simplified frames xxii
Table 1 — Partial safety factors (γ factors) vi
Table 2 — Combination factors (ψ factors) vii
Table 3 — Boxed values (other than γ and ψ values) vii
Table 4 — References in ENV 1996-1-1 to other publications xiv
Table 5 — Strength classes to be ascribed to mortar designations
to be used in ENV 1996-1-1 xvi
List of references xxiii

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Introduction
This National Application Document (NAD) has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/6. It has been
developed from:
a) a textual examination of ENV 1996-1-1;
b) a parametric calibration against UK practice, supporting standards and test data;
c) trial calculations.
It should be noted that this NAD, in common with ENV 1996-1-1 and supporting CEN standards, uses a
comma where a decimal point would traditionally be used in the UK.

1 Scope
This NAD provides information required to enable ENV 1996-1-1:1995 (Eurocode 6-1-1) to be used for the
design of buildings and civil engineering structures to be constructed in the UK.

2 References
2.1 Normative references
This National Application Document incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These references are made at the appropriate places in the text and the cited publications are
listed on page xxiii. For dated references, only the edition cited applies; subsequent amendments to or
revisions of the cited publication apply to this British Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment
or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the cited publication applies, together with any
amendments.
2.2 Informative references
This National Application Document refers to other documents that provide information or guidance.
Editions of these publications current at the time of issue of this standard are listed on page xxiv, but
reference should be made to the latest editions.

3 Partial safety factors, combination factors and other values

a) The values for partial safety factors (γ) should be those given in Table 1 of this NAD;
b) The values for combination factors (ψ) should be those given in Table 2 of this NAD;
c) The values for other boxed values should be those given in Table 3 of this NAD.

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Table 1 — Partial safety factors (γ factors)

Reference in Definition Symbol Condition Value boxed UK
ENV 1996-1-1 ENV 1996-1-1
2.3.3.1 Partial factors for variable γA Accidental 1,0 1,0
actions γ F,inf Favourable 0,0 0,0
γQ Unfavourable 1,5 1,5
γQ Reduced 0,0 0,0
Favourable
γQ Reduced 1,35 1,35
unfavourable
2.3.3.1 Partial factors for γGA Accidental 1,0 1,0
permanent actions γG Favourable 1,0 1,0
γG Unfavourable 1,35 1,35
γG,inf Favourable 0,9 0,9
γG,sup Unfavourable 1,1 1,1
γp Favourable 0,9 0,9
γp Unfavourable 1,2 1,2
Accidental actions
2.3.3.2 2)P Verifying stability γM Category of execution
A 1,2 1,2
B 1,5 1,5
C 1,8 Not used
γS Steel 1,0 1,0
2.3.4 6)P Serviceability limit state γM Except where stated 1,0 1,0
Table 2.3 Masonry: (see note) Category of execution
Category of manufacturing
control:
I γM A 1,7 2,0
B 2,2 2,5
C 2,7 Not used
II γM A 2,0 2,3
B 2,5 2,8
C 3,0 Not used
Anchorage and tensile and γ M Category of execution
compressive resistance of A 2,5 2.5
wall tiles and straps
B 2,5 2,5
C 2,5 Not used
Anchorage bond γM A 1,7 1,5
B 2,2 2,0
C — Not used
Steel (referred to as γ S) γM A 1,15 1,15
B 1,15 1,15
C — Not used
NOTE The value of γM for concrete infill should be taken as that appropriate to the category of manufacturing control of the
masonry units in the location of the masonry units where the infill is being used.

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ψ factors)
Table 2 — Combination factors (ψ
Variable action Building type ψ0 ψ1 ψ2

Imposed floor loads Dwellings 0,5 0,4 0,2

Other occupancy classesa 0,7 0,6 0,3
Parking 0,7 0,7 0,6
Imposed roof loads All occupancy classes a
0,7 0,2 0,0
Wind loads All occupancy classesa 0,7 0,2 0,0
a As listed and defined in Table 1 of BS 6399-1:1984.

Table 3 — Boxed values (other than γ and ψ values)

Reference in Definition Value boxed UK
ENV 1996-1-1 ENV 1996-1-1

Masonry units
3.1.1 3) Category 1 classification — probability of failing to reach the #5% # 2.5 %
specified compressive strength
Shear strength of masonry
Table 3.5 Initial shear strength, fvko (N/mm2)
Masonry unit Mortar

Group 1 clay units M10 to M20 0,3 0,3

M2,5 to M9 0,2 0,2
M1 to M2 0,1 0,1
Group 1 units, other than clay and M10 to M20 0,2 0,2
natural stone M2,5 to M9 0,15 0,15
M1 to M2 0,1 0,1
Group 1 natural stone units M2,5 to M9 0,15 0,15
M1 to M2 0,1 0,1
Group 2a clay units M10 to M20 0,3 0,3
M2,5 to M9 0,2 0,2
M1 to M2 0,1 0,1
Group 2a and group 2b units other M10 to M20 0,2 0,2
than clay and group 2b clay units M2,5 to M9 0,15 0,15
M1 to M2 0,1 0,1
Group 3 clay units M10 to M20 0,3 0,3
M2,5 to M9 0,2 0,2
M1 to M2 0,1 0,1

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Table 3 — Boxed values (other than γ and ψ values)

Reference in Definition Value boxed UK
ENV 1996-1-1 ENV 1996-1-1

Table 3.5 Limiting shear strength, fvk (N/mm2)

Masonry unit Mortar

Group 1 clay units M10 to M20 1,7 1,7

M2,5 to M9 1,5 1,5
M1 to M2 1,2 1,2
Group 1 units, other than clay M10 to M20 1,7 1,7
and natural stone M2,5 to M9 1,5 1,5
M1 to M2 0,1 0,1
Group 1 natural stone units M2,5 to M9 1,0 1.0
M1 to M2 1,0 1,0
Group 2a clay unitsa M10 to M20 1,4 1,4
M2,5 to M9 1,2 1,2
M1 to M2 1,0 1,0
Group 2a and group 2b units M10 to M20 1,4 1,4
other than clay and group 2b clay M2,5 to M9 1,2 1,2
unitsa
M1 to M2 1,0 1,0
Anchorage bond strength of reinforcement in concrete infill, confined within
masonry units
Table 3.6 Characteristic anchorage bond strength, fbok
For plain carbon steel bars Strength class of concrete
C12/15 1,3 Not used
C16/20 1,5 Not used
C20/25 1,6 1,6
C25/30, or stronger 1,8 1,6
For high-bond carbon steel and C12/15 2,4 Not used
stainless steel bars C16/20 3,0 Not used
C20/25 3,4 3,4
C25/30, or stronger 4,1 3,4
a
For the two cases of “group 2a clay units” and “group 2a and group 2b units other than clay and group 2b clay units”, the shear
strength can also be calculated without using these boxed values.

viii © BSI 11-1998

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Table 3 — Boxed values (other than γ and ψ values)

Reference in Definition Value boxed UK
ENV 1996-1-1 ENV 1996-1-1

Anchorage bond strength of reinforcement in mortar or concrete not confined

within masonry units
Table 3.7 Characteristic anchorage bond strength, fbok
For plain carbon steel Strength class of concrete
C12/15 0,7 Not used
C16/20 1,2 Not used
C20/25 1,4 1,4
C25/30, or stronger 1,5 1,4
Strength class of mortar
M5 to M9 0,7 0,7
M10 to M14 1,2 1,2
M15 to M19 1,4 Not used
M20 1,5 Not used
For high-bond carbon steel and Strength class of concrete
stainless steel bars C12/15 1,0 Not used
C16/20 1,5 Not used
C20/25 2,0 2,0
C25/30, or stronger 2,5 2,0
Strength class of mortar
M5 to M9 1,0 1,0
M10 to M14 1,5 1,5
M15 to M19 2,0 Not used
M20 2,5 Not used
Mechanical properties of unreinforced masonry
Compression
3.6.2.2 1) K values of walls made using general purpose mortar
Without longitudinal joints
Group 1 masonry units:
Clay units 0,60 0,70
Lightweight aggregate concrete, AAC 0,60 0,70
Dense aggregate concrete, concrete brick, calcium silicate 0,60 0,70
Group 2a masonry units, apart from dense aggregate concrete units 0,55 0,55
Dense aggregate concrete units 0,55 0,55
Group 2b masonry units, apart from dense aggregate concrete units 0,50 0,50
Dense aggregate concrete units 0,50 0,50

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Table 3 — Boxed values (other than γ and ψ values)

Reference in Definition Value boxed UK
ENV 1996-1-1 ENV 1996-1-1

With longitudinal joints

Group 1 masonry units 0,50 0,50
Group 2a masonry units 0,45 0,45
Group 2b masonry units 0,40 0,40
Group 3 masonry units 0,40 0,40
3.6.2.3 2) K values of walls made using thin layer mortar
Group 1 masonry units 0,70 0,70
Group 2a masonry units 0,60 0,60
Group 2b masonry units 0,50 0,50
3.6.2.4 1) K values of walls made using lightweight mortar
Of density 600 kg/m3 to 1 500 kg/m3, with lightweight aggregate 0,80 0,80
blocks and AAC units
Of density 700 kg/m3 to 1 500 kg/m3, with clay units, calcium 0,70 0,70
silicate units and dense aggregate units
Of density 600 kg/m3 to 700 kg/m3, with clay units, calcium 0,55 0,55
silicate units and dense aggregate units
3.6.2.6 1) K values of walls made using shell bedded unreinforced masonry
When b/t # 0,5 0,60 0,60
When b/t # 0,8 0,30 0,30
Shear
3.6.3 3) Factor use to calculate masonry shear strength, will all joints 0,065 0,065
considered filled
3.6.3 4) Factor used to calculate masonry shear strength, with perpend 0,045 0,045
joints unfilled
3.6.3 5) Factor used to calculate masonry shear strength of shell bedded 0,025 0,025
masonry
Modulus of elasticity
3.8.2 2) Factor used to calculate short term secant modulus under 1 000 1 000
service conditions

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Table 3 — Boxed values (other than γ and ψ values)

Reference in Definition Value boxed UK
ENV 1996-1-1 ENV 1996-1-1

Table 3.8 Deformation properties of unreinforced masonry

Final creep coefficient
Type of masonry unit
Design values: Clay 1,0 1,5
Calcium silicate 1,5 1,5
Dense aggregate concrete and 1,5 1,5
manufactured stone
Lightweight aggregate concrete 2,0 1,5
Autoclaved aerated concrete 1,5 1,5
Natural stone 0 1,5
Final moisture expansion or shrinkage
Calcium silicate –0,2 –0,2
Dense aggregate concrete and –0,2 –0,2
manufactured stone –0,4
Lightweight aggregate concrete 0,2 –0,4
Autoclaved aerated concrete +0,1 –0,2
Natural stone +0,1
Coefficient of thermal expansion
Type of masonry unit
Design values: Clay 6 6
Calcium silicate 9 10
Dense aggregate concrete and 10 10
manufactured stone
10 10
Lightweight aggregate concrete
8 10
Autoclaved aerated concrete
7 10
Natural stone
Stiffened walls
4.4.4.2 2) Minimum thickness of a stiffening wall 85 mm 85 mm
Walls restrained by:
4.4.4.3 2) i) Concrete floors or roofs 0,75 0,75

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Table 3 — Boxed values (other than γ and ψ values)

Reference in Definition Value boxed UK
ENV 1996-1-1 ENV 1996-1-1
4.4.4.3 2) ii) Timber floors or roofs 1,00 1,00
For timber floor, minimum bearing thickness 85 mm 85 mm
Walls
4.4.6 1)P Maximum slenderness 27 27
4.4.7.2 2) Accidental eccentricity factor (for all categories of 450 450
execution)
5.1.3 1) Minimum thickness of loadbearing walls 100 mm 75 mm
Minimum thickness of veneer walls 70 mm 70 mm
Vertically loaded members
4.7.1.4 2) Maximum slenderness ratio 27 27
Reinforced masonry deep beams
4.7.3.1 2) The value of the constants to be used to calculate z, the
lever arm, in deep reinforced beams:
Either or, lef × 0,7 0,7
h × 0,4 0,4
lef × 0,2 0,2
Table 5.2 Minimum concrete cover a

Reinforcement
Minimum area of reinforcement used:
5.2.3 2) To enhance strength 0,10 % 0,10 %
5.2.3 3) To enhance resistance to lateral loads 0,03 % 0,03 %
To control cracking 0,03 % 0,01 %
5.2.3 4) In reinforced grouted cavity masonry 0,05 % 0,05 %
5.2.6 1) Minimum area of shear reinforcement 0,01 % 0,01 %
Confined masonry
5.2.9 2) Minimum size of opening requiring reinforced members 1,5 m2
Maximum spacing between reinforced members 4m
5.2.9 3) Confining members
Minimum cross-sectional area 0,02 m2
Minimum dimension 100 mm (see note)
Minimum area of reinforcement larger of either t multiplied by
0,02
or 200 mm2
5.2.9 5) Minimum bar diameter with group 1, 2a and 2b units 6 mm
Minimum bar spacing with group 1, 2a and 2b units 600 mm
5.4.2.2 2) Cavity walls
Minimum number of wall ties/m2 2 2,5
5.4.2.3 2) Double-leaf walls
Minimum number of wall ties/m2 2 2,5
NOTE The use of confined masonry is not applicable to the UK.
a
See 6.5 c) of this NAD.

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Table 3 — Boxed values (other than γ and ψ values)

Reference in Definition Value boxed UK
ENV 1996-1-1 ENV 1996-1-1

Permissible deviation in masonry

6.8 2) Verticality: Height of storey 20 mm 20 mm
Lower of: Height of building: 50 mm 50 mm
Vertical alignment: Per metre 20 mm 20 mm
Maximum
Straightness: Per metre 5 mm 5 mm
or,
maximum Per 10 m 20 mm 20 mm

4 Loading codes
The loading codes to be used are:
BS 648, Schedule of weights of building materials.
BS 6399, Design loading for buildings.
BS 6399-1, Code of practice for dead and imposed loads.
BS 6399-2, Code of practice for wind loads.
BS 6399-3, Code of practice for imposed roof loads.
CP 3, Code of basic data for the design of buildings.
CP 3: Chapter V, Loading.
CP 3: Chapter V-2, Wind loads.
When using these documents with ENV 1996-1-1 the following modifications should be noted.
a) Loads from separate sources acting on a member or a component should be considered as separate
actions;
b) The design loading on a particular member or component may include the relevant load combination
factors described in 2.3.2.2 and 2.3.4 of ENV 1996-1-1:1995. Alternatively for the ultimate limit state
the simplification of design load given in 2.3.3.1 3) of ENV 1996-1-1 may be used;
c) The imposed floor loads of a building should be treated as one variable action to which the reduction
factors given in BS 6399-1:1984 are applicable;
d) Snow drifts arising from local drifting should be treated as an accidental loading condition with the
local drift being the accidental action Ad, in equation (2.18) of ENV 1996-1-1:1995.

5 Reference standards
The supporting standards to be used, including materials specifications and standards for construction, are
listed in Table 4.

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Table 4 — References in ENV 1996-1-1 to other publications

Reference in Document Document title or subject area Status UK document
ENV 1996-1-1 referred to

2.2.2.2 1)P ENV 1991 Basis of design and actions In preparation BS 648, BS 6399 and CP 3
on structures
2.2.3.2 3)P EN 846-5 Wall ties: tested in couplets In preparation DD 140-1
EN 846-6 Wall ties: tested at one end In preparation DD 140-1
EN 1052-1 Masonry: compressive In preparation BS 5268-1:1992
strength
EN 1052-2 Masonry: flexure In preparation BS 5268-1:1992
EN 1052-3 Masonry: shear In preparation —
EN 1052-4 Maonry: dpc In preparation DD 86-1
3.1.1 1)P EN 771-1 Clay units In preparation BS 3921
EN 771-2 Calcium silicate units In preparation BS 187
EN 771-3 Aggregate concrete units In preparation BS 6073
(dense and lightweight
aggregate)
EN 771-4 AAC units In preparation BS 6073
EN 771-5 Manufactured stone units In preparation BS 6073, BS 1217 and
BS 6457
EN 771-6 Natural stone units In preparation —
3.1.1 3)P EN 772-1 Compressive tests on units In preparation BS 187, BS 3921 and
BS 6073
3.1.2.2 1)P ENV 1996-2 Design and selection of In preparation BS 5628-3:1986
materials and workmanship
in masonry
3.2.1 1)P EN 998-2 Masonry: mortar In preparation BS 4721 and BS 4551
3.2.2.1 1)P EN 1015-11 Masonry: compressive In preparation BS 4551
strength
3.3.1 P) EN 206 Concrete. Performance, In preparation BS 5328
production placing and DD ENV 206:1992
compliance criteria

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Table 4 — References in ENV 1996-1-1 to other publications

Reference in Document Document title or subject area Status UK document
ENV 1996-1-1 referred to
3.4.1 1)P EN 10080 Reinforcing steel In preparation BS 4449 and BS 4482
EN 10088 Stainless steel Published BS 6744
3.4.1 2)P EN 845-3 Bed joint reinforcement In preparation —
3.4.3 3) — Requirement for galvanizing In preparation — (BS 729)
reinforcing carbon steel
3.5.1 1)P EN 10138 Prestress steel In preparation BS 5896 and BS 4486
3.6.3 2) — Requirements for testing — —
shear strength of
unreinforced masonry
3.7.2 3) EN 846-2 Anchorage bond strength of In preparation —
reinforcement
3.9.2 3) EN 845-1 Wall ties, straps, hangers, In preparation BS 1243, DD 140-2:1987
brackets and support angles and BS 6178
3.9.4 1)P EN 845-2 Prefabricated lintels In preparation BS 5977
3.9.5 1)P ENV 1992-1-1 Anchorages, couplers, ducts Published BS 4447
and sheaths used in
prestressing
Table 5.1 EN 998-1 Rendering mortar In preparation BS 5262
5.4.2.2 7) ENV 1998 Designing for seismic loading — —
5.9 1)P ENV 1998-1-3 Designing for seismic loading Published —
5.10 P) ENV 1996-1-2 Structural fire design of Published BS 5628-3:1985
masonry

6 Additional recommendations
6.1 Guidance on ENV 1996-1-1 clauses
When designing to ENV 1996-1-1, clauses 6.2 to 6.7 of this NAD should be followed. Clauses referred to in
this NAD are from ENV 1996-1-1:1995, unless reference is specifically made to another standard.
6.2 Chapter 2. Basis of design
a) Clause 2.1 2)P and 2.1 3)
The design requirements for providing structural integrity by limiting the effects of accidental damage
are given in section 5 of Approved Document A 1992 of the Building Regulations 1991.
6.3 Chapter 3. Material properties
a) Clause 3.1.2.1 2)
The compressive strengths of units produced following the BS methods should be multiplied by 1,2 to
convert them from wet tested values into equivalent air dry values for use with ENV 1996-1-1.
b) Clause 3.1.2.1 4)
In the absence of EN 772-1, the values of the normalized compressive strengths for units laid flat can be
obtained by multiplying the normalized compressive strength of the unit by 0,8.
c) Clause 3.2.1 1)P
The materials to be used in the production of mortar should conform to the following standards:
— the cement types used should be Portland cement — Class 42.5 conforming to BS 12; sulfate
resisting Portland cement — Class 42.5 conforming to BS 4027; Portland blastfurnace cement
conforming to BS 146; or masonry cement, Class 12.5 (including air-entraining agent) conforming to
BS 5224;
— the lime to be used should conform to BS 890;
— the sand used should conform to BS 1200;
— any plasticizer used should conform to BS 4887.

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Table 5 — Strength classes to be ascribed to mortar designations to be used in ENV 1996-1-1

Mortar Designation (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Cement: lime: sand 1 : 0 to ¼ : 3 1 : ½ : 4 to 4 ½ 1 : 1 : (5 to 6) 1 : 2 : (8 to 9)
Masonry cement: sand — 1 : 2½ to 3½ 1 : (4 to 5) 1 : (5½ to 6½)
Cement: sand with plasticizer — 1 : 3 to 4 1 : (5 to 6) 1 : (7 to 8)
Strength Class M12 M6 M4 M2

d) Clause 3.2.2
A list of strength classes to be ascribed to mortar designations is given in Table 5 of this NAD.
e) Clause 3.2.2.2 1)P
Prior to the publication of ENV 1996-2, the selection of mortar on the basis of durability should be
based on clauses 22 and 23 of BS 5628-3:1985.
f) Clause 3.3.1 1)P
Concrete conforming to BS 5328-1 and BS 5328-2 may also be used.
The cement types used in concrete for infill should be Portland cement — Class 42.5 conforming to
BS 12; Portland cement — Class 52.5 conforming to BS 12; sulfate resisting Portland cement —
Class 42.5 conforming to BS 4027 or Portland blastfurnace cement conforming to BS 146. Masonry
cement and high alumina cement should not be used.
Concrete used for infill should be normal weight concrete comprising natural aggregates as defined in
ENV 206 or alternatively as defined in BS 5328.
Admixtures used in infill should be in accordance with clause 2.11 of BS 5628-2:1995.
g) Clause 3.3.2 4)P
It should be noted that the principle here also requires the concrete infill to have sufficient workability
to ensure that it can be fully compacted after placing in voids. In practice, as far as UK unplasticized
mixes are concerned, this will normally mean using a slump class S2, S3 or S4, as appropriate, in
accordance with ENV 206 or slumps in the range of 75 mm to 175 mm, as appropriate, in accordance
with BS 5328-2:1991.
h) Clause 3.3.3
For UK applications the concrete specification will often be for a C20/25 mix or stronger for durability
reasons.
i) Clause 3.4.1 3)
High ductility bars should be used when bending dimensions to BS 4466 are specified
(see clause 6.2.4 3)P).
j) Clause 3.4.2 1)P
As EN 10080 is not yet available, the characteristic strength of reinforcing steel should be obtained
from Table 4 and clause 2.3.1, both of BS 5628-2:1995.
k) Clause 3.4.3 2)
The following grades of austenitic stainless steels meet the requirements of this clause:
— type 304S31 or type 316S33 conforming to BS 6744;
— type 304S15, type 304S31 or type 316S33 excluding free machining specifications conforming to
BS 970-1.
l) Clause 3.4.3 3)
Carbon steel, which is galvanized, should be in accordance with BS 729.
m) Clause 3.5.1 2)P
As ENV 10138 is not yet available, prestressing steel should conform to the requirements of the current
British Standards, given in clause 2.3.2 of BS 5628-2:1995.

xvi © BSI 11-1998

 DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

n) Clause 3.6.4 2)
In the absence of any test data obtained by following EN 1052-2, values for the characteristic flexural
strength of unreinforced masonry should be taken from Table 3 of BS 5628-1:1992. The values of fxk1
refer to the case where the plane of failure is parallel to the bed joints, and fxk2 refer to the case where
the plane of failure is perpendicular to the bed joints. The mortar designations used in this table are the
same as those specified in clause 3.2.2.
6.4 Chapter 4. Design of masonry
a) Clause 4.1.1 4)
For guidance on the application of this clause, reference should be made to clause 2.5.1.3 of
ENV 1992-1-1:1992, the Eurocode for the design of concrete structures.
b) Clause 4.1.2
The design requirements for providing structural integrity by limiting the effects of accidental damage
are given in section 5 of Approved Document A 1992 of the Building Regulations 1991.
c) Clause 4.4.5
The effective thickness of walls stiffened by piers should be taken from Figure 3 and Table 5, both of
BS 5628-1:1992.
d) Clause 4.5.3 7)
The value of fvko should be taken from clause 3.6.3. The characteristic vertical shear strength of bonded
masonry should be taken from clause 25 of BS 5628-1:1992.
e) Clause 4.6.2.2 2)
The values of the bending moment coefficient should be taken from Table 9 of BS 5628-1:1992.
f) Clause 4.6.2.4 2)
In the absence of test results obtained in accordance with EN 846-5 or EN 846-6, guidance on the
performance of wall ties can be obtained from DD 140-1:1986 or taken from clauses 29.1 and 36.2 of
BS 5628-1:1992. In the case of clause 36.2, the reference to γm values should be ignored.
Guidance on the interpretation of test results and on the performance of wall ties should be taken from
DD 140-1:1986.
g) Table 4.1
For the case of a cantilevered wall having a reinforcement ratio of greater than 0,005, the deflection
should be checked by calculation.
h) Clause 4.7.1.6
Where reinforced masonry members are subjected to a combination of vertical loading and bending,
such that the design axial force exceeds 0.1fkAm, the provisions of clause 4.3 of BS 5628-2:1995 may be
followed using the partial safety factors, material characteristic strengths, effective height, effective
thickness and slenderness given in the relevant clauses of ENV 1996-1-1.
The design of walls incorporating bed joint reinforcement to enhance lateral load resistance may follow
the guidance in annex A of BS 5628-2:1995 with the following exceptions:
i) mortars should conform to clause 3.2.2.1 of ENV 1996-1-1;
ii) the characteristic compressive strength of masonry fk to be used in bending should be taken from
clause 3.6.2 of ENV 1996-1-1 for the appropriate direction of loading;
iii) the partial safety factor for actions should be taken from clause 2.3.3 of ENV 1996-1-1:1995;
iv) the partial safety factor for the compressive strength of masonry should be taken from
clause 2.3.3.2 of ENV 1996-1-1:1995 for the appropriate categories of execution and manufacturing
control of the masonry units.
The anchorage length for reinforcement should be determined in accordance with clauses 5.2.5
and 3.7.2 of ENV 1996-1-1:1995.
The minimum area of reinforcement used should be in accordance with clause 5.2.3 2) of
ENV 1996-1-1:1995.

© BSI 11-1998 xvii

DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

Using Method 1, A.3 or Method 2, A.4 of BS 5628-2:1995, the verification of the reinforced section in
bending should be in accordance with 4.7.1.6 and annex F of ENV 1996-1-1. The lateral load resistance
of the unreinforced wall should be determined in accordance with clauses 4.6.2.1 and 4.6.2.2 of
ENV 1996-1-1:1995.
Using Method 3, A.5 of BS 5628-2:1995, the moment of resistance about the wall horizontal axis should
be determined in accordance with clauses 4.6.2.1 and 4.6.2.2 of ENV 1996-1-1:1995. The design
moment of resistance about the vertical axis should be determined in accordance with clause 4.7.1.6
and annex F of ENV 1996-1-1:1995. The lateral load resistance of the unreinforced wall should be
determined in accordance with 4.6.2.1 and 4.6.2.2 of ENV 1996-1-1:1995.
Using Method 4, A.6 of BS 5628-2:1995, the failure strength of the wall, excluding reinforcement,
should be determined in accordance with clauses 4.6.2.1 and 4.6.2.2 of ENV 1996-1-1:1995 taking the
value of γm as 1,0. The partial safety factor for masonry, γm, for the serviceability limit state to be used
in the calculation of wall service strength should be taken as 1,5.
Where wall ties are required to transmit forces between the leaves of cavity walls where either one or
both leaves include bed joint reinforcement for lateral load enhancement, wall tie design should be in
accordance with clause 4.6.2.4 of ENV 1996-1-1:1995.
i) Clause 4.7.2.1
Where shear forces act in the plane of a wall, ie racking shear, the principles of 4.7.2 apply.
In the verification of walls containing no shear reinforcement using equation 4.42, b and d should be
replaced by L and t, the length and thickness of the wall.
j) Clause 4.7.2.2 1)
For the case where bars are embedded in bedjoints, vertical joints and other sections where the
reinforcement is wholly surrounded by mortar of strength class M5 or greater, fvk may be taken
as 0.35 N/mm2.
For cases where the main longitudinal steel reinforcement is placed within pockets, cores, or cavities
filled with concrete infill, the value of fvk used in equation 4.42 should be modified as follows:
fvk = 0,35 + 17,5ρ
where ρ = As/bd, provided that fvk is not taken to be greater than 0.7 N/mm2.
k) Clause 4.7.2.2 2)
The characteristic shear strength enhancement given in equation 4.4.3 is applicable to simply
supported beam or cantilever reinforced sections in which the main longitudinal steel reinforcement is
placed in bed or vertical joints and other sections where the reinforcement is wholly surrounded with
mortar of strength class M5 or greater.
For simply supported reinforced beams or cantilever retaining walls in which the main longitudinal
steel reinforcement is placed in pockets, cores or cavities filled with concrete infill and where the ratio
of the shear span to the effective depth, d, is 6 or less, fvk may be increased by a factor of (2,5 to 0,25
(shear span/d)), where the shear span is the ratio of the maximum design bending moment to the
maximum design shear force, and provided that fvk is not taken to be greater than 1.75 N/mm2.
l) Figure 4.12
It should be verified that the effective depth d can be contained within the clear height of the wall h less
the distance from the underside of the deep beam to the centre of the reinforcement.
m) Clause 4.7.3.2 5)
Guidance is given in clause 5.2.3 3).
n) Clause 4.7.3.2 6)
Reference should be made here to clause 5.2.5, rather than 5.2.6.
o) Clause 4.7.4.3
Additional guidance on the limitation of cracking is given in clause 4.3.5 of BS 5628-2:1995.
p) Clause 4.8.1
The design guidance given in section 5 of BS 5628-2:1995 will satisfy these general requirements.

xviii © BSI 11-1998

 DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

q) Clause 4.8.2.2 2)P

The tensile stresses in the masonry should be limited to zero. The initial prestressing force should be
limited to 70 % of the characteristic breaking load of the tendon.
More detailed guidance on the limiting levels of compressive stress in the masonry is given in
clause 5.3.2 of BS 5628-2:1995.
r) Clause 4.8.3.2 2)P
Stresses in unbonded tendons in post-tensioned members should be limited to 70 % of their
characteristic strength.
The stress/strain curve to be used for the determination of the stresses in bonded tendons, whether
initially tensioned or untensioned, should be taken from either Figure 5 of BS 5628-2:1995 or
Figure 4.6 of ENV 1992-1-1:1991. The actual values of the modulus of elasticity for prestressing steels
should be confirmed from manufacturers’ certificates.
s) Clause 4.8.3.2 3)P
Guidance on the design of members subjected to loading in the plane of the member is given in
clause 5.2.1 of BS 5628-2:1995.
t) Clause 4.8.3.2 5)P
Guidance on the design of members subjected to shear is given in clause 5.2.3 of BS 5628-2:1995.
u) Clause 4.8.4.2 2)
Further guidance on the design of anchorages is given in clause 5.5 of BS 5628-2:1995.
v) Clauses 4.8.4.3 2) and 4.8.4.3 3)
These factors affecting the prestress losses should be evaluated in accordance with the guidance given
in clauses 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 of BS 5628-2:1995, with the exceptions that:
i) the short term masonry elastic modulus, E, should be determined in accordance with
clauses 3.8.2 1)P and 3.8.2 2)P;
ii) the short term concrete elastic modulus, Ecm, should be determined in accordance with
clause 3.1.2.5.2 of ENV 1992-1-1:1991;
iii) the short term prestressing steel elastic modulus, Es, should be determined in accordance with
clause 3.4.1.7 of BS 5628-2:1995 or clause 3.3.4.4 of ENV 1992-1-1:1991. The actual value of the
modulus of elasticity should be confirmed from manufacturers’ certificates;
iv) moisture, thermal and creep movement of masonry should be evaluated in accordance with
clause 3.8.4.
6.5 Chapter 5. Structural detailing
a) Clause 5.2.2.2 1)
Masonry exposed to de-icing salts should be placed in class 4, unless it would otherwise be in class 5.
b) Table 5.1
For the UK, the references to unprotected carbon steel located in mortar under exposure classes 2 and 3
should be ignored.
In addition, in the UK note 1 applies to walls whether or not they are “likely to become damp”.
Where carbon steel is galvanized as the method of providing primary durability protection it should be
galvanized following the procedure in BS 729.
c) Table 5.2
This table should be replaced in its entirety by Table 14 of BS 5628-2:1995. Exposure classes 1, 2 and 3
should be considered equivalent to exposure situations E1, E2 and E3 respectively as given in
clause 6.1.2.2 of BS 5628-2:1995. Exposure classes 4 and 5 should be considered equivalent to exposure
situation E4 as given in clause 6.1.2.2 of BS 5628-2:1995.
d) Clause 5.2.4 1)P
As EN 845-3 is not yet available, the minimum size of the longitudinal wires for prefabricated bed joint
reinforcement to be used in design applications is 3 mm.

