Name: Class: Roll No.

:
Examination Seat No: Year:

INDEX
Page
Sr.No. Title Date Sign
No.
1 Determination of water content of soil by
oven drying method
2 Determination of Specific gravity by
Pycnometer
3 Determination of particle size distribution-
Sieve Analysis
4 Determination of Atteberg’s limits
1. Liquid Limit
2. Plastic Limit
3. Shrinkage Limit
5 Determination of Field Density by
Core Cutter Method
6 Determination of Field Density by
Sand Replacement Method
7 Proctor/modified Compaction Test
8 Determination of Permeability
1. Constant Head Method
2. Falling Head Method
9 Direct Shear Test
10 Unconfined Compression test
11 Vane Shear Test

Certified that Mr. /Miss

Exam Seat no. of T.E. Civil Part (I) Class has satisfactory completed
the above term work within four walls of this Institute.

Subject Teacher Head of Department

Experiment No.01 Date:
Determination of Water Content (W.C) of soil by oven drying method
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OBJECTIVE:-
To determine water content of soil by oven drying method

THEORY:-
The water content (w) is also called natural water content or natural moisture content
is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil. This ratio
is usually expressed as percentage in almost all soil tests natural moisture content of the soil
is to be determined. The knowledge of the natural moisture content is essential in all studies
of soil mechanics. The natural moisture content will give an idea of the state of soil in the
field.

APPRATURS:-
1. Non-corrodible air-tight container.
2. Electric oven, maintain the temperature between105 C to 115 C.
3. Desiccators
4. Balance of sufficient sensitivity
5. Gloves
6. Spatula

TEST PROCEDURE:-
1. Clean the containers with lid dry it and weigh it (W1).
2. Take a specimen of the sample in the container and weigh with lid (W2).
3. Keep the container in the oven with lid remove
4. Dry the specimen to constant weight maintaining the temperature between 1050C to
1100C for a period varying with the type of soil but usually 16 to 24 hours.
5. Record the final constant weight (W3) of the container with dried soil sample. Peat
and other organic soils are to be dried at lower temperature (say 600C ) possibly for a
longer period.

OBSERVATION:-
Weight of empty tin (W1)=
Weight of empty tin+Wet soil (W2)=
Weight of empty tin+Dry soil (W3)=

CALCULATION:-
The Water/Moisture content =w= (W3-W2)/ (W3-W1) X 100…….(%)

CONCLUSION:-
The natural moisture content of the soil sample is…..
Experiment No.02 Date:
Determination of Specific Gravity (Particle Density) by Pycnometer
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OBJECTIVE:-
To determine specific gravity of soil by pycnometer.

THEORY:-
A soil consists of an accumulation of particles, which may be of a single mineral type,
such as clean quartz sand, or more usually mixtures of a number of mineral types, each with a
different particle density. For a single mineral type the particle density of the solids
comprising a mass of the soil is that of the mineral itself. But for a soil consisting of a variety
of minerals, we are concerned only with the mean particle density of the mass as whole, and
this is the sense in which the term is used here.

SOIL SAMPLE:-
Oven dried soil fraction passing 4.75 mm I.S.Sieve

APPARATUS:-
1. Pycnometer of approximately 900 ml capacity with lid.
2. Spatula of convenient size having a blade 150mm wide; a piece of rod about 150mm
long and 3mm diameter.
3. Wash bottle preferable made of plastics, containing air-free distilled water.
4. A thermostatically controlled drying oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of
10500 C to 1100C.
5. Thermometer readable to 0.1 C
6. Balance accurate to 0.01g.
7. I.S. 4.75 mm sieve
8.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Clean pycnometer with distilled water and dry. Weight it to the nearest 0.01g (M1).
2. Pour about 200gm of soil into the pycnometer and weight it with lid (M2).
3. Add the distilled water carefully to each pycnometer so that the soil is just covered
and the bottles are not more than the half full. Take care that air is not entrapped in
the solution. Put the lid with conical cap on the top Leave the pycnometer for period
of 10 hours.
4. Fill each pycnometer completely with distilled water and weight it. (M3).
5. Clean out each pycnometer, and fill completely with distilled water. Dry outer surface
of each pycnometer and weight it (M4).
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Pycnometer Number 1 2 3
Mass of empty pycnometer (M1) (gm)
Mass of pycnometer + soil (M2) (gm)
Mass of Pycnometer + Soil + Water (M3) (gm)
Mass of Pycnometer full of water (M4) (gm)
Mass of Soil (M2-M1) (gm)
Mass of water in full pycnometer (M4-M1) (gm)
Mass of water used (M3-M2) (gm)
Volume of soil particles (M4-M1)-(M3-M2) (cm3)
Specific Gravity Gs= (M2-M1)/{(M4-M1)-(M3-M2)}
Average Specific Gravity

