Reading and

Writing Skills

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 What’s New
Lesson 1 Narration
Developing one’s reading and writing skills is not easy. There are learners who can read
but are not able to express themselves in writing well. You have a lot of ideas in mind but
sometimes you may find it hard to organize these ideas coherently, however, the good
thing is that there are many ways on how you can write effectively.

In this lesson, you will learn one way of developing your paragraph. This is through
Narration.

What I Need to Know

This lesson exposes students on how to develop their writing ability through the use of
the patterns of developing paragraphs. The learner will be able to critique a chosen
sample of each pattern of development focusing on information selection, organization,
and development.

This contains the use of appropriate devices in connecting ideas to identify the pattern
employed in the sample paragraph as well as to develop unified thoughts through writing.

The lesson is divided into eight lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Narration
• Lesson 2 – Description
• Lesson 3 – Definition
• Lesson 4 – Exemplification/Classification
• Lesson 5 – Comparison and Contrast
• Lesson 6 – Cause and Effect
• Lesson 7 – Problem-Solution Essay
• Lesson 8 – Persuasion
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. familiarize yourself with the different writing patterns in paragraph development;
2. identify the transitional words and phrases used in the different writing patterns;
3. write a short paragraph using certain writing pattern; and
4. distinguish the uses and the differences of each writing pattern.

What’s In
We have learned in our previous lesson that written text as connected discourse is formed
from spontaneous discreteness that predetermined its connectedness. It means that the
text itself does not have meaning and its meaning can be determined by their
connectedness. We also learned techniques in selecting and organizing information by
identifying relevant and irrelevant ideas or information.
After learning these skills in organizing information, you must learn some writing
patterns on how you can develop paragraphs.

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Read the set of events and rewrite the following details on your answer sheet to create a
coherent story.

1. Finally, the old lady crossed the street safely and Juan was able to reach school
on time.
2. One morning, Juan is in a hurry going to school.
3. Then, he thought of helping the old lady even though he will be late in school.
4. Suddenly, he saw an old lady, carrying a full of basket, crossing the street.

Then, answer the follow-up questions:

1. What words are used to signal the correct sequence of the events?
2. How do you think the ideas were able to relate to one another?
3. What do we call these words?
4. How do these words help to create a story?
5. What kind of paragraph were you able to create using the given details?

What is It
Writing a paragraph involves deep understanding of how one can achieve well focused
and unified ideas in a composition. For example, when students are asked to come up
with a summary of a story, they tend to chop parts of the story and put it in their
summary. If that is so, it leads to create unrelated details that do not contribute in the
oneness and clarity of one’s summary.

It is important to use strategies developing ideas using a particular pattern. One of these
is through narration. A narrative text contains the plot which gives direction in making
a story.

In developing narration, sequential presentation of events plays an important role. Signal

words help to create unified thought and to show the transition of events to the next.
This leads us to focus on the use of the action words in the story. It also helps to move
the story and makes the story interesting.

The chronological ordering of events helps to show the reader how the story moves.
Most of the common transitional words are first, next, then, after and suddenly.
Moreover, it is also important to give specific details in pointing out the direction of the
story.

What’s More
Read the paragraph and answer the following questions on a separate sheet.
Being a transferee is never easy. At first, I was hesitant to come but my mother told
me that I would find new friends in Masayahin Senior High School. I would never
forget the day I first entered this school, I felt so shy and nervous. I did not know
anyone for I was a new Grade 11 student. When I entered my first class looking for
a chair to sit in, a boy sitting beside the window sill asked me, “Are you new in this
school?” and I answered shyly, “Yes.” Then, he offered me the vacant seat beside
him. He was Jasper, an old student in that school. We got along with each other
well in our class. We worked on our assignments and school projects, he slept in our
house doing our research work. After a year, we both realized that in many ways
we had a lot of similarities in terms of interests in life. In the end, we became best
of friends.

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 1. Where and when did the story happen?
2. What transitional devices are used to indicate the chronological order of time?
3. What event happened first?
4. What does the paragraph tell?
5. What sequence is presented in the story?

What I Have Learned

Choose the best word/group of words that will complete the statements. Write your
answer in a separate sheet.
Chronological Ordering Narration Transitional Devices Sequence Plot

1. _________ is a writing pattern that is used to tell story.

2. A narrative text contains the _________ which gives direction in the story.
3. _________are words or phrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to
another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another.
4. Most of the common transitional words to show _________ of events are first, next,
then, after and suddenly.
5. The _________of events helps to show the reader how the story moves.