© BSI 11-1998 xix

DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

e) Clause 5.2.5.1 8)
EN 846-2 is not yet available. It is advisable in all cases to consult the manufacturer of the bed joint
reinforcement, especially where some form of coating against corrosion has been specified for use on the
steel.
f) Clause 5.2.5.2 3)
The guidance given in this clause should not be used. Instead, the lap length provided between two
reinforcing bars should not be less than lb the anchorage length required to develop full bond in the
smaller of the two bars lapped. The lap length should also not be less than 25 bars diameters
plus 150 mm for tension reinforcement and not less than 20 bar diameters plus 150 mm for
compression reinforcement.
g) Clause 5.2.5.2 5)
EN 846-2 is not yet available. It is advisable in all cases to consult the manufacturer of the bedjoint
reinforcement, especially where some form of coating against corrosion has been specified for use on the
steel.
h) Clause 5.2.6 1)
The effective width may be taken as the width of the section at the level of the tensile reinforcement.
For UK applications, 0,1 % can be applied, but only to beams. Rules detailed in 5.2.6 2) and 3) are of
general application.
i) Clause 5.2.9
Whilst ENV 1996-1-1 and the National Application Document are not intended to be restrictive or to
limit innovation, confined masonry is not a traditional form of construction in the UK and its use is not
applicable to the UK.
j) Clause 5.4.1
The requirements of this clause will be deemed to be met if the detailed guidance given in appendix C of
BS 5628-1:1992 is followed.
k) Clause 5.4.2.2
When cavity walls are to be filled with concrete, for example in reinforced concrete filled cavity walls,
then guidance on wall ties and their spacing can be found in clause 6.4 and annex B, both of
BS 5628-2:1995.
l) Clause 5.4.2.2 2)
Where the minimum boxed value for the spacing of wall ties is used, the ties should conform to BS 1243
or DD 140-2:1987.
m) Clause 5.5.2 1)
A chase within 5° of vertical can be assumed to be vertical.
n) Table 5.3
Where note 5 applies to walls exceeding 2,0 m in length, the cumulative width limit should be applied
to any 2,0 m length of wall.
In walls less than 175 mm thick, local widening of chases to a maximum of 150 mm wide by 100 mm
high is permitted so long as the length of the wall is at least 900 mm and not more than one such
widening is made in any 900 mm length of wall.
o) Table 5.4
Where the length of the chase is less than, or equal to, 1250 mm, the limiting length should be taken as
either the length of the chase, or half the length of the wall, whichever is smaller.
p) Clause 5.7 3)
Pending publication of ENV 1996-2, this clause will be satisfied by following the recommendations
given in BS 5628-3:1985 clause 20.3.
q) Clause 5.7 4)
Pending publication of ENV 1996-2, this clause will be satisfied by following the recommendations
given in BS 5628-3:1985 clause 20.3.

xx © BSI 11-1998
 DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

6.6 Chapter 6. Execution

a) Clause 6.2.4 3)
The appropriate national standard is BS 4466.
b) Clause 6.3.2 5)
Concrete infill shall also have sufficient workability to ensure that it can be fully compacted after
placing in voids.
c) Clause 6.3.3 4)
Concrete infill shall also have sufficient workability to ensure that it can be fully compacted after
placing in voids.
d) Clause 6.9 5)
Categories “A” and “B” execution control are defined as follows; category “C” execution control is not
used in this NAD.
Category “A” execution control
Category “A” execution control may be assumed when both of the following conditions are satisfied:
— regular inspection of the work is made by appropriately qualified persons independent of the
constructor’s site staff to verify that the work is being executed in accordance with the drawings and
specification;
NOTE In the case of Design-and-Build contracts, the Designer may be considered as a person independent of the site
organization for the purposes of inspection of the work.
— preliminary compressive strength tests carried out on the mortar to be used indicate conformity to
the strength requirements given in Table 5 of this NAD and regular testing of the mortar used on site
shows that conformity to the strength requirements given in Table 5 is being maintained.
Category “B” execution control
Category “B” execution control should be assumed when either or both of the conditions for category “A”
are not satisfied.
Category B level of execution should not be used for reinforced or prestressed masonry, except in the
following instances:
— deep beam, composite lintel construction and walls incorporating bed joint reinforcement to
enhance lateral load resistance;
— masonry containing prefabricated bed joint reinforcement used solely to control cracking.
e) Clause 6.9 6)
This clause should be ignored, as category “C” execution control is not used in this NAD.
6.7 Annex C
a) Clause C.1 1)
When using the simplified frame diagram in Figure C.1, one analysis is required to determine the
moment at the top of a wall panel and a second separate analysis is required to find the moment at the
bottom of the wall panel, as is shown in Figure 1 of this NAD.
b) Equation (C.1)
In equation (C.1) the short term modulus of elasticity should be used for floor members to correspond
with the use of short term values as recommended for the masonry.
When calculating the second moment of area for use in equation (C.1) wall openings may be ignored,
but circumstances which reduce the second moment of area of the floors should not be ignored.
Where equation (C.1) is applied to cavity walls, only leaves supporting floor or roof members should be
taken into account. Where both leaves in a storey support floor or roof members, the wall stiffness
should be taken as the sum of the stiffnesses for each leaf.
NOTE The moments calculated from equation (C.1) are independent of the axial vertical load in the wall above the joint.
Consequently, the moments may be the same from one level to another of a repetitive multi-storey building, but the eccentricities
will diminish as the design vertical load increases.

© BSI 11-1998 xxi

DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

Figure 1 — Moment at top and bottom of wall panel from two simplified frames

c) C.1 2) and 3)
The limit on average design vertical stress levels may be disregarded in circumstances where the slight
joint rotation leading to slight cracking at the joint can be accepted. The reduced moments calculated
from equations (C.1) and (C.2) may then be used to assess the eccentricity in the wall at average design
vertical stress levels less than 0,25 N/mm2.
Where the calculated resultant eccentricity due to loads exceeds 0.4 at the top or the bottom of a
laterally restrained wall panel the design may be in accordance with C.1 4) whereby the maximum
value of Φi becomes 0.2.

xxii © BSI 11-1998

 DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

List of references (see clause 2)

Normative references

BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 12:1991, Specification for Portland cement.

BS 146:1991, Specification for Portland blastfurnace cement.
BS 187:1978, Specification for calcium silicate (sandlime and flintlime) bricks.
BS 648:1964, Schedule of weights of building materials.
BS 729:1971, Specification for hot dip galvanized coatings on iron and steel articles.
BS 890:1995, Specification for building limes.
BS 970, Specification for wrought steels for mechanical and allied engineering purposes.
BS 970-1:1991, General inspection and testing procedures and specific requirements for carbon, carbon
manganese, alloy and stainless steels.
BS 1199 and BS 1200:1976, Specifications for building sands from natural sources.
BS 1217:1986, Specification for cast stone.
BS 1243:1978, Specification for metal ties for cavity wall construction.
BS 3921:1985, Specification for clay bricks.
BS 4027:1991, Specification for sulfate-resisting Portland cement.
BS 4466:1989, Specification for scheduling, dimensioning, bending and cutting of steel reinforcement for
concrete.
BS 4447:1973, Specification for the perfomance of prestressing anchorages for post-tensioned construction.
BS 4449:1988, Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4482:1985, Specification for cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4486:1980, Specification for hot rolled and hot rolled and processed high tensile alloy steel bars for
prestressing of concrete.
BS 4551:1980, Methods of testing mortars, screeds and plasters.
BS 4721:1981, Specification for ready-mixed building mortars.
BS 4887, Mortar admixtures.
BS 5224:1995, Specification for masonry cement.
BS 5262:1991, Code of practice for external renderings.
BS 5328, Concrete.
BS 5328-1:1991, Guide to specifying concrete.
BS 5328-2:1991, Methods for specifying concrete mixes.
BS 5628, Code of practice for use of masonry.
BS 5628-1:1992, Structural use of unreinforced masonry.
BS 5628-2:1995, Structural use of reinforced and prestressed masonry.
BS 5628-3:1985, Materials and components, design and workmanship.
BS 5896:1980, Specification for high tensile steel wire and strand for the prestressing of concrete.
BS 5977, Lintels.
BS 6073, Precast concrete masonry units.
BS 6178, Joist hangers.
BS 6399, Loading for buildings.
BS 6399-1:1984, Code of practice for dead and imposed loads.
BS 6399-2:1995, Code of practice for wind loads.
BS 6399-3:1988, Code of practice for imposed roof loads.
BS 6457:1984, Specification for reconstructed stone masonry units.
BS 6744:1986, Specification for austenitic stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete.

© BSI 11-1998 xxiii

DD ENV 1996-1-1:1996

CP 3, Code of basic data for the design of buildings.

CP 3: Chapter V, Loading.
CP 3: Chapter V-2:1972, Wind loads.
DD 86, Damp-proof courses.
DD 86-1:1993, Methods of test for flexural bond strength and short-term shear strength.
DD 140, Wall ties.
DD 140-1:1986, Methods of test for mortar joint and timber frame connections.
DD 140-2:1987, Recommendations for design of wall ties.
DD ENV 206:1992, Concrete. Performance, production, placing and compliance criteria.
CEN and CENELEC standards publications
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION (CEN) and EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR
ELECTROTECHNICAL STANDARDIZATION (CENELEC), Brussels. (All publications are available from
BSI Sales.)

ENV 206:1992, Concrete Performance, placing, production and compliance criteria.

ENV 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures.
Other reference
Approved Document A, Structure, 1992 Edition. The Building Regulations 1991. Available from the
Building Research Establishment, Watford, Herts, WD2 7RJ.

Informative references

CEN and CENELEC standards publications

EN 10088, Stainless steels.

ENV 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures.
ENV 1992-1-1:1991, General rules and rules for buildings.
ENV 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures.
ENV 1996-1-2:1995, Structural fire design.

© BSI 11-1998
xxiv
EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD ENV 1996-1-1
PRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE
June 1995
EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM

ICS 91.080.30

Descriptors: Buildings, construction, masonry work, building codes, computation, generalities

English version

Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures —

Part 1-1: General rules for buildings —
Rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry

Eurocode 6: Calcul des ouvrages en Eurocode 6: Bemessung und Konstruktion von

maçonnerie — Partie 1-1: Règles générales — Mauerwerksbauten — Teil 1-1: Allgemeine
Règles pour la maçonnerie armée et non armée Regeln — Regeln für bewertes und nicht
bewertes Mauerwerk

This European Prestandard (ENV) was approved by CEN on 1994-06-10 as a

prospective standard for provisional application. The period of validity of this
ENV is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN
will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question
whether the ENV can be converted into an European Standard (EN).
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this ENV in the same
way as for an EN and to make the ENV available promptly at national level in
an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in
force (in parallel to the ENV) until the final decision about the possible
conversion of the ENV into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

© 1995 All rights of reproduction and communication in any form and by any means reserved in all
countries to CEN and its members.
Ref. No. ENV 1996-1-1:1995 E
ENV 1996-1-1:1995

Foreword EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium

alloy structures.
Objectives of the Eurocodes 8) Separate sub-committees have been formed by
1) The Structural Eurocodes comprise a group of CEN/TC250 for the various Eurocodes listed
standards for the structural and geotechnical above.
design of buildings and civil engineering works. 9) This ENV 1996-1-1 is being published as a
2) They cover execution and control only to the European Prestandard (ENV) with an initial life
extent that it is necessary to indicate the quality of three years.
of the construction products, and the standard of 10) This prestandard is intended for
workmanship needed on and off site to comply experimental application and for the submission
with the assumptions of the design rules. of comments.
3) Until the necessary set of harmonized 11) After approximately two years, CEN
technical specifications for products and for the members will be invited to submit formal
methods for testing their performance are comments to be taken into account in
available, some of the Structural Eurocodes cover determining future actions.
some of these aspects in informative annexes.
12) Meanwhile feedback and comments on this
Background of the Eurocode programme Prestandard should be sent to the Secretariat of
4) The Commission of the European CEN/TC 250/SC6 at the following address:–
Communities (CEC) initiated the work of DIN
establishing a set of harmonized technical rules
Burggrafenstrasse 6
for the design of building and civil engineering
works which would initially serve as an 10772 Berlin
alternative to the different rules in force in the Germany
various Member States and would ultimately or to your national standards organization.
replace them. These technical rules became
National Application Documents (NAD’s)
known as the Structural Eurocodes.
13) In view of the responsibilities of authorities
5) In 1990, after consulting their respective
in member countries for safety, health and other
Member States, the CEC transferred the work of
matters covered by the essential requirements of
further development, issue and updating of the
Structural Eurocodes to CEN, and the EFTA the Construction Products Directive (CPD),
secretariat agreed to support the CEN work. certain safety elements in this ENV 1996-1-1
have been assigned indicative values which are
6) CEN Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 is
responsible for all Structural Eurocodes.
identified byŽ (“boxed values”). The authorities
in each member country are expected to review
Eurocode programme the “boxed values” and may substitute
7) Work is in hand on the following Structural alternative definitive values for these safety
Eurocodes, each generally consisting of a number elements for use in national application.
of parts:– 14) Some of the supporting European or
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Basis of design and International standards, may not be available by
actions on structures. the time this prestandard is issued. It is,
therefore, anticipated that a National
EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
Application Document (NAD) giving any
structures.
substitute definitive values for safety elements,
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel referencing compatible supporting standards
structures. and providing guidance on the national
EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel application of this prestandard, will be issued by
and concrete structures. each member country or its Standards
EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber Organisation.
structures. 15) It is intended that this prestandard is used in
EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry conjunction with the NAD valid in the country
structures. where the building and civil engineering work is
located.
EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design.
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for
earthquake resistance.

2 © BSI 11-1998
 ENV 1996-1-1:1995

Matters specific to this prestandard Page

16) The general scope of Eurocode 6 is defined in 3.3.1 General 28
clause 1.1.1 of this ENV 1996-1-1 and the scope 3.3.2 Specification for concrete infill 28
of this part of Eurocode 6 is defined in
3.3.3 Properties of concrete infill 29
clause 1.1.2. Additional parts of Eurocode 6
which are planned are indicated in clause 1.1.3 3.4 Reinforcing steel 29
of this ENV 1996-1-1. 3.4.1 General 29
3.4.2 Properties of reinforcing steel 29
Contents
3.4.3 Durability of reinforcing steel 29
Page 3.5 Prestressing steel 30
Foreword 2 3.5.1 General 30
1 General 7 3.5.2 Durability of prestressing steel 30
1.1 Scope 7 3.6 Mechanical properties of
1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 6 7 unreinforced masonry 30
1.1.2 Scope of Part 1.1 of Eurocode 6 7 3.6.1 General 30
1.1.3 Further parts of Eurocode 6 8 3.6.2 Characteristic compressive strength
of unreinforced masonry 30
1.2 Distinction between principles and
application rules 8 3.6.3 Characteristic shear strength of
unreinforced masonry 33
1.3 Assumptions 8
3.6.4 Characteristic flexural strength
1.4 Definitions 9
of unreinforced masonry 36
1.4.1 Terms common to all Eurocodes 9
3.7 Mechanical properties of reinforced,
1.4.2 Special terms used in this ENV 1996-1-1 9 prestressed and confined masonry 37
1.5 S.I. units 12 3.7.1 General 37
1.6 Symbols used in this ENV 1996-1-1 13 3.7.2 Characteristic anchorage bond
2 Basis of design 17 strength 37
2.1 Fundamental requirements 17 3.8 Deformation properties of masonry 37
2.2 Definitions and classifications 18 3.8.1 Stress-strain relationship 37
2.2.1 Limit states and design situations 18 3.8.2 Modulus of elasticity 38
2.2.2 Actions 18 3.8.3 Shear modulus 38
2.2.3 Material properties 20 3.8.4 Creep, shrinkage and thermal
2.2.4 Geometrical data 20 expansion 39
2.2.5 Load arrangement and load cases 21 3.9 Ancillary components 39
2.3 Design requirements 21 3.9.1 Damp proof courses 39
2.3.1 General 21 3.9.2 Wall ties 39
2.3.2 Ultimate limit states 21 3.9.3 Straps, hangers, brackets and support
angles 40
2.3.3 Partial safety factors for ultimate
limit states 23 3.9.4 Prefabricated lintels 40
2.3.4 Serviceability limit states 24 3.9.5 Prestressing devices 40
2.4 Durability 25 4 Design of masonry 40
3 Materials 26 4.1 Structural behaviour and overall
stability 40
3.1 Masonry units 26
4.1.1 Design models for structural behaviour 40
3.1.1 Types of masonry units 26
4.1.2 Structural behaviour in accidental
3.1.2 Properties of masonry units 27 situations (other than earthquakes
3.2 Mortar 27 and fire) 40
3.2.1 Types of mortar 27 4.1.3 Design of structural members 41
3.2.2 Properties of mortar 28 4.2 Actions, combinations and partial
3.3 Concrete infill 28 coefficients 41

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Page Page
4.2.1 Characteristic permanent action 41 4.8.4 Other design matters 67
4.2.2 Characteristic variable action 41 4.9 Confined masonry 67
4.2.3 Characteristic wind action 41 5 Structural detailing 68
4.2.4 Characteristic lateral earth pressure 41 5.1 General 68
4.2.5 Design combinations 41 5.1.1 Masonry materials 68
4.3 Design strength of masonry 41 5.1.2 Types of walls 68
4.4 Unreinforced masonry walls subjected 5.1.3 Minimum thickness of walls 70
to vertical loading 42 5.1.4 Bonding of masonry 70
4.4.1 General 42 5.1.5 Mortar joints 70
4.4.2 Verification of unreinforced masonry 5.1.6 Bearings under concentrated loads 74
walls 42
5.2 Reinforcement detailing 74
4.4.3 Reduction factor for slenderness and
5.2.1 General 74
eccentricity 43
5.2.2 Protection of reinforcing steel 74
4.4.4 Effective height of walls 44
5.2.3 Minimum area of reinforcement 77
4.4.5 Effective thickness of walls 48
5.2.4 Size of reinforcement 78
4.4.6 Slenderness ratio of walls 48
5.2.5 Anchorage and laps 78
4.4.7 Out-of-plane eccentricity 48
5.2.6 Shear reinforcement 80
4.4.8 Concentrated loads 48
5.2.7 Restraint of compression reinforcement 81
4.4.9 Stresses due to restraints 50
5.2.8 Spacing of reinforcement 81
4.5 Unreinforced masonry shear walls 50
5.2.9 Confined masonry 81
4.5.1 General 50
5.3 Prestressing details 82
4.5.2 Analysis of shear walls 52
5.3.1 General 82
4.5.3 Verification of shear walls 52
5.3.2 Prestressing tendons 82
4.6 Unreinforced walls subjected to lateral
loads 53 5.4 Connection of walls 82
4.6.1 General 53 5.4.1 Interconnection of walls, floors
and roofs 82
4.6.2 Walls subjected to lateral wind loads 53
5.4.2 Connection between intersecting
4.6.3 Walls subjected to lateral earth
walls 84
pressure 56
5.5 Chases and recesses 84
4.6.4 Horizontal accidental loads (excluding
seismic actions 56 5.5.1 General 84
4.7 Reinforced masonry 56 5.5.2 Vertical chases and recesses 85
4.7.1 Reinforced masonry members 5.5.3 Horizontal and inclined chases 85
subjected to bending, bending and 5.6 Damp proof courses 85
axial load or axial load 56 5.7 Thermal and long term movement 86
4.7.2 Reinforced masonry members 5.8 Masonry below ground 86
subjected to shear 61
5.9 Particular details for seismic design 86
4.7.3 Reinforced masonry deep beams
5.10 Particular details for structural fire
subjected to vertical loading 63
design 86
4.7.4 Reinforced masonry members under
6 Construction 86
the serviceability limit state 65
4.8 Prestressed masonry 66 6.1 Masonry units 86
4.8.1 General 66 6.2 Storage of masonry units and other
materials 86
4.8.2 Prestressed masonry members under
6.2.1 General 86
the serviceability limit state 66
6.2.2 Storage of masonry units 87
4.8.3 Prestressed masonry members under
the ultimate limit state 66 6.2.3 Storage of materials for mortar and
concrete infill 87

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Page Page
6.2.4 Storage and use of reinforcement 87 Annex F Verification of reinforced masonry
6.3 Mortar and concrete infill 87 cantilever walls subject to bending 100
6.3.1 General 87 Annex G Points to be considered in
categorising execution 101
6.3.2 Site made mortar and concrete infill 87
Figure 3.1 — Flexural strength fxk1 and fxk2 36
6.3.3 Factory made mortars, pre-batched
mortars, pre-mixed lime sand mortars Figure 3.2 — General shape of a
and ready mixed concrete infill 88 stress-strain relationship for masonry 38
6.3.4 Strength of mortar and concrete infill 88 Figure 3.3 — Stress-strain relationship for the
design of masonry in bending and compression 38
6.4 Construction of masonry 88
Figure 4.1 — Moments from calculation of
6.4.1 General 88
eccentricities 45
6.4.2 Mortar joints 88
Figure 4.2 — Graph showing values of Φm
6.5 Connection of walls 89 against slenderness ratio for different
6.6 Fixing reinforcement 89 eccentricities 45
6.7 Protection of newly constructed Figure 4.3 — Minimum length of stiffening
masonry 89 wall with openings 46
6.7.1 General 89 Figure 4.4 — Walls subjected to concentrated
6.7.2 Curing of masonry 89 load 50
6.7.3 Protection against frost 89 Figure 4.5 — Flange widths that can be
assumed for shear walls 51
6.7.4 Loading of masonry 89
Figure 4.6 — Design stress-strain diagram
6.8 Permissible deviations in masonry 90
for reinforcing steel (tension and compression) 57
6.9 Category of execution 90 Figure 4.7 — Effective span of simply
6.10 Other construction matters 91 supported or continuous members 57
6.10.1 Movement joints 91 Figure 4.8 — Effective span of cantilevers 58
6.10.2 Construction height 91 Figure 4.9 — Strain diagrams in the ultimate
6.10.3 Reinforced concrete filled cavity walls 91 limit state 59
6.10.4 Reinforced walls incorporating pockets 91 Figure 4.10 — Simplified rectangular
6.11 Prestressing steel and accessories 91 stress block 60
6.11.1 Storage of the tendons 91 Figure 4.11 — Width of section for members
with locally concentrated reinforcement 61
6.11.2 Fabrication of tendons 91
Figure 4.12 — Representation of a deep beam 64
6.11.3 Placing of tendons 92
Figure 4.13 — Composite lintel forming a
6.11.4 Tensioning of tendons 92 deep beam 65
Annex A Derivation of the value of the Figure 5.1 — Example cross-sections through
reduction factor for slenderness and a single-leaf wall 68
eccentricity within the middle height
of a wall 92 Figure 5.2 — Example cross-sections through
a cavity wall 68
Annex B Graphs showing values of
r3 and r4, using equations 4.13, Figure 5.3 — Example cross-section through
4.14, 4.15 and 4.16 95 a double-leaf wall 69
Annex C A simplified method for Figure 5.4 — Example cross-section through
calculatingthe out-of-plane eccentricity a faced wall 69
of loading on walls 96 Figure 5.5 — Example cross-section through
Annex D Graph showing the enhancement a shell bedded wall 69
factor as given in 4.4.8: Concentrated loads Figure 5.6 — Example cross-section through
under bearings 98 a veneer wall 70
Annex E An empirical method for designing Figure 5.7 — Overlap of masonry units 71
basement walls subjected to lateral earth Figure 5.8 — Examples of bonding
pressure 99 arrangements using Group 1 masonry units 72

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Page Page
Figure 5.9 — Example of bonding Table 4.1 — Limiting ratios of span to effective
arrangements using Group 2a and depth for walls and beams 58
Group 2b masonry units 73 Table 5.1 — Selection of reinforcing steel
Figure 5.10 — Examples of bonding for durability 77
arrangements using Group 3 Table 5.2 — Minimum concrete cover
masonry units 74 for unprotected carbon steel 77
Figure 5.11 — Examples of the incorporation Table 5.3 — Sizes of vertical chases and
of reinforcement in masonry 75 recesses in masonry, allowed without
Figure 5.12 — Cover to reinforcing steel in calculation 85
bed joints 76 Table 5.4 — Sizes of horizontal and inclined
Figure 5.13 — Anchorage details 79 chases in masonry, allowed without
Figure 5.14 — Examples of confined masonry 82 calculation 85
Figure 5.15 — Example of prestressed masonry 83 Table A.1 — Capacity reduction factor, Φm,
for E = 1 000 fk 94
Figure 6.1 — Maximum vertical deviations 90
Figure C.1 — Simplified frame diagram 96
Figure C.2 — Eccentricity obtained from
design load resisted by stress block 97
Figure E.1 — Design loads for basement
walls 100
Table 1-1 — List of equivalent terms in
Community languages (to be completed for
other Community languages) 10
Table 2.1 — Design values for actions for
use in the combination of actions 22
Table 2.2 — Partial safety factors for actions
in building structures for persistent and
transient design situations 24
Table 2.3 — Partial safety factors for
material properties (γM) 24
Table 3.1 — Requirements for grouping of
masonry units 26
Table 3.2 — Values of factor δ 27
Table 3.3 — Characteristic compressive
strength, fck, of concrete infill 28
Table 3.4 — Characteristic shear strength,
fcvk, of concrete infill 29
Table 3.5 — Values of fvko and limiting values
of fvk for general purpose mortar 35
Table 3.6 — Characteristic anchorage bond
strength of reinforcement in concrete infill,
confined within masonry units 37
Table 3.7 — Characteristic anchorage bond
strength of reinforcement in mortar or
concrete not confined within masonry units 37
Table 3.8 — Deformation properties of
unreinforced masonry made with general
purpose mortar 39

6 © BSI 11-1998
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1 General
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 6
1) P Eurocode 6 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in unreinforced, reinforced,
prestressed and confined masonry.
2) P Eurocode 6 is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of
structures. Other requirements, for example, concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not
considered.
3) P Execution1) is covered to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the construction
materials and products that should be used and the standard of workmanship on site needed to comply
with the assumptions made in the design rules. Generally, the rules related to execution and
workmanship should be considered as minimum requirements which may have to be further developed
for particular types of buildings or civil engineering works1) and methods of construction1).
4) P Eurocode 6 does not cover the special requirements of seismic design. Provisions related to such
requirements are given in Eurocode 8 “Design of structures in seismic regions”2) which complements,
and is consistent with, Eurocode 6.
5) P Numerical values of the actions on buildings and civil engineering works to be taken into account
in the design are not given in Eurocode 6. They are provided in Eurocode 1 “Basis of design and actions
on structures”3).
1.1.2 Scope of Part 1-1 of Eurocode 6
1) P Part 1-1 of Eurocode 6 gives a general basis for the design of buildings and civil engineering works
in unreinforced, reinforced, prestressed and confined masonry made with the following masonry units
laid in mortar made with natural sand, or crushed sand, or lightweight aggregate:
— fired clay units, including lightweight clay units;
— calcium silicate units;
— concrete units, made with dense or lightweight aggregates;
— autoclaved aerated concrete units;
— manufactured stone units;
— dimensioned natural stone units.
2) P Part 1-1 deals with reinforced masonry where the reinforcement is added to provide ductility,
strength or serviceability. The principles of the design of prestressed masonry and confined masonry are
given, but application rules are not provided.
3) In so far as Part 1-1 gives the basis for the design of reinforced and prestressed masonry, the designer
should consider the extent of any concrete infill and the contribution of the masonry to the load
resistance and, where the concrete infill makes a much greater contribution to the load resistance than
the masonry, Eurocode 2 should be used and the strength of the masonry should be ignored.
4) For those types of structures not covered entirely, new structural uses for established materials, new
materials, or where actions and other influences outside normal experience have to be resisted, the same
principles and application rules may be applicable, but may need to be supplemented.
5) In addition, Part 1-1 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The
applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due to simplifications; their use and
any limits of applicability are explained in the text where necessary.
6) P The following subjects are dealt with in Part 1-1:
— Section 1: General.
— Section 2: Basis of design.
— Section 3: Materials.