COMPUTATIONS AND RESULTS:-

INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING:-

Unless or otherwise specified specific gravity values reported shall be based on water
at 27oC. So the specific gravity at 27oC=K X Sp. Gravity at Tx0C

Where,

K= {Density of water at Temperature Tx0C/ Density of water at Temperature 270C}

CONCLUSION:-
Experiment No. 03 Date:
Determination of particle size distribution- Sieve Analysis
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OBJECTIVE
To determine grain size distribution of coarse grained soil by sieving.

SOIL SAMPLE:-
About 1 kg of air-dried coarse grained soil sample.

APPARATUS:-
1. Set of I.S. sieves: 80 mm, 60 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18
mm, 600 micron, 300 micron, 150 micron, 75 micron including cover and bottom pan.
2. Mechanical sieve shaker.
3. Brush for cleaning sieves.
4. Balance accurate to 0.1 gm.
5. Thermostatically controlled oven.
6. Two large metal or plastic trays.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Take oven dried soil in the tray.
2. For coarse fraction, arrange set of sieves one above another in the descending order
of size of openings with 80 mm I.S. sieve at the top and 4.75 mm I.S. sieve at the
bottom and shake it manually. Put cover on the top sieve and attach the bottom pan
below 4.75 mm sieve to collect soil.
3. For fine fraction, take the sample collected in pan during coarse fraction sieve
analysis. Arrange set of sieves one above another in the descending order of size of
openings with 2.36 mm I.S. sieve at the top and 75 micron I.S. sieve at the bottom and
fix it in mechanical sieve shaker. Put cover on the top sieve and attach the bottom pan
below 75 micron sieve to collect fines.
4. Allow the sieving for 10 minutes and remove sieves from mechanical shaker.
5. Carefully invert the sieve on paper and gently brush the bottom of the sieve to remove
all the soil particles. Record mass of that sample.
6. The sum of the masses retained on each sieve and pan should equal the initial total
mass of sample within 1 percent. If the difference is greater than 1 %, the sieving
should be repeated.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Particle Mass % Cumulative
Sr. I.S. sieve
size retained Retained % retained % Finer
No. (mm)
(mm) (gm) (gm) (gm)
For coarse fraction
1 80
2 60
3 40
4 20
5 10
6 4.75
7 Pan
For fine fraction
1 2.36
2 1.16
3 600 micron
4 300 micron
5 150 micron
6 75 micron
7 Pan

GRAPH:-
Draw a graph of particle size (mm) on long scale (x-axis) and % finer on ordinary
scale (y-axis). Draw smooth curve joining all the points.

% Error=
RESULTS:-
Following results are obtained from graph
A) Find out the percentage of
Gravel : 4.75 mm and above = %
Sand : 0.06 mm to 4.75 mm = %
Silt : 0.06 mm to 0.002 mm = %
B) Find out sizes Dn corresponding to n % finer
D10= mm
D30= mm
D60= mm
C) Find out coefficients
Uniformity coefficient,

Cu= (D60/D10) =

Coefficient of Curvature,

Cc= {(D30)2/ (D10 X D60)} =

CONCLUSION:-

As Cu >and Cc is between and , given soil sample is

with fines.
Experiment No. 04 (A) Date:
Determination of Liquid Limit of Soil
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OBJECTIVE:-
To determine liquid limit of the soil by using Casagrande’s liquid limit device.

SOIL SAMPLE:-
Soil passing 425-micron I.S. Sieve.

PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMPLE:-

Soil should be mixed thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish or on flat
glass to form a uniform paste. The paste shall have a consistency that will require 30-35
drops of the cup to cause the required closure of the standard groove. In case of clayey soils,
allow the water to permeate throughout the soil mass for 24 hrs. For an average soil, thorough
mixing for 15 to 30 minutes is sufficient.

