Math 505* Modern Geometry

PARALLELISM
ROWENA A. DAGTING
 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Before you start answering the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will
distract you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to
successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

• Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this module
• Write on your notebook or any writing pad the concepts about the lessons.
Writing enhances learning, which is important to develop and keep in mind.
• Perform all the provided activities in the module.
• Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
• Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module.
• Motivation – The start of the module includes an opening game to enliven your
mood as you proceed to the proper discussion of the lesson.
• Looking Back - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lessons.
• Proper Discussion- In this section, terms used in this lesson will be defined;
examples, etc. will be discussed.
• Activities - These are activities designed to develop critical thinking and other
competencies.
• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.
• Sources – Attached are the references used in this Module.
• Recommendations – Links of videos and pages you can watch or open,
respectively, to further your knowledge about Related Rates Problems.
• Answer Key – Answers to the Activities, etc.

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 3 Parallelism

EXPECTATIONS

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to

• Define Parallel Lines;

• Define a Transversal;
• Enumerate and explain the special angles formed when a transversal intersects
parallel lines;
• Enumerate the conditions that guarantee parallelism; and
• Solve problems which involve parallel lines and transversals.

MOTIVATION

GAME TIME!

Guess the original word by adding or subtracting the word/s you’ll get from pictures
presented.

Example:

1.

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2.

3.

4.

5.

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 MOTIVATION

Write TRUE if the statement is correct and

1. The measure of an acute angle < 90.

2. The measure of an obtuse angle <90.

3. The measure of a reflex angle >180.

4. The measure of one complete revolution = 360.

5. An angle whose measure is greater than that of right angle is obtuse.

6. Angles forming a linear pair are supplementary.

7. If two adjacent angles are equal, then each angle measures 90.

8. Angles forming a linear pair can both be acute angles.

9. If angles forming a linear pair are equal, then each of these angles is of measure 90.

10. The complement of an angle that measures 35 is 145.

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 PROPER DISCUSSION

Parallel Postulate

If given a line and a point not on the line, then there exists exactly one line through
the point that is parallel to the given line.

PARALLEL LINES

- Two or more lines that lie in the same plane and never intersect each other are
known as parallel lines.
- Parallel lines are those straight lines that are always the same distance apart
from each other.
- Parallel lines are straight lines that never meet each other no matter how long
we extend them.

Figure 1. Lines p and q are

Figure 2. Line m is parallel to
parallel lines.
line t.

TRANSVERSAL

- A line which intersects two or more given

coplanar lines in distinct points is called a
transversal of the given lines.
- When any two or more given coplanar lines
are intersected by another line called a
transversal, many pairs of angles are formed.
While some angles are congruent (equal), the
others are supplementary.
Figure 3. Lines m and t are cut
by transversal line t.

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Angles Formed by a Transversal

• Interior Angles
Those angles which lie between
lines m and t are called interior
angles, i.e.  3,  4,  5, and
 6.

• Exterior Angles
Those angles which lie on opposite
sides of lines m and t are called
interior angles, i.e.  3,  4,  5,
and  6.

• Vertical Angles
Vertically opposite angles are formed
when two straight lines intersect each
other and they are equal in measure.
Here,  1   3,  2   4,  5   7,
and  6   8.

• Corresponding Angles
Angles that appear in the same relative
position in each group are called
corresponding angles, i.e.  1 and  5 are
corresponding angles. Similarly  4 &  8,
 2 &  6, and  3 &  7 are pairs of
corresponding angles.

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• Alternate Interior Angles
Interior angles on opposite sides of the
transversal are called alternate interior angles.
 4 &  6, and  3 &  5 are pairs of alternate
interior angles.

• Alternate Exterior Angles

Alternate exterior angles are on opposite sides
of the transversal and do not lie between lines
m and t, i.e.  1 &  7, and  2 &  8 are pairs
of alternate exterior angles.

• Consecutive Interior Angles

Interior angles on same side of the transversal
are called consecutive interior angles.
 4 &  5 are consecutive interior angles and
so also  3 &  6.

• Consecutive Exterior Angles

Exterior angles on the same side of the
transversal are called consecutive exterior
angles, i.e.  1 &  8, and  2 &  7.

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TRANSVERSAL ACROSS TWO PARALLEL LINES

Eight separate angles have been formed by the two parallel lines and a transversal.
Each angle has been labeled using numbers.