1)
For the meaning of these terms, see 1.4.1
2)
At present at the draft stage
3)
At present at the draft stage.

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— Section 4: Design of masonry.

— Section 5: Structural detailing.
— Section 6: Construction.
7) P Sections 1 and 2 are common to all Eurocodes, with the exception of some additional clauses which
are required for masonry.
NOTE The material independent clauses in Section 2 will be replaced by references to ENV 1991-1, when it is published.
8) P Part 1-1 does not cover:
— resistance to fire (which is dealt with in ENV 1996-1-2);
— particular aspects of special types of building (for example, dynamic effects on tall buildings);
— particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as masonry bridges, dams,
chimneys or liquid-retaining structures);
— particular aspects of special types of structures (such as arches or domes).
1.1.3 Further parts of Eurocode 6
1) P Part 1-1 of Eurocode 6 will be supplemented by further parts which will complement or adapt it for
particular aspects of special types of building or civil engineering works, special methods of construction
and certain other aspects of design which are of general practical importance.
2) P Further parts of Eurocode 6 which, at present, are being prepared or are planned, include the
following:
— Part 1-2: Structural fire design;
— Part 1-3: Detailed rules on lateral loading;
— Part 1-X: Complex shape sections in masonry structures;
— Part 2: Design, selection of materials and execution of masonry;
— Part 3: Simplified and simple rules for masonry structures;
— Part 4: Constructions with lesser requirements for reliability and durability;

1.2 Distinction between principles and application rules

1) P Depending on the character of the individual clauses, distinction is made in this Part 1-1 of
ENV 1996 between principles and application rules.
2) P The principles comprise:
— general statements and definitions for which there is no alternative;
— requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted unless specifically stated.
3) P The principles are defined by the letter P, following the paragraph number, for example, 1)P.
4) P The application rules are generally recognised rules which follow the principles and satisfy their
requirements.
5) P It is permissible to use alternative design rules differing from the application rules given in this
Eurocode, provided that it is shown that the alternative rules accord with the relevant principles and
have not less than the same reliability.
6) P The application rules are all clauses not indicated as being principles.

1.3 Assumptions
1) P The following assumptions apply:
— Structures are designed by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel.
— Adequate supervision and quality control is provided in factories, in plants, and on site.
— Construction is carried out by personnel having the appropriate skill and experience.
— The construction materials and products are used as specified in this Eurocode or in the relevant
material or product specifications.
— The structure will be adequately maintained.
— The structure will be used in accordance with the design brief.

8 © BSI 11-1998
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2) P The design procedures are valid only when the requirements for execution and workmanship given
in Section 6 of this ENV 1996-1-1 are also complied with.
3) P Numerical values identified by
Member States.
Ž
are given as indications. Other values may be specified by

1.4 Definitions
1.4.1 Terms common to all Eurocodes
1) P Unless otherwise stated in the following, the terminology used in International Standard ISO 8930
applies.
2) P The following terms are used in common for all Eurocodes with the following meanings:
— Construction works: Everything that is constructed or results from construction operations.4) This
term covers both building and civil engineering works. It refers to the complete construction comprising
both structural and non-structural elements.
— Execution: The activity of creating a building or civil engineering works. The term covers work on
site; it may also signify the fabrication of components off site and their subsequent erection on site.
NOTE In English, “construction” may be used in certain combinations of words, when there is no ambiguity (for example, “during
construction”).
5)
— Structure: Organised combination of connected parts designed to provide some measure of rigidity.
This term refers to load carrying parts.
— Type of building or civil engineering works: Type of “construction works” designating its
intended purpose, for example, dwelling house, industrial building, road bridge.
NOTE “Type of construction works” is not used in English.
— Form of structure: Structural type designating the arrangement of structural elements, for
example, beam, triangulated structure, arch, suspension bridge.
— Construction material: A material used in construction work, for example, concrete, steel, timber,
masonry.
— Type of construction: Indication of principal structural material, for example, reinforced concrete
construction, steel construction, timber construction, masonry construction.
— Method of construction: Manner in which the construction will be carried out, for example, cast in
place, prefabricated, cantilevered.
— Structural system: The loadbearing elements of a building or civil engineering works and the way
in which these elements are assumed to function, for the purpose of modelling.
NOTE The equivalent terms in six languages are given in Table 1-1.
1.4.2 Special terms used in this ENV 1996-1-1
1.4.2.1 Masonry
1) P Masonry: An assemblage of masonry units laid in a specified pattern and joined together with
mortar.
2) P Reinforced masonry: Masonry in which bars or mesh, usually of steel, are embedded in mortar
or concrete so that all the materials act together in resisting forces.
3) P Prestressed masonry: Masonry in which internal compressive stresses have been intentionally
induced by tensioned reinforcement.
4) P Confined masonry: Masonry built rigidly between reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry
structural columns and beams on all four sides (not designed to perform as a moment resistant frame).
5) P Masonry bond: Disposition of units in masonry in a regular pattern to achieve common action

4)
This definition accords with the International Standard ISO 6707-1.
5)
The International Standard ISO 6707-1 gives the same definition, however, adds “or a construction works having such an
arrangement”. For Eurocodes this addition is not used, in order to avoid ambiguous translations.

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Table 1-1 — List of equivalent terms in Community languages (to be completed for other Community
languages)
ENGLISH FRANCAIS DEUTSCH ITALIANO
Construction works Construction Bauwerk Costruzione
Execution Exécution (Bau-) Ausführung Esecuzione
Structure Structure Tragwerk Struttura
Type of building or civil Nature de construction Art des Bauwerks Tipo di costruzione
engineering works
Form of structure Type de structure Art des Tragwerks Tipo di struttura
Construction material Matériau de Baustoff; Werkstoff Materiale da costruzione
construction (Stahlbau)
Type of construction Mode de construction Bauart Sistema costruttivo
Method of construction Procédé d’execution Bauverfahren Procedimento esecutivo
Structural system Système structural Tragsystem Sistema strutturale

Table 1-1— List of equivalent terms in Community languages (to be completed for other
Community languages)
ENGLISH NEDERLANDS ESPANOL PORTUGUES
Construction works Bouwwerk Construcción Obras de construção
Execution Uitvoering Ejecucion Execução
Structure Draag-constructie Estructura Estrutura
Type of building or civil Type bouwwerk Naturaleze de la Tipos de obras de
engineering works construcción construção
Form of structure Type draag-constructie Tipo de estructura Tipo de estrutura
Construction material Constructie materiaal Material de construcción Material de construção
Type of construction Bouwwijze Modo de construcción Tipo de construção
Method of construction Bouwmethode Procedimiento de Processo de construção
ejecucion
Structural system Constructief systeem Sistema estructural Sistema estrutural

1.4.2.2 Strength of masonry

1) P Characteristic strength of masonry: The value of strength corresponding to a 5 % fractile of all
strength measurements of the masonry.
NOTE the value may be taken from the results of specific tests or from an evaluation of test data or other specified values.
2) P Compressive strength of masonry: The strength of masonry in compression without the effects
of platten restraint, slenderness or eccentricity of loading.
3) P Shear strength of masonry: The strength of masonry subjected to shear forces.
4) P Flexural strength of masonry: The strength of masonry in pure bending.
5) P Anchorage bond strength: The bond strength, per unit surface area, between reinforcement and
concrete or mortar when the reinforcement is subjected to tensile or compressive forces.
1.4.2.3 Masonry units
1) P Masonry unit: A preformed component, intended for use in masonry construction.
2) P Groups 1, 2a, 2b and 3 masonry units: Group designations for masonry units, according to the
percentage size and orientation of holes in the units when laid.
3) P Bed face: The top or bottom surface of a masonry unit when laid as intended.
4) P Frog: A depression, formed during manufacture, in one or both bed faces of a masonry unit.
5) P Hole: A formed void which may or may not pass completely through a masonry unit.

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6) P Griphole: A formed void in a masonry unit to enable it to be more readily grasped and lifted with
one or both hands or by machine.
7) P Web: The solid material between the holes in a masonry unit.
8) P Shell: The peripheral material between a hole and the face of a masonry unit.
9) P Gross area: The area of a cross-section through the unit without reduction for the area of holes,
voids and re-entrants.
10) P Compressive strength of masonry units: The mean compressive strength of a specified
number of masonry units.
NOTE For the purposes of this Eurocode, reference is made to EN 772-1, “Methods of test for masonry units. Part 1:
Determination of compressive strength”.
11) P Normalized compressive strength of masonry units: The compressive strength of masonry
units converted to the air dried compressive strength of an equivalent 100 mm wide × 100 mm high
masonry unit.
12) P Characteristic compressive strength of masonry units: The compressive strength
corresponding to a 5 % fractile of the compressive strength of a specified number of masonry units.
NOTE For the purposes of this Eurocode, reference is made to EN 772-1, “Methods of test for masonry units. Part 1.
Determination of compressive strength”.
1.4.2.4 Mortar
1) P Mortar: A mixture of inorganic binders, aggregates and water, together with additions and
admixtures if required.
NOTE For the purposes of this Eurocode, reference is made to EN 998-2, “Specification for mortar for masonry. Part 2: Masonry
mortar”.
2) P General purpose mortar: A mortar for use in joints with a thickness greater than 3 mm and in
which only dense aggregates are used.
3) P Thin layer mortar: A designed mortar for use in joints between 1 mm and 3 mm in thickness.
4) P Lightweight mortar: A designed mortar with a dry hardened density lower than 1 500 kg/m3.
5) P Designed mortar: A mortar designed and manufactured to fulfil stated properties and subjected
to test requirements.
6) P Prescribed mortar: A mortar made in predetermined proportions, the properties of which are
assumed from the stated proportion of the constituents.
7) P Factory made mortar: A mortar batched and mixed in a factory and supplied to the building site.
8) P Pre-batched mortar: A material consisting of constituents batched in a plant, supplied to the
building site and mixed there under factory specified proportions and conditions.
9) P Site-made mortar: A mortar composed of primary constituents batched and mixed on the building
site.
10) P Compressive strength of mortar: The mean compressive strength of a specified number of
mortar specimens after curing for 28 days.
NOTE For the purposes of this Eurocode, reference is made to EN 1015-11, “Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Part 11:
Determination of flexural and compressive strength of hardened mortar”.
1.4.2.5 Concrete infill
1) P Concrete infill: A concrete mix of suitable consistency and aggregate size to fill cavities or voids
in masonry.
1.4.2.6 Reinforcement
1) P Reinforcing steel: Steel reinforcement for use in masonry.
2) P Bed joint reinforcement: Steel reinforcement that is prefabricated for building into a bed joint.
NOTE For the purposes of this Eurocode, reference is made to EN 845-3, “Specification for ancillary components for masonry.
Part 3: Bed joint reinforcement”.
3) P Prestressing steel: Steel wires, bars or strands for use in masonry.
1.4.2.7 Ancillary components
1) P Damp proof course: A layer of sheeting, masonry units or other material used in masonry to resist
the passage of water.

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2) P Wall tie: A device for connecting one leaf of a cavity wall across a cavity to another leaf or to a
framed structure or backing wall.
3) P Strap: A device for connecting masonry members to other adjacent components, such as floors and
roofs.
1.4.2.8 Mortar joints
1) P Bed joint: A mortar layer between the bed faces of masonry units.
2) P Perpend joint: A mortar joint perpendicular to the bed joint and to the face of wall.
3) P Longitudinal joint: A vertical mortar joint within the thickness of a wall, parallel to the face of
the wall.
4) P Thin layer joint: A joint made with thin layer mortar having a maximum thickness of 3 mm.
5) P Movement joint: A joint permitting, free movement in the plane of the wall.
6) P Jointing: The process of finishing a mortar joint as the works proceeds.
7) P Pointing: The process of filling and finishing raked out mortar joints.
1.4.2.9 Wall types
1) P Load-bearing wall: A wall of plan area greater than 0,04m2, or one whole unit if Group 2a,
Group 2b or Group 3 units of plan area greater than 0,04m2 are used, primarily designed to carry an
imposed load in addition to its own weight.
2) P single-leaf wall: A wall without a cavity or continuous vertical joint in its plane.
3) P Cavity wall: A wall consisting of two parallel single-leaf walls, effectively tied together with wall
ties or bed joint reinforcement, with either or both leaves supporting vertical loads. The space between
the leaves is left as a continuous cavity or filled or partially filled with non-loadbearing thermal
insulating material.
4) P Double-leaf wall: A wall consisting of two parallel leaves with the longitudinal joint between (not
exceeding 25 mm) filled solidly with mortar and securely tied together with wall ties so as to result in
common action under load.
5) P Grouted cavity wall: A wall consisting of two parallel leaves, spaced at least 50 mm apart, with
the intervening cavity filled with concrete and securely tied together with wall ties or bed joint
reinforcement so as to result in common action under load.
6) P Faced Wall: A wall with facing units bonded to backing, units so as to result in common action
under load.
7) P Shell bedded wall: A wall in which the masonry units are bedded on two general purpose mortar
strips at the outside edges of the bed face of the units.
8) P Veneer wall: A wall used as a facing but not bonded or contributing to the strength of the backing
wall or framed structure.
9) P Shear wall: A wall to resist lateral forces in its plane.
10) P Stiffening wall: A wall set perpendicular to another wall to give it support against lateral forces
or to resist buckling and so to provide stability to the building.
11) P Non-loadbearing wall: A wall not considered to resist forces such that it can be removed without
prejudicing the remaining integrity of the structure.
1.4.2.10 Miscellaneous
1) P Chase: Channel formed in masonry.
2) P Recess: Indentation formed in the face of a wall.
3) P Grout: A pourable mixture of cement, sand and water for filling small voids or spaces.

1.5 S.I. units

1) P S.I. Units shall be used in accordance with ISO 1 000.
2) For calculations, the following units are recommended:
– forces and loads : kN, kN/m, kN/m2;

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 ENV 1996-1-1:1995

– unit mass : kg/m3;

– unit weight : kN/m3;
– stresses and strengths : N/mm2 ( = MN/m2 or MPa);
– moments (bending, etc): kNm.

1.6 Symbols used in this ENV 1996-1-1

1) P Particular material-independent symbols used are as follows:
A accidental action;
Ad design value of an accidental action;
Ak characteristic value of an accidental action;
Cd nominal value, or function, of certain design properties of materials;
E action effect;
Ed design value of an action effect;
Ed,dst design value of a destabilizing action effect;
Ed,stb design value of a stabilizing action effect;
F action;
Fd design value of an action;
Fk characteristic value of an action;
G permanent action;
Gd design value of a permanent action;
Gd,inf lower design value of a permanent action;
Gd,sup upper design value of a permanent action;
Gk characteristic value of a permanent action;
Gk,inf lower characteristic value of a permanent action;
Gk,sup upper characteristic value of a permanent action;
P prestressing action;
Q variable action;
Qd design value of a variable action;
Qk characteristic value of a variable action;
R resistance capacity;
Rd design value of resistance capacity;
Sd design value of an internal action effect;
Wk characteristic value of wind action;
Xd design value of a material property;
Xk characteristic value of a material property;
ad design value of geometrical data;
anom nominal value of geometrical data;
∆a additive (or reducing) safety element for geometrical data;

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γA partial safety factor for accidental actions;

γF partial safety factor for actions;
γG partial safety factor for permanent actions;
γG,inf partial safety factor associated with Gk,inf ;
γG,sup partial safety factor associated with Gk,sup ;
γGA partial safety factor for permanent actions used in accidental combinations;
γM partial safety factor for material properties;
γP partial safety factor for prestressing actions;
γQ partial safety factor for variable actions;
ψo coefficient defining the combination value of variable actions;
ψ1 coefficient defining the frequent value of variable actions;
ψ2 coefficient defining the quasi-permanent value of variable actions;
ζ reduction factor for γG.

2) P Particular material-dependent symbols used for masonry are as follows:

A area of a wall;
A1 numerical factor;
Ab area of bearing;
Aef effective area of a wall;
a1 distance from the end of a wall to the nearer edge of a bearing;
bc distance apart of cross walls or buttresses;
bs distance between centre lines of mortar strips;
d deflection of arch under design lateral load;
E modulus of elasticity;
En modulus of elasticity of a member (where n = 1, 2, 3 or 4);
e eccentricity;
en accidental eccentricity;
ehm eccentricity at mid-height of a wall resulting from horizontal loads;
ehi eccentricity at top or bottom of a wall resulting from horizontal loads;
ei resultant eccentricity at the top or bottom of a wall;
ek eccentricity due to creep;
em eccentricity due to loads;
emk resultant eccentricity within the middle fifth of the wall height;
F flexural strength class
Ft characteristic compressive or tensile resistance of a wall tie;
f compressive strength of masonry;
fb normalized compressive strength of a masonry unit;
fd design compressive strength of masonry;

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fk characteristic compressive strength of masonry;

fm mean compressive strength of mortar;
fv shear strength of masonry;
fvd design shear strength of masonry;
fvk characteristic shear strength of masonry;
fvko characteristic shear strength of masonry under zero compressive load;
fx flexural strength of masonry;
fxd design flexural strength of masonry;
fxk characteristic flexural strength of masonry (also fxk1 and fxk2);
G shear modulus;
g total width of the two mortar strips in shell bedded masonry;
H height of wall to the level of a concentrated load;
h clear height of a wall (also h1 and h2);
hef effective height of a wall;
he depth of soil;
htot total height of a structure;
In second moment of area of a member (where n = 1, 2, 3 or 4);
K constant concerned with the characteristic compressive strength of masonry;
k ratio of slab stiffness to wall stiffness;
L length of a panel between supports or between a support and a free edge;
Lef effective length of a wall;
l clear span of floor (also l3 and l4);
lc length of wall in compression;
M mortar compressive strength grade;
Md design moment;
Mi bending moment at the top (M1) or bottom (M2) of a wall due to load eccentricity;
Mm bending moment within the middle fifth of the wall height;
N design vertical load per unit length;
Ni design vertical load at the top (N1) or bottom (N2) of a wall;
Nm design vertical load within the middle fifth of the wall height;
NRd design vertical load resistance of a wall;
NSd design vertical load on a wall;
n member stiffness factor;
Ps imposed load at ground level per unit area;
qlat design lateral strength per unit length of a wall;
t thickness of a wall or leaf (also t1 and t2);
tef effective thickness of a wall;
tf thickness of a flange;

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u numerical factor;
um height of a masonry unit;
VRd design shear resistance of masonry (also VRd1);
VSd design shear load;
Wk1 characteristic wind load per unit area;
WSd design horizontal load on a wall per unit area;
w design uniformly distributed load (also w3 or w4);
x numerical factor;
Z section modulus;
α bending moment coefficient;
γM partial safety factor for material properties;
δ factor allowing for height and width of masonry units;
ε strain;
εc∞ final creep strain;
εe1 elastic strain;
λ numerical factor;
µ ratio of flexural strengths in two orthogonal directions;
ν angle of inclination;
ρe bulk density of soil;
ρn reduction factor for stiffened walls (where n = 2, 3 or 4);
σ normal stress;
σd design vertical compressive stress;
σdp permanent vertical stress;
Φ slenderness reduction factor;
Φi slenderness reduction factor at the top or bottom of a wall;
Φm slenderness reduction factor at the mid-height of a wall;
Φ∞ final creep coefficient.

3) P Particular material-dependent symbols used for reinforced masonry are as follows:

Am area of masonry;
Amr area of reinforced masonry including concrete infill;
As area of reinforcment in tension;
Asw area of shear reinforcement;
av distance from the face of a support to the principal load on a beam;
b width of section;
bc width of compression face of member mid-way between restraints;
bef effective width of a flanged member;
C compressive strength class of concrete;
d effective depth of section;

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Es modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel;

Fc design compressive bending force in member;
Fs design tensile force in steel;
Fbo anchorage bond strength of reinforcing steel;
fbok characteristic anchorage bond strength of reinforcing steel;
fc compressive strength of concrete infill;
fck characteristic compressive strength of concrete infill;
fcv shear strength of concrete infill;
fvk characteristic shear strength of masonry or concrete infill;
fp tensile strength of prestressing steel;
ftk characteristic tensile strength of reinforcing steel;
fy yield strength of the reinforcing steel;
fyk characteristic yield strength of reinforcing steel;
hm overall depth of a section;
lb anchorage length for reinforcing steel;
lef effective span of a member;
MRd design moment of resistance;
S slump class of concrete;
VRd2 design shear resistance of reinforcement;
s spacing of shear reinforcement;
x depth of the compression zone of a member;
z lever arm in a reinforced masonry member subjected to bending;
α angle of shear reinforcement;
γs partial safety factor for steel;
εm strain in masonry;
εs strain in reinforcing steel;
εuk characteristic value of unit elongation at maximum tensile stress in reinforcing steel;
φ diameter of reinforcement.

2 Basis of design
2.1 Fundamental requirements
1) P A structure shall be designed and constructed in such a way that:
— with acceptable probability, it will remain fit for the use for which it is required, having due regard
to its intended life and its cost, and
— with appropriate degrees of reliability, it will sustain all actions and influences likely to occur
during execution and use and have adequate durability in relation to maintenance costs.
2) P A structure shall be designed in such a way that it will not be damaged by events like explosions,
impact or consequences of human error, to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.
3) The potential damage should be limited or avoided by appropriate choice of one or more of the
following:

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— avoiding, eliminating or reducing the hazards which the structure is to sustain;

— selecting a structural form which has low sensitivity to the hazards considered;
— selecting a structural form and design that can survive adequately the accidental removal of an
individual element;
— tying the structure together.
4) P The above requirements shall be met by the choice of suitable materials, by appropriate design and
detailing and by specifying control procedures for production, construction and use as relevant for the
particular project.

2.2 Definitions and classifications

2.2.1 Limit states and design situations
2.2.1.1 Limit states
1) P Limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design performance
requirements.
2) P Limit states are classified into:
— ultimate limit states;
— serviceability limit states.
3) P Ultimate limit states are those associated with collapse, or with other forms of structural failure
which may endanger the safety of people.
4) P States prior to structural collapse which, for simplicity, are considered in place of the collapse itself
are also classified and treated as ultimate limit states.
5) P Ultimate limit states which may require consideration include:
— loss of equilibrium of the structure or any part of it, considered as a rigid body;
— failure by excessive deformation, rupture, or loss of stability of the structure or any part of it,
including supports and foundations.
6) P Serviceability limit states correspond to states beyond which specified service criteria are no longer
met.
7) Serviceability limit states which may require consideration include:
— deformations or deflections which affect the appearance or effective use of the structure (including
the malfunction of machines or services) or cause damage to finishes or non-structural elements;
— vibration which causes discomfort to people, damage to the building or its contents, or which limits
its functional effectiveness.
2.2.1.2 Design situations
1) P Design situations are classified as:
— persistent situations corresponding to normal conditions of use of the structure;
— transient situations, for example, during construction or repair;
— accidental situations.
2.2.2 Actions
2.2.2.1 Definitions and principal classification
1) P An action (F) is:
— a force (load) applied to the structure (direct action), or
— an imposed deformation (indirect action), for example, temperature effects or settlement.
2) P Actions are classified:
i) by their variation in time:
— permanent actions (G), for example, self-weight of structures, fittings, ancillaries and fixed
equipment;
— variable actions (Q), for example, imposed loads, wind loads or snow loads;
— accidental actions (A), for example, explosions or impact from vehicles;

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ii) by their spatial variation:

— fixed actions, for example, self-weight (but see 2.3.2.3 2) for structures very sensitive to
variations in self-weight);
— free actions, which result in different arrangements of actions, for example, movable imposed
loads, wind loads, snow loads.
3) P Prestressing action P) is a permanent action but, for practical reasons, it is treated separately.
2.2.2.2 Characteristic values of actions
1) P Characteristic values Fk are specified:
— in ENV 1991 or other relevant loading codes, or
— by the client, or the designer in consultation with the client, provided that the minimum provisions
specified in relevant codes or by the competent authority are observed.
2) P For permanent actions where the coefficient of variation is large or where the actions are likely to
vary during the life of the structure (for example, for some superimposed permanent loads), two
characteristic values are distinguished, an upper (Gk,sup) and a lower (Gk,inf). Elsewhere a single
characteristic value (Gk) is sufficient.
3) The self-weight of the structure may, in most cases, be calculated on the basis of the nominal
dimensions and mean unit masses.
4) P For variable actions the characteristic value (Qk) corresponds to either:
— the upper value with an intended probability of not being exceeded, or the lower value with an
intended probability of not being reached, during some reference period, having regard to the
intended life of the structure or the assumed duration of the design situation, or
— the specified value.
5) For accidental actions the characteristic value Ak (when relevant) generally corresponds to a specified
value.
2.2.2.3 Representative values of variable actions
1) P The main representative value is the characteristic value Qk.
2) P Other representative values are expressed in terms of the characteristic value Qk by means of a
coefficient ψi. These values are defined as:
– combination value: ψoQk;
– frequent value: ψ1Qk;
– quasi-permanent value: ψ2Qk.

3) Supplementary representative values are used for fatigue verification and dynamic analysis.
4) P The coefficient ψi is specified:
— in ENV 1991 or other relevant loading codes, or
— by the client or the designer in conjunction with the client, provided that the minimum provisions
specified in relevant codes or by the competent authority are observed.
2.2.2.4 Design values of actions
1) P The design value Fd of an action is expressed in general terms as:
Fd = γF Fk (2.1)

2) Specific examples are:

Gd = γ G Gk (2.2)
Qd = γ Q Qk or γQ ψi Qk (2.3)
Ad = γA Ak (if Ad is not directly specified) (2.4)
Pd = γp Pk (2.5)

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where γ F, γ G, γ Q, γA and γ p are the partial safety factors for the action considered taking account of, for
example, the possibility of unfavourable deviations of the actions, the possibility of inaccurate
modelling of the actions, uncertainties in the assessment of effects of actions and uncertainties in the
assessment of the limit state considered.
3) P The upper and lower design values of permanent actions are expressed as follows:
— where only a single characteristic value Gk is used (see 2.2.2.2 2)) then:
Gd,sup = γG,sup Gk (2.6)
Gd,inf = γG,inf Gk (2.7)

— where upper and lower characteristic values of permanent actions are used (see 2.2.2.2 2)) then:
Gd,sup = γG,sup Gk,sup (2.8)
Gd,inf = γG,inf Gk,inf (2.9)

where Gk,sup and Gk,inf are the upper and lower characteristic values of permanent actions, and γG,sup
and γG,inf are the upper and lower values of the partial safety factor for the permanent actions.
2.2.2.5 Design values of the effects of actions
1) P The effects of actions (E) are responses (for example, internal forces and moments, stresses, strains)
of the structure to the actions. Design values of the effects of actions (Ed) are determined from the design
values of the actions, geometrical data and material properties, when relevant:
Ed = E (Fd, ad, ...) (2.10)

where ad is defined in 2.2.4.

2.2.3 Material properties
2.2.3.1 Characteristic values
1) P A material property is represented by a characteristic value Xk which in general corresponds to a
fractile in the assumed statistical distribution of the particular property of the material, specified by
relevant standards and tested under specified conditions.
2) P In certain cases a designated value is used as the characteristic value.
2.2.3.2 Design values
1) P The design value Xd of a material property is generally defined as:

(2.11)

where γ M is the partial safety factor for the material property.

2) P Design values for the material properties, geometrical data and effects of actions, R, when relevant,
should be used to determine the design resistance Rd from:
Rd = R (Xd, ad, ...) (2.12)

3) P The design value Rd may be determined from tests. Guidance is given in EN 846-5, EN 846-6,
EN 1052-1, EN 1052-2, EN 1052-3 and EN 1052-4.
2.2.4 Geometrical data
1) P Geometrical data describing the structure are generally represented by their nominal values:
ad = anom (2.13)

2) P In some cases the geometrical design values are defined by:

ad = anom + ∆a (2.14)

3) P The values of ∆a are given in the appropriate clauses.

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2.2.5 Load arrangement and load cases

1) P A load arrangement identifies the position, magnitude and direction of a free action.
2) P A load case identifies compatible load arrangements, sets of deformations and imperfections
considered for a particular verification.