APPARATUS:-
1. Mechanical liquid limit device (Casagrande’s)
2. Grooving Tool.
3. Porcelain evaporating dish about 12cm in diameter.
4. Flexible spatula with a blade about 8 cm long and 2 cm wide.
5. Balance sensitivity to 0.01 gm.
6. Thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature between 1050C to 1100C.
7. Wash the bottle or breaker containing distilled water.
8. Air tight containers for determination of moisture content.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Take 120 gm of prepared soil sample paste and place it in a cup of limit device with
almost half filled.
2. Trim the soil to a depth of 1cm at the centre with spatula, level the top of soil.
3. The soil in the cup shall be divided by grooving tool along the diameter through the
centre line of cam follower so that clean sharp ‘V’ shaped groove of proper
dimensions is formed.
4. Lift and drop the cup by turning handle at the rate of 2 revolutions per second until
the two halves of soil paste come in contact with each other at bottom of groove for
length of 1 cm by flow only.
5. Record the number of blows required to close the groove
6. A representative soil sample is taken from the cup for water content determination.
7. Remove the soil from the cup and mix it with the soil in evaporating dish. Change the
consistency preferably by either adding more water or otherwise by leaving the soil
paste to dry. Repeat the test for at least three more times for blows between 10 to 40.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Determination No. 1 2 3 4
No. of Blows
Container No.
Mass of empty container with lid (M1) (gm)
Mass of container with lid and wet soil (M2) (gm)
Mass of container with lid and dry soil (M3) (gm)
Mass of Dry soil, Md = (M3-M1) (gm)
Mass of water, Mw=(M2-M3) (gm)
Water content ,
w= (Mw/Md) = {(M2-M3)/ (M3-M1)} X 100 (%)
Average

FLOW CURVE:-
RESULTS:-

Draw a graph showing the relationship on semi-log paper between water content
using ordinary scale (on y-axis) and no of blows (on x- axis) using log scale. The
curve obtained is called flow curve. The moisture content corresponding to 25 blows
is taken as the liquid limit of the soil.

Liquid Limit Wl= %

Flow Index,
If= [ (w2-w1)/(log 10 N1/N2) ]

= slope of the curve

CONCLUSION:-
Experiment No. 4 (B) Date:
Determination of Plastic Limit of Soil
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OBJECTIVE:-
To determine liquid limit of the soil by using Casagrande’s liquid limit device.

SOIL SAMPLE:-
20 gm of air-dried soil passing 425-micron I.S. Sieve.

APPARATUS:-
1. Marble/ glass plate 10 mm thick and about 45 cm square or larger.
2. Rod (Optional) of 3 mm diameter and about 10 cm long for judging the size of plastic
limit threads.
3. Flexible spatula with a blade about 8 cm long and 2 cm wide.
4. Balance sensitivity to 0.01 gm
5. Thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature between 1050C to 1100C
6. Wash bottle or beaker containing distilled water.
7. Air tight containers for determination of moisture content.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Take 8 gm of prepared soil sample, make a ball of it and roll it on the marble with
hand to form a thread of uniform diameter of 3 mm.
2. Knead the soil together and roll again so that the moisture gradually decreases in the
process of rolling. Repeat the process until the soil thread of 3 mm diameter just
begins to crumble.
3. Collect the pieces of the crumbled thread in air tight container for determination of
moisture content.
4. Repeat the test to at least 3 times and take average of results calculated to nearest
whole number.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Determination No. 1 2 3 4
Container No.
1. Mass of empty container with lid (M1) (gm)
2. Mass of container with lid and wet soil (M2) (gm)
3. Mass of container with lid and dry soil (M3) (gm)
4. Mass of Dry soil, Md = (M3-M1) (gm)
5. Mass of water, Mw=(M2-M3) (gm)
6. Water content ,
w= (Mw/Md) = {(M2-M3)/ (M3-M1)} X 100 (%)
7. Average water content

COMPUTATIONS AND RESULTS:-

Plastic Limit = wp =

Plasticity Index Ip= wl-wp=

Liquidity Index IL= { (w-wp) /(IP) }

Consistency Index IC = { (wL-w)/IP}

Flow Index, IF= (From Liquid Limit Test)

Toughness Index , IT = (IP/IF) =

CONCLUSION
Experiment No. 4(C) Date:
Determination of Shrinkage Factors of Soil
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OBJECTIVE:-
To determine shrinkage factors namely shrinkage limit, shrinkage ratio, shrinkage
index and volumetric shrinkage of soil.