Additional Activities
In a short paragraph (5-10 sentences), narrate how something originated in your
place/community. Use the score guide below:

10 points All transitional devices are appropriate; the narration was very clear.
7 points Some transitional devices are appropriate; the narration was clear.
4 point No transitional devices used in the narrative; the narration is
unclear.

Lesson 2 Description
In this lesson, you will learn another way of developing your paragraph through giving
description.

What’s In
People love to read and listen to story and the use of appropriate transitional devices in
telling stories are noteworthy. Likewise, you have previously learned that in writing a
narrative, the plot gives direction in making the story. However, it is not only the plot that
will help you to develop your writing skills. The use of description is also important to
help you create a vivid picture of what you are trying to express through written text.

On a separate sheet, complete the table by supplying words or phrases that best describe
the given subjects. Use any of your senses to provide appropriate descriptions. Then
answer the questions that follow.

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 Subject SIGHT HEARING SMELL TASTE TOUCH
Example: long-legged soft voice heavenly silky skin
beauty queen beautiful scent
concert
beachside
adobo

Answer the following questions.

1. What do you call the words that are used to provide a striking effect on the senses
of the reader?
2. How do these words help create a vivid description of the given words?
3. What kind of paragraph can you develop using the given details?

What is It
According to Dayagbil & et al, 2016, the use of description plays an important role to
elucidate the nature of people, places and things. A series of detailed observation about
the subject can help you create a good descriptive paragraph. This involves the use of
adjectives and adverbs in the paragraph.

The kind of words we used to describe how your subject looks, sounds, feels, smells or
even tastes like are called sensory languages. It also concerns how you will arrange the
details to provide an image of the scene, the person or the object you are trying to describe
in your text.

There are two types of description. First is objective description, where the writer
presents impartial and actual picture of the subject without biases and excluding
personal impression of the subject just like when you give your description of an
experiment in class. Second is subjective description, where the writer gives personal
impression of what is observed. This is often used in making fiction stories. For instance,
when you are asked to write about a place you visit during summer vacation, you tend
to give your personal judgment of how you experience the place.

What’s More
Read the paragraphs below. Tell whether the description is subjective description or
objective.

1. Sampaloc Lake is an inactive volcanic maar on the island of Luzon, the Philippines.
It is the largest of the Seven Lakes of San Pablo, Laguna. Nearly half of the lake's
depth has a shallow depression at the bottom, indicating its volcanic origin. It is
approximately 104 hectares and 3.5 kilometer boardwalk. The lake is behind San
Pablo City Capitol and at the foot of the Doña Leonila Park.

2. Sampaloc Lake is one of the best tourist spots in San Pablo. It is where you can
bring your friends and loved ones for picnic and bonding. Most of San Pableños
jog around the lake and do ride bicycles not only to have morning good exercise
but also have fresh air. You can witness the beauty of nature for it is surrounded
with mountains.

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 What I Have Learned
Choose the best word or group of words that will complete the statements. Write
your answer in a separate sheet.

Objective Subjective Description Sensory languages Modifiers

1. ____________ is a writing pattern of developing paragraph using detailed

observation about the subject.
2. ____________ are used in writing descriptive paragraph.
3. ____________ can be in a form of word, phrase or clause.
4. ____________description presents impartial and actual picture of the subjects
without biases.
5. ____________ description gives the personal impression of the writer.

What I Can Do
Develop a composition using description as pattern of paragraph development. Make a
vivid picture of your dream house which you would like to own in the future. Use at least
ten descriptive words. (5-10 sentences)

Lesson 3 Definition
In this lesson, we will focus on the three different types of definitions: formal definition,
informal definition, and extended or expanded definition.

What’s In
Previously, you have learned the first two patterns of development: narration and
description. The descriptive text portrays events and brings a scene or object to life in the
imagination of the reader. Meanwhile, a narrative text tells story or events in
chronological order. Now, let’s move on to another pattern which is called definition.

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Read the definition paragraph below then answer the given questions.

An estimated 50 years old, giant Crocodylus

porosus is a saltwater crocodile. It was the largest
crocodile caught alive in Buhawan of Agusan del
Sur. According to residents, it is known to attack
people and had eaten animals.

The biggest crocodile was given the name of

“Lolong” after the name of Ernesto “Lolong”
Goloran, who is one of the veteran hunters
from the Palawan Crocodile and Wildlife
Reservation Center, who led the hunt.

Dr. Adam Britton, an Australian zoologist and crocodile expert, measured Lolong at 6.17
m (20 ft. 3 in). And in June 2012 Lolong was officially certified by the Guinness Book of
World Records as the “world’s largest crocodile in captivity”.