2.3 Design requirements

2.3.1 General
1) P It shall be verified that no relevant limit state is exceeded.
2) P All relevant design situtations and load cases shall be considered.
3) P Possible deviations from the assumed directions or positions of actions shall be considered.
4) P Calculations shall be performed using appropriate design models (supplemented, if necessary, by
tests) involving all relevant variables. The models shall be sufficiently precise to predict the structural
behaviour, commensurate with the standard of workmanship likely to be achieved, and with the
reliability of the information on which the design is based.
2.3.2 Ultimate limit states
2.3.2.1 Verification conditions
1) P When considering a limit state of static equilibrium or of gross displacements or deformations of the
structure, it shall be verified that:
Ed,dst # Ed,stb (2.15)

where Ed,dst and Ed,stb are the design effects of destabilizing and stabilizing actions, respectively.
2) P When considering a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation of a section, member or
connection (fatigue excluded) it shall be verified that:
Sd # Rd (2.16)

where Sd is the design value of an internal force or moment (or of a respective vector of several internal
forces or moments) and Rd is the corresponding design resistance, associating all structural properties
with the respective design values.
3) P When considering a limit state of transformation of the structure into a mechanism, it shall be
verified that a mechanism does not occur unless actions exceed their design values, associating all
structural properties with the respective design values.
4) P When considering a limit state of stability induced by second-order effects it shall be verified that
instability does not occur unless actions exceed their design values, associating all structural properties
with the respective design values. In addition, sections shall be verified according to paragraph 2) above.
2.3.2.2 Combinations of actions
1) P For each load case, design values Ed for the effects of actions shall be determined from combination
rules involving design values of actions as identified by Table 2.1.
2) P The design values of Table 2.1 shall be combined using the following rules (given in symbolic form):
— Persistent and transient design situations for verifications other than those relating to
prestressing (fundamental combinations):

(2.17)

NOTE This combination rule is an amalgamation of two separate load combinations:

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— Accidental design situations (if not specified differently elsewhere):

(2.18)

where:
Gkj is the characteristic values of permanent actions;
Qk,l is the characteristic value of one of the variable actions;
Qk,i is the characteristic values of the other variable actions;
Ad is the design value (specified value) of the accidental action;
γGj is the partial safety factor for permanent actions;
γGAj is as γGj but for accidental design situations;
γQ,i is the partial safety factor for variable actions;
ψo, ψ1, ψ2 are factors defined in 2.2.2.3.

3) Combinations for accidental design situations either involve an explicit accidental action A or refer to
a situation after an accidental event (A = 0). Unless specified otherwise, γ GA = may be used.
4) P In expressions (2.17) and (2.18) prestressing and indirect actions shall be introduced where
relevant.
5) Simplified combinations for building structures are given in 2.3.3.1.
2.3.2.3 Design value of permanent actions
1) P In the various combinations defined above, those permanent actions that increase the effect of the
variable actions (i.e. produce unfavourable effects) shall be represented by their upper design values,
those that decrease the effect of the variable actions (i.e. produce favourable effects) by their lower design
values (see 2.2.2.4 3)).
2) P Where the results of a verification may be very sensitive to variations of the magnitude of a
permanent action from place to place in the structure, the unfavourable and the favourable parts of this
action shall be considered as individual actions. This applies in particular to the verification of static
equilibrium. In the aforementioned cases specific γG values need to be considered (see 2.3.3.1 4) for
building structures).
3) P In other cases, either the lower or upper design value (whichever gives the more unfavourable effect)
shall be applied throughout the structure.
4) For continuous beams the same design value of the self-weight (evaluated as in 2.2.2.2 3)) may be
applied to all spans.
Table 2.1 — Design values for actions for use in the combination of actions
Design situation Permanent actions Gd Variable actions Accidental action Ad

One with its Other with their

characteristics value combination value

Persistent and –
γGGk γQQk ψoγ QQk
transient
Accidental γGAGk ψ1 Q k ψ2 Q k γAAk(if Ad is not
specified directly)

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2.3.3 Partial safety factors for ultimate limit states

2.3.3.1 Partial safety factors for actions on building structures
1) P Partial safety factors for the persistent and transient design situations are given in Table 2.2
2) P For accidental design situations to which equation (2.18) applies, the partial safety factor for
variable actions is equal to .
3) By adopting the γ values given in Table 2.2, equation (2.17) may be replaced by:
— considering only the most unfavourable variable action:

(2.19)

— considering all unfavourable variable actions:

(2.20)

whichever gives the larger value.

4) Where, according to 2.3.2.3 2), favourable and unfavourable parts of a permanent action need to be

considered as individual actions, the favourable part should be associated with γG,inf = and the

unfavourable part with γG,sup = .

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2.3.3.2 Partial safety factors for materials

1) P Partial safety factors for material properties for the ultimate limit state are given in Table 2.3.
2) P When verifying the stability in the case of accidental actions, γM for masonry shall be taken as

, and for Categories A, B and C of levels of execution respectively, γM for anchorage

and tensile and compressive resistance of wall ties and straps, and for anchorage bond of reinforcing

steel, shall be taken as given in Table 2.3 and γs for steel shall be taken as .
2.3.4 Serviceability limit states
1) P It shall be verified that:
Ed # Cd (2.21)

where:
Cd is a nominal value or a function of certain design properties of materials related to the design
effects of actions considered;
Ed is the design effect of actions determined on the basis of one of the combinations defined in
paragraph 2) P below.

Table 2.2 — Partial safety factors for actions in building structures for persistent and
transient design situations
Permanent actions Variable actions (γγQ) Prestressing (γγp)
(γγG) (see note)
One with its Others with their
characteristic value combination value

Favourable effect

Unfavourable
effect
NOTE See also paragraph 2.3.3.1 3).

Table 2.3 — Partial safety factors for material properties (γγM)

γM Category of execution (see 6.9)

A B C

Masonry (see note) Category of I

manufacturing control of
masonry unit (see 3.1)
II

Anchorage and tensile and compressive resistance of

wall ties and straps

Anchorage bond of reinforcing steel –

Steel (referred to as γs) –

NOTE The value of γ M for concrete infill should be taken as that appropriate to the category of manufacturing control of the
masonry units in the location where the infill is being used.

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2) P Three combinations of actions for serviceability limit states are defined by the following expressions:
— Rare combination:

(2.22)

— Frequent combination:

(2.23)

— Quasi-permanent combination:

(2.24)

where the notation is defined in 2.3.2.2 2).

3) P Where simplified compliance rules are given in the relevant clauses dealing with serviceability limit
states, detailed calculations using combinations of actions are not required.
4) Where the design considers compliance of serviceability limit states by detailed calculations,
simplified expressions as given in paragraph 5) below, may be used for building structures.
5) For building structures the rare combination may be simplified to the following expressions, which
may also be used as a substitute for the frequent combination:
— considering only the most unfavourable variable action:

(2.25)

— considering all unfavourable variable actions:

(2.26)

whichever gives the larger value.

6) P Values of γ M shall be taken as , except where stated otherwise in particular clauses.

2.4 Durability
1) P To ensure an adequately durable structure, the following inter-related factors shall be considered:
— the use of the structure;
— the required performance criteria;
— the expected environmental conditions;
— the composition, properties and performance of the materials;
— the shape of members, and the structural detailing;
— the quality of workmanship and level of control;
— the particular protective measures;
— the likely maintenance during the intended life.
2) P The internal and external environmental conditions shall be estimated at the design stage to assess
their significance in relation to durability and to enable adequate provisions to be made for protection of
the materials.

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3 Materials
3.1 Masonry Units
3.1.1 Types of masonry units
1) P Masonry units shall be of the following types:
— Clay units in accordance with EN 771-1.
— Calcium silicate units in accordance with EN 771-2.
— Aggregate concrete units (dense and lightweight aggregate) in accordance with EN 771-3.
— Autoclaved aerated concrete units in accordance with EN 771-4.
— Manufactured stone units in accordance with EN 771-5.
— Dimensioned natural stone units in accordance with EN 771-6.
2) P Masonry units shall be classified in terms of manufacturing control as either Category I or
Category II.
3) Category I may be assumed where the manufacturer agrees to supply consignments of masonry units
to a specified compressive strength and has a quality control scheme, the results of which demonstrate
that the mean compressive strength of a consignment, when sampled in accordance with the relevant
part of EN 771 and tested in accordance with EN 772-1, has a probability of failing to reach the specified
compressive strength not exceeding %.
NOTE Further details relating to the quality control scheme may be given in the National Application Documents.
4) Category II should be used when the mean value of the compressive strength of the masonry units
complies with the declaration in accordance with the relevant part of EN 771, but the additional
requirements for Category I are not met.
5) Natural stone units should be considered as Category II units.
Table 3.1 — Requirements for grouping of masonry units
Group of masonry units

1 2a 2b 3

Volume of # 25 > 25-45 for clay > 45-55 for clay # 70

holes (% of the units units
gross volume) > 25-50 for concrete > 50-60 for concrete
(see note 1) aggregate units aggregate units
(see note 2)
Volume of any hole # 12,5 # 12,5 for clay units # 12,5 for clay Limited by area
(% of the gross # 25 for concrete units (see below)
volume) aggregate units # 25 for concrete
aggregate units
Area of any hole Limited by volume Limited by volume Limited by volume # 2 800 mm2 except
(see above) (see above) (see above) for units with a single
hole when the hole
should
be # 18 000 mm2
Combined $ 37,5 $ 30 $ 20 No requirement
thickness (% of
the overall width)
(see note 3)
NOTE 1 Holes may consist of formed vertical holes through the units or frogs or recesses.
NOTE 2 If there is national experience, based on tests, that confirms that the safety of the masonry is not reduced unacceptably
when a higher proportion of holes is incorporated, the limit of 55 % for clay units and 60 % for concrete aggregate units may be
increased for masonry units that are used in the country having the national experience.
NOTE 3 The combined thickness is the thickness of the webs and shells, measured horizontally across the unit at right angles to
the face of the wall.

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6) Masonry units should be grouped as Group 1, Group 2a, Group 2b or Group 3, for the purposes of using
the equations and other numerical values given in 3.6.2 and 3.6.3 and where grouping is referred to in
other clauses. The requirements for Group 1, Group 2a, Group 2b and Group 3 units are given in
Table 3.1.
7) The disposition of holes in Group 2a, Group 2b and Group 3 units should be such as to avoid the serious
risk of cracks in thin webs and shells, either in manufacture, handling or use.
3.1.2 Properties of masonry units
3.1.2.1 Compressive strength of masonry units
1) P The compressive strength of masonry units to be used in design, shall be the normalized
compressive strength, fb.
2) When the compressive strength of masonry units is quoted as the mean strength when tested in
accordance with EN 772-1 this should be converted to the normalized compressive strength by
converting to the air dried strength, if it is not already air dried, and multiplying by the factor δ as given
in Table 3.2 to allow for the height and width of the units.
3) When the compressive strength of masonry units is quoted as the characteristic strength when tested
in accordance with EN 772-1 this should be converted to the normalized compressive strength by
changing the value of the strength to the mean equivalent, using a conversion factor based on the
coefficient of variation, and then proceed as in paragraph 2) above.
4) Where the action effects result in compressive forces acting parallel to the bed face, either along the
length of the unit or across its width, the normalized compressive strength of the unit should be
determined for the relevant direction of loading, by testing in accordance with EN 772-1 (see 3.6.2.1 4)).
5) If the compressive strength of a special shaped unit is expected to have a predominant influence upon
the masonry strength, the compressive strength of the special shaped unit should be estimated by
testing the compressive strength of cut pieces representing the body of the unit, as far as possible in
accordance with EN 772-1. Alternatively, it may be appropriate to determine the characteristic
compressive strength of the masonry directly using EN 1052-1.
3.1.2.2 Durability of masonry units
1) P Masonry units shall be sufficiently durable to resist local exposure conditions for the intended life
of the building.
NOTE Guidance on design and construction to provide adequate durability is given in Sections 5 and 6 of this ENV 1996-1-1 and
in ENV 1996-2.

3.2 Mortar
3.2.1 Types of mortar
1) P Factory made and pre-batched mortars shall be in accordance with EN 998-2. Site mixed mortar
shall be in accordance with the particular clauses in 6.3.2. Pre-mixed sand/lime, used for site mixed
mortar, shall be in accordance with EN 998-2.
2) Masonry mortar should be classified as general purpose mortar, thin layer mortar or lightweight
mortar.
3) Thin layer mortar is intended for use in masonry with bed joints with a nominal thickness of 1 mm
to 3 mm.
Table 3.2 — Values of factor δ
Height of unit Least horizontal dimension of unit (mm)
(mm)
50 100 150 200 250 or greater
50 0,85 0,75 0,70 – –
65 0,95 0,85 0,75 0,70 0,65
100 1,15 1,00 0,90 0,80 0,75
150 1,30 1,20 1,10 1,00 0,95
200 1,45 1,35 1,25 1,15 1,10
250 or greater 1,55 1,45 1,35 1,25 1,15
NOTE Linear interpolation is permitted.

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4) Lightweight mortars should be made using perlite, pumice, expanded clay, expanded shale or
expanded glass as the aggregate. Other materials may be used provided tests are carried out to confirm
their suitability.
5) Mortars should be classified either according to their designed compressive strength, expresssed as
the letter M followed by the compressive strength in N/mm2, for example, M5, or according to their
prescription, for example, 1:1:5 cement:lime:sand, by volume.
3.2.2 Properties of mortar
3.2.2.1 Compressive strength of mortar
1) P The compressive strength of mortar, fm, shall be determined in accordance with EN 1015-11.
2) General purpose mortars may be specified by strength (designed mixes) or by prescription (prescribed
mixes) as follows:
— Designed mixes, which should be designed and manufactured to achieve the specified compressive
strength, fm, when determined in accordance with EN 1015-11.
— Prescribed mixes, which should be manufactured from specified proportions of constituents,
including admixtures and additions, for the relevant value of fm required for design purposes, and
which may be assumed to achieve this strength.
3) General purpose mortar should not be less than M1 in joints without reinforcement and not less than
M5 in both joints containing reinforcement and prestressed masonry. Joints containing prefabricated
bed joint reinforcement should be made of general purpose mortar M2,5 or stronger.
NOTE For durability requirements where reinforcement or prestressing steels are used, see 5.2.2.
4) Thin layer mortars should be designed mixes in accordance with EN 998-2 and should be M5 or
stronger.
5) For the purpose of using equation (3.3) in 3.6.2.4, lightweight mortars should be designed mixes in
accordance with EN 998-2 and should be M5 or stronger.
3.2.2.2 Durability of mortar
1) P Mortar in masonry shall be sufficiently durable to resist local exposure conditions for the intended
life of the building.
NOTE Guidance on design and construction to achieve adequate durability of mortar joints is given in Sections 5 and 6 of this
ENV 1996-1-2 and ENV 1996-2.
3.2.2.3 Adhesion between units and mortar
1) P The adhesion between the mortar and the masonry units shall be adequate for the intended use.
2) Adequate adhesion will normally be obtained with mortars in accordance with EN 998-2 and with site
mixed designed or site mixed prescribed general purpose mortars made in accordance with 6.3.2 and not
containing admixtures nor additions. Where test data is not available, either for a specific project or on
a National basis6) and when the values of fvko given in Table 3.5 are to be used, shear tests should be
carried out using the methods in EN 1052-3, to check that the shear strength fvko is not less than that
for general purpose mortar.
NOTE See the note to 3.6.3 3)

3.3 Concrete infill

3.3.1 General
1) P Concrete used for infill shall be in accordance with EN 206.
3.3.2 Specification for concrete infill
1) Concrete infill should have a characteristic compressive cylinder/cube strength class not less
than 12/15N/mm2.
Table 3.3 — Characteristic compressive strength, fck, of concrete infill
Strength class of concrete C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 or stronger

fck (N/mm2) 12 16 20 25

6)
It is implicit that the results of this evaluation will be given in National Application Documents.

28 © BSI 11-1998
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Table 3.4 — Characteristic shear strength, fcvk, of concrete infill

Strength class of concrete C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 or stronger
2
fcvk (N/mm ) 0,27 0,33 0,39 0,45

2) For concrete infill to be used in voids whose least dimension is not less than 50 mm or when the cover
to the reinforcement is between 15 mm and 25 mm, the maximum aggregate size should not
exceed 10 mm. For concrete infill to be used in voids whose least dimension is not less than 100 mm or
when the cover to the reinforcement is not less than 25 mm, a maximum aggregate size not
exceeding 20 mm may be used.
3) The mixes may be designed or prescribed and should contain just sufficient water to provide the
specified strength and to give the workability necessary to satisfy paragraph 4) P below.
4) P The workability of concrete infill shall be such as to ensure that voids will be completely filled.
NOTE This will normally mean using a slump class S3, in accordance with EN 206.
5) When a pourable concrete infill is used for filling voids, inclusion of expanding agents should be
considered to reduce the risk of cracking in the concrete infill due to shrinkage resulting from water loss
into the masonry.
3.3.3 Properties of concrete infill
1) For the purposes of specification, the characteristic compressive strength of the concrete infill, fck, is
classified by the concrete strength class which relates to the cylinder/cube strength at 28 days, in
accordance with EN 206. The strength classes normally used for concrete infill in reinforced masonry are
given in Table 3.3, together with the value of fck to be used in design.
2) The characteristic shear strength of concrete infill, fcvk, that may be assumed in design is given in
Table 3.4 for the relevant concrete strength classes.

3.4 Reinforcing steel

3.4.1 General
1) P Reinforcing steel shall be in accordance with EN 10080 and stainless steel shall be in accordance
with EN 10088.
2) P Bed joint reinforcement shall be in accordance with EN 845-3.
3) Reinforcing steel may be assumed to possess adequate elongation ductility for design purposes, if the
following requirements are satisfied:
– High ductility : εuk > 5% ; (ft/fy)k > 1,08
– Normal ductility : εuk > 2,5 % ; (ft/fy)k > 1,05

where:
εuk is the characteristic value of the unit elongation at maximum tensile stress;
ft is the tensile strength of the reinforcing steel;
fy is the yield strength of the reinforcing steel;
(ft/fy)k is the characteristic value of ft/fy.
4) High bond reinforcing steel with diameters less than 6 mm, including those in wire meshwork or
trusses used for bed joint reinforcement, should not be treated as having high ductility.
5) Reinforcing steel may be carbon steel or austenitic stainless steel. Reinforcing steel may be plain or
high bond.
3.4.2 Properties of reinforcing steel
1) P The characteristic strength of reinforcing steel, fyk, shall be in accordance with EN 10080.
2) The mean value of the modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel may be assumed to be 200 kN/mm2.
3.4.3 Durability of reinforcing steel
1) P Reinforcing steel shall be sufficiently durable, when placed in accordance with the application rules
in Section 5 of this ENV 1996-1-1, to resist local exposure conditions for the intended life of the building.
2) Austenitic stainless steel may be assumed to have adequate durability.

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3) Where carbon steel requires protection to provide adequate durability, it should be galvanised in
accordance with EN .... 7), such that the zinc coating is not less than that required to provide the
necessary durability (see 5.2.2) or the steel should be given an equivalent protection such as by fusion
bonded epoxy powder.

3.5 Prestressing steel

3.5.1 General
1) P Prestressing steel shall be in accordance with EN 10138.
2) P The properties of prestressing steel shall be in accordance with clause 3.3 of ENV 1992-1-1 and
EN 10138.
3.5.2 Durability of prestressing steel
1) P Prestressing steel shall be sufficiently durable, when placed in accordance with the application rules
in Section 5 of this ENV 1996-1-1, to resist local exposure conditions for the intended life of the building.
2) When prestressing steel is to be galvanised it should be of such a composition that it will not be
adversely affected by the galvanising process.

3.6 Mechanical properties of unreinforced masonry

3.6.1 General
1) The distinction is made between:
— the masonry itself, considered as an assemblage of masonry units and mortar, which has intrinsic
mechanical properties;
— the structural masonry element (for example, a wall), the mechanical properties of which depends
on the intrinsic mechanical properties of the masonry, the geometry of the element and the interaction
of adjacent parts.
2) The intrinsic mechanical properties of the masonry obtained from standard test methods and used in
design are:
— the compressive strength, f;
— the shear strength, fv;
— the flexural strength, fx;
— the stress-strain relationship, (σ – ε).
3) Although direct tensile strength can be developed in masonry, it is not a property normally used in
design.
3.6.2 Characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry
3.6.2.1 General
1) P The characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry, fk, shall be determined from the
results of tests on masonry.
NOTE Test results may be available nationally or from tests carried out for the project.
2) The characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry may be determined by tests in
accordance with EN 1052-1, or it may be established from an evaluation of test data based on the
relationship between the characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry and the
compressive strengths of the masonry units and the mortar in a similar way to 3.6.2.2-3.6.2.6.
3) Where test data is not available either for a specific project or on a National basis8), it may be assumed
that the relationship between the characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry, fk, and
the unit strength and the mortar strength is as given in 3.6.2.2-3.6.2.6, and that fk will not fall below
the value obtained from those relationships, when:
— the masonry is built in accordance with Section 5 of this ENV 1996-1-1, and

7)
Ideally a CEN Standard but one is not yet available; National Application Documents should state the appropriate Standard to
be used.
8)
It is implicit that the results of this evaluation will be given in National Application Documents.

30 © BSI 11-1998
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— the coefficient of variation of the masonry units is not more than 25 %, when the masonry units are
sampled in accordance with the relevant part of EN 771 and tested for compressive strength in
accordance with EN 772-1.
4) The characteristic compressive strength given in 3.6.2.2-3.6.2.6 is that strength resulting from action
effects normal to the bed joints. Where action effects are parallel to the direction of the bed joints, the
characteristic compressive strength may also be determined from 3.6.2.2-3.6.2.6, but using the
normalized compressive strength of the masonry unit, fb, obtained from tests where the direction of
application of the load to the test specimen is as the direction of the action effect in the masonry, but
with the factor, δ, as given in Table 3.2, not taken to be greater than 1,0. In the case of Group 1 units,
the formulae may be used without adjustment. However, where Group 2a or 2b units are used, the
values of K should be multiplied by 0,5.
3.6.2.2 Characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry made using general
purpose mortar
1) The characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry made with general purpose mortar,
complying with 3.2.1 with all joints satisfying the requirements of 5.1.5 so as to be considered as filled
(but see 3.6.2.5), may be calculated using equation (3.1):
fk = K fb0,65 fm0,25 N/mm2 (3.1)

provided that fm is not taken to be greater than 20 N/mm2 nor greater than 2fb, whichever is the
smaller;
where:
K is a constant in (N/mm2)0,10 that may be taken as:

for Group 1 masonry units when the thickness of the masonry is equal to the width or
length of the masonry units so that there is no longitudinal mortar joint through all or part of
the length of the wall (see Figure 5.1 a) and Figure 5.2);

for Group 2a masonry units when the thickness of the masonry is equal to the width or
length of the units so that there is no longitudinal mortar joint through all or part of the length
of the wall;

for Group 2b masonry units when the thickness of the masonry is equal to the width or
length of the units so that there is no longitudinal mortar joint through all or part of the length
of the wall;

when, for Group 1 masonry units, there is a longitudinal mortar joint through all or part
of the length of the masonry (see Figure 5.1 b), Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4);

when, for Group 2a masonry units, there is a longitudinal mortar joint through all or part
of the length of the masonry (see Figure 5.1 b), Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4);

when, for Group 2b masonry units, there is a longitudinal mortar joint through all or part
of the length of the masonry (see Figure 5.1 b), Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4);

for Group 3 masonry units;

fb is the normalized compressive strength of the masonry units in N/mm2, as described in 3.1.2.1,
in the direction of the applied action effect;
fm is the specified compressive strength of the general purpose mortar in N/mm2.

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2) When Group 2 aggregate concrete units are used with the vertical cavities filled completely with insitu
concrete, the value of fb should be obtained by considering the units to be Group 1 having a compressive
strength based on their net area (the net compressive strength), provided that the characteristic
compressive strength of the concrete infill is not less than the net compressive strength of the units.
Where the compressive strength of the infill concrete is less than the net compressive strength of the
units, the value of fb should be obtained as if the units were solid and of compressive strength equal to
the characteristic strength of the concrete infill.
3.6.2.3 Characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry made using thin layer
mortar
1) The characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry, fk, made with thin layer mortar,
complying with 3.2.1 with all joints satisfying the requirements of 5.1.5 so as to be considered as filled
(but see 3.6.2.5), and using Group 1 calcium silicate units and autoclaved aerated concrete units may be
calculated using equation (3.2):
fk = 0,8 fb0,85 (3.2)

provided that:
— the masonry units have dimensional tolerances such that they are suitable for use with thin layer
mortars;
— the normalized compressive strength of the masonry units, fb, is not taken to be greater
than 50 N/mm2;
— the thin layer mortar has a compressive strength of 5 N/mm2 or more;
— the thickness of the masonry is equal to the width or length of the masonry units so that there is
no longitudinal mortar joint through all or part of the length of the wall.
2) The characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry, fk, made with thin layer mortar and
using masonry units other than Group 1 calcium silicate units and autoclaved aerated concrete units
may be calculated using equation (3.1):
where:
K is a constant in (N/mm2)0.10 that may be taken as:

for Group 1 masonry units;

for Group 2a masonry units;

for Group 2b masonry units;

provided that, in addition, the requirements in paragraph 1) above are met.

3.6.2.4 Characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry made using lightweight
mortar
1) The characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry, fk, made with Group 1, 2a and 2b
masonry units and lightweight mortar, complying with 3.2.1 with all joints satisfying the requirements
of 5.1.5 so as to be considered as filled (but see 3.6.2.5), may be calculated using equation (3.3):
fk = K fb 0,65 N/mm2 (3.3)

provided that fb is not taken to be greater than 15 N/mm2 and the thickness of the masonry is equal to
the width or length of the masonry units so that there is no longitudinal mortar joint through all or part
of the length of the wall;
where:
K is a constant in (N/mm2) 0,35 that may be taken as:

32 © BSI 11-1998
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when lightweight mortar with a density of 600-1 500 kg/m3 is used in masonry with
lightweight aggregate concrete units in accordance with EN 771-3 and autoclaved aerated
concrete units in accordance with EN 771-4;

when lightweight mortar with a density of more than 700 kg/m3 and less
than 1 500 kg/m3 is used in masonry with clay units in accordance with EN 771-1, calcium
silicate units in accordance with EN 771-2 and dense aggregate concrete units in accordance
with EN 771-3;

when lightweight mortar with a density of 600-700 kg/m3 is used in masonry with clay
units in accordance with EN 771-1, calcium silicate units in accordance with EN 771-2 and
dense aggregate concrete units in accordance with EN 771-3;
fb is the normalized compressive strength of the masonry units in N/mm2, as described in
3.6.2.2.
NOTE The effects of the mortar strength on the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry are taken into account in the
value of K.
3.6.2.5 Characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry with unfilled vertical joints
1) The characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry made with masonry units in which
the perpend joints are unfilled may be taken as that obtained from 3.6.2.2 - 3.6.2.4 for use in 4.4.2,
equation (4.5), and 4.4.8, equations (4.18), (4.19), (4.20) and (4.21), provided that the shear resistance is
based upon the requirements of 3.6.3 7) and due consideration is given to any horizontal actions that
might be applied to, or transmitted by, the masonry.
3.6.2.6 Characteristic compressive strength of shell bedded unreinforced masonry
1) The characteristic compressive strength of shell bedded masonry (see Figure 5.5), made with Group 1
masonry units and bedded on two equal strips of general purpose mortar at the outside edges of the bed
face of the units, may be taken to be the value obtained from equation (3.1), with the attendant
limitations given with the formula, provided that:
— the width of each strip of mortar, is 30 mm or greater;
— the thickness of the masonry is equal to the width or length of the masonry units so that there is
no longitudinal mortar joint through all or part of the length of the wall;
— the ratio b/t does not exceed 0,8;
— K is taken as when b/t # 0,5 or when b/t = 0,8, with intermediate values obtained by
linear interpolation;
where:
bs is the distance between the centre lines of the mortar strips;
t is the thickness of the wall.

2) The characteristic compressive strength of shell bedded masonry, made with Group 2a or Group 2b
masonry units and bedded as noted for Group 1 masonry units, may be taken to be the value obtained
from equation (3.1) provided that the normalized compressive strength of the unit, fb, used in the
equation is that obtained from tests, in accordance with EN 772-1, on units shell bedded with strips of
mortar, no wider than those intended to be used in the masonry, but basing the strength of the unit on
the gross area of the unit, not the bedded area.
3.6.3 Characteristic shear strength of unreinforced masonry
1) P The characteristic shear strength of unreinforced masonry, fvk, shall be determined from the results
of tests on masonry.
NOTE Test results may be available nationally or from tests carried out for the project.

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2) The characteristic shear strength of unreinforced masonry may be determined by tests in accordance
with EN ...9) or it may be established from an evaluation of test data based on the relationship between
the characteristic shear strength of unreinforced masonry, the initial shear strength of the masonry,
fvko, which may be determined from EN 1052-3 and EN 1052-4 or obtained from Table 3.5 for general
purpose mortar, and the applied compressive stress.
3) Where test data is not available either for a specific project or on a National basis10), it can be assumed
that the characteristic shear strength of unreinforced masonry, fvk, using general purpose mortar in
accordance with 3.2.1, with all joints satisfying the requirements of 5.1.5 so as to be considered as filled,
will not fall below the least of the values described below:
fvk = fvko + 0,4 σd (3.4)

or = fb but not less than fvko

or = the limiting value given in Table 3.5;

where:
fvko is the shear strength, under zero compressive stress, determined in accordance with EN 1052-3 or
EN 1052-4 or, for general purpose mortars not containing admixtures or additions, obtained from
Table 3.5;
NOTE When National test dataa is not available, or tests in accordance with EN 1052-3 have not been carried out
(see 3.2.2.3 2)), the value of fvko should be taken as 0,1 N/mm2.
σd is the design compressive stress perpendicular to the shear in the member at the level under
consideration, using the appropriate load combination from 2.3.2.2;
fb is the normalized compressive strength of the masonry units, as described in 3.1.2.1 for the
direction of application of the load on the test specimens being perpendicular to the bed face.
a
It is implicit that the results of this evaluation will be given in National Application Documents.