SOIL SAMPLE:-
About 100 gm of thoroughly mixed soil sample passing 425-micron I.S. Sieve.

APPARATUS:-
1. Evaporating dish (2 No) of porcelain, about 12 cm in diameter with flat bottom.
2. Shrinkage dish (3 No) of non-corrodible metal, having flat bottom and 45 mm
diameter and 15 mm internal height.
3. Glass cup, 50 to 55 mm diameter and 25 mm in height.
4. Glass plates (2 No) each 75 X 75 mm one plate should be of plain glass and other
should have three metal prongs.
5. Thermostatically controlled oven to maintain the temperature between 1050C to
1100C with interior of non- corrodible material.
6. 425- micron I.S. Sieves
7. Balance sensitive to 0.1 gm and 0.01 gm
8. Mercury

PROCEDURE:-
1. Coat the inside of the shrinkage dish with a thin layer of silicone grease to prevent the
soil sticking to the dish.
2. Fill the dish in three layers by replacing approximately 1/3 rd of the amount of wet soil
with the help of spatula. Tap the dish gently on a firm base until the soil flows over
the edges and no apparent air bubbles exist. Repeat this process for 2nd and 3rd layers
also till the dish is completely filled with the wet soil. Strike off the excess soil and
make the top of the dish smooth. Wipe off all the soil and record adhering to the
outside of the dish.
3. Weigh immediately, the dish with wet soil and record the weight.
4. Air –dry the wet soil for 6-8 hrs, until the colour of the pat turns from dark to light.
Then oven-dry to constant weight at 1050C to 1100C say about 12 to 16 yrs.
5. Remove the dried disk of the soil from oven. Cool it in desiccators. Then obtain the
weight of the dish with dry sample.
6. Determine the weight of the empty dish and record.
7. Determine the volume of shrinkage dish, which is evidently equal to the volume of
the wet soil as follows. Place the shrinkage dish in an evaporating dish and fill the
dish with mercury till it overflows slightly. Press it with plain glass plate firmly on its
top to remove excess mercury. Pour the mercury from the shrinkage dish into a
measuring jar and find the volume of the shrinkage dish directly. Record this volume
as the volume of the wet soil pat.
8. Determine the volume of dry soil pat by removing the pat form the shrinkage dish and
immersing it in the glass cup full of mercury in the following manner.
9. Place the glass cup in a larger one and fill the glass cup to overflowing with mercury.
Remove the excess mercury by covering the cup with glass plate with prongs and
pressing it. See that no air bubbles are entrapped. Wipe out the outside of the glass
cup to remove the adhering mercury. Then, place it in another larger dish, which is,
clean and empty carefully.
10. Place the dry soil pat on the mercury. It floats submerge it with the pronged glass
plate which is again made flush with top of the cup. The mercury spills over into the
larger plate. Pour the mercury that is displayed by the soil pat into the measuring jar
and find the volume of the soil pat directly.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Determination No.
1 2 3
A) Water content of wet soil pat
1. Shrinkage dish no.
2. Mass of shrinkage dish (M1) (gm)
3. Mass of shrinkage dish and wet soil (M2) (gm)
4. Mass of shrinkage dish and dry soil (M3) (gm)
5. Mass of Dry soil, Md = (M3-M1) (gm)
6. Mass of water, Mw=(M2-M3) (gm)
7. Water content ,
w= (Mw/Md) = {(M2-M3)/ (M3-M1)} X 100 (%)
B) Volume of wet soil pat
8. Evaporating dish no.
9. Mass of mercury filling shrinkage dish+ mass of
Evaporating dish (gm)
10. Mass of Evaporating dish (gm)
11. Mass of mercury filling shrinkage dish (gm)
12. Volume of wet soil pat V= (11)/13.6 (cm3)
C) Volume of dry soil pat
13. Evaporating dish no.
14. Mass of mercury filling displaced by dry soil pat+
mass of Evaporating dish (gm)
15. Mass of Evaporating dish (gm)
16. Mass of mercury displaced by dry soil pat (gm)
17. Volume of dry soil pat Vd= (16)/13.6 (cm3)
D) Calculations
18. Shrinkage limit ws = {w- [(V-VD)/ md]}X 100 (%)
19. Shrinkage Ratio SR= Md/Vd
20. Volumetric Shrinkage VS=(w-ws) X SR (%)
COMPUTATIONS AND RESULTS:-
Various factors are calculated as under:

1. Shrinkage Limit (Remoulded sample)

Ws= w – [(V-Vd)/ (Md)] X 100 =

=

2. Shrinkage Ratio
SR= Md/Vd =
=

3. Volumetric shrinkage
VS= (w-ws)X SR =
=

CONCLUSION:-
Experiment No.05 Date:
Determination of Field Density of Soils by Core Cutter Method
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OBJECTIVE:-
To determine in-situ density of fine-grained natural or compacted soils free from
aggregates using a core cutter.

SOIL SAMPLE:-
Fine grained soil where 90% of soil passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve.

APPARATUS:-
1. Cylindrical core cutter of seamless steep tube, 130mm long and 10cm internal
diameter with all thickness of 3 mm, beveled at one end; giving volume of 1000 cm3
2. Steel dolly, 2.5 cm high and 10cm internal diameter with all thickness of 7.5cm height
with a lip to enable it to be fitted on top of the core-cutter.
3. Steel rammer with solid mild steel foot 14cm diameter and 7.5cm height with a
concentrically screwed 2.5cm diameter solid mild steel staff.
4. Balance
5. Palette knife having blade approximately 20cm long and 3cm wide.
6. Steel rule
7. Container for determination of water content

PROCEDURE:-
1. Calculate the internal volume of core cutter.
2. Weigh the empty core cutter and record its weight.
3. Apply oil in inner surface of core cutter
4. Place the core on a freshly prepared plain ground with dolly on it; and gently hammer
it so that the cutter will get pushed in the soil completely.
5. Remove the side material and take out the filled up core cutter gently and properly
trim the top and bottom surface and weight it.
6. The soil core shall be removed from the cutter and a representative sample must be
placed in an air tight container to determine water content.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-

a) Determination of bulk and dry density of soil

Determination No. 1 2 3
1. Mass of empty core-cutter (M1), (gm)
2. Mass of core-cutter + wet soil (M2), (gm)
3. Mass of wet soil (M2-M1), (gm)
4. Volume of core-cutter (V) (cm3)
5. Bulk Density ρb={M2-M1/V} (gm/ cm3)
6. Dry Density of soil ρd= {ρ/1+w} (gm/ cm3)

b) Determination of water content of soil

Container No.
Mass of empty container with lid (M1) (gm)
Mass of container with lid and wet soil (M2) (gm)
Mass of container with lid and dry soil (M3) (gm)
Water content,
w= (Mw/Md) = {(M2-M3)/ (M3-M1)} X 100 (%)

COMPUTATIONS AND RESULTS:-

CONCLUSION:-
Experiment No.06Date:
Determination of Field Density of Soils by Sand Replacement Method
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OBJECTIVE:-
To determine in-situ density of natural or compacted soil using sand pouring cylinder.

SOIL SAMPLE:-
Fine grained or Medium grained soil.

APPARATUS:-
1. Sand pouring cylinder of 3 litre capacity with an internal diameter of 115 mm and an
internal depth of 290 mm with flange 40 mm wide mounted above a poring core and
separated by a shutter cover plate.
2. Cylindrical calibrating container of 1 litre capacity with an internal diameter of 100
mm and an internal depth of 150 mm fitted with a flange 50 mm wide and about 5
mm thick surrounding the open end.
3. Metal tray with 300 mm square and 40 mm deep with a 100 mm diameter hole in the
centre.
4. Tools for excavating holes; suitable tools such as scraper tool to make a level surface.
5. Balance
6. Containers to collect excavated soil.
7. Suitable non-corrodible airtight containers.
8. Thermostatically controlled oven with interior of non-corroding material to maintain
the temperature between 1050C to 1100C

MATERIAL:-
Clean uniformly graded natural sand passing through 600 micron. I.S. Sieve and
retained on the 300 micron I.S. sieve. It shall be free from organic matter and shall have been
oven dried and exposed to atmospheric humidity.