According to the experts of the National Geographic Channel, Lolong breaks the record of
the previous record-holder with a measurement of 5.48 m (18 FT 0 in).

1. What is being defined in this paragraph?

2. Do the supporting points help you understand the definition better? Are there
facts, reasons, examples, and details that make it even clearer?
3. What transition words are used between supporting points?

What is It
Definitions provide concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar words and explain special
meanings for familiar words. They are often used to explain technical words and concepts.
What to define always depends on the needs of the reader and the purpose of
communication. It can be done in either of the two distinct methods of definition.

First, informal definition as either denotation or connotation. Denotation is the

dictionary meaning of the word. For example: Rose is a family of prickly shrub with pinnate
leaves and showy flowers. Meanwhile, connotation is the secondary meaning of a word
and not necessarily included in the dictionary. Rather it is how a writer understands a
word based on their own personal or consensual experiences. In the example: A dozen of
pink roses is usually given to their beloved ones. Instead of literally referring to flowers,
love and romance are connoted.

Second, formal definition consists of three principal parts: the species (WORD) n +
Genus (CLASS) + Differentiae. The WORD is the name of the object, process, or concept
defined. This is usually followed by “is” and “are” and the CLASS or general group to
which the objects belongs. For example: Skimming (species) is a reading technique (class)
of allowing the eyes to travel over a page very quickly, stopping only here and there to gain
an idea (differentiae).

For the expanded or extended definition, the following are common methods used in
paragraph development would be of great help (Filomena T. Dayagabil, Ethel L. Abao,
and Remedios C. Bacus, Critical reading and writing for Senior High School. Quezon City:
Lorimar Publishing, 2016, 43:

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 Methods Examples
By stating its San Pablo City is one of the oldest towns in the Philippines and
characteristics today, it is known as one of the first-class cities in the province
of Laguna. It is also called the City of Seven Lakes namely:
Bunot Lake, Calibato Lake, Mohicap Lake, Palakpakin Lake,
Pandin Lake, Sampaloc Lake, and Yambo lake. These seven
freshwater lakes are crater form of a steam-blast eruption from
Mt. Cristobal.

By function In this time of global crisis, everyone is responsible for their

actions, such as following the precautionary measures given by
the health experts to avoid the spread of the virus.
By what it is Far from the normal situations that we had before, the pandemic
not makes each one of us skip buying unnecessary items.
By what it is Jollibee and McDonalds both offer savory chicken and
similar to delicious pasta that children love.
By Examples The opening of the classes for School Year 2020 -2021 amidst
the pandemic is a great challenge to the Department of
Education. They continue researching different alternative
ways of teaching and learning to be implemented in schools
such as online learning, modular learning, and lastly learning
from TV shows and radio programs.

By origin of Writers around the world define literature in different ways. The
word or origin of the word literature is derived from the Latin word Litera
etymology which means letter.
By its effect Due to the global pandemic, specifically COVID-19, the world
embraces the new normal. People have become more conscious
about sanitation and hygiene. They now learn physical
distancing in public places. And, most of the people stay at
home either working or developing new hobbies and exploring
new things.

What’s More
Analyze how the writer creates a shared concept and what different expanded definition
methods are used in the paragraph. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. You
may follow the template below:

Method used Sentence/s

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Bimetallic Components

1Bimetals are components made up of two separate metallic units, each

occupying a distinct position in the component. 2Bimetal rods or wires (also called
clad metal, duo- or dual-metal) are made of dissimilar metals. 3The rod core a
cylindrical body made of one metal, is surrounded by a concentric, cylindrical
sleeve of another metal. 4Some fibrous metals may also be regarded as bimetallic;
for example, rods made by unidirectional solidification of some eutectic
compositions containing a metallic (or nonmetallic) compound of fibrous
filaments embedded in an almost pure metallic matrix. 5The structure of
presentday Nb-SN superconducting core can be even more complex. 6It is
multimetalliccontaining more than two dissimilar metals. 7The two elements of a
bimetallic product are usually intimately interlocked, so that they function in
unison.

8Bimetalrods or wire stems make it possible to combine properties of

dissimilar metals. For example:
 9Aluminum-clad steel wire combines the
strength of steel with the electrical
conductivity and corrosion resistivity of
aluminum.
10Superconductor core clad with copper

sleeves combines superconductivity at

cryogenic temperatures with assurance
against failure when a local temporary rise
in resistance or temperature occurs.

11Although the number of desired bimetallic combinations for practical use is

virtually unlimited, manufacturing difficulties restrict the number of bimetallic
combinations actually in use.