4) Where test data is not available either for a specific project or on a National basis11), it can be assumed
that the characteristic shear strength for unreinforced masonry using general purpose mortar in
accordance with 3.2.1 and having the perpend joints unfilled, but with adjacent faces of the masonry
units closely abutted together, will not fall below the least of the values described below:
fvk = 0,5 fvko + 0,4 σd (3.5)

or = fb, but not less than fvko

or = 0,7 times the limiting value given in Table 3.5;

where fvko, σd and fb are as defined in paragraph 3) above.

5) In shell bedded masonry, made with Group 1 masonry units and bedded on two equal strips of general
purpose mortar, each at least 30 mm in width, at the outside edges of the bed face of the unit, it can be
assumed that the characteristic shear strength will not fall below the least of the values described below:
g
f vk = --- f vko + 0, 4 σd (3.6)
t

or = fb but not less than fvko

or = 0,7 times the limiting value given in Table 3.5;

9)
CEN standard is not yet available.
10)
It is implicit that the results of this evaluation will be given in National Application Documents.
11)
It is implicit that the results of this evaluation will be given in National Application Documents.

34 © BSI 11-1998
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where fvko, σd and fb are as defined in paragraph 3) above and:

g is the total width of the two mortar strips;
t is the thickness of the wall.

6) For thin layer mortars, used with autoclaved aerated concrete units, calcium silicate or concrete units,
the value of fvk obtained from equations (3.4), (3.5) and (3.6), and the limits applicable to those equations,
may be assumed, using the values given in Table 3.5 for clay units of the same Group and M10 to M20
mortar.
Table 3.5 — Values of fvko and limiting values of fvk for general purpose mortar
2
Masonry Unit Mortar fvko (N/mm2) Limiting fvk(N/mm )

Group 1 clay units M10 to M20

M2,5 to M9

M1 to M2

Group 1 units other than M10 to M20

clay and natural stone
M2,5 to M9

M1 to M2

Group 1 natural stone units M2,5 to M9

M1 to M2

Group 2a clay units M10 to M20

M2,5 to M9

M1 to M2 The lesser of longitudinal

compressive strength
(see note below)
Group 2a and Group 2b M10 to M20 or
units other than clay and
Group 2b clay units
M2,5 to M9

M1 to M2

Group 3 clay units M10 to M20 No limits other than given by equation (3.4)

M2,5 to M9

M1 to M2

NOTE For Group 2a and 2b masonry units, the longitudinal compressive strength of the units is taken to be the measured
strength, with δ taken to be not greater than 1,0. When the longitudinal compressive strength can be expected to be greater
than 0,15 fb, by consideration of the pattern of holes, tests are not necessary.

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7) For lightweight mortars, the value of fvk obtained from equations (3.4) and (3.5) and the limits
applicable to those equations, may be assumed, using the values given in Table 3.5 for M5 mortar.
Alternatively, tests should be carried out to check that the adhesion between the lightweight mortar and
the masonry units is not less than would be obtained with the equivalent strength general purpose
mortar.
8) Where the masonry may be subjected to seismic actions it may be assumed that the residual shear
strength is the value of fvk given by equations (3.4), (3.5) and (3.6), and the limits applicable to those
equations, multiplied by 0,7.
9) The initial shear strength of masonry, fvko, containing sheet damp proof courses should be determined
in accordance with EN 1052-4.
3.6.4 Characteristic flexural strength of unreinforced masonry
1) P The characteristic flexural strength of unreinforced masonry, fxk, shall be determined from the
results of tests on masonry.
NOTE Tests results may be available nationally or from tests carried out for the project.
2) The characteristic flexural strength of unreinforced masonry may be determined by tests in
accordance with EN 1052-2, or it may be established from an evaluation of test data12) based on the
flexural strengths of masonry obtained from appropriate combinations of units and mortar. The
characteristic flexural strength should be determined on specimens that give the plane of failure parallel
to the bed joints, fxk1, and others that give the plane of failure perpendicular to the bed joints, fxk2, as
illustrated in Figure 3.1.
3) The flexural strength of masonry fxk1 should only be used in the design of walls carrying transient
loads (for example, wind) normal to their surface. The value of fxk1 should be taken as zero where failure
of the wall would lead to a major collapse or total loss of stability in the structure as a whole, or in the
design for earthquake resistance.
4) The flexural strength of masonry should be classified according to the masonry units and mortar
category being used.
NOTE The flexural strength may be expressed as the letter F followed by the flexural strengths in N/mm2 i.e. F fxk1/fxk2 (for
example, F 0,35/1,00).

Figure 3.1 — Flexural strengths fxk1 and fxk2

12)
It is implicit that the results of this evaluation will be given in National Application Documents.

36 © BSI 11-1998
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3.7 Mechanical properties of reinforced, prestressed and confined masonry

3.7.1 General
1) P The strength of reinforced, prestressed and confined masonry is determined from the mechanical
properties of the assemblage of masonry units, including the mortar or concrete infill, acting in
conjunction with the reinforcement, where appropriate.
2) The intrinsic mechanical properties of reinforced, prestressed and confined masonry obtained from
standard test methods and used in design are as for unreinforced masonry (see 3.6.1 2)) and
additionally, where appropriate:
— the compressive strength of the concrete infill, fc;
— the shear strength of the concrete infill, fcv;
— the tensile and compressive yield strength of the reinforcing steel, fy;
— the tensile strength of the prestressing steel, fp;
— the anchorage bond strength of the reinforcing steel, fbo.
3.7.2 Characteristic anchorage bond strength
1) For reinforcement embedded in concrete sections with dimensions greater than or equal to 150 mm,
or where the concrete infill surrounding the reinforcement is confined within masonry units, the
characteristic anchorage bond strength, fbok, that can be assumed in design for reinforcement considered
to be confined, is given in Table 3.6.
2) For reinforcement embedded in mortar, or in concrete sections with dimensions less than 150 mm, or
where the concrete infill surrounding the reinforcement is not confined within masonry units, the
characteristic anchorage bond strength, fbok, that can be assumed in design for reinforcement considered
to be not confined, is given in Table 3.7.
3) For special reinforcement, such as prefabricated bed joint reinforcement, the characteristic anchorage
bond strength should be determined by tests in accordance with EN 846-2, or the bond strength of the
longitudinal wires alone should be used.

3.8 Deformation properties of masonry

3.8.1 Stress-strain relationship
1) The general shape of a stress-strain relationship of masonry is of the form given in Figure 3.2.
2) The stress-strain relationship of masonry may be taken as parabolic, parabolic rectangular
(see Figure 3.3) or as rectangular, for the purposes of design.
NOTE Figure 3.3 is an approximation and may not be suitable for all types of masonry units. For example, units with large holes
(Group 2b and Group 3 units) may suffer brittle failure and be without the horizontal ductile range.
Table 3.6 — Characteristic anchorage bond strength of reinforcement in concrete
infill, confined within masonry units
Strength class of concrete C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 or stronger
fbok for plain carbon steel
bars (N/mm2)
fbok for high-bond carbon
steel and stainless steel
bars (N/mm2)
Table 3.7 — Characteristic anchorage bond strength of reinforcement in mortar or concrete not
confined within masonry units
Mortar M5-M9 M10-M14 M15-M19 M20
Classification
Concrete C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 or stronger
fbok for plain carbon steel bars
(N/mm2)
fbok for high-bond carbon seel
and stainless steel bars (N/mm2)

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Figure 3.2 — General shape of a stress-strain relationship for masonry

Figure 3.3 — Stress-strain relationship for the design of masonry

in bending and compression
3.8.2 Modulus of elasticity
1) P The short term secant modulus of elasticity, E, shall be determined by tests in accordance with
EN 1052-1 at service load conditions, i.e. at one third of the maximum load determined in accordance
with EN 1052-1.
2) In the absence of a value determined by tests in accordance with EN 1052-1, the short term secant
modulus of elasticity of masonry, E, under service conditions and for use in the structural analysis, may
be taken to be fk.

3) When the modulus of elasticity is used in calculations relating to the serviceability limit state, it is
recommended that a factor of 0,6 be applied to the value of E.
4) The long term modulus may be based on the short term secant value (see paragraph 2) above), reduced
to allow for creep effects, (see 3.8.4).
3.8.3 Shear modulus
1) In the absence of a more precise value, it may be assumed that the shear modulus, G, is 40 % of the
elastic modulus, E.

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3.8.4 Creep, shrinkage and thermal expansion

1) A range of values for the deformation properties of masonry made from units of various materials laid
in general purpose mortar is given in Table 3.8. Preferably, the deformation properties should be
determined by test but, in the absence of such values, the design values given in Table 3.8 may be used.
NOTE Some values will exceed and some will fall below the design values given; a likely range is given in Table 3.8.
2) In the absence of test data, the deformation properties of masonry laid in thin layer and lightweight
mortar may be taken as the values given in Table 3.8 for the appropriate type of unit.

3.9 Ancillary components

3.9.1 Damp proof courses
1) P Damp proof courses shall resist the passage of water.
2) Damp proof courses should be durable for the type of building; they should be formed from materials
which are not easily punctured in use and they should be able to resist the design compressive stresses
without exuding.
3.9.2 Wall ties
1) P Wall ties and their fixings shall be able to withstand the actions to which they will be exposed,
including environmental action and differential movements between leaves. They shall be corrosion
resistant in the environment in which they are used.
2) P Materials used for wall ties shall be able to resist the bending and straightening to which they will
be exposed, without unintentional reduction of strength, ductility and corrosion protection.
Table 3.8 — Deformation properties of unreinforced masonry made with
general purpose mortar
Type of masonry unit Final creep coefficient Final moisture expansion or Coefficient of thermal
(see note 1) shrinkage (see note 2) expansion

φ∞ mm/m 10-6/K

Range Design value Range Design value Range Design value

Clay 0,5 to 1,5 – 0,2 to + 1,0 (see note 3) 4 to 8

Calcium Silicate 1,0 to 2,0 – 0,4 to – 0,1 7 to 11

Dense aggregate 1,0 to 2,0 – 0,6 to – 0,1 6 to 12

concrete and
manufactured stone
Lightweight 1,0 to 3,0 – 1,0 to – 0,2 8 to 12
aggregate concrete
(see note 4)

(see note 5)
Autoclaved aerated 1,0 to 2,5 – 0,4 to + 0,2 7 to 9
concrete
Natural stone (see note 6) – 0,4 to + 0,7 3 to 12

NOTE 1 The final creep coefficient φ∞ = εc∞/εel, where εc∞ is the final creep strain and εel = σ/E.
NOTE 2 Where the final value of moisture expansion or shrinkage is shown minus it indicates shortening and where plus it
indicates extension.
NOTE 3 Values depend upon the type of material concerned and a single design value cannot be given.
NOTE 4 Value given is for pumice and expanded clay aggregates.
NOTE 5 Value given is for lightweight aggregates other than pumice or expanded clay.
NOTE 6 Values are normally very low.

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3) Wall ties should be in accordance with the requirements of EN 845-1 and, where manufactured from
steel, be in accordance with the requirements of 5.2.2 for durability for the appropriate exposure class.
3.9.3 Straps, hangers, brackets and support angles
1) P Straps, hangers, brackets and support angles shall be in accordance with the requirements of
EN 845-1. They shall be corrosion resistant in the environmental condition in which they are used.
3.9.4 Prefabricated lintels
1) P Prefabricated lintels shall be in accordance with the requirements of EN 845-2. They shall be
corrosion resistant in the environmental condition in which they are used.
3.9.5 Prestressing devices
1) P Anchorages, couplers, ducts and sheaths shall be in accordance with the requirements of clause 3.4
of ENV 1992-1-1. They shall be corrosion resistant in the environmental condition in which they are
used.

4 Design of masonry
4.1 Structural behaviour and overall stability
4.1.1 Design models for structural behaviour
1) P For each relevant limit state verification, a design model shall be set up from:
— an appropriate description of the structure, the constitutive materials from which it is made, and
the relevant environment;
— the behaviour of the whole or parts of the structure, related to the relevant limit state;
— the actions and how they are imposed.
2) Design may be carried out for sections and parts of the structure (such as walls) independently, if the
three dimensional layout and structure interaction are considered.
3) P The general arrangement of the structure and the interaction and connection of its various parts
shall be such as to give appropriate stability and robustness.
4) To ensure stability and robustness, it is necessary for the layout of the structure on plan and section,
the interaction of the masonry parts and their interaction with other parts of the structure to be such as
to produce a properly braced arrangement when detailed and built in accordance with Sections 5 and 6
of this ENV 1996-1-1. The possible effects of imperfections should be allowed for by assuming that the
structure is inclined at an angle ν = 1/(100√htot) radians to the vertical where htot is the total height of
the structure in metres.
5) Structures incorporating masonry walls designed according to Section 4 of ENV 1996-1-1 should have
their parts suitably braced together so that sway of the structure will not occur.
6) P The designer responsible for the overall stability of the structure shall ensure the compatibility of
the design with details of the parts and components.
7) There should be no doubt of this responsibility for overall stability when some or all of the design and
detailing is carried out by more than one designer.
4.1.2 Structural behaviour in accidental situations (other than earthquakes and fire)
1) P In addition to designing the structure to support loads arising from normal use, it shall be ensured
that there is a reasonable probability that it will not collapse catastrophically under the effect of misuse
or accident, and that it will not be damaged to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.
NOTE No structure can be expected to be resistant to the excessive loads or forces, or loss of bearing members or portions of the
structure, that could arise due to an extreme case.
2) Either the structure as a whole should be considered with the hypothetical removal of essential
loadbearing members in turn or, alternatively, members should be designed to resist the effects of
accidental actions. In the former case, assessment of the stability of the residual structure should include
consideration of the integrity of ties and restraints to members. In the latter case, it is necessary to
consider the effect of the accidental actions on the ties and restraint of members designed to resist the
effects of accidental actions. The possibility of reducing the risk of accidental actions, such as from
vehicle impact, should be considered.

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4.1.3 Design of structural members

1) P The design of members shall be verified in the ultimate limit state.
2) P The structure shall be designed so that cracks or deflections which might damage facing materials,
partitions, finishings or technical equipment, or which might impair water-tightness, are avoided or
minimised.
3) The design of members need not be verified at the serviceability limit state, in cases where the
serviceability limit state is deemed to be satisfied when the ultimate limit state is successfully verified.
4) The serviceability of masonry members should not be unacceptably impaired by the behaviour of other
structural elements, such as deformations of floors, etc.
5) It should be determined whether special precautions are necessary to ensure the overall stability of
the structure or of individual walls during construction.

4.2 Actions, combinations and partial coefficients

4.2.1 Characteristic permanent action
1) P The characteristic permanent action Gk shall be obtained as described in 2.2.2.2.
4.2.2 Characteristic variable action
1) P The characteristic variable action Qk shall be obtained as described in 2.2.2.2. The representative
value of a variable action, for use in design combinations, shall be obtained as described in 2.2.2.3.
4.2.3 Characteristic wind action
1) P The characteristic wind action Wk shall be taken as the wind load calculated in accordance with
ENV 1991.
4.2.4 Characteristic lateral earth pressure
1) P The characteristic lateral earth pressure shall be calculated in accordance with ENV 1991 and
ENV 1997.
4.2.5 Design combinations
1) P When using the design relationship for the ultimate limit state, the combination of design values to
be taken into account shall be as given in 2.3.2.2 with the appropriate partial coefficients given
in 2.3.3.1. Where alternative values of a partial safety factor are given, that producing the most severe
conditions shall be used.

4.3 Design strength of masonry

1) P The design strength of masonry shall be taken as the characteristic strength divided by the
appropriate partial safety factor γM.
The design strength of masonry is given by:

– in compression (4.1)

– in shear (4.2)

– in flexure (4.3)

where γM is the appropriate value given in 2.3.3.2.

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4.4 Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to vertical loading

4.4.1 General
1) P The resistance of unreinforced masonry walls to vertical loading shall be based on the geometry of
the wall, the effect of the applied eccentricities and the material properties of the masonry.
2) It may be assumed that:
— plane sections remain plane;
— the tensile strength of the masonry perpendicular to the bed joints is zero;
— the stress/strain relationship is of the form indicated in Figure 3.2.
3) Allowance in the design should be made for the following:
— long-term effects of loading;
— second order effects;
— eccentricities calculated from a knowledge of the layout of the walls, the interaction of the floors
and the stiffening walls;
— eccentricities resulting from construction deviations and differences in the material properties of
individual components.
4) P At the ultimate limit state, the design vertical load on a masonry wall, NSd, shall be less than or
equal to the design vertical load resistance of the wall, NRd, such that:
NSd # NRd (4.4)

5) An acceptable design method for the verification of the ultimate limit state is given in 4.4.2 - 4.4.8.
NOTE In 4.4.2 - 4.4.8 some simplifying assumptions are made with regard to the calculation of the slenderness ratio of walls and
the reduction factor Φ, particularly that second order effects can be taken into account in a simplified form.
4.4.2 Verification of unreinforced masonry walls
1) The design vertical load resistance of a single leaf wall per unit length, NRd, is given by:

(4.5)

where:
Φi,m is the capacity reduction factor Φi or Φm, as appropriate, allowing for the effects of
slenderness and eccentricity of loading, obtained from 4.4.3;
fk is the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry, obtained from 3.6.2;
γM is the partial safety factor for the material, obtained from 2.3.3.2;
t is the thickness of the wall, taking into account the depth of recesses in joints greater
than 5 mm.

2) The design strength of a wall may be at its lowest in the middle one fifth of the height, when Φm should
be used, or at the top of the wall or bottom of the wall, when Φi should be used.
3) Where the cross-sectional area of a wall is less than 0,1 m2, the characteristic compressive strength
of the masonry, fk, should be multiplied by the factor:
(0,7 + 3 A) (4.6)

where A is the loaded horizontal gross cross-sectional area of the member, expressed in square metres.
4) For cavity walls, the load carried by each leaf should be assessed and the design vertical load
resistance of each leaf, NRd, should be verified using equation (4.5). When only one leaf of a cavity wall
is loaded, the loadbearing capacity of the wall should be based on the horizontal cross-sectional area of
that leaf alone but using the effective thickness calculated using equation (4.17) for the purposes of
determining the slenderness ratio (see 4.4.5 3)).

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5) A faced wall, so bonded together as to result in common action under load, should be designed in the
same manner as a single-leaf wall constructed entirely of the weaker units, using the value of K
appropriate to a wall with a longitudinal mortar joint (see 3.6.2.2). A faced wall, which is not so bonded
together as to result in common action under load, should be designed as a cavity wall, provided that it
is tied together as required for such walls (see 5.4.2.2).
6) A double-leaf wall may be designed as a cavity wall or, alternatively, as a single-leaf wall if the two
leaves are tied together so as to result in common action under load (see 5.4.2.3).
7) Chases and recesses reduce the loadbearing capacity of a wall. The reduction may be assumed to be
insignificant if the chases or recesses are within the limits given in 5.5. If the size, number or location of
the chases or recesses are outside these limits the vertical loadbearing capacity of the wall should be
checked as follows:
— vertical chases or recesses should be treated either as openings passing through the wall or,
alternatively, the residual thickness of the wall at the chase or recess should be used in the
calculations for the whole wall;
— horizontal or inclined chases should be treated either as openings passing through the wall or,
alternatively, the strength of the wall should be checked at the chase position, taking account of the
load eccentricity relative to the residual wall thickness.
NOTE As a general guide the reduction in vertical loadbearing capacity may be taken to be proportional to the reduction in
cross-sectional area due to any vertical chase or recess, provided that the reduction in area does not exceed 25 %.
8) Walls that satisfy the ultimate limit state when verified in accordance with equation (4.5) may be
deemed to satisfy the serviceability limit state.
4.4.3 Reduction factor for slenderness and eccentricity
1) The value of the reduction factor for slenderness and eccentricity, Φ, may be obtained as follows:
i) At the top or bottom of the wall.

(4.7)

where:
ei is the eccentricity at the top or the bottom of the wall, as appropriate, calculated using the
equation (4.8):

(4.8)

Mi is the design bending moment at the top or the bottom of the wall resulting from the
eccentricity of the floor load at the support, according to 4.4.7, (see Figure 4.1);
Ni is the design vertical load at the top or bottom of the wall;
ehi is the eccentricity at the top or bottom of the wall, if any, resulting from horizontal loads
(for example, wind);
ea is the accidental eccentricity (see 4.4.7.2);
t is the thickness of the wall.

ii) In the middle one fifth of the wall height.

By using a simplification of the general principles given in 4.4.1, the reduction factor within the
middle height of the wall, Φm, may be determined from Figure 4.2:
NOTE The formulae on which Figure 4.2 is based are given in Annex A. E has been taken as equal to 1 000fk.
where:
emk is the eccentricity within the middle one fifth of the wall height, calculated using equations
(4.9) and (4.10):

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emk = em + ek $ 0,05t (4.9)

(4.10)

em is the eccentricity due to loads;

Mm is the greatest moment within the middle one fifth of the height of the wall resulting from the
moments at the top and bottom of the wall (see Figure 4.1);
Nm is the design vertical load within the middle one fifth of the height of the wall;
ehm is the eccentricity at mid-height resulting from horizontal loads (for example, wind);
hef is the effective height, obtained from 4.4.4 for the appropriate restraint or stiffening condition;
tef is the effective thickness of the wall, obtained from 4.4.5;
ek is the eccentricity due to creep, calculated from the equation (4.11):

(4.11)

φ∞ is the final creep coefficient taken from Table 3.8.

2) The creep eccentricity, ek, may be taken as zero for all walls built with clay and natural stone units
and for walls having a slenderness ratio up to 15 constructed from other masonry units.
3) The value of ehi and ehm should not be applied to reduce ei and em respectively.
4.4.4 Effective height of walls
4.4.4.1 General
1) P The effective height of a loadbearing wall shall be assessed taking account of the relative stiffness
of the elements of structure connected to the wall and the efficiency of the connections.
2) In the assessment of effective height a distinction may be made between walls restrained or stiffened
on two, three or four edges and free-standing walls. A floor supported by a wall, suitably placed cross
walls, or any other similarly rigid structural elements to which the wall is connected, may be regarded
as providing lateral restraint to a wall, irrespective of any contribution such elements may be considered
to make to the overall stability of the structure.

44 © BSI 11-1998
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Figure 4.1 — Moments from calculation of eccentricities

Figure 4.2 — Graph showing values of Φm against slenderness ratio

for different eccentricities

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4.4.4.2 Stiffened walls

1) Walls may be considered as stiffened at a vertical edge if:
— cracking between the wall and its stiffening wall is not expected i.e. both walls are made of
materials with approximately similar deformation behaviour, are approximately evenly loaded, are
erected simultaneously and bonded together and differential movement between the walls, for
example, due to shrinkage, loading etc., is not expected, or
— the connection between a wall and its stiffening wall is designed to resist developed tension and
compression forces, by anchors or ties or other similar means.
2) Stiffening walls should have at least a length of 1/5 of the storey height and have at least a thickness
of 0,3 times the effective thickness of the wall to be stiffened, but not less than mm.
3) If the stiffening wall is interrupted by openings, the minimum length of the wall between openings,
encompassing the stiffened wall, should be as shown in Figure 4.3, and the stiffening wall should extend
a distance of at least 1/5 of the storey height beyond each opening.
4) Alternatively, walls may be stiffened by members other than masonry walls provided that they have
the equivalent stiffness of the masonry stiffening wall, referred to in paragraph 2) above, and that they
are connected to the stiffened wall with anchors or ties designed to resist the tension and compression
forces that will develop.
4.4.4.3 Determination of effective height
1) The effective height can be taken as:
hef = ρn h (4.12)

where:
hef is the effective height;
h is the clear storey height;
ρn is a reduction factor where n = 2, 3 or 4 depending on the edge restraint or stiffening of the
wall.

Figure 4.3 — Minimum length of stiffening wall with openings

46 © BSI 11-1998
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2) The reduction factor, ρn, may be assumed to be:

i) For walls restrained at the top and bottom by reinforced concrete floors or roofs spanning from both
sides at the same level or by a reinforced concrete floor spanning from one side only and having a
bearing of at least 2/3 the thickness of the wall but not less than 85 mm:

ρ2 = unless the eccentricity of the load at the top of the wall is greater than 0,25 times the
thickness of wall in which case ρ2 should be taken as 1,0.
ii) For walls restrained at the top and bottom by timber floors or roofs spanning from both sides at the
same level or by a timber floor spanning from one side having a bearing of at least 2/3 the thickness
of the wall but not less than mm:

ρ2 = unless the eccentricity of the load at the top of the wall is greater than 0,25 times the
thickness of the wall in which case ρ2 should be taken as 1,0.
NOTE When the boxed value of ρ2 is confirmed to be 1,00, the remainder of the sentence should be deleted.
iii) When neither condition i) nor condition ii) applies, ρ2 should be taken as 1,0.
iv) For walls restrained at the top and bottom and stiffened on one vertical edge (with one free vertical
edge):

(4.13)

when h # 3,5 L, with ρ2 from i), ii) or iii) whichever is appropriate, or

(4.14)

when h > 3,5 L,

where L is the distance of the free edge from the centre of the stiffening wall.
NOTE Values for ρ3 are shown in graphical form in Annex B.
v) For walls restrained at the top and bottom and stiffened on two vertical edges:

(4.15)

when h # L, with ρ2 from i), ii) or iii) whichever is appropriate, or

(4.16)

when h > L.
where L is the distance between the centres of the stiffening walls.
NOTE Values for ρ4 are shown in graphical form in Annex B.
3) If L $ 30 t, for walls stiffened on two vertical edges, or if L $ 15 t, for walls stiffened on one vertical
edge, where t is the thickness of the stiffened wall, such walls should be treated as walls restrained at
top and bottom only.

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4.4.4.4 Effects of openings, chases and recesses in walls

1) If the stiffened wall is weakened by vertical chases and/or recesses, other than those allowed by
Table 5.3, the reduced thickness of the wall should be used for t, or a free edge should be assumed at the
position of the vertical chase or recess. A free edge should always be assumed when the thickness of the
wall remaining after the vertical chase or recess has been formed is less than half the wall thickness.
2) Where walls have openings with a clear height of more than 1/4 of the storey height or a clear width
of more than 1/4 the wall length or a total area of more than 1/10 of that of the wall, the wall should be
considered as having a free edge at the edge of the opening for the purposes of determining the effective
height.
3) For the consideration of the effects of chases and recesses on the vertical load capacity of walls,
see 4.4.2. 7).
4.4.5 Effective thickness of walls
1) The effective thickness, tef, of a single-leaf wall, a double-leaf wall, a faced wall, a shell bedded wall,
a veneer wall and a grouted cavity wall, as defined in 1.4.2.9 (see also 5.1.2), should be taken as the
actual thickness of the wall, t.
2) The effective thickness, tef, of a cavity wall in which both leaves are connected with wall ties in
accordance with 5.4.2.2 should be determined using equation (4.17):

(4.17)

where t1 and t2 are the thicknesses of the leaves.

3) When the effective thickness would be overestimated if the loaded leaf of a cavity wall has a higher E
value than the other leaf, the relative stiffness should be taken into account when calculating tef.
4) When only one leaf of a cavity wall is loaded, equation (4.17) may be used to calculate the effective
thickness, provided that the wall ties have sufficient flexibility such that the loaded leaf is not affected
adversely by the unloaded leaf. In calculating the effective thickness, the thickness of the unloaded leaf
should not be taken to be greater than the thickness of the loaded leaf.
4.4.6 Slenderness ratio of walls

1) P The slenderness ratio of a wall, hef /tef, shall not be greater than .

4.4.7 Out-of-plane eccentricity

4.4.7.1 General
1) P The out-of-plane eccentricity of loading on walls shall be assessed.
2) The eccentricity may be calculated from the material properties given in Section 3 of
this ENV 1996-1-1, the joint behaviour and from the principles of structural mechanics. A simplified
method for calculating the out-of-plane eccentricity of loading on walls is given in Annex C.
4.4.7.2 Allowance for imperfections
1) P An accidental eccentricity, ea, shall be assumed for the full height of the wall to allow for
construction imperfections.
2) The accidental eccentricity to allow for construction imperfections may be assumed to be hef / ,
where hef is the effective height of the wall, calculated from 4.4.4:

NOTE The figure reflects on average level of Category of execution. A higher or lower figure can be used to reflect
better or worse levels of Category of execution.
4.4.8 Concentrated loads
1) P Under the ultimate limit state, the design load resistance of an unreinforced wall subjected to
concentrated loads shall be greater than the design concentrated load on the wall.

48 © BSI 11-1998
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2) When a wall, built with Group 1 masonry units and detailed in accordance with Section 5 of this
ENV 1996-1-1 and other than a shell bedded wall, is subjected to a concentrated load, it should be
verified that, locally under the bearing of the concentrated load, the design compressive stress does not
exceed the value derived from the following:

(4.18)

but not less than fk/γm nor greater than:

(4.19)

and

(4.20)

with the upper limit linearly interpolated between 1,25 fk/γM and 1,5 fk/γM where 0 < x < 1;
where:
fk is the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry, obtained from 3.6.2;
γM is the partial safety factor for the material, obtained from 2.3.3.2;

x = but not greater than 1,0;

a1 is the distance from the end of the wall to the nearer edge of the bearing area (see Figure 4.4);
H is the height of the wall to the level of the load;
Ab is the bearing area, not taken to be greater than 0,45 Aef;
Aef is the effective area of the wall Lef t (see Figure 4.4);
Lef is the effective length as determined at the mid height of the wall or pier (see Figure 4.4);
t is the thickness of the wall, taking into account the depth of recesses in joints greater
than 5 mm.
NOTE Values for the enhancement factor for fk/γM are shown in graphical form in Appendix D.
3) For walls built with Groups 2a, Group 2b and Group 3 masonry units and when shell bedding is used,
it should be verified that, locally under the bearing of a concentrated load, the design compressive stress
does not exceed:

(4.21)

4) The eccentricity of the load from the centre line of the wall should not be greater than t/4
(see Figure 4.4).
5) In all cases, the requirements of 4.4.2 should be met at the middle height of the wall below the
bearings, including the effects of any other superimposed vertical loading, particularly for the case
where concentrated loads are sufficiently close together for their effective lengths to overlap.