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PAGE 9
CONDITIONS OF PARALLELISM

Parallel lines are defined as those lines which are

coplanar and do not intersect. The figure merely
show a part of the lines as the lines actually extend
up to infinity. Hence although they do not intersect
in the region that is observed it is possible that they
will intersect when sufficiently extended.

If however a transversal is drawn across lines l and

m, all the eight angles formed can be measured. By
using properties of these angles lines l and m can be
shown to be parallel.

When any two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, they can be identified by the
following properties:

• Any two lines are said to be parallel if the Corresponding angles so formed are
equal.
• Any two lines are said to be parallel if the Alternate interior angles so formed are
equal.
• Any two lines are said to be parallel if the Alternate exterior angles so formed are
equal.
• Any two lines are said to be parallel if the Consecutive interior angles on the same
side of the transversal are supplementary.

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PRACTICE PROBLEM!

•  1 and  2 are supplementary angles, thus  1 is equal to 120.

•  1 and  4 are vertically opposite angles. This means  4 equals 120.
•  2 and  3 are vertically opposite angles. This means  3 equals 60.
•  3 &  6, and  4 &  5 are alternate interior angles, therefore  5 is 120,  6 is 60.
•  3 &  7, and  4 &  8 are pairs of corresponding angles, therefore  7 is 60, and  8 is
120.

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ACTIVITY

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 THINGS TO REMEMBER

• Parallel Lines are two or more lines that lie in the same plane and never intersect
each other are known as parallel lines.
• A transversal is a line which intersects two or more given coplanar lines in
distinct points is called a transversal of the given lines.
• When any two or more given coplanar lines are intersected by another line
called a transversal, many pairs of angles are formed. While some angles are
congruent (equal), the others are supplementary.
a. Interior Angles
b. Exterior Angles
c. Vertical Angles
d. Corresponding Angles
e. Alternate Interior Angles
f. Alternate Exterior Angles
g. Consecutive Interior Angles
h. Consecutive Exterior Angles
• By using properties of these angles two or more lines shown to be parallel:
a. Any two lines are said to be parallel if the Corresponding angles so formed
are equal.
b. Any two lines are said to be parallel if the Alternate interior angles so
formed are equal.
c. Any two lines are said to be parallel if the Alternate exterior angles so
formed are equal.
d. Any two lines are said to be parallel if the Consecutive interior angles on
the same side of the transversal are supplementary.

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PAGE 14
ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY (Problem #3)
(Problem #2)
(Problem #1)
m  1 = 70 1. m1 = 70
mACD = 90 2. m2 = 110
m  2 = 110
mCAB = 90 3. m3 = 70
m  3 = 110
mCDB = 130 4. m4 = 110
m  4 = 70
mEDB = 50 5. m5 = 135
m  5 = 70
mCDE = 180 6. m6 = 45
m  6 = 110
m  7 = 110 7. m7 = 135
m  8 = 70 8. m8 = 45
9. m9 = 70
10. m10 = 65
11. m11 = 45
12. m12 = 70
13. m13 = 65
14. m14 = 45
LOOKING
MOTIVATION
BACK
1. Angle
1. TRUE
2. Ray
2. FALSE, because the measure of an obtuse angle is
3. Vertex
always greater than 90 4. Degree
3. TRUE 5. Obtuse
4. TRUE
5. FALSE, because the angle can be
Obtuse, straight, reflex or complete.
6. TRUE
7. FALSE. It can be possible if they are a linear pair.
8. FALSE. In a linear pair, if one is acute, then the
other will be obtuse.
9. TRUE
10. FASLE. Complementary angles add up to 90.
ANSWER KEY
 SOURCES

Parallel Lines
https://www.cuemath.com/geometry/parallel-lines/

Angles Made by a Transversal

http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/geometry/chap1/g0101501.asp

Transversal Across Two Paralllel Lines

http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/geometry/chap1/g0101601.asp

Conditions for Parallelism

http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/geometry/chap1/g0101701.asp

Parallelism and Perpendicularity Grade 8 Week 4 Learning Task 1-3

https://youtube.com/watch?v=i6w9yAJQ9Ic&feature=share

Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal (Practice Problems)

https://www.mathwarehouse.com/geometry/angle/parallel-lines-transversal-
practice.php

How to Prove Lines are Parallel

https://geometrycoach.com/how-to-prove-lines-are-parallel/

In Parallel Lines, Alternate Interior Angles are always equal (Theorem)

https://youtube.com/watch?v=E4nXRu0u9Gs&feature=share

Parallel Postulate
https://youtube.com/watch?v=PaTO4xAntiE&feature=share

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