Based on Betzalel Avitzur et al., “Criterion for the Prevention of Core Fracture during Extrusion of
Bimetal Rods,” Journal of Engineering for Industry, 1983, 293-30

What I Have Learned

Create a semantic map in a bond paper, write all your key learning (at least 10) from
this lesson.

DEFINITION

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 What I Can Do
Define “COVID-19” using the rules you have learned. You may also choose to use the
outline below to help you in writing a good definition paragraph. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
Topic sentence: COVID-19 is_________________________________________
• First (supporting Point#1) + (Fact, reason, or detail)
• In addition (supporting point #2) + (Fact, reason, example or detail)
• Finally, (supporting Point #3 + (Fact, reason, example or detail)
• Conclusion: In the end, COVID 19 is_____________________________ The
following score guide may be used to rate your output.
Description Highest point Your Score
Clear topic sentence 5 points
Evidences and examples are specific 3 points
and accurate
Mechanics of writing are observed 2 points
Total 10 points

Lesson 4 Exemplification and Classification

In the previous lessons, you have learned the differences between and among
narrative, descriptive, and definition paragraphs. Now, you will familiarize yourself
with two of the most common patterns of paragraph development – exemplification
and classification.

What’s in
As you unravel the unique patterns of development in writing exemplification and
classification paragraphs and how to incorporate them in your own writing, you must
first begin to learn how to identify the basic parts of these patterns – topic sentence,
classifications (types, categories), examples (illustrations) and transitional
expressions. These can be used in writing other papers with different purposes other
than telling a story, describing something or defining a concept.

What’s New
Read the passage carefully. Once finished, copy on a separate sheet and fill out the
table with the appropriate words that match the headings below:

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 Humans are often harmed by pollution. The presence of the hazardous substances
brought about by these three major types of pollution: land, air and water gravely affects our
health. For instance, a person may acquire skin problems and other deformities from the toxic
wastes present in the land that we live in such as garbage, pesticides, heavy metals and other
chemicals. Air pollution caused by toxic gases, solid and liquid particles or aerosols, and other
hazardous air pollutants adversely contaminate the air that we breathe. Long-term exposure to air
pollutants has been linked with diseases of the heart and lungs, cancers and other health
problems. Lastly, water pollution observed in our primary water sources like oceans, rivers, and
lakes is caused by the presence of industrial wastes, sewage and waste waters, chemical fertilizers
and pesticides to be specific. Infectious diseases can be acquired through contaminated water and
can cause cholera, jaundice, liver damage and stomach illness in people.

Topic
Sentence:
Classification Examples of Hazardous Substances
Pollution 1._________________ a.__________________________________
b.__________________________________
c.__________________________________
d. __________________________________

2. Air a. .__________________________________
b.__________________________________
c.__________________________________

a.__________________________________
3. b.__________________________________
__________________ c.__________________________________
d. __________________________________
e. __________________________________

Transitional
expressions:

Study the accomplished table. How can you say that the words and phrases that
you have just written all exemplify that of the (a) topic sentence, (b) classification,
(c) examples and d) transition words?

If you were able to justify your answers, then, you are now ready to learn more
about the characteristics and features of exemplification and classification as
patterns of development in writing.

What is It
Exemplification (or illustration) is the most common and effective pattern to
explain an idea or point. In developing this kind of paragraph, the writer develops
a general statement –the topic sentence, with one or more examples to support it.

Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective exemplification

paragraphs: for instance, namely, to be specify, to clarify, to illustrate, for example,
in short, as an example.

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 On the other hand, classification is used when a writer needs to sort out or
arrange subjects to groups or categories based on their common and shared
characteristics.

Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective classification

paragraphs: classified as, one kind, the last group, another kind, another, final
type, the first category, are categorized as, the next part.

Remember that you can use both exemplification and classification in developing
a paragraph by simply identifying categories on a particular subject and providing
examples or illustration to explain and clarify meaning.

What’s More
Read the excerpt that follows. After reading it, make a short paragraph that has the
same pattern of development. Be able to employ transitional expressions to make it
effective.

An excerpt from Appassionato

“Passion is visceral. It stands outside traditional thinking. It ignores conventions

like distance, time, and social acceptance. It dares into uncharted waters. It is used to be
primarily associated with romantic love. Today, thanks to authors like Tom Peters and
Nancy Austin (A Passion for Excellence), passion’s boundaries have been extended to
embrace work, entrepreneurial endeavours, corporate success.”

What I Have Learned

Reflect on what you have learned today by completing the diagram below, use a
separate sheet for your answer.

Write INSIDE the Write some

circle the most questions or
valuable learning clarifications
that you gained
OUTSIDE the
from the lesson.
circle.