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Figure 4.4 — Walls subjected to concentrated load

6) The concentrated load should bear on a Group 1 unit or other solid material of length equal to the
required bearing length plus a length on each side of the bearing based on a 60° spread of load to the
base of the solid material; for an end bearing the additional length is required on one side only.
7) Where the concentrated load is applied through a suitable spreader beam of width t, height greater
than 200 mm and length greater than three times the bearing length of the load, the design compressive
stress beneath the loaded (not spreader) area should not exceed 1,5 fk/γM.
8) Bearings that satisfy the ultimate limit state when verified in accordance with equations (4.18), (4.19),
(4.20) or (4.21) may be deemed to satisfy the serviceability limit state.
4.4.9 Stresses due to restraints
1) P Allowance shall be made for the variable properties of materials to avoid overstressing or damage
where they are inter-connected.
NOTE The rigid connection of materials with different deformation behaviour may cause considerable stresses due to shrinkage,
creep and changes in temperature (see 3.8.4), and these may lead to redistribution of design stresses and damage to the masonry.
Similar effects may be induced by differential settlement of foundations or deflections of supporting structural members.
2) Damage, due to stresses arising from restraints, should be avoided by appropriate specification and
detailing, as referred to in Section 5 of this ENV 1996-1-1.

4.5 Unreinforced masonry shear walls

4.5.1 General
1) P Resistance to horizontal actions is generally provided by a system formed by the floors and shear
walls. The structural system shall be such that the action effects do not exceed the resistance to
horizontal effects.
2) Openings in shear walls can considerably affect their behaviour and their presence should be taken
into account when they occur; simplified approaches may be used when justifiable.

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3) Chases and recesses reduce the shear capacity of a wall. The reduction may be assumed to be
insignificant if the chases or recesses are within the limits given in 5.5. If the size, number or location of
the chases or recesses are outside these limits, the shear resistance of the wall should be checked using
the reduced thickness of the wall at the chase or recess positions.
4) A limited portion of an intersecting wall can act as a flange to a shear wall, increasing its stiffness and
strength; it can be taken into account in the design, provided that the connection of the main shear wall
to the flange is able to resist the corresponding shearing actions, and provided the flange will not buckle
within the length assumed (see also 4.4.4.2).
5) The length of any intersecting wall, which may be considered to act as a flange, is the thickness of the
shear wall plus, on each side of it, where appropriate, the least of (see also Figure 4.5):
— 2htot/10, where htot is the overall height of the shear wall;
— half the distance between shear walls, when connected by the intersecting wall;
— the distance to the end of the wall;
— half the storey height.
6) Due to the lack of knowledge of the non-linear flexural characteristics of masonry walls bent in their
plane, for the distribution of horizontal actions only, the elastic stiffness of the shear walls, including
any flanges, should be used. For walls higher than twice their length, the effect of shear strains on the
stiffness can be neglected.
7) If the floors can be idealised as rigid diaphragms (for example, in the case of in-situ concrete slabs) a
conservative procedure is to distribute the horizontal forces to the shear walls in proportion to their
stiffness on the assumption that all deflect by the same amount; more refined analytical procedures may
be used, if appropriate.
8) P Where the plan arrangement of the shear walls is asymmetric, or for any other reason the horizontal
force is eccentric to the overall stiffness centre of the structure, account shall be taken of the effect of the
consequent rotation of the system on the individual walls (torsional effects). See 4.1.1 4) for the general
requirements for a properly braced structure.
9) If the floors are not sufficiently rigid when considered as horizontal diaphragms (for example, precast
concrete units which are not inter-connected) horizontal forces to be resisted by the shear walls should
be taken to be the forces from the floors to which they are directly connected, unless a semi rigid analysis
is carried out.

Figure 4.5 — Flange widths that can be assumed for shear walls

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4.5.2 Analysis of shear walls

1) P For the analysis of shear walls, the design horizontal actions and the design vertical loads shall be
applied to the overall structure.
2) P The design horizontal actions shall not be less than the notional horizontal force obtained
from 4.1.1 4).
NOTE It is usually sufficient to consider the effect of horizontal actions on the two principal axes.
3) The most unfavourable combination of vertical load and shear should be considered, as follows:
either:
— maximum axial load per unit length of the shear wall, due to vertical loads and considering the
longitudinal eccentricity due to cantilever bending, or
— maximum axial load per unit length in the flanges or stiffening walls, or
— maximum horizontal shear in the shear wall when the minimum axial load assisting the design
shear resistance is combined with the maximum horizontal load, or
— maximum vertical shear per unit length at the connection between the shear wall and any
intersecting wall or flange taken into account in the verification.
4) When deriving the minimum axial load assisting the shear resistance, the vertical load applied to
slabs spanning in two directions may be equally distributed on the supporting walls; in the case of floor
or roof slabs spanning one way, a 45° spread of the load may be considered in deriving the axial load, at
the lower stories, on the walls not directly loaded.
5) The maximum horizontal shear on a wall, calculated using a linear elastic analysis, may be modified
taking advantage of possible redistribution of forces due to limited cracking of the wall at the ultimate
limit state; the shear on a single wall may be reduced by 15 % provided that shear on the parallel walls
is correspondingly increased so that equilibrium is assured under the design loads.
4.5.3 Verification of shear walls
1) P Under the ultimate limit state, the shear wall and any flange of an intersecting wall shall be verified
for vertical loading and for shear loading.
2) The net resisting length and thickness of the walls or flanges should be determined taking into
account any openings, chases or recesses and disregarding any portion subject to vertical tensile stress.
3) P The connections between the shear walls and the flanges of intersecting walls, taken into account
in the analysis, shall be verified for vertical shear.
4) P The design value of the applied shear load, VSd, shall be less than or equal to the design shear
resistance, VRd calculated using the values given in 3.6.3, such that:
VSd # VRd (4.22)

5) The design shear resistance is given by:

(4.23)

where:
fvk is the characteristic shear strength of masonry, obtained from 3.6.3, based on the vertical load
being resisted by the compressed part of the wall, ignoring any part of the wall that is in
tension;
t is the thickness of the wall;
lc is the length of the compressed part of the wall, ignoring any part of the wall that is in tension;
γM is the partial safety factor for the material, obtained from 2.3.3.2.

6) The length of the compressed part of the wall, lc, should be calculated assuming a triangular stress
distribution.

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7) The vertical shear resistance of a connection may be taken from test data for a specific project or from
that available on a National basis. In the absence of such data, the design value fvko/γM, where fvko is the
shear strength under zero compressive stress, as given in 3.7.3, may be used, provided that the
connection between the walls is in accordance with 5.4.2.
8) Walls that satisfy the ultimate limit state when verified in accordance with equation (4.23) may be
deemed to satisfy the serviceability limit state.

4.6 Unreinforced walls subjected to lateral loads

4.6.1 General
1) P A wall subjected to lateral load under the ultimate limit state shall be verified to have a design
strength greater than or equal to the design lateral load effect.
NOTE Precise methods for the design of masonry walls subjected predominantly to lateral wind loads are not available but there
are approximate methods which may be used.
2) The design of masonry walls subjected predominantly to lateral wind loads may be based on the
approximate methods given in 4.6.2.2, with the wall being supported along whichever edges provide
support, or 4.6.2.3, with the wall arching between supports.
NOTE In some countries design of walls subjected predominantly to lateral wind loads is not necessary as the thickness of walls
used will provide adequate lateral strength.
3) Chases and recesses reduce the flexural strength of a wall used in lateral load design. The reduction
may be assumed to be insignificant if the chases or recesses are within the limits given in 5.5. If the size,
number or location of the chases or recesses are outside these limits, the flexural strength of the wall
should be checked using the reduced thickness of the wall at the chase or recess position.
4) Where damp proof courses are used in walls, allowance should be made for any effect on the flexural
strength.
4.6.2 Walls subjected to lateral wind loads
4.6.2.1 Support conditions and continuity
1) P In assessing the lateral resistance of masonry walls subjected to lateral wind loads, the support
conditions and continuity over supports shall be taken into account.
2) The reaction along an edge of a wall due to the design load may normally be assumed to be uniformly
distributed when designing the means of support. Restraint at a support may be provided by ties, by
bonded masonry returns or by floors or roofs.
3) In the case of cavity construction, full continuity may be assumed even if only one leaf is continuously
bonded across a support, provided that the cavity wall is provided with ties in accordance with 5.4.2.2.
Where the leaves are of different thickness, the thicker leaf normally should be the continuous leaf
unless it is clear that full continuity can be assumed from the stiffness and strength of a continuous
thinner leaf. The load to be transmitted from a panel to its support may be taken by ties to one leaf only,
provided that there is adequate connection between the two leaves (see 5.4.2.2) particularly at the edges
of the panels. In all other cases, partial continuity may be assumed.
4) The design lateral strength of a cavity wall should be taken as the sum of the design lateral strengths
of the two leaves provided that the wall ties, or other connectors between the leaves, are capable of
transmitting the actions to which the cavity wall is subjected (see 4.6.2.4).
4.6.2.2 Method of design for a wall supported along edges
1) Masonry walls are not isotropic and there is an orthogonal strength ratio depending on the unit and
the mortar used.
2) The calculation of the design moment, Md, should take into account the masonry properties referred
to above and may be taken as either:
Md = α Wk γF L2 per unit height of the wall (4.24)

when the plane of failure is perpendicular to the bed joints, ie. in the fxk2 direction, or

Md = µ α Wk γF L2 per unit length of the wall (4.25)

when the plane failure is parallel to the bed joints, ie. in the fxk1 direction;

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where:
α is a bending moment coefficient which depends on the orthogonal ratio, µ, the degree of fixity
at the edges of the panels and the height to length ratio of the panels and which is obtained
from a suitable theorya;
γF is the partial safety factor for loads, obtained from 2.3.3.1;
µ is the orthogonal ratio of the characteristic flexural strengths of the masonry, fxk1/fxk2
see 3.6.4;
L is the length of the panel between supports;
Wk is the characteristic wind load per unit area.
a
It is implicit that a suitable theory is given in the National Application Documents.

3) When a vertical load acts so as to increase the flexural strength fxk1, the orthogonal strength ratio
may be modified by using a flexural strength in that direction of:
fxk1 + γM σdp (4.26)

where:
fxk1 is the characteristic flexural strength with the plane of failure parallel to the bed joints,
obtained from 3.6.4;
γM is the partial safety factor for the material, obtained from 2.3.3.2;
σdp is the permanent vertical stress on the wall at the level under consideration.

4) The bending moment coefficient at a damp proof course may be taken as for an edge over which full
continuity exists when there is sufficient vertical load on the damp proof course to ensure that its
flexural strength is not exceeded under the applied moment.
5) The design moment of lateral resistance of a masonry wall, MRd, is given by:

(4.27)

where:
fxk is the characteristic flexural strength, obtained from 3.6.4, appropriate to the plane of bending;
Z the section modulus of the wall.

6) In assessing the section modulus of a pier in a wall, the outstanding length of flange from the face of
the pier should be taken as:
— h/10 for walls spanning vertically between restraints;
— 2h/10 for cantilever walls;
— in no case more than half the clear distance between piers;
where h is the clear height of the wall
7) Walls that satisfy the ultimate limit state when verified using equations (4.24), (4.25) and (4.27) may
be deemed to satisfy the serviceability limit state.
8) In a laterally loaded panel or free standing wall built of masonry set in mortar designations M2 to
M20, and designed in accordance with paragraphs 1) – 7) above, the dimensions should be limited to
avoid undue movements resulting from deflections, creep, shrinkage, temperature effects and cracking.
4.6.2.3 Method for design of arching between supports
1) When a masonry wall is built solidly between supports capable of resisting an arch thrust, as
described below, or when a number of walls are built continuously past supports, the wall may be
designed assuming that an horizontal or vertical arch develops within the thickness of the wall.

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NOTE In the present state of knowledge, walls subjected to mainly lateral loads should be designed only for arching horizontally,
except when accidental actions are considered.
2) Calculation should be based on a three-pin arch and the bearing at the supports and at the central
hinge should be assumed as 0,1 times the thickness of the wall.
3) The arch thrust should be assessed from knowledge of the applied lateral load, the strength of the
masonry in compression and the effectiveness of the junction between the wall and the support resisting
the thrust. A small change in length of a wall in arching can considerably reduce the arching resistance.
Therefore, care should be taken if the masonry is built of masonry units that may shrink in service.
4) The arch rise is given by:
0,9 t – d (4.28)

where:
t is the thickness of the wall (but see 6.5.3 2));
d is the deflection of the arch under the design lateral load; it may be taken to be zero for walls
having a length to thickness ratio of 25 or less.

5) The maximum design arch thrust per unit length of wall may be assumed to be:

(4.29)

and where the lateral deflection is small, the design lateral strength is given by:

(4.30)

where:
qlat is the design lateral strength per unit area of wall;
t is the thickness of the wall (but see 6.5.3 2));
fk is the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry, obtained from 3.6.2;
L is the length of the wall;
γM is the partial safety factor for the material, obtained from 2.3.3.2.

6) Walls that satisfy the ultimate limit state when verified using equation (4.30) may be deemed to
satisfy the serviceability limit state.
4.6.2.4 Wall ties
1) P Where walls, especially cavity walls, are subjected to lateral wind loads, the wall ties connecting the
two leaves shall be capable of distributing the wind loads from the loaded leaf to the other leaf, backing
wall or support.
2) The minimum number of wall ties per unit area should be obtained from (but see also 5.4.2.2):

(4.31)

where:
WSd is the design horizontal action from wind, per unit area, to be transferred;
Ft is the characteristic compressive or tensile resistance of a wall tie, as appropriate to the
design condition, determined by tests in accordance with EN 846-5 or EN 846-6;

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γM is the partial safety factor for wall ties, from 2.3.3.2.

3) The horizontal action from the wind acting on the wall should be calculated in accordance with
ENV 1991. For cavity walls, the design horizontal action per unit area to be transferred between the
leaves, WSd, should be determined by dividing the wind action acting on the wall between the two leaves
in proportion to their lateral load capacity.
NOTE The selection of wall ties should allow for differential movement between the leaves, without damage.
4) In the case of a veneer wall, WSd, should be calculated on the basis that the wall ties are required to
transmit all the design horizontal action from the wind acting on the wall to the backing structure.
4.6.3 Walls subjected to lateral earth pressure
1) P Walls subject to lateral earth pressure shall be designed using acceptable engineering principles.
NOTE The flexural strength of masonry fxk1 should not be used in the design of walls subjected to lateral earth pressure.
2) An empirical method for designing basement walls subjected to lateral earth pressure is given in
Annex E.
4.6.4 Horizontal accidental loads (excluding seismic actions)
1) Walls subjected to horizontal accidental loads, other than those resulting from seismic actions (for
example, gas explosions), may be designed similarly to walls subjected to wind loads in accordance
with 4.6.2. Axially loaded walls, with a slenderness ratio no greater than 20, may be designed on the
basis of arching vertically between concrete floors. Allowance may be made for enhancement due to
bonded piers or return walls. The resistance of damp proof courses or similar low friction planes, should
be verified to ensure that the shear strength is not exceeded.

4.7 Reinforced masonry

4.7.1 Reinforced masonry members subjected to bending, bending and axial load or axial load
4.7.1.1 General
1) P The strength of reinforced masonry members shall be calculated using a theory in which the
non-linear behaviour of the materials and second order effects are taken into account.
2) P The deformation properties of concrete infill shall be assumed to be as for masonry. The
requirements for masonry in paragraph 3) below shall be equally applicable to concrete infill.
3) P The design of reinforced masonry members, subjected to bending, bending and axial load, or axial
load, shall be based on the following assumptions:
— plane sections remain plane;
— the reinforcement is subjected to the same variations in strain as the adjacent masonry;
— the tensile strength of the masonry is zero;
— the maximum compressive strain of the masonry is chosen according to the material;
— the maximum tensile strain in the reinforcement is chosen according to the material;
— the stress-strain relationship of masonry is taken to be parabolic, parabolic rectangular or
rectangular (see 3.8.1 2));
— the stress-strain relationship of the reinforcement is derived from Figure 4.6;
— for cross-sections subject to pure longitudinal compression, the compressive strain in the masonry
is limited to –0,002 (see Figure 3.3);
— for cross-sections not fully in compression, the limiting compressive strain is taken as –0,0035
(see Figure 3.3). In intermediate situations, the strain diagram is defined by assuming that the strain
is –0,002 at a level 3/7 of the height of the section from the most compressed face (see Figure 4.9).
4) The rules of application are concerned with bending both in plane and out of plane and include walls
and beams.
5) The design compressive stress block for masonry or concrete infill may be based on Figure 3.3, where
fd is fk/γM for masonry, taking particular care to use the value appropriate to the direction of loading,
and fck/γM for concrete infill.
6) When a compression zone contains masonry as well as concrete infill, the compressive strength should
be calculated using a stress block based on the compressive strength of the weakest material.

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4.7.1.2 Effective span of members subjected to bending

1) The effective span, lef, of simply supported or continuous members, with the exception of deep beams,
may be taken as the smaller of the following (see Figure 4.7):
— the distance between centres of supports;
— the clear distance between supports plus the effective depth, d.
2) The effective span, lef, of a cantilever may be taken as the smaller of the following (see Figure 4.8):
— the distance between the end of the cantilever and the centre of its support;
— the distance between the end of the cantilever and the face of the support plus half its effective
depth, d.
3) The effective span of deep beams may be determined according to 4.7.3.1.

Figure 4.6 — Design stress-strain diagram for reinforcing steel (tension and compression)

Figure 4.7 — Effective span of simply supported or continuous members

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Figure 4.8 — Effective span of cantilevers

4.7.1.3 Limiting span of members subjected to bending

1) The span of a reinforced masonry member should be limited to the appropriate value obtained from
Table 4.1.
2) To ensure the lateral stability of simply supported or continuous members, the proportions should be
such that the clear distance between lateral restraints does not exceed:

(4.32)

where:
d is the effective depth;
bc is the width of the compression face midway between restraints.

3) For a cantilever with lateral restraint provided only at the support, the clear distance from the end of
the cantilever to the face of the support should not exceed:

(4.33)

where bc is taken at the face of the support.

4.7.1.4 Slenderness ratio of vertically loaded members
1) The slenderness ratio of vertically loaded members in the plane of the member should be determined
in accordance with 4.4.
2) The slenderness ratio should not be greater than .

Table 4.1 — Limiting ratios of span to effective depth for walls and beams
End condition Ratio of span to effective depth

Wall Beam

Simply supported 35 20
Continuous 45 26
Spanning in two directions 45 –
Cantilever 18 7
NOTE 1 A wall is a member subjected to out of plane bending and a beam may be part of a wall subjected to bending in the plane
of the wall.
NOTE 2 For free-standing walls not forming part of a building and subjected predominantly to wind loads, the ratios given for
walls may be increased by 30 %, provided such walls have no applied finish which may be damaged by deflections.

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Figure 4.9 — Strain diagrams in the ultimate limit state

4.7.1.5 Flanged Members

1) Where the reinforcement in a section is concentrated locally such that the member can act as a flanged
member, for example with a T or L shape, the thickness of the flange, tf, should be taken as the thickness
of the masonry but in no case greater than 0,5d, where d is the effective depth of the member. The
masonry between the concentrations of reinforcement should be checked to ensure that it is capable of
spanning between the support so provided.
2) The effective width of the flange, bef, should be taken as the least of:
i) For T-members:
— the actual width of the flange;
— the width of the pocket or rib plus 12 times the thickness of the flange;
— the spacing of the pockets or ribs;
— one-third the height of the wall.
ii) For L-members:
— the actual width of the flange;
— the width of the pocket or rib plus 6 times the thickness of the flange;
— half the spacing of the pockets or ribs;
— one-sixth the height of the wall.
4.7.1.6 Verification of reinforced masonry members subjected to bending and/or axial load
1) P At the ultimate limit state, the design load applied to a reinforced masonry member, Sd, shall be
less than or equal to the design load resistance of the member, Rd, such that:
Sd # Rd (4.34)

2) The design should be based on the assumptions described in 4.7.1.1. This leads to the range of strain
diagrams shown in Figure 4.9 with the strain diagram passing through one of the three points A, B or
C. The tensile strain of the reinforcement εs should be limited to 0,01.

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3) The linear elastic distribution of internal forces may be modified assuming equilibrium, if the
members have sufficent ductility. The ratio of the depth of the neutral axis, x, to the effective depth, d,
should not exceed 0,4 where no redistribution of moments has been carried out. Redistribution of
moments in a continuous beam should be limited to 15 % when high ductility steel is to be used. In this
case, the ratio of the redistributed moment to the moment before redistribution should not be less than:

(4.35)

Figure 4.10 — Simplified rectangular stress block

provided that the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry or concrete infill is not taken to be
greater than 35N/mm2.
4) No redistribution should be allowed with normal ductility steel.
5) In determining the moment of resistance of a section, a rectangular stress distribution as indicated in
Figure 4.10 may be assumed as a simplification.
6) For the case of a singly reinforced rectangular cross-section, subject to bending only, the design
moment of resistance, MRd, may be taken as:

(4.36)

where, based on the simplification illustrated in Figure 4.10, the lever arm, z, may be taken as:

(4.37)

where:
b is the width of the section;
d is the effective depth of the section;
As is the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement in tension;
fk is the characteristic compressive strength of masonry in the direction of loading, obtained
from 3.6.2, or concrete infill obtained from 3.3.3, whichever is the lesser;
fyk is the characteristic strength of steel, obtained from 3.4.2;
γM is the partial safety factor for masonry or concrete infill, obtained from 2.3.3.2;
γs is the partial safety factor for steel, obtained from 2.3.3.2.

NOTE For the special case of reinforced masonry cantilever walls subjected to bending, refer to Annex F.

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7) In the case of flanged members (see 4.7.1.5), the design moment of resistance can be obtained using
equation (4.36) but should not be taken to be greater than:

(4.38)

where:
tf is the thickness of the flange in accordance with the requirements of 4.7.1.5;
bef is the effective width of the flange, in accordance with the requirements of 4.7.1.5.

Figure 4.11 — Width of section for members with locally concentrated reinforcement

8) When the reinforcement in a section is concentrated locally such that the member cannot be treated
as a flanged member, the reinforced section should be considered as having a width of not more than 3
times the thickness of the masonry (see Figure 4.11).
9) Reinforced masonry members with a slenderness ratio, calculated in accordance with 4.4, greater
than 12, may be designed conservatively using the principles and application rules for unreinforced
members in 4.4, taking into account second order effects.
10) In the analysis of a cross-section which is subjected to a small axial force, the member may be
designed for bending only if the design axial force does not exceed:
0,1 fk Am (4.39)

where Am is the cross-sectional area of the masonry.

4.7.2 Reinforced masonry members subjected to shear
4.7.2.1 General
1) P The analysis of reinforced masonry shear walls shall be in accordance with 4.5.2.
2) P At the ultimate limit state the design shear load applied to a reinforced masonry member, VSd, shall
be less than or equal to the design shear resistance of the member, VSd, such that:
VSd # VRd (4.40)

3) In calculating the design shear load on members with uniformly distributed loading, it may be
assumed that the maximum shear load occurs at a distance d/2 from the face of a support, where d is the
effective depth of the member.
4) When taking the maximum shear load at d/2 from the face of a support, the following conditions
should be satisfied:
— the loading and support reactions are such that they cause diagonal compression in the member
(direct support);
— at an end support, the tension reinforcement required at a distance 2,5d from the face of the
support is anchored into the support;
— at an intermediate support, the tension reinforcement required at the face of the support extends
for a distance at least 2,5d, plus the anchorage length, into the span.
5) The design shear resistance of reinforced masonry members, VRd, may be calculated either by:

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— ignoring the contribution of any shear reinforcement incorporated into the member, where the
minimum area of shear reinforcement, as required by 5.2.6, is not provided, or
— taking into account the contribution of the shear reinforcement, where at least the minimum area
of shear reinforcement is provided.
4.7.2.2 Verification of members ignoring shear reinforcement
1) For members when the contribution of any shear reinforcement is being ignored, it should be verified
that:
VSd # VRd1 (4.41)

where:

(4.42)

b is the minimum width of the member over the effective depth;

d is the effective depth of the member;
fvk is the characteristic shear strength of masonry, obtained from 3.6.3, or concrete infill,
obtained from 3.3.3, whichever is the lesser;
γM is the partial safety factor for masonry or concrete infill, obtained from 2.3.3.2.
NOTE Where required, an enhancement in the characteristic shear strength, fvk, may be taken into account in the
calculation of VRd1 to allow for the presence of longitudinal reinforcement.

2) For simply supported beams or cantilevers where the ratio of the shear span to the effective depth is
less than 2, fvk for use in determining VRd1 may be increased by a factor:

(4.43)

where:
d is the effective depth of the member;
av is the distance from the face of the support to the load;

provided that the design shear load is calculated at the face of the support and fvk is not taken to be
greater than 0,7 N/mm2, and where the shear span is the ratio of the maximum design bending
moment to the maximum design shear force.
4.7.2.3 Verification of members taking into account shear reinforcement
1) For members when shear reinforcement is taken into account, it should be verified that:
VSd # VRd1 + VRd2 (4.44)

where: VRd1 is given by equation (4.42) and VRd2 is given by:

(4.45)

where:
d is the effective depth of the member;
Asw is the area of shear reinforcement;
s is the spacing of shear reinforcement;

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α is the angle of shear reinforcement to the axis of the member between 45° and 90°;
fyk is the characteristic strength of steel obtained from 3.4.2;
γs is the partial safety factor for steel, obtained from 2.3.3.2.

2) It should also be verified that:

(4.46)

where:
b is the minimum width of the member within the effective depth;
d is the effective depth of the member;
fk is the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry in the direction of loading, obtained
from 3.6.2, or the concrete infill, obtained from 3.3.3, whichever is the lesser;
γM is the partial safety factor for masonry or concrete infill, obtained from 2.3.3.2.

4.7.3 Reinforced masonry deep beams subjected to vertical loading

4.7.3.1 General
1) This clause refers to vertically loaded walls, or parts of walls, bridging openings such that the ratio of
the overall height of the wall above the opening to the effective span over the opening is at least 0,5.
2) An appropriate structural theory may be used for the design of such beams or, alternatively, the
design may be based on 4.7.3.2 and 4.7.3.3 in which case the effective span of the beam may be taken as:
lef = 1,15 L (4.47)

where:
L is the clear span of the opening;
z is the lever arm, which may be taken as the lesser of the following values:-
z= lef, or

z= h+ lef;

lef is the effective span of the beam;

h is the clear height of the wall.

3) The resistance of the compression zone of the deep beam should be verified against buckling, if
unrestrained, and the resistance to the compressive load at the bearings should be verified.
4.7.3.2 Verification of deep beams subjected to vertical loading
1) P At the ultimate limit state, the design moment applied to a reinforced masonry deep beam, MSd,
shall be less than or equal to the design moment of resistance of the beam, MRd, such that:
MSd # MRd (4.48)

2) All the vertical loads acting on that part of the wall situated above the effective span should be taken
into account, unless the loads can be taken by other means, for example, by upper floors acting as ties.
However, the design method cannot take account of loads which are applied within the effective depth
of the beam.
3) In order to determine the amount of reinforcement, the deep beam may be considered as simply
supported between supports as shown on Figure 4.12.

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4) The reinforcement, As, required in the bottom of the deep beam may be determined as follows:

(4.49)

where:
MRd is the design bending moment;
fyk is the characteristic strength of the reinforcement, obtained from 3.4.2;
γs is the partial safety factor for steel, obtained from 2.3.3.2;
z is the lever arm which may be taken from 4.7.3.1.

Figure 4.12 — Representation of a deep beam

5) To resist cracking, additional nominal reinforcement should be provided in the bed joints above the
main reinforcement, to a height of 0,5 lef or 0,5d, whichever is the lesser, from the bottom face of the
beam.
6) The reinforcing bars should be continuous or properly lapped over the full effective span, lef, and be
provided with the appropriate anchorage length in accordance with 5.2.6.
7) In no case should the moment of resistance, MRd, be taken to be greater than:

(4.50)

where:
b is the width of the beam;
d is the effective depth of the beam which may be taken as 1.25z;
z is the lever arm of the beam;
fk is the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry in the direction of loading, obtained
from 3.6.2, or concrete infill, obtained from 3.3.3, whichever is the lesser;
γM is the partial coefficient for masonry or concrete infill, obtained from 2.3.3.2.

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4.7.3.3 Verification of deep beams subjected to shear loads

1) P For the ultimate limit state, no shear reinforcement is required if the design shear resistance of the
reinforced masonry deep beam, VRd1, exceeds or is equal to the design shear load, VSd, such that:
VSd # VRd1 (4.51)

where:
VSd is the design shear force at the edge of the support;
VRd1 is as defined in 4.7.2.2 using the effective depth of the member as d = 1,25 z.

4.7.3.4 Composite lintels

1) Where reinforced or prestressed prefabricated lintels are used to act compositely with the masonry
above the lintel in order to provide the tension element, and where the stiffness of the prefabricated
lintel is small compared to that of the wall above, the design may be based on the rules of application
given in 4.7.3.2 and 4.7.3.3, provided that the bearing length at each end of the prefabricated lintel is
justified by calculation for anchorage and bearing, but is not less than 100 mm (see Figure 4.13).