PROCEDURE:-
(I) Calibration of the Cylinder:
1. Measure the internal dimensions of the calibrating container and find its volume.
2. Fill the clean uniformly graded standard sand in the sand pouring cylinder upto a
height of 1cm below the top with the shutter closed. Find out initial mass of the sand,
(Mo).This mass should be maintained constant throughout the test for which the
calibration is used.
3. Allow the sand of volume equal to that of the calibrating container to run out of the
cylinder by operating the shutter. Close the shutter.
4. Place the sand cone-pouring cylinder on a paper placed on a horizontal table. Open
the shutter again and allow the sand to flow and fill the cone.
5. Close the shutter. Find the mass of sand on paper,(M1)
6. Repeat steps 2-4 at least thrice and find the mean mass,(M1)
 (II) Determination of bulk density of sand:
1. Place the sand-pouring cylinder concentrically on the top of the calibrating container
with the shutter closed making sure that constant mass (Mo) is maintained.
2. Open the shutter of cylinder and allow the sand to move into the container. When no
further movement is seen, close the shutter and find the mass of sand left in the
cylinder, (M2).
3. Repeat steps 2-3 at least thrice and find the mean mass (M2).

(III) Determination of Field density of sand:

1. Level the surface of the soil in the open field.
2. Place metal tray on the surface haring a circular hole of 10 cm diameter at the center.
Dig a hole of this diameter upto about 15 cm depth. Collect all the excavated soil soil
in a tray and find the mass of excavated soil,(M)
3. Remove the tray and place the sand-pouring cylinder concentrically on the hole. Open
the shutter and allow the sand to run into hole till no further movement of sand is
noticed. Close the shutter and determine mass of sand which is left in the cylinder,
(M3).
4. The representative sample is taken from the excavated soil for determination of water
content.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
A) Determination of Mass of sand in the cone
1. Volume of calibrating container (Vc) (ml)
2. Mass of sand in cylinder before pouring (Mo) (gm)
3. Mean Mass of sand in cone (M1), (gm)

B) Determination of Bulk density of sand

1. Mean Mass of sand left in cylinder after pouring
(M2) (gm)
2. Mass of sand filling calibrating container,
Mc=Mo-M1-M2 (gm)
3. Bulk density of sand ρs=Mc/Vc (gm/cm3)

C) Build density and unit weight of soil

1. Mass of wet soil from the hole (M)

2. Mass of sand in the hole Ms=Mo-M1-M3 (gm)
3. Mass of sand in the hole Ms= Mo-M1-M3 (gm)
4. Bulk density of soil, ρ= (M/Ms)X ρs
(gm/cm3)
5. Dry density of soil, ρd={ρ/(1+w)}
(gm/cm3)
 D) Determination of water content of soil
Container No.
1. Mass of empty container with lid (M1) (gm)
2. Mass of container with lid and wet soil (M2) (gm)
3. Mass of container with lid and dry soil (M3) (gm)
4. Mass of dry soil, Md =(M3-M1) (gm)
5. Mass of water, Mw=(M2-M3) (gm)
6. Water content ,
w= (Mw/Md) = {(M2-M3)/ (M3-M1)} X 100 (%)
7. Average

GENERAL REMARKS:-
1. While calibrating the bulk density of sand great care has to be taken.
2. The excavated hole must be equal to the volume of the calibrating container.

COMPUTATIONS AND RESULTS:-

CONCLUSION:-
Experiment No.8 Date:
Determination of Permeability of Soils
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OBJECTIVE:-
To determine the coefficient of permeability of soil.

SOIL SAMPLE:-
Clean sand.