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 What I Can Do
Choose at least one from the situations below.
Writing Task 1: You are the editor-in-chief of your school’s publication. The school
paper adviser requires you to write a 2-3 paragraph opinion article about the COVID-19
pandemic for a special edition paper.

You need to take side and be specific in explaining your point of view by proving clear
examples and illustrations to support your arguments.
Writing Task 2: You are one of the business proprietors at your school’s on-going
Business Expo. An interested customer sent you an e-mail asking about the different
types of products you sell.

You need to respond to the e-mail in 2-3 paragraphs indicating the classification of your
products. To encourage your customer to avail, your message must contain the product’s
category, specific features and prices.

Here is the rubric for your writing task:

Criteria Descriptions Total Your
Score Score
Paragraph Structure ( Clearly states the main idea to capture the reader’s 5
Topic Sentence, attention, adds concrete and interesting details and pts.
Supporting details and brings closure to the paragraph written.
Conclusion)
Transitional Expressions Effectively uses a high degree of appropriate 5 pts.
transitions to show development from one sentence
to another
Grammar and Has no spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors 2 pts.
Punctuation
Total 12 pts

Additional Activities
Write an exemplification or a classification paragraph on any suitable subject or topic
in your respective context/locality. Make sure to include a topic sentence, supporting
details, conclusion and transitional expressions in your written text. The same
rubrics will be used in assessing your output. (10-20 sentences)

Lesson 5 Comparison and Contrast

Sometimes, you’ll be asked by your teachers to perform tasks which would require
you to make intelligent choices. School writing activities may require you to do
comparison and contrast, in which you focus on similarities and differences of ideas.
By assigning you such writing activities, you are encouraged to make connections
between text and ideas and engage you in critical thinking.

What’s In
Classification as pattern of development of writing makes you associate similar things
or process by grouping them into classes or categories. Try this! Choose the word/s

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that do/does not belong on each line then write a category name for each group (i.e.
rose, banana, sun flower, daisy = banana/flowers).

1. German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Persian Siamese, Siberian Husky

2. on land, by water, by air, by bus
3. carrot, cabbage, radish, onion
4. jazz, rock, pop, ballet
5. Coins, Dollar, Yen, Franc
Each item gives you a hint over a certain category. That’s similar to our previous
lesson about exemplification and classification. However, although these words
belong to the same group, each of them have similarities and differences, which will
be the focus of this lesson on comparison and contrast.

What’s New
Using the Venn diagram, jot down words and phrases showing similarities and
differences between Junior High School and Senior High School.

What is It
Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar while contrast in writing
discusses elements or ideas that are different. A compare-and-contrast essay, then
analyzes two subjects comparing them, contrasting them, or both. However, its
purpose is not to simply state the obvious but rather to illustrate subtle differences
or unexpected similarities between two subjects.

As a writer, you should help the readers see how these two ideas are similar or
different by showing them its advantages and disadvantages so they are able to weigh
the pros and cons before they make judgment or decision. Take a look at this
example.

Source: Jenn, Kepka, Oregon Writes Open Writing Text. 2015, accessed May 21, 2020,
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/oregonwrites/chapter/comparison-and-contrast/

My sisters are as different as yin and yang in terms of personality, appearance

and intelligence. Tina, the middle child in the family, prefers staying at home than
going out with her friends. She is slim, petite and has dark skin. As she is not
sociable, she finds friends with the characters from the books she reads most of the
time. In addition, she is very clever in subjects like Math and Science which made
her graduate with Highest Honors from Senior High School. In contrast, my youngest
sister, Joni, is the opposite. She has an outgoing and friendly personality. There is
never a dull moment as she is always ready with stories to tell. She is tall with a
round plump face and fair skin. Being the youngest in the family, she is often asked
to perform during family gatherings since she sings and dances well. My sisters may
be different from each other but they adore one another.

There are two common ways to organize comparison/contrast paragraph or essay.

The Block Method is used to compare and contrast two subjects one at a time. You
may begin by saying everything you have to say about the first subject you are
discussing then move on and write everything about your second subject. If you are
writing a short paragraph or essay, you might be able to fit all of your points about

14
each item. However, if you would want to address one subject at a time, you may use
Point-by-point comparison.
Some cohesive devices you can use in showing similarities are likewise, similar to,
same with, like, in the same manner. To show contrast, cue words such as: on the
other hand, however, while, different with, in contrast and the like.

Source: Williams, Madalyn. February 21, 2017, accessed May 20, 2020
https://prezi.com/hdigz1iuziht/comparing-the-block-method-and-the-point-by-point-method/

What’s More
Create compare-and-contrast paper outline using either Point-by-point or Block
Method by comparing or contrasting Junior High School and Senior High School. Be
guided by the rubric below.