Figure 4.13 — Composite lintel forming a deep beam

4.7.4 Reinforced masonry members under the serviceability limit state

4.7.4.1 General
1) P Reinforced masonry members shall not crack unacceptably or deflect excessively under
serviceability loading conditions.
4.7.4.2 Deflection
1) Where reinforced masonry members are sized so as to be within the limiting dimensions given
in 4.7.1.3, it may normally be assumed that the lateral deflection of a wall and the vertical deflection of
a beam are acceptable.
4.7.4.3 Cracking
1) For reinforced masonry members subjected to bending e.g. laterally loaded wall panels and reinforced
masonry beams, cracking will be limited such as to satisfy the serviceability limit state if the limiting
dimensions in 4.7.1.3 and the detailing requirements in Section 5 of this ENV 1996-1-1 are followed.
However, where for reasons of detailing, cover to the tension reinforcement exceeds the minimum
requirements given in 5.2.2.4, some noticeable cracking may occur and the designer should decide if this
is acceptable.

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4.8 Prestressed masonry

4.8.1 General
1) P The design of prestressed masonry members shall be based on a consideration of the serviceability
and ultimate limit states using principles which are similar to those set out in ENV 1992-1-1 with the
design requirements and properties of materials as set out in Sections 3 and 4 of this ENV 1996-1-1.
2) The design principles are applicable to members prestressed in one direction only.
NOTE In the design the serviceability limit state should be assessed first in bending and then the bending, axial and shear strengths
should be verified at the ultimate limit state.
4.8.2 Prestressed masonry members under the serviceability limit state
4.8.2.1 General
1) P Prestressed masonry members shall not exhibit flexural cracking nor deflect excessively under
serviceability loading conditions. Compressive failure of the masonry shall not occur.
4.8.2.2 Design for the serviceability limit state
1) Serviceability load conditions at transfer of prestress and under design loads after prestressing losses
should be considered. Other design cases may exist for specific structural forms and loading conditions.
2) P Partial safety factors for loads shall be taken as 1,0 (see 2.3.4) at transfer of prestress and under
design loads after prestressing losses. Compressive and tensile stresses in the masonry and the initial
prestressing force in the tendons shall be limited to avoid damage.
3) P The analysis of a prestressed masonry member at serviceability shall be based on the following
assumptions:
— in the masonry, plane sections remain plane;
— stress is proportional to strain;
— tensile stress in the masonry is limited so as to avoid excessive crack widths and to ensure
durability of the prestressing steel;
— the prestressing force is constant after all losses have occurred.
4) If the assumptions in paragraph 3) P above are followed, serviceability limit states will be satisfied
although additional deflection verification may need to be carried out.
4.8.3 Prestressed masonry members under the ultimate limit state
4.8.3.1 General
1) P The strength of prestressed masonry members at the ultimate limit state shall be calculated using
acceptable theory in which all material behaviour characteristics and second order effects are taken into
account.
4.8.3.2 Design for the ultimate limit state
1) P At the ultimate limit state, the partial safety factor for materials shall be obtained from 2.3.3.2.
Where prestressing forces are considered as actions, the partial safety factors shall be obtained
from 2.3.3.1. The partial safety factors for actions shall be obtained from 2.3.3.1, using the favourable or
unfavourable values depending on the effect in the direction of loading.
2) P The design of prestressed masonry members in bending shall be based upon the following
assumptions:
— in the masonry, plane sections remain plane;
— the stress distribution over the compressive zone is uniform and does not exceed fk/γM;
— the limiting compressive strain in the masonry is taken as 0,0035;
— the tensile strength of the masonry is ignored;
— bonded tendons or any other bonded reinforcement are subject to the same variations in strain as
the adjacent masonry;
— stresses in bonded tendons or any other bonded reinforcement are derived from the appropriate
stress-strain relationship;
— stresses in unbonded tendons in post-tensioned members are limited to an acceptable proportion
of their characteristic strength;

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— the effective depth to unbonded tendons is determined taking into account any freedom of the
tendons to move.
3) P Members subjected to loading in the plane of the member shall be designed in accordance with
acceptable theory, taking into account the combined effects of the applied load and the prestress force.
4) When members subjected to vertical loading in the plane of the member are of solid rectangular cross
section, the design method may be as given in 4.4 for unreinforced masonry. For non-solid rectangular
members, geometric properties will need to be calculated. The prestressing of a member may need to be
limited depending upon its effective slenderness and axial load carrying capacity.
5) P The shear strength of prestressed masonry shall be evaluated using an acceptable theory and the
design shear resistance shall be greater than the design value of the applied shear load.
4.8.4 Other design matters
4.8.4.1 General
1) P The maximum initial prestressing force and bearing stresses shall be within acceptable design
criteria. Prestressing losses shall be calculated and allowed for in serviceability and ultimate limit states
assessments as relevant.
4.8.4.2 Maximum initial prestress and bearing stress
1) P The initial prestressing force applied shall be limited to an acceptable proportion of the
characteristic ultimate load of the tendons to ensure safety against tendon failure.
2) Loadbearing stresses and lateral bursting tensile forces at anchorages should be considered to avoid
an ultimate load failure condition. Local bearing stresses may be limited by consideration of prestressing
load acting in either the parallel or perpendicular direction to the bed joints. The anchorage design
should consider the containment of the bursting tensile forces.
4.8.4.3 Loss of prestress
1) P Due allowance shall be made in the design for losses in prestressing forces that can occur.
2) Losses in prestressing forces will result from a combination of:
— relaxation of tendons;
— elastic deformation of the masonry;
— moisture movement of masonry;
— creep of masonry;
— tendon losses during anchoring;
— friction effects;
— thermal effects.
3) The factors in paragraph 2) above should be evaluated from a consideration of materials
characteristics, the structural form used and conditions of use.

4.9 Confined masonry

1) P The design of confined masonry members shall be based on the serviceability and ultimate limit
state using principles which are similar to those set out for unreinforced and for reinforced masonry
members.
2) In the verification of confined members subjected to bending and/or axial load the assumptions for the
reinforced masonry will be adopted. In the compression zones, the compressive stress block should be
based on the strength of the masonry, only. Compression reinforcement should also be ignored.
3) In the verification of confined members subjected to shear all the reinforcements should be ignored.
4) Confined masonry should be designed, in seismic situations, on the basis that only the masonry is
taken into account, using the appropriate principles and application rules given in this ENV 1996-1-1.
No account should be taken of the strength of the reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry members.

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5 Structural detailing
5.1 General
5.1.1 Masonry materials
1) P Masonry units shall be suitable for the type of masonry, its location and its durability requirements.
Mortar, concrete infill and reinforcement shall be appropriate to the type of unit and the durability
requirements.
2) Materials should be in accordance with Section 3 of this ENV 1996-1-1. Where necessary, the relevant
section of ENV 1996-213)) should be considered for the design and selection of materials to provide the
durability required of the wall.
5.1.2 Types of walls
1) This Section gives appropriate rules for the detailing of single-leaf walls, cavity walls, double-leaf
walls, faced walls, shell bedded walls and veneer walls as defined in 1.4.2.9 and shown on
Figure 5.1 – Figure 5.6.

Figure 5.1 — Example cross-sections through a single-leaf wall

Figure 5.2 — Example cross-sections through a cavity wall

13)
At present at the draft stage.

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Figure 5.3 — Example cross-section through a double-leaf wall

Figure 5.4 — Example cross-section through a faced wall

Figure 5.5 — Example cross-section through a shell bedded wall

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Figure 5.6 — Example cross-section through a veneer wall

5.1.3 Minimum thickness of walls

1) The thickness of loadbearing walls should be not less than mm. For veneer walls the minimum

thickness should be mm.

5.1.4 Bonding of masonry

1) P Masonry units shall be bonded together with mortar in accordance with proven practice.
2) Masonry units in a wall should be overlapped on alternate courses so that the wall acts as a single
structural element. To ensure adequate bonding, masonry units should overlap by a length equal to at
least 0,4 times the height of the unit or 40 mm, whichever is the greater, as shown in Figure 5.7. At
corners or junctions the overlap of the units should not be less than the thickness of the units; cut units
should be used to achieve the specified overlap in the remainder of the wall.
3) Examples of bonding arrangements for walls are shown in Figure 5.8, Figure 5.9 and Figure 5.10.
Other bonding arrangements, not meeting the minimum overlap requirements, may be used in
reinforced masonry or where experience or experimental data indicate that they are satisfactory.
4) Where non-loadbearing walls abut loadbearing walls, allowance for differential deformation due to
creep and shrinkage, should be considered. It is recommended that such walls are not bonded together,
but they may be tied together with suitable connectors allowing for differential deformations.
NOTE The length of walls and columns and the size of openings and piers preferably should suit the dimensions of the units so
as to avoid excessive cutting.
5.1.5 Mortar joints
1) For the purpose of using the values and equations given in 3.6.2 and 3.6.3, bed and perpend joints
made with general purpose and lightweight mortars should be not less than 8 mm nor more than 15 mm
thick and bed and perpend joints made with thin layer mortars should be not less than 1 mm nor more
than 3 mm thick.

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Figure 5.7 — Overlap of masonry units

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Figure 5.8 — Examples of bonding arrangements using Group 1 masonry units

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Figure 5.9 — Example of bonding arrangements using Group 2a and Group 2b masonry units

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Figure 5.10 — Examples of bonding arrangements using Group 3 masonry units

2) Bed joints should be horizontal unless the designer specifies otherwise.

3) Perpend joints may be considered to be filled if mortar is provided to the full height over a minimum
of 40 % of the width of the unit, otherwise they should be considered to be unfilled (see 3.6.2.5). Perpend
joints in reinforced masonry subject to bending and shear across the joint should be fully filled with
mortar.
5.1.6 Bearings under concentrated loads
1) Concentrated loads should bear on a wall a minimum length of 100 mm or that required from
calculations according to 4.4.8, whichever is the greater.

5.2 Reinforcement detailing

5.2.1 General
1) P Reinforcement shall be located such that it acts compositely with the masonry and such that it will
not yield at the formation of cracks in the masonry.
2) Various ways in which reinforcement can be used in reinforced masonry are shown in Figure 5.11.
3) Where simple supports are assumed in the design, consideration should be given to the effects of any
fixity that might be provided by the masonry. Reinforcement in masonry designed as a beam should be
provided over a support where the masonry is continuous, whether the beam has been designed as
continuous or not. Where this occurs, an area of steel not less than 50 % of the area of the tension
reinforcement required at midspan should be provided in the top of the masonry over the support and
anchored in accordance with 5.2.5.1. In all cases at least one quarter of the reinforcement required at
midspan should be carried through to the support and similarly anchored.
5.2.2 Protection of reinforcing steel
5.2.2.1 General
1) P Reinforcing steel shall be corrosion resistant or protected adequately against corrosion due to
environmental conditions.
2) The type of reinforcing steel and the minimum level of protection for the reinforcing steel that should
be used in masonry in the various exposure classes, as defined in 5.2.2.2, is given in Table 5.1. This table
applies to carbon steel, austenitic stainless steel and galvanised steel when cover to the reinforcing steel
is provided in accordance with 5.2.2.4. Alternatively, where unprotected carbon steel is used, it may be
protected by concrete cover in accordance with Table 5.2.
3) Where galvanising is used to provide protection, the reinforcing steel should be galvanised after it has
been bent to shape.

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Figure 5.11 — Examples of the incorporation of reinforcement in masonry

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5.2.2.2 Classification of environmental conditions — exposure classes

1) Environmental conditions are classified into the following five exposure classes:
— Exposure Class 1: A dry environment such as the interior of buildings for normal habitation and
for offices, including the inner leaf of external cavity walls not likely to become damp.
NOTE This exposure class is valid only as long as the masonry, or any of its components, is not exposed during construction
to more severe conditions over a prolonged period of time.
— Exposure Class 2: A humid environment internally, such as in a laundry, or externally not
exposed to frost and including members in non-aggressive soil and/or water.
— Exposure Class 3: A humid environment with members exposed to frost.
— Exposure Class 4: A seawater environment with members completely or partially submerged in
seawater, or in the splash zone, or exposed to saturated salt air in a coastal area, exposed to frost or
not.
— Exposure Class 5: An aggressive chemical environment in gas, liquid or solid form. It includes
members in aggressive soils.
5.2.2.3 Selection of reinforcing steel
1) Where the reinforcing steel is bedded in mortar or in concrete with cover less than required in
Table 5.2, the reinforcing steel, and its level of protection, should be selected using Table 5.1, according
to the exposure class.
2) Where the reinforcing steel is protected by concrete cover in accordance with Table 5.2, carbon steel,
without any other form of protection, may be used.
5.2.2.4 Cover to reinforcing steel
1) Where the reinforcing steel is located in mortar in bed joints and is selected using Table 5.1:
— the minimum depth of mortar cover from the reinforcing steel to the face of the masonry should
be 15 mm, as shown in Figure 5.12;
— except from thin layer mortar, the mortar cover above and below reinforcement placed in bed joints
should not be less than 2 mm, as shown in Figure 5.12;
— the reinforcing steel should be located so that the mortar cover is maintained.
2) For filled-cavity or special bond construction, the minimum cover for reinforcing steel selected using
Table 5.1 should be 20 mm mortar or concrete cover, as appropriate, or the diameter of the bar,
whichever is the greater.
3) Where unprotected carbon steel is used in concrete infill which provides the full protection, the
concrete cover should be in accordance with Table 5.2.
4) The cut ends of all bars, except those of stainless steel, should have the same minimum cover as that
appropriate to unprotected carbon steel in the exposure situation being considered, unless alternative
means of protection are used.

Figure 5.12 — Cover to reinforcing steel in bed joints

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Table 5.1 — Selection of reinforcing steel for durability

Exposure class Minimum level of protection for reinforcing steel

Located in mortar Located in concrete with cover less than required

in Table 5.2

1 Unprotected carbon steel (see note 1) Unprotected carbon steel

2 Carbon steel, heavily galvanised or Unprotected carbon steel or, where mortar is
with equivalent protection (see note 2) used to fill in the voids, carbon steel, heavily
Unprotected carbon steel, in masonry galvanised or with equivalent protection
with a rendering mortar on the (see note 2)
exposed face (see note 3)
3 Austenitic stainless steel (see note 4) Carbon steel, heavily galvanised or with
Unprotected carbon steel, in masonry equivalent protection (see note 2)
with a rendering mortar on the
exposed face (see note 3)
4&5 Austenitic stainless steel (see note 4) Austenitic stainless steel (see note 4)
NOTE 1 For the inner leaf of external cavity walls likely to become damp, carbon steel, heavily galvanised or with equivalent
protection as note 2, should be used.
NOTE 2 Carbon steel should be galvanised with a minimum mass of zinc coating of 900 g/m2 or galvanised with a minimum mass
of zinc coating of 60 g/m2 and provided with a bonded epoxy coating of at least 80 µm thickness, with an average of 100 µm.
See also 3.4.3.
NOTE 3 The masonry mortar should be general purpose mortar, not less than M5, the side cover in Figure 5.12 should be increased
to 30 mm and the masonry should be rendered with a rendering mortar in accordance with EN 998-1 with a minimum thickness
of 15 mm.
NOTE 4 As an alternative to solid stainless steel an equivalent protection can be obtained by coating carbon steel with at
least 1 mm thickness of austenitic stainless steel.

Table 5.2 — Minimum concrete cover for unprotected carbon steel

Exposure class Minimum thickness of concrete cover

Water/cement ratio not greater than

0,65 0,55 0,50 0,45

Cement content (kg/m3) not less than

260 280 300 300

mm mm mm mm

2 –

3 – –

4 – –

5 – – –

5.2.3 Minimum area of reinforcement

1) P The area of reinforcement provided shall be at least the minimum necessary to ensure that the
relevant design criteria are satisfied.

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2) Where reinforcement is provided in reinforced masonry members to enhance the strength, the area of
main reinforcement should not be less than % of the cross-sectional area of the masonry, taken as
the product of the effective width and the effective depth of the member under consideration. In walls
incorporating prefabricated bed joint reinforcement to provide enhanced resistance to lateral loads, the
area of such reinforcement should not be less than % of the gross cross-sectional area.
3) Where reinforcement is provided in bed joints to help control cracking or to provide ductility, the area
of the reinforcement should not be less than % and the vertical spacing should not normally
exceed 600 mm.
4) In reinforced grouted cavity masonry members designed to span in one direction only, secondary
reinforcement should normally be provided in the direction perpendicular to the main reinforcement
principally to distribute stresses. The area of this secondary reinforcement should not be less
than % of the product of the overall width and the effective depth.
5) Secondary reinforcement may be used to assist in controlling cracking resulting from thermal and/or
moisture movements; it may then be necessary for the area of secondary reinforcement to be greater
than the minimum provided for stress distribution to allow for these effects or to satisfy 5.2.1 1)P.
6) Secondary reinforcement may be omitted from pocket type walls and other similar constructions,
unless required to tie the masonry to the infill concrete.
5.2.4 Size of reinforcement
1) P The maximum size of reinforcement used shall be such as to enable proper embedment in the mortar
or concrete infill. Prefabricated bed joint reinforcement shall have a minimum overall thickness as given
in EN 845-3. Bars shall have a minimum nominal size of 6 mm.
2) P The maximum size of reinforcement used shall be such that the anchorage stresses, as given
in 5.2.5, are not exceeded and the minimum cover to the reinforcement, as given in 5.2.2.4, is
maintained.
5.2.5 Anchorage and laps
5.2.5.1 Anchorage of reinforcement
1) P Reinforcement shall be provided with sufficient anchorage length so that the internal forces to
which it is subjected are transmitted to the mortar or concrete infill and that longitudinal cracking or
spalling of the masonry is avoided.
2) Anchorage may be achieved by straight anchorage, hooks, bends or loops as shown in Figure 5.13.
Alternatively stress transfer may be by means of an appropriate mechanical device.
3) Straight anchorage or bends (see Figure 5.13 a) and Figure 5.13 c)) should not be used to anchor plain
reinforcing steel of more than 8 mm diameter. Hooks, bends or loops should not be used to anchor
reinforcing steel in compression.
4) The straight anchorage length lb required for a bar, assuming constant bond stress, should be
obtained from:

(5.1)

where:
φ is the effective diameter of the reinforcing steel;
fyk is the characteristic strength of reinforcing steel, obtained from 3.4.2;
fbok is the characteristic anchorage bond strength of reinforcing steel, obtained from Table 3.6 or
Table 3.7 as appropriate;
γM is the partial safety factor for masonry or concrete infill, obtained from 2.3.3.2;
γs is the partial safety factor for steel, obtained from 2.3.3.2.

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Figure 5.13 — Anchorage details

5) For hooks, bends and loops (see Figure 5.13 b), Figure 5.13 c) and Figure 5.13 d)), the anchorage
length for bars in tension may be reduced to 0,7 lb.
6) Where a greater area of reinforcement is provided than is required by design, the anchorage length
may be reduced proportionally provided that:
i) For a reinforcing bar in tension the anchorage length is not less than the greater of:
— 0,3 lb, or
— 10 bar diameters, or
— 100 mm.
ii) For a reinforcing bar in compression the anchorage length is not less than the greater of:
— 0,6 lb, or
— 10 bar diameters, or
— 100 mm.
7) Where it is practicable, transverse reinforcement should be provided evenly distributed along the
anchorage length, with at least one reinforcing bar placed in the region of a curved anchorage
(see Figure 5.13 b), Figure 5.13 c) and Figure 5.13 d)). The minimum total area of transverse
reinforcement should be 25 % of the area of one anchored reinforcing bar.
8) Where prefabricated bed joint reinforcement is used, the anchorage length should be based on the
characteristic anchorage bond strength determined by tests in accordance with EN 846-2.
5.2.5.2 Lapping of reinforcement
1) P The length of laps shall be sufficient to transmit the design forces.
2) The lap length between two reinforcing bars should be calculated in accordance with 5.2.5.1, based on
the smaller of the two bars lapped.
3) The lap length provided between two reinforcing bars should be:
— lb for bars in compression and for reinforcing bars in tension where less than 30 % of the bars in
the section are lapped and where the clear distance between the lapped bars in a transverse direction
is not less than 10 bar diameters and the concrete or mortar cover is not less than 5 bar diameters.
— 1,4 lb for reinforcing bars in tension where either 30 % or more of the bars at the section are lapped
or if the clear distance between the lapped bars in a transverse direction is less than 10 bar diameters
or the concrete or mortar cover is less than 5 bar diameters.

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— 2 lb for reinforcing bars in tension where both 30 % or more of the bars at the section are lapped
and the clear distance between the lapped bars is less than 10 bar diameter or the concrete or mortar
cover is less than 5 bar diameters.
4) Where it is possible, laps between reinforcing bars should not be located at areas of high stress or
where the dimensions of a section change, for example, a step in a wall thickness. The clear distance
between two lapped bars should not be less than two bar diameters or 20 mm whichever is the greater.
5) Where prefabricated bed joint reinforcement is used the lap length should be based on the
characteristic anchorage bond strength determined by tests in accordance with EN 846-2.
5.2.5.3 Anchorage of shear reinforcement
1) The anchorage of shear reinforcement, including stirrups, should be effected by means of hooks or
bends (see Figure 5.13 b) and Figure 5.13 c)), where appropriate, with a longitudinal reinforcing bar
provided inside the hook or bend.
2) The anchorage is considered to be satisfactory where the curve of a hook is extended by a straight
length of 5 bar diameters or 50 mm, whichever is the greater, and the curve of a bend is extended by a
straight length of 10 bar diameters or 70 mm, whichever is the greater.
5.2.5.4 Curtailment of tension reinforcement
1) In any member subjected to bending, every reinforcing bar should extend, except at end supports,
beyond the point at which it is no longer needed, for a distance equal to the effective depth of the member
or 12 times the diameter of the bar, whichever is the greater. The point at which reinforcement is
theoretically no longer needed is where the design resistance moment of the section, considering only the
continuing bars, is equal to the applied design moment. However, reinforcement should not be curtailed
in a tension zone unless at least one of the following conditions is satisfied for all arrangements of design
load considered:
— the reinforcing bars extend at least the anchorage length appropriate to their design strength from
the point at which they are no longer required to resist bending;
— the design shear capacity at the section where the reinforcement stops is greater than twice the
shear force due to design loads, at that section;
— the continuing reinforcing bars at the section where the reinforcement stops provide double the
area required to resist the bending moment at that section.
2) Where there is little or no end fixity for a member in bending, at least 25 % of the area of the tension
reinforcement required at mid-span should be carried through to the support. This reinforcement may
be anchored in accordance with 5.2.5.2, or by providing:
— an effective anchorage length equivalent to 12 times the bar diameter beyond the centre line of the
support, where no bend or hook begins before the centre of the support, or
— an effective anchorage equivalent to 12 times the bar diameter plus d/2 from the face of the support,
where d is the effective depth of the member, and no bend begins before d/2 inside the face of the
support.
3) Where the distance from the face of a support to the nearer edges of a principal load is less than twice
the effective depth, all the main reinforcement in a member subjected to bending should continue to the
support and be provided with an anchorage equivalent to 20 times the bar diameter.
5.2.6 Shear reinforcement
1) Where shear reinforcement is required by design (see 4.7.2.3), it should be provided throughout the
span such that the minimum area of reinforcement is not less than % of the cross-sectional area
of the masonry, taken as the product of the effective width and the effective depth of the section under
consideration.
2) The maximum spacing of stirrups, s, should be not greater than 0,75 d or 300 mm, whichever is the
lesser,
3) Where the arrangement of units in the masonry make it impossible to incorporate shear
reinforcement, the design should be in accordance with 4.7.2.2.

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5.2.7 Restraint of compression reinforcement

1) P Reinforcing bars in compression shall be restrained to prevent local buckling.
2) In walls where the area of longitudinal reinforcing steel, As, is greater than 0,25 % of the area of the
reinforced masonry, Amr, which is to include the area of any concrete infill, links should be provided if
more than 25 % of the design axial load resistance is to be used. In walls where As is not greater
than 0,25 % of the area of the reinforced masonry, or if less than 25 % of the design axial load resistance
is to be used, links need not be provided.
3) Where links are required, they should be not less than 4 mm in diameter or 1/4 of the maximum
diameter of the longitudinal bars, whichever is the greater, and the spacing should not exceed the least
of:
— the least lateral dimension of the reinforced masonry wall;
— 300 mm;
— 12 times the main bar diameters.
4) Where links are provided, they should surround the main vertical reinforcing steel. Every vertical
reinforcing corner bar should be supported by an internal angle at every link spacing and this angle
should not exceed 135°. Internal vertical reinforcing bars need only be restrained by internal angles at
alternate link spacings.
5.2.8 Spacing of reinforcement
1) P The spacing of reinforcement shall be sufficiently large as to allow the concrete infill or mortar to
be placed and compacted.
2) In general, the clear distance between adjacent parallel reinforcement should not be less than the
maximum size of the aggregate plus 5 mm, or the bar diameter, or 10 mm whichever is the greater.
3) Except when reinforcement is concentrated in cores or pockets or when prefabricated bed joint
reinforcement is used, the spacing of main and secondary tension reinforcement should not
exceed 600 mm.
4) When the main reinforcement is concentrated in cores or pockets, for example, in pocket type walls,
the spacing centre to centre of the concentrations of main reinforcement may be at the centres of the
pockets, rather than at a maximum of 600 mm. For the design of the masonry between the cores or
pockets refer to 4.7.1.5. The total area of main reinforcement should not exceed 4 % of the gross
cross-sectional area of the infill in the core or pocket, except at laps where it should not exceed 8 %.
5.2.9 Confined masonry
1) P Confined masonry shall be constructed within reinforced vertical and horizontal members so that
deformation of the masonry, when subjected to in plane actions, is restricted.
2) Confined masonry should be constructed within horizontal reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry
members provided at every floor level and within vertical reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry
members provided at every intersection between walls and at both sides of every opening having an area
of more than m2. Additional reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry members may be required

within the wall so that the maximum spacing, both horizontally and vertically, is m. Examples of
confined masonry are shown in Figure 5.14.
3) Reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry confining members should have a cross-sectional area not
less than m2, with a minimum dimension of mm, and be provided with a minimum area of

reinforcement of t mm2, where t is the thickness of the wall, but not less than mm2. The
detailing of the reinforcement should be in accordance with 5.2.
4) P The reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry members shall be cast after the masonry has been
built and shall be anchored together.

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Figure 5.14 — Examples of confined masonry

5) Where confined masonry in accordance with 4.9 1)P, 2) and 3) and where Group 1, Group 2a and
Group 2b units are used, reinforcement bars not less than mm diameter and spaced no more than

mm, duly anchored in the concrete infill and in the mortar joints, should be adopted.

6) For non-seismic design, there is no other specific requirement. For seismic design, see ENV 1998-1-3.

5.3 Prestressing details

5.3.1 General
1) In prestressed masonry members the prestressing tendons may be either bonded or unbonded with
the masonry.
2) An example in which prestressing tendons can be used in prestressed masonry is shown in
Figure 5.15.
5.3.2 Prestressing tendons
1) Where prestressing tendons are placed in pockets, cores or cavities, that are to be filled with concrete
infill, mortar or grout such that they are to form bonded construction with the masonry, the
recommendations given in 5.2.2.1, 5.2.2.2 and 5.2.2.3 should be followed.
2) Where tendons are used in prestressed masonry in open pockets, cores or cavities so as to be unbonded
with the masonry, the designer should ensure that the form of construction, reinforcement type and any
additional protective measures taken are adequate to provide the required level of durability protection
to the prestressing tendons. Ducts for unbonded tendons should be suitably drained.

5.4 Connection of walls

5.4.1 Interconnection of walls, floors and roofs
5.4.1.1 General
1) P Where walls are assumed to be restrained by floors or roofs, the walls shall be connected to the floors
or roofs so as to provide for the transfer of the design lateral loads to the bracing elements.
2) Transfer of lateral loads to the bracing elements may be via the floor or roof structure, for example,
reinforced or precast concrete or timber joists incorporating boarding, provided the floor or roof structure
is capable of developing diaphragm action. Alternatively a ring beam capable of transferring the
resulting shear and bending action effects may be provided.

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Figure 5.15 — Example of prestressed masonry

3) The design lateral loads should be transferred between the walls and the interconnecting structural
elements either by means of straps or by the frictional resistance between the walls and the floors or
roofs.
4) P Where a floor or roof bears on a wall, the bearing length shall be sufficient to provide the required
bearing capacity and shear resistance, allowing for manufacturing and erection tolerances, but being not
less than 65 mm.
5.4.1.2 Connection by straps
1) P Where straps are used they shall be capable of transferring the lateral loads between the wall and
the restraining structural element.
2) When there is little or no surcharge on the wall, for example, at a gable wall/roof junction, special
consideration is necessary to ensure that the connection between the straps and the wall will be effective.
3) The spacing of straps between walls and floors or roofs should be not greater than 2 m but, for
buildings over 4 storeys high, the spacing should not be greater than 1,25 m.
5.4.1.3 Connection by frictional resistance
1) P Where concrete floors, roofs or ring beams bear directly on to a wall, the frictional resistance shall
be capable of transferring the lateral loads.
2) Straps are not necessary if the bearing of a concrete floor or roof extends to the centre of the wall
or 65 mm, whichever is the greater, providing no sliding bearing is formed.