APPARATUS:-
1. Permeameter mould of non-corrodible material having a capacity of 1000 ml, with a
internal diameter of 100= 0.1 mm and internal effective height of 127.3=0.1 mm.
2. Porous disk, 12mm thick which has permeability 10 times the expected permeability
of soil.
3. Constant head tank.
4. Graduated measuring cylinder.
5. Stop watch.
6. A meter scale to measure head.
7.
PROCEDURE:-
I) Constant Head Method
1. Place the permeameter mould assembly below constant head tank.
2. Connect the inflow to the constant level overhead tank with suitable connection.
3. Connect the overhead tank to continuous water tap and connect the drain pipe of the
overhead tank by rubber tube and leave the other end in a sink.
4. Open the air vent of the cap of the permeameter to permit escape of air so as to attain
laminar flow condition and allow the water flow.
5. Close the air valve, when all the air has been expelled from the cap.
6. Allow sufficient time for the water to flow and saturate the soil sample and eliminate
the entrapped air in the soil pores.
7. When the constant flow has been stabilized, measure the discharge for a given time,
by measuring the quantity of water collected in the beaker during that time.
8. Determine the head of water, diameter of mould and the height of sample.
9. Repeat test 3 times.
10. Calculate the coefficient of permeability by the formula given in the beaker during
that time.
II) Variable Head Method
1. Connect the permeameter to the falling head stand pipe.
2. Saturate the specimen as in the previous experiment.
3. When a steady state of flow is established measure the head above the tail water in the
bottom tank at a particular instant and after a known interval of time measure the drop
in water head.
4. Calculate the area of cross section of the stand pipe as well that of the moulded
specimen.
5. Measure the height of the sample.
6. Calculate the coefficient of permeability by the given formula
EXPERIMENTAL DATA:-
1. Diameter of stand pipe (d) = cm
2. Length of sample (L) = cm
3. Diameter of sample (D) = cm

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
I) Variable Head Method

Coefficient of
Initial Head (H1) Final Head Elapsed
Sr.No. Log (H1/H2) permeability (k)
cm (H2) cm Time (t) sec.
cm/s
1
2
3
4
5
6

II) Constant Head Method

Quantity of Time Discharge Q Coefficient of

Constant Head (h)
Sr.No. Water (Vol.) Interval (t) = vol./time permeability (k)
cm
ml sec. cc/sec cm/s
1
2
3
4
5
6
FORMULA:-

For variable head method

k = 2.3 [(aL)/(At)] log10(H1/H2)

Where,
a = area of stand pipe = π/4 d2 = cm2
A = cross sectional area of sample = π/4 D2= cm2
H1= initial head of water = cm
H2= Final head of water = cm
t = time interval = sec.

For constant head method

k = (Q/A) X (L/h)

Where,
Q = Quantity of water collected in time t,
h = head of water i.e. difference in water level in constant head tank and centre-line of
outlet pipe of permeameter mould.

COMPUTATIONS AND RESULTS

CONCLUSION
Experiment No.9 Date:
Direct Shear Test
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OBJECTIVE:-
To determine the shearing strength and related deformation of a soil.

SOIL SAMPLE:-
Dry Sandy Soil

APPARATUS:-
1. Shear box apparatus consisting of
a. Shear box, 60 mm square and 50 mm deep, divided horizontally into 2 parts.
b. Container for shear box.
c. One pair of plain and one pair of performed grid plates. (To conduct undrained
test, plain grid plates are used. For the drained test, perforated grid plates are
used.)
d. One pair of 6mm thick porous stones.
e. Base plate with cross- grooves on its top face to fit into shear box.
f. Loading pad, with a steel ball on its top.
2. Loading yoke to apply vertical stress.
3. Loading frame to distribute the load from the yoke over the specimen.
4. Calibrated proving ring for measuring horizontal force applied.
5. Dial gauges for measuring horizontal and vertical displacements.
6. Balance accurate to 0.01 gm.
7. Spatula, sample trimmer.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Mount the shear box assembly on the loading frame.
2. Set the lower part of the shear box to gear against the load jack and upper part of the
box to bear against the proving ring. Set the dial of the proving ring to zero.
3. Place the loading yoke on the loading pad and carefully lift the hanger onto the top of
loading yoke.
4. Apply the correct loading to the hanger pan.
5. Carefully remove the screws clamping the upper half to the lower half
6. Conduct the test by applying horizontal shear load to failure. Rate of strain should be
0.2 mm/min.
7. Record readings of vertical and horizontal dial gauges and proving ring at regular
intervals.
8. Conduct test on three identical soil samples under different vertical compressive
stresses.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA:-
1. Proving ring constant = kg/div
2. Weight of loading frame = kg
3. Area of cross-section of specimen = cm2
OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Normal Stress Proving Shear Shear Stress at