Description Highest point Your Score

Has a clear and strong-hook topic sentence 5 points
Evidences and examples are specific 3 points
Has no errors in grammar, spelling and 2 points
punctuation marks
Total 10 points

What I Have Learned

Complete the following statements to summarize what you have learned in this
lesson.

• A compare-and-contrast writing analyzes two subjects by __________.

• The purpose of writing a comparison or contrast essay is not to state what seems
so obvious about the things being compared but __________.
• The two main organizing strategies for comparison-and-contrast writing are:
__________ and __________.

What I Can Do
Write a 5-10 sentence paragraph based on the outline you created regarding the
similarity/difference of Junior High School and Senior High School.
Description Highest point Your Score
Has appropriate quality of well-organized points 5 points
to support the topic
Uses specified format/style 3 points
Grammar, spelling and punctuation marks are 2 points
correct
Total 10 points

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 Lesson 6 Cause and Effect
Reasons and results are two things that interest readers. Thus, it is important for
writers like you to learn how paragraphs of this kind should be developed.

What’s In
We have learned in our previous lesson that the use of comparison and contrast in
developing paragraph is very effective when you want to show similarities and
difference between two ideas. Although a comparison and contrast essay is set to
demonstrate both similarities as well as differences, sometimes it only shows
similarities, and at other times, only differences.

The next pattern of paragraph development focuses on how you can state details
through giving reasons or results of a topic.
What’s New
Read the passage carefully. Then, complete the diagram below.

Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome until we, humans, find a
way to abuse its benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and within five years, the British Army was using
a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in the Sudan.
TV was also invented with positive thoughts in mind – there would be no national
borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are
now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human
beings.

(Excerpt: Emmanuel Tatah Mentan, English Essay Writing Handbook Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse,
2019.) CAUSE EFFECT

Answer the following questions on a separate sheet.

1. What is the main idea of the text?
2. What states the cause of the idea?
3. What states the results of the idea?
What is It
Cause and Effect is a text development pattern which explains why something
happens. It also states what results a particular event produces. It usually gives a
statement emphasizing the cause and another emphasizing the effect.
The following guide questions can be used for cause-effect development:

• Why did it happen?

• What caused it?
• What does it cause?

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 • What are the effects?
• How is it related to something else?

Further, in developing your texts you can use signal words like as a consequence of,
as a result of, because, because of, now that and since to express cause while
accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, and this resulted in to signify effects.
What’s More
Put a check (✓) if the item is suited for a cause-and-effect text or a cross (x) if not.
1. How to play drums
2. Impact to technology in education
3. Importance of daily reading habit
4. Increased drop-out rate in a school.
5. The act of kindness

What I Have Learned

Complete the given statements to sum up your learning for this lesson.
1. Cause and effect is a text development pattern explains ___________ something
happens and states ___________results a particular event produces.
2. ___________focuses on: why did the topic happen; what caused it; what does it
cause; what are its effects; and, how is it related to something else.
3. Signal words used in introducing cause include: _______________________
4. Signal words used in introducing effect include: _______________________

What I Can Do
Typhoon Yolanda took the lives of over 6,300 Filipinos and displaced thousand
others. Write a five-sentence paragraph that explains why there were so many
casualties even when they were warned of a storm surge. Use cause and effect pattern
of development. The rubric below may be used in this output.

5 points 3 points 1 point

The paragraph states The paragraph states The paragraph states

no cause and effect and
cause and effect and all cause and effect but
it uses inappropriate
transitional devices are few transitional devices transitional devices.
properly used. are used.

Additional Activities
Reflect on the quote: “Working out of cause and effect is eternal” (Deepak Chopra).
Develop a cause-and-effect paragraph to express your insights about this. The
previous rubric may still be used for this writing task.

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 Lesson 7 Problem-Solution
In this lesson, you are expected to plan, structure, and write interesting and
meaningful paragraphs applying the problem-solution pattern in your essays about
different topics, issues or recent developments in various fields.

What’s In
With your previous learning about cause-and-effect pattern of development, you can
readily write a full-blown essay addressing any issue that interests you. After
answering the “why” and the “what happened”, we now move on to the “how” – how
will we do things and how can we resolve issues or concerns around us. This time,
you will apply the problem-solution pattern of development.