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5.4.2 Connection between intersecting walls

5.4.2.1 General
1) P Intersecting loadbearing walls shall be joined together so that the required vertical and lateral loads
can be transferred between them.
2) The joint at the intersection of walls should be made either by:
— masonry bond (see 5.1.4), or
— connectors or reinforcement extending into each wall so as to provide a strength equivalent to that
of a bonded wall.
3) It is recommended that intersecting walls should be erected simultaneously.
5.4.2.2 Cavity walls
1) P The two leaves of a cavity wall shall be effectively tied together.
2) The number of wall ties connecting the two leaves of a cavity wall should not be less than that
calculated according to 4.6.2.4, using the strength of the ties to be provided, nor less than ties/m2,
whichever is the greater.
NOTE When connected elements, for example, prefabricated bed joint reinforcement, are used to connect two leaves of a wall
together, each tying element should be treated as a wall tie.
3) P The wall ties shall be corrosion resistant for the relevant, exposure class for the wall (see 5.2.2.2).
4) P Wall ties shall be provided at a free edge to connect both leaves together.
5) Where an opening penetrates a wall and the frame for the opening is not capable of transferring the
horizontal design action directly to the structure, those wall ties which would have been placed in the
opening should be redistributed uniformly along the vertical edges of the opening.
6) Due allowance should be made for any differential movement between the leaves, or between a leaf
and a frame, in the selection of the wall ties.
7) In seismic regions special consideration is necessary (see ENV 1998).
5.4.2.3 Double-leaf walls
1) P The two leaves of a double-leaf wall shall be effectively tied together.
2) The two leaves of a double-leaf wall should be tied together with connectors capable of transferring
lateral loads between the two leaves, with a minimum cross-sectional area of 300 mm2/m2 of the
double-leaf wall, for steel connectors, and with the connectors evenly distributed, being not less
than connectors/m2 of the double-leaf wall.
NOTE Some forms of prefabricated bed joint reinforcement can also function as ties between the two leaves of a double-leaf wall
(see EN 845-3).
3) P The connectors shall be corrosion resistant for the relevant exposure class for the wall (see 5.2.2.2)
4) Due allowance should be made for any differential movement between the leaves in the selection of
the connector.
5.4.2.4 Veneer walls
1) P The ties for veneer walls shall be selected and used in such a way that no damage occurs to the wall.

5.5 Chases and recesses

5.5.1 General
1) P Chases and recesses shall not impair the stability of the wall.
2) Chases and recesses should not be allowed if the depth of the chase or recess would be greater than
half the thickness of the shell of the unit, unless the strength of the wall is verified by calculation.
3) Chases and recesses should not pass through lintels or other structural items built into a wall nor
should they be allowed in reinforced masonry members unless specifically allowed for by the designer.
4) In cavity walls, the provision of chases and recesses should be considered separately for each leaf.

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5.5.2 Vertical chases and recesses

1) The reduction in vertical load, shear and flexural resistance resulting from vertical chases and
recesses may be neglected if such vertical chases and recesses are kept within the limits given in
Table 5.3, with the depth of the recess or chase taken to include the depth of any hole reached when
forming the recess or chase. If these limits are exceeded, the vertical load, shear and flexural resistance
should be checked by calculation.
5.5.3 Horizontal and inclined chases
1) Horizontal and inclined chases should preferably be avoided. Where it is not possible to avoid
horizontal and inclined chases, the chases should be positioned within one eighth of the clear height of
the wall, above or below floor, and the total depth, including the depth of any hole reached when forming
the chase, should be less than the maximum size as given in Table 5.4. If these limits are exceeded, the
vertical load, shear and flexural resistance should be checked by calculation.

5.6 Damp proof courses

1) P Damp proof courses shall be capable of transferring the horizontal and vertical design loads without
suffering or causing damage; they shall have sufficient surface frictional resistance to prevent movement
of the masonry resting on them.
Table 5.3 — Sizes of vertical chases and recesses in masonry, allowed without calculation
Thickness of wall Chases and recesses formed after Chases and recesses formed during construction
(mm) construction of masonry of masonry

max depth max width max width minimum wall thickness

(mm) (mm) (mm) remaining
(mm)

# 115 30 100 300 70

116 – 175 30 125 300 90
176 – 225 30 150 300 140
226 – 300 30 175 300 175
over 300 30 200 300 215
NOTE 1 The maximum depth of the recess or chase should include the depth of any hole reached when forming the recess or chase.
NOTE 2 Vertical chases which do not extend more than one third of the storey height above floor level may have a depth up
to 80 mm and a width up to 120 mm, if the thickness of the wall is 225 mm or more.
NOTE 3 The horizontal distance between adjacent chases or between a chase and a recess or an opening should not be less
than 225 mm.
NOTE 4 The horizontal distance between any two adjacent recesses, whether they occur on the same side or on opposite sides of
the wall, or between a recess and an opening, should not be less than twice the width of the wider of the two recesses.
NOTE 5 The cumulative width of vertical chases and recesses should not exceed 0,13 times the length of the wall.

Table 5.4 — Sizes of horizontal and inclined chases in masonry, allowed without calculation
Thickness of wall Maximum depth
(mm) (mm)

Unlimited length Length # 1 250 mm

# 115 mm 0 0
116 – 175 0 15
176 – 225 10 20
226 – 300 15 25
over 300 20 30
NOTE 1 The maximum depth of the chase should include the depth of any hole reached when forming the chase.
NOTE 2 The horizontal distance between the end of a chase and an opening should not be less than 500 mm.
NOTE 3 The horizontal distance between adjacent chases of limited length, whether they occur on the same side or on opposite
sides of the wall, should be not less than twice the length of the longest chase.
NOTE 4 In walls of thickness greater than 115 mm, the permitted depth of the chase may be increased by 10 mm if the chase is
machine cut accurately to the required depth. If machine cuts are used, chases up to 10 mm deep may be cut in both sides of walls
of thickness not less than 225 mm.
NOTE 5 The width of chase should not exceed half the residual thickness of the wall.

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5.7 Thermal and long term movement

1) P Allowance shall be made for the effects of movements such that the performance of the masonry is
not affected adversely.
2) Vertical and horizontal movement joints should be provided to allow for the effects of thermal and
moisture movement, creep and deflection (see Table 3.6) and the possible effects of internal stresses
caused by vertical or lateral loading, so that the masonry does not suffer damage.
3) In determining the maximum spacing of vertical movement joints, special consideration should be
given to the effects of the following:
— the drying shrinkage of calcium silicate units, aggregate concrete units, autoclaved aerated
concrete units and manufactured stone units;
— the irreversible moisture expansion of clay units;
— variations in temperature and humidity;
— insulation provided to the masonry;
— the provision of prefabricated bed joint reinforcement.
4) Precautions should be taken to allow for vertical movement of external walls. The uninterrupted
height between horizontal movement joints in the outer leaf of external cavity walls should be limited to
avoid the loosening of the wall ties.
5) The width of vertical and horizontal movement joints should allow for the maximum movement
expected. If expansion joints are to be filled then they should be filled with an easily compressed
material.

5.8 Masonry below ground

1) P Masonry below ground shall be such that it is not adversely affected by the ground conditions or it
shall be suitably protected therefrom.
2) Measures should be taken to protect masonry that may be damaged by the effects of moisture when
in contact with the ground.
3) When the soil is likely to contain chemicals which might be harmful to the masonry, the masonry
should be constructed of materials resistant to the chemicals or it should be protected in such a way that
the aggressive chemicals cannot be transmitted into it.

5.9 Particular details for seismic design

1) P For particular details relative to seismic design, reference shall be made to ENV 1998-1-3.

5.10 Particular details for structural fire design

1) P For particular details relative to structural fire design, reference shall be made to ENV 1996-1-2.

6 Construction
6.1 Masonry units
1) P The properties of the masonry units shall be in accordance with the specification required by the
designer.
2) P The level of control of the manufacture of masonry units shall be as specified (see 3.1.1 2), 3) and 4)).
3) If the masonry units are not supplied with a production specification stating the strength of the units
and the required level of control, samples should be taken from site in accordance with EN 771 and
tested in accordance with EN 772-1.

6.2 Handling and storage of masonry units and other materials

6.2.1 General
1) P The handling and storage of materials for use in masonry shall be such that the materials are not
damaged so as to become unsuitable for their purpose.

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6.2.2 Storage of masonry units

1) Masonry units should be carefully stacked on a suitable level surface and should be protected from
rain, snow, and splashes of dirt and de-icing salts from passing vehicles.
2) Masonry units should not be stacked on surfaces which contain harmful chemicals, clinker or ashes.
3) Masonry units which are not frost resistant should be suitably protected.
6.2.3 Storage of materials for mortar and concrete infill
6.2.3.1 Binders
1) Binders should be protected against interaction with moisture and air during transport and storage.
Different types of binders should be stored separately so that mixing cannot occur.
6.2.3.2 Sand
1) Loose sand should be stored on a hard base which permits free drainage of the stockpile and prevents
the sand becoming contaminated. Different types of sand should be stored separately.
6.2.3.3 Factory made mortars, pre-batched mortars and pre-mixed lime sand mortars
1) Dry factory made mortars, and pre-batched mortars containing a hydraulic binder, should be supplied
and stored dry.
2) Pre-batched mortars, where the materials are supplied to site separately, should be stored dry and in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
3) Ready-to-use factory made mortars should be kept in covered containers, when not in use.
4) Pre-mixed lime sand mortars should be stored on a hard base and must be covered to protect them
against rain.
6.2.4 Storage and use of reinforcement
1) P Steel reinforcing bars and prefabricated bed joint reinforcement shall be stored, bent and placed in
position so that they do not suffer damage such that they will be unsuitable for their purpose.
2) P The surface condition of reinforcement shall be examined prior to use and it shall be free from
deleterious substances which may affect the steel, concrete or mortar or the bond between them.
3) P Reinforcement shall be cut and bent in accordance with appropriate international or national
standards so as to avoid the following:
— mechanical damage;
— rupture of welds in prefabricated bed joint reinforcement;
— surface deposits damaging to bond properties;
— lack of identification.

6.3 Mortar and concrete infill

6.3.1 General
1) P The properties of mortar and concrete infill shall be as specified.
6.3.2 Site made mortar and concrete infill
1) P Materials for mortar and concrete infill shall be measured into the specified proportions in clean
suitable measuring devices.
2) The materials may be measured into the specified proportions by weight or by volume.
3) Materials should be mixed until a uniform mixture of the constituents has been obtained, using a
suitable mechanical mixer unless hand mixing is permitted on projects where Category C level of
execution applies (see 6.9). Mortar should not be contaminated during subsequent handling.
4) Mortar and concrete infill should be used before the initial set takes place. Any mortar or concrete
infill left after the intial set has commenced should be discarded and should not be reconstituted.
5) In the proportioning of the materials for the concrete infill, account should be taken of the moisture
absorption of the masonry units and mortar joints as these may reduce the water content. The concrete
infill should also have a sufficient workability to fill perfectly the spaces into which it is put without
segregation.

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6) Where admixtures are to be used, these should be added according to the specified requirements.
7) Binders, aggregates, admixtures or water should not be added to mortars containing cement after they
are discharged from the mixer.
6.3.3 Factory made mortars, pre-batched mortars, pre-mixed lime sand mortars and ready
mixed concrete infill
1) P Factory made mortars and pre-batched mortars, shall be used in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions, including mixing time and type of mixer.
2) Pre-mixed lime sand mortars should be mixed with the binder according to 6.3.2.
3) Ready-to-use factory made mortars should be used before the expiry of the period of use stated by the
manufacturer; only any water that has evaporated should be replaced, and then only within the period
of use stated by the manufacturer.
4) Ready mixed concrete infill should be used according to the project specification.
6.3.4 Strength of mortar and concrete infill
6.3.4.1 Strength of mortar
1) Where required by the Category of execution (see 6.9), specimens, should be prepared and tested in
accordance with EN 1015-11.
6.3.4.2 Strength of concrete infill
1) Where required by the Category of execution (see 6.9), specimens should be prepared and tested in
accordance with the requirements of EN 206.

6.4 Construction of masonry

6.4.1 General
1) P Masonry units shall be laid and bonded in accordance with the specification required by the
designer.
2) Masonry units should be cut neatly to suit dimensional requirements and to maintain a uniform
appearance. Cutting of units should be kept to a minimum.
3) Prior to being laid, masonry units should have a moisture content suitable for achieving the specified
bond with the mortar. The units may be soaked in water to adjust the moisture content, when
appropriate.
4) The consistency of the mortar should be adjusted appropriately, taking into account the material
properties of the units. Mortar with improved water retention may be used, when appropriate.
6.4.2 Mortar joints
6.4.2.1 General
1) Joints shall be completed as specified.
2) Joints should be of uniform appearance and thickness, unless specified otherwise.
NOTE See ENV 1996-2 for advice concerning rain penetration.
3) P Where perpend joints are specified to be unfilled, adjacent faces of the masonry units shall be closely
abutted together.
4) Where specified, joints may be left open, for example, for drainage or ventilation or shell bedding.
6.4.2.2 Thin layer joints
1) P Where thin layer joints are specified, the masonry units shall be laid accurately in order to maintain
uniform joints of the specified thickness.
6.4.2.3 Jointing
1) When specified, the masonry surface should be finished by jointing. In jointing, the exposed surface
of the mortar in the joints is worked while the mortar is still plastic to give a finished surface in order to
achieve the durability and rain shedding characteristics of the wall.
2) P Joints shall not be recessed to a depth greater than 5 mm in walls of thickness less than 200 mm
without the consent of the designer.

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6.4.2.4 Pointing
1) When specified, the face joints should be raked out with clean sides, to a depth of at least 15 mm, but
no more than 15 % of the wall thickness, and later refilled with mortar. The mortar used for pointing
should have similar properties to the mortar used for bedding the units.
2) Before pointing, loose material should be brushed out and, if necessary, the masonry should be wetted.
When raking the joint, care should be taken to leave sufficient distance between any perforation and the
surface mortar.

6.5 Connection of walls

1) P Walls shall be bonded and connected together as specified.
2) P Where elements of walls are required to act together, for example, in cavity walls, double-leaf walls
or faced walls, they shall be bonded or connected together as specified.
3) Wall ties for cavity walls should be placed so that they are adequately embedded, in accordance with
EN 845-1, having regard to the design of the tie in both leaves and so that no water can be led from the
facing to the backing leaf via the ties.
4) P Veneer walls shall be connected to the backing structure as specified.

6.6 Fixing reinforcement

1) P Reinforcement shall be fixed in accordance with the drawings, specification and tolerances
2) Spacers and stirrups should be used where necessary to hold loose reinforcement in the required
position to give the cover specified to the reinforcement.
3) Reinforcement should be lapped only where shown on the drawings.
4) Where necessary, reinforcement should be tied together with wire to ensure that it does not move
during mortar or concrete filling.

6.7 Protection of newly constructed masonry

6.7.1 General
1) Newly constructed masonry should be protected against mechanical damage, (for example, shock) and
the effects of weather.
2) The tops of walls should be covered so as to prevent mortar being washed out of the joints by rain, to
avoid efflorescence and lime bloom and to avoid damaging non-water resistance materials.
6.7.2 Curing of masonry
1) Newly constructed masonry should not be allowed to dry out too rapidly. Suitable precautions should
be taken to keep the masonry damp until it has adequate strength, particularly in unfavourable
conditions such as low relative humidity, high temperature and/or strong air movements.
6.7.3 Protection against frost
1) P Suitable precautions shall be taken to avoid damage to newly constructed masonry by frost action.
6.7.4 Loading of masonry
1) P Masonry shall not be subjected to load until it has achieved adequate strength to resist the load
without damage.
2) Backfilling against retaining walls should not be carried out until the wall is capable of resisting loads
from the filling operation, taking account of any compacting forces or vibrations.
3) Attention should be paid to walls which are temporarily unrestrained during construction, but which
may be subjected to wind loads or construction loads, and temporary shoring should be provided, if
necessary, to maintain stability.

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6.8 Permissible deviations in masonry

1) Masonry should be built plumb and level with bed joints horizontal unless detailed otherwise by the
designer.
2) Maximum deviations that have been taken into account in this ENV 1996-1-1 are:
— verticality: mm in the height of a storey, or mm in the building height (see Figure 6.1 a)),
whichever is less;
— vertical alignment: mm maximum horizontal distance between the centre lines of walls
above and below an intervening floor (see Figure 6.1 b));
— straightness: mm per metre, with a maximum of mm per 10 m.

6.9 Category of execution

1) P All work shall be constructed in accordance with the specified details within permissible deviations.
2) P All work shall be executed by appropriately skilled and experienced personnel.
3) Appropriately qualified and experienced personnel should be employed by the contractor for the
supervision of the work.
4) The specification should include requirements for workmanship no less onerous than the
recommendations in this ENV 1996-1-1.
5) The level of execution should be specified, in descending order of category, as being Category A,
Category B or Category C.
NOTE Guidance on the points that need to be considered in categorising execution is given in Annex G for those countries
wishing to adopt more than one category of execution.

Figure 6.1 — Maximum vertical deviations

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6) Category C level of execution should not be used for reinforced or prestressed masonry, with the
following exceptions:
— composite lintel construction, where the performance of the details of the construction have been
proved by experience or testing and the mortar is mechanically mixed;
— masonry containing prefabricated bed joint reinforcement used solely to control cracking.

6.10 Other construction matters

6.10.1 Movement joints
1) P Movement joints shall be formed as specified.
2) The effective movement joint width should be sufficiently large to allow for the expected movement;
the joint should be free of solid material, the outer surface being pointed with a flexible sealant if
necessary.
6.10.2 Construction height
1) The height of the masonry to be built in one day should be limited so as to avoid instability and
overstressing the fresh mortar; the wall thickness, the type of mortar, the shape and density of the units
and the degree of exposure to the wind should be taken into consideration in determining an appropriate
limit.
6.10.3 Reinforced concrete filled cavity walls
1) Where the cavity in a cavity wall is to be reinforced and filled with concrete, the cavity should be
cleared of mortar droppings and debris before filling commences. Filling should be carried out in layers
ensuring that all voids are filled and the concrete does not segregate. The sequence of operations should
be such that the masonry has adequate strength to resist the pressure of the plastic concrete.
6.10.4 Reinforced walls incorporating pockets
1) Where a wall uses an arrangement of units to provide pockets and is reinforced, the main
reinforcement should be fixed sufficiently in advance of the masonry construction to allow it to proceed
without hindrance. The cavities formed around the reinforcement, by the bonding pattern, should be
filled with mortar or concrete as the works progress.

6.11 Prestressing steel and accessories

6.11.1 Storage of tendons
1) P Tendons, sheaths and anchorage devices shall be protected from harmful influences during storage
and also when placed in the structure, until after concreting has taken place.
2) During storage of the tendons, the following should be avoided:
— chemical, electro-chemical or biological attack liable to cause corrosion;
— damage to tendons;
— contamination liable to affect the durability or bond properties of the tendons;
— deformation of the tendons, not provided for in the design;
— any unprotected storage, exposure to rain or contact with the ground;
— welding in the vicinity of tendons without the provision of special protection (from splashes).
3) For sheaths, the following should be taken into consideration:
— local damage and corrosion inside should be avoided;
— water-tightness should be ensured.
6.11.2 Fabrication of tendons
1) P The devices used in anchoring and coupling tendons shall be as specified in European Standards.
The tendons shall be assembled and placed in position in accordance with these Standards. Sheaths
shall be as specified in the project design documents.

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2) Particular consideration should be given to:

— maintaining identification marks on all materials;
— appropriate methods of cutting;
— straight entry into anchorages and couplers;
— when lifting by crane, avoiding any local crushing or bending of the tendons.
6.11.3 Placing of tendons
1) P Placing of tendons shall be carried out in compliance with the criteria relating to:
— the concrete cover and the spacing of the tendons;
— the specified tolerances in respect of the position of the tendons, anchorages and couplers;
— the ease with which the surrounding concrete can be cast.
2) P The tolerances required for the placing of the tendons shall be stated in the contract documents.
3) Where sheaths are used, they should be fixed carefully according to the designer’s specification of
dimensions, spacers and supports. After placing sheaths in position, vents should be provided at both
ends and at their high points, as well as at all points where air or water may accumulate. Such sheaths
should be protected from penetration of extraneous materials until the completion of grouting.
6.11.4 Tensioning of tendons
1) P Prestressing shall be in accordance with a pre-arranged programme.
2) P Written instructions shall be provided on the prestressing procedure to be followed.
3) P Workmen and staff engaged in prestressing shall be skilled and have had special training.
4) During prestressing, suitable safety measures should be taken.

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Annex A (informative)
A.1 Derivation of the value of the reduction factor for slenderness and eccentricity within the
middle height of a wall
1) In the middle one fifth of the wall height, by using a simplification of the general principles given
in 4.4.1, the reduction factor, Φm, taking into account the slenderness of the wall and the eccentricity of
loading, may be estimated for E = 1 000 fk, as assumed in 4.4.3, from:

(A.1)

where: (A.2)

(A.3)

and emk, hef, t and tef are as defined in 4.4.3, and e is the base of natural logarithms.
2) The values of Φm derived from equation (A.1) are given in Table A.1 for different eccentricities and
are represented in graphical form in Figure 4.2.
3) For any modulus of elasticity E and characteristic compressive strength of unreinforced masonry fk
equations (A.1) and (A.2) may also be applied, however, with:

(A.4)

where: (A.5)

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Table A.1 — Capacity reduction factor, Φm, for E = 1 000 fk

Slenderness Eccentricity emk
ratio hef/tef
0,05 t 0,10 t 0,15 t 0,20t 0,25t 0,30t 0,33t

0 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,34

1 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,34
2 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,34
3 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,34
4 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,49 0,39 0,33
5 0,89 0,79 0,69 0,59 0,49 0,39 0,33
6 0,88 0,78 0,68 0,58 0,48 0,38 0,32
7 0,88 0,77 0,67 0,57 0,47 0,37 0,31
8 0,86 0,76 0,66 0,56 0,45 0,35 0,29
9 0,85 0,75 0,65 0,54 0,44 0,34 0,28
10 0,84 0,73 0,63 0,53 0,42 0,32 0,26
11 0,82 0,72 0,61 0,51 0,40 0,30 0,24
12 0,80 0,70 0,59 0,49 0,38 0,28 0,22
13 0,79 0,68 0,57 0,47 0,36 0,26 0,20
14 0,77 0,66 0,55 0,45 0,34 0,24 0,18
15 0,75 0,64 0,53 0,42 0,32 0,22 0,16
16 0,72 0,61 0,51 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,15
17 0,70 0,59 0,48 0,38 0,28 0,18 0,13
18 0,68 0,57 0,46 0,35 0,25 0,16 0,11
19 0,65 0,54 0,44 0,33 0,23 0,14 0,10
20 0,63 0,52 0,41 0,31 0,21 0,13 0,08
21 0,60 0,49 0,39 0,29 0,19 0,11 0,07
22 0,58 0,47 0,36 0,26 0,17 0,10 0,06
23 0,55 0,44 0,34 0,24 0,16 0,08 0,05
24 0,52 0,42 0,32 0,22 0,14 0,07 0,04
25 0,50 0,39 0,29 0,20 0,12 0,06 0,04
26 0,47 0,37 0,27 0,18 0,11 0,05 0,03
27 0,45 0,35 0,25 0,17 0,10 0,04 0,02
28 0,42 0,32 0,23 0,15 0,08 0,04 0,02
29 0,40 0,30 0,21 0,13 0,07 0,03 0,01
30 0,37 0,28 0,19 0,12 0,06 0,03 0,01

94 © BSI 11-1998
 ENV 1996-1-1:1995

Annex B (informative)
B.1 Graph showing values of ρ3 using equations 4.13 and 4.14

B.2 Graph showing values of ρ4 using equations 4.15 and 4.16

© BSI 11-1998 95
ENV 1996-1-1:1995

Annex C (normative)
C.1 A simplified method for calculating the out-of-plane eccentricity of loading on walls
1) In calculating the eccentricity of loading on walls, the joint between the wall and the floor may be
simplified by using uncracked cross sections and assuming elastic behaviour of the materials; a frame
analysis or a single joint analysis may be used. Joint analysis may be simplified as shown in Figure C.1;
for less than four members, those not existing should be ignored. The ends of the members remote from
the junction should be taken as fixed unless they are known to take no moment at all, when they may
be taken to be hinged. The moment in member 1, M1, may be calculated from equation (C.1) and the
moment in member 2, M2, similarly but using E2I2/h2 instead of E1I1/h1 in the numerator.

(C.1)

where:
n is the member stiffness factor, taken as 4 for members fixed at both ends and otherwise 3;
En is the modulus of elasticity of member n, where n = 1, 2, 3 or 4;
NOTE It will normally be sufficient to take the values of E as 1 000fk for all masonry units.

Ij is the second moment of area of member j, where j = 1, 2, 3 or 4 (in the case of a cavity wall in
which only one leaf is loadbearing, Ij should be taken as that of the loadbearing leaf only);
h1 is the clear height of member 1;
h2 is the clear height of member 2;
l3 is the clear span of member 3;
l4 is the clear span of member 4;
W3 is the design uniformly distributed load on member 3, using the partial safety factors from
Table 2.2, unfavourable effect;
W4 is the design uniformly distributed load on member 4, using the partial safety factors from
Table 2.2, unfavourable effect.
NOTE The simplified frame model used in Figure C.1 is not considered to be appropriate where timber floor joists are used.
For such cases refer to paragraph 4) below.

Figure C.1 — Simplified frame diagram

96 © BSI 11-1998
 ENV 1996-1-1:1995

2) The results of such calculations will usually be conservative because the true fixity, ie. the ratio of the
actual moment transmitted by a joint to that which would exist if the joint was fully rigid, of the
floor/wall junction cannot be achieved. It will be permissible for use in design to reduce the eccentricity,
obtained from the calculations in accordance with paragraph 1) above, by multiplying it by (1 – k/4),
provided that the design vertical stress acting at the junction in question is greater than 0,25N/mm2
when averaged across the thickness of the wall and k is not taken to be greater than 2;
where:

(C.2)

3) If the eccentricity calculated in accordance with paragraph 2) above is greater than 0,4 times the
thickness of the wall, or the design vertical stress is 0,25 N/mm2 or less, the design may be based on
paragraph 4) below.
4) The eccentricity of loading to be used in design may be based on the design load being resisted by the
minimum required bearing depth, but not based on a bearing depth of more than 0,2 times the wall
thickness, at the face of the wall, stressed to the appropriate design strength of the material
(see Figure C.2); this will be appropriate, particularly, at a roof.
NOTE It should be borne in mind that basing the eccentricity on this clause may lead to sufficient rotation of the floor or beam
to cause a crack on the opposite side of the wall to that of the load application.

Figure C.2 — Eccentricity obtained from design load resisted by stress block

© BSI 11-1998 97
ENV 1996-1-1:1995

Annex D (informative)
D.1 Graph showing the enhancement factor as given in 4.4.8: Concentrated loads under
bearings.

98 © BSI 11-1998
 ENV 1996-1-1:1995

Annex E (normative)
E.1 An empirical method for designing basement walls subjected to lateral earth pressure
1) When the following conditions are fulfilled, detailed verification of the design for a basement wall for
the effect of soil pressure is not required:
— the clear height of the basement wall, h # 2 600 mm, and the wall thickness, t $ 200 mm;
— the floor over the basement acts as a diaphragm and is capable of withstanding the forces resulting
from the soil pressure;
— the imposed load on the ground surface in the area of influence of the soil pressure on the basement
wall, Ps, does not exceed 5 kN/m2 and no concentrated load within 1 500 mm of the wall
exceeds 15 kN;
— the ground surface does not rise, and the depth of fill does not exceed the wall height;
— the vertical design load on the wall per unit length, N, which results from permanent loading at
the mid-height of the fill, satisfies the following relationships (see also Figure E.1):
i) when bc $ 2h:

(E.1)

where:
bc is the distance apart of cross walls or other buttressing elements;
h is the clear height of the basement wall;
he is the depth of soil retained by the wall;
t is the wall thickness;
ρe is the bulk density of the soil;
fk is the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry, obtained from 3.6.2;
γM is the partial safety factor for material obtained from 2.3.3.2;

ii) when bc # h:

(E.2)

where the symbols are as defined in i) above.

iii) For values of bc between h and 2h, linear interpolation between the values obtained from equations
(E.1) and (E.2) is permitted;
— there is no hydrostatic pressure;
— no slip plane is created by a damp proof course.

© BSI 11-1998 99
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Figure E.1 — Design loads for basement walls

Annex F (informative)
F.1 Verification of reinforced masonry cantilever walls subject to bending
1) The design of reinforced masonry cantilever walls subject to bending should be in accordance with the
assumptions in 4.7.1.1 and the design method given in 4.7.1.6 2), 3), 4), 6) and 8).
2) In determining the moment of resistance of the section, a rectangular stress block, as indicated in
Figure 4.10, may be assumed but with the design compressive strength fk/γM taken over the full depth
to the neutral axis, x, with x not to be taken greater than d/2. The symbols are as defined in paragraph 3)
below.
3) The design moment of resistance, MRd, calculated in accordance with paragraph 2) above, should not
be taken to be greater than:

(F.1)

where:
fk is the characteristic compressive strength of masonry;
b is the width of the section;
d is the effective depth of the section;
γM is the partial safety factor for masonry.

4) In the case of flanged members, the design should be in accordance with 4.7.1.6 7).

100 © BSI 11-1998

 ENV 1996-1-1:1995

Annex G (informative)
G.1 Points to be considered in categorising execution
1) In defining14) the relevant conditions to be used for the Categories of execution given in Table 2.3, the
following points should be considered:
— appropriately qualified and experienced personnel, employed by the contractor, for supervision of
the work;
— appropriately qualified and experienced personnel, independent of the contractor’s staff, for
inspection of the work;
NOTE In the case of Design-and-Build contracts, the Designer may be considered as a person independent of the construction
organisation for the purposes of inspection of the work, provided that the Designer is an appropriately qualified person who reports
to senior management independently of the site construction team.
— assessment of the site properties of the mortar and concrete infill;
— the way in which mortars are mixed and the constituents are batched, for example, either by weight
or in appropriate measuring boxes.

14)
The definitions of categories of execution may be given in the National Application Documents when considered necessary.

© BSI 11-1998 101

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