Normal Load P
Sr. No. σ = P/A ring Force Failure τf
(kg)
(kg/cm2) reading (kg) (kg/cm2)
1
2
3
4
5
6

COMPUTATIONS AND RESULTS:-

CONCLUSION:-
The shear parameters of the soil are:-
1. Unit cohesion, C =
2. Angle of Shearing resistance, Ф =

Analytical Graphical
Experiment No.10 Date:
Unconfined Compression Test
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OBJECTIVE:-
To determine the unconfined compressive strength of clayey soil.

SOIL SAMPLE:-
Wet Clayey Soil

APPARATUS:-
1. Compression device of any suitable type (Loading frame of capacity 2T, with
constant rate of movement).
2. Sample compacter.
3. Spilt mould 3.5 cm diameter and 7cm long.
4. Frictionless end plates of 7.5 cm diameter. (Perspex plate with silicon grease coating)
5. Oven
6. Balance sensitive to weigh 0.01 gm.
7. Containers for moisture content determination.
8. Proving ring of 0.01 kg sensitivity for soft soils and 0.05 kg for stiff soils.
9. Dial gauge (Sensitivity 0.01 mm)
10. Vernier calipers

PROCEDURE:-
1. Measure the initial and diameter of the soil specimen.
2. Place the specimen on the base plate of the load frame (sandwiched between the end
plates)
3. Place a hardened steel ball on the bearing plate. Adjust the centerline of specimen
such that the proving ring and the steel ball are in the same line.
4. Fix dial gauge to measure vertical compression of the specimen.
5. Adjust gear position on the load frame to give suitable vertical displacement.
6. Set the reading of proving ring and dial gauge to zero.
7. Start applying the load and record the readings of the proving ring dial and strain dial
for every 5 mm compression.
8. Continue loading till failure occurs or 20% vertical deformation is reached.
9. Sketch the failure pattern; measure the angle between the cracks and the horizontal if
possible.
 EXPERIMENTAL DATA:-
1. Initial diameter of specimen, D0= cm.
2. Initial length of specimen, L0= cm.
3. Initial c/s area of specimen, A0= π/4 D02 = cm3
4. Initial density of soil, ρ = gm/cc
5. Initial water content of soil, w = %
6. Proving ring constant = kg/div
7.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Least count of dial gauge =0.01

Strain dial Corrected Proving Compressive

Elapsed Axial Strain Axial
Sr. reading area AC= ring stress σ =
time ‘t’ (ε) Load P
No. (ΔL) [A0/1- ε] readings P/AC
(minutes) ΔL/LX100 (%) (kg)
mm (cm2) (div.) (kg/cm2)

1
2
3
4
5
6

COMPUTATIONS AND RESULTS:-

CONCLUSION
1. Unconfined compressive strength of the soil = qu= kg/ cm2
2. Shear strength of the soil, C= qu/2 = kg/ cm2
 Experiment No.11 Date:
Vane Shear Test
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OBJECTIVE:-
To determine the cohesive strength or cohesion of soil.

SOIL SAMPLE:-
Saturated Clay Soil

APPARATUS:-
1. Vane shear apparatus
2. Specimen container
3. Container for moisture content determination
4. Balance sensitive to weigh 0.01 gm.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Fill specimen container with the soil sample in three equal layers.
2. Place specimen container on the base of vane shear apparatus.
3. Gently lower the vane shear vanes into the specimen to their full length.
4. Note the reading of the angle of twist and switch on the machine.
5. Shearing vanes should be rotated at an uniform rate say 0.10/ s
6. Note the final reading of the angle of twist.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA:-
1. Height of vane, H= cm.
2. Diameter of vane D= cm.
3. Spring constant = kg.cm

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Least count of dial gauge =0.01

Shear
Initial Final Difference Average Water
Sr. Torque T Strength
Angle Angle in S Content w
No. (kg.cm) S 2)
(Deg.) (Deg.) Angle (deg.) (kg/cm (%)
(kg/cm2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
COMPUTATIONS AND RESULTS:-

CONCLUSION:-