What’s New
Read the essay below. Identify the problem/s and solution/s cited in the passage
Healing a Child’s Stitches and Burns
By Emerson T. Armero
There can be no doubt that a large number of CIFL or children in conflict with the
law may commit more juvenile crimes despite the intense effort of teachers, the
barangays, the police and the guidance offices. This poses a huge challenge to
government authorities and the whole society as well since these minors are protected by
law and should not be harmed by all means.
Basically, while being interrogated upon, these child offenders do not take their
case seriously. They sometimes treat their offense as a practical joke similar to an
amusing snapchat or a tiktok moment. Others consider their waywardness as part of
their growing up years – their being young, wild and free. And they blend with the other
CIFL regulars, thereby establishing an organization of future gangsters. Unfortunately,
they are not given the chance to reform their character because they cannot go to jail and
should be with their parents’ custody within 24 hours. Additionally, some of them turn
to substance abuse.
There might be two doable solutions to overcome the problem mentioned in the
previous paragraphs. The first step would be to give them the opportunity to intensely
rehabilitate and provide educational programs suited to their needs and abilities which
will prepare them in the harsh realities of life. It is also equally important that they get
the full support and encouragement of their parents and fellow learners.
It is reasonable to conclude that education still paves the way for CIFL learners to
mend their ways. Furthermore, it is still everybody’s responsibility to help them change,
to motivate them to change and stay away from temptations that may inevitably arise.

What is It
A problem/solution essay presents a problem, usually discussing several aspects of
the problem, then concludes by discussing solutions to the problem. The problem
may be addressed in the following ways:
Effects only  Describe the problem only in terms of its effects. 
Use examples.
Causes and • Outline the causes of the problem.
effects • Discuss solutions in terms of preventive measures.

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 Extended  After a topic sentence, illustrate the problem by using an extended
example example (through a story or an anecdote from your introduction).

The solutions may be presented in various ways and you have to think about which
way would be the most appropriate for the particular problem you are discussing.

Here are some ways to present solutions:

Preventive • Ways to prevent the problem from occurring in the first place
measures • For example: How to prevent Covid-19
A series of • Suggest the easiest and most obvious solution first, but if that
steps doesn’t work, try something else, etc.
• For example: if you have a neighbor who does not wear mask nor
practice social distancing, you might first talk to him/her; if that
doesn’t work, arrange for a mediator; etc. (a last resort might be
to call the police).
Advice  Give some advice and helpful hints.
A choice of  Include solutions that have already been tried, have been
solutions unsuccessful, and new solutions which you are proposing.

The following transitional devices can also help you develop your text.

Introduction Middle Section/ Conclusion

Body
 Nowadays… • For instance… • In conclusion…
 It is a common trend that… • Such as/like… • To conclude…
Society is becoming
 • Namely… • To sum up…
increasingly concerned
about…
What’s More

Choose a specific problem in your place and try to propose solutions for it. Write your
insights in a short paragraph following the problem-and-solution pattern of
development. Make use of correct transitional devices in your text. Be guided by the
rubric below.
5 points 3 points 1 point

The paragraph states The paragraph states The paragraph states

no cause and effect and
cause and effect and all cause and effect but
it uses inappropriate
transitional devices are few transitional devices transitional devices.
properly used. are used.

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 What I Have Learned
Arrange the following steps in developing a problem-and-solution text.
_____ Brainstorm to identify several solutions.
_____ Gather supporting information.
_____ Define the problem to be solved.
_____ Decide how to organize your writing.
_____ Write a thesis statement.
_____ Support your thesis with examples and details. _____
Write a strong conclusion.

Additional Activities
List down the top three problems of millennials today. Then propose possible
solutions to each of your identified problem. You can use this as a springboard in
writing a problem-solution text.

Lesson 8 Persuasive
After this lesson, you are expected to learn the type of paragraph development that
focuses on presenting points of view to persuade or encourage your readers.

What’s In
By this time, you should have learned seven different patterns of paragraph
development. The latest of which is the problem-solution text, which focuses on
either a problem or solution in a particular area or situation. It a type of text
expressed as a dilemma or concerning issue (problem) and something that was, can
be, or should be done to remedy this issue (solution or attempted solution).

The last pattern of paragraph development featured in this module focuses on how
you can state details through presenting your views and encouraging your target
readers to accept your argument.

What’s New
Complete the table below after reading the paragraph.

Is iPhone 11 worth spending? One of the company’s recent novelties is the

iPhone 11 – a newer and more advanced version of the most popular phone in
the world. However, the previous model – iPhone XR – seemed to have been
satisfying people’s needs just fine as well. So, what is the difference?

ISSUE ARGUMENT EVIDENCES

Now, answer the following questions:

1. What is the main idea of the text?
2. What issue has been presented in the text?
3. What does the text want us to do?

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What is It
Persuasive text can be in the form of an argument, discussion, exposition, review or
even an advertisement.

In developing your own persuasive text, a writer must first state the issue. This will
serve as a background information about the topic. Then, it should be followed by a
clear, strong and specific argument.

An argument is one’s claim or position that can either support or reject the issue
previously stated. Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched evidences,
which will give details on how and why it supports the argument. Evidences can be
factual, logical, statistical or anecdotal in nature. It can also explain
counterarguments not because the writer wants to prove which claims are wrong or
right but to enlighten the readers about other positions.

Lastly, a conclusion restating the main argument of the text will be the end of the
text. This will be your final statement to persuade your readers.

Some guide questions in constructing a persuasive text include:

• What is the issue?
• What is your position or opinion?
• What is the opposing position/opinion?
• What are some reasons for your position/opinion?
• What are some cases or examples that support this?

What’s More
Read the text below and identify the issue, the argument/s and conclusion.

When we consider the ubiquity of cellphones, iPods, personal computers and the
internet, it’s easy to see how science (and the technology to which it leads) is woven
into the fabric of our day-to-day activities. When we benefit from CT scanners, M.R.I.
devices, pacemakers and arterial stents, we can immediately appreciate how science
affects the quality of our lives. When we assess the state of the world, and identify
looming challenges like climate change, global pandemics, security threats and
diminishing resources, we don’t hesitate in turning to science to gauge the problems
and find solutions.
And when we look at the wealth of opportunities hovering on the horizon— stem
cells, genomic sequencing, personalized medicine, longevity research, nanoscience,
brain-machine interface, quantum computers, space technology—we realize how
crucial it is to cultivate a general public that can engage with scientific issues; there’s
simply no other way that as a society we will be prepared to make informed decisions
on a range of issues that will shape the future. (from
"Argumentative Essay," Literary Devices, last modified May 22, 2020,
https://literarydevices.net/argumentative-essay/.)

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What I Have Learned
Complete the statements to sum up your key learning for this lesson.
1. __________ is a type of paragraph development that focuses on presenting points
of view
2. An __________ serves as a background information about the topic.
3. An __________ is one’s claim or position that can either support or reject the
issue previously stated.
4. Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched __________.
5. A __________ restating the main argument of the text will be the end of the text.

What I Can Do
Write a persuasive text to encourage incoming senior high school to choose the strand
you are enrolled in. The rubric in the previous activity may still be used for this
writing task. (5-10 sentences)

5 points 3 points 1 point

The paragraph states The paragraph states The paragraph states no
persuasive text and it uses persuasive text and it little persuasive text and it does
appropriate arguments and uses appropriate arguments not use appropriate
evidences. and evidences. arguments and evidences.

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 Assessment
A. Choose the correct transitional devices. Write your answers on a separate
paper.
a. So b. Due to c. First d. When
e. Where f. Second g. Lastly h. Similarly

During my younger years of being a diligent worker, I would spend at least 10 hours
working in the office and I would even bring home some paper works. Until, one day I was
brought to the hospital 1. _________ I experienced more anxieties. My attending physician told
me that I collapsed 2. _________ stress. 3. ________, I started to follow my doctor’s advice. 4.
______ to spend at least three times a week for exercise. 5. Another is to take stock of internal
stressors I could control. 6. ________ is to use meditation techniques whenever I felt
overwhelmed and make sure that I got sufficient rest. Lastly, is to take time to do things I
enjoy. 7. _________, to pursue some hobbies and pleasures to live a more balanced lifestyle.

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on your answer sheet.

8. Which text focuses on presenting points of view and seeks on encouraging its
readers to accept a particular argument or act in a particular way?
A. Persuasive C. Cause and Effect
B. Problem-solution D. Comparison and Contrast
9. Which written text involves sensory images to figure out something?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem Solution
10. What pattern shows similarities and differences of two subjects in a paragraph?
A. Comparison and Contrast C. Narration
B. Cause and Effect D. Problem Solution
11. When giving the full meaning of a certain topic, which pattern is applicable?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem Solution
12. If you were to tell a story, which pattern of paragraph development would you
use?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem- Solution
13. What pattern presents the reasons and possible results of an event?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Cause and Effect D. Problem Solution
14. In this section, you need to mention an overview of the problem, the why of the
problem, and who should be concerned about the problem.
A. Introduction C. conclusion
B. middle section D. exposition
15. Which would best suit a text that aims to discuss the taxonomy of a group of
fossils that were recently discovered by a paleontologist?
A. Comparison and Contrast C. Narration
B. Classification D. Problem Solution

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