WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION

Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE) Program

Grade
BASIC STATISTICS 9

LEARNING QUARTER I

MODULE WEEK 5-7

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 MODULE IN
BASIC STATISTICS

QUARTER I
WEEKS 5-7

Measures of Central Tendency and

Measures of Location

Development Teams

Writer: Gregorio P. Agatep, Jr.

Editors/Reviewers: Roque A. Domingo George A. Alonzo
Illustrator: Jeshimon C. Patoc
Lay-out Artist: Gregorio P. Agatep, Jr.
Management Team:
Vilma D. Eda Arnel S. Bandiola
Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao
Marlyn S. Ventura

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 What I Need to Know

This module is all about the measures of central tendency or more popularly known as
averages. The module is divided into four lessons: Mean, Median, Mode, and Fractiles. The
topics cover both the ungrouped and grouped data

Learning Competencies

The learners…

1. define the mean, median and mode of statistical data

2. find the mean, median and mode of ungrouped and grouped data
3. describe and illustrate the mean, median and mode of ungrouped and grouped data
4. define the quartiles, deciles and percentiles of statistical data
5. find the quartiles, deciles and percentiles of ungrouped and grouped data
6. describe and illustrate the quartiles, deciles and percentiles of statistical data

Objectives:

At the end of the module, the learners should be able to:

1. define mean;
2. find the mean of a data set;
3. define median;
4. find the median of a data set;
5. define mode;
6. find the mode of a data set;
7. define fractiles; and
8. find the different fractiles of a data set;

What I Know

Direction: Read the statements carefully and answer each item correctly. Write the letter of
your
choice on the space provided for.

For items 1 – 3, consider the data set below.

22, 29, 28, 23, 25, 27, 24, 26, 25, 21, 25

_____1. What is the mean of the distribution?

A. 22 B. 23 C. 24 D. 25

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_____2. What is the median of the distribution?
A. 22 B. 23 C. 24 D. 25

_____3. What is the mode of the distribution?

A. 22 B. 23 C. 24 D. 25

_____4. Concerning means, which does not belong to the group?

A. 14, 15, 15, 16 B. 17, 11, 13, 19 C. 17, 14, 13 D. 15, 12, 18
_____5. Concerning medians, which does not belong to the group?
A. 14, 15, 15, 16 B. 17, 11, 13, 19 C. 17, 14, 13 D. 15, 12, 18

_____6. Concerning modes, which does not belong to the group?

A. 14, 15, 15, 16 B. 17, 11, 13, 19 C. 17, 14, 13 D. 15, 12, 18

_____7. Among the measures of central tendency, which measure is sometimes not found
in the distribution?
A. Mode B. Median C. Mean D. Fractile

_____8. Which measure of central tendency has half of the cases lying below it?
A. Mode B. Median C. Mean D. Fractile

For items 9 – 15, refer to the frequency distribution at the right.

_____9. What is the mean of the Frequency Distribution of the Yield

distribution? (in number of sacks) of a Hectare
A. 72.36 B. 71.64 Planted with Rice(Palay)
C. 71.16 D. 71.2 Scores f
94 - 90 2
_____10. What is the median of the 89 – 85 2
distribution? 84 - 80 4
A. 72.36 B. 71.64 79- 75 7
C. 71.16 D. 71.2
74 - 70 15
_____11. What is the mode of the 69 - 65 9
distribution? 64 - 60 6
A. 72.36 B. 71.62 59 - 55 4
C. 71.16 D. 71.2 54 - 50 1

_____12. What is the Q1 of the distribution?

A. 65.33 B. 63.67 C. 67.28 D. 71.62

_____13. What is D2 of the distribution?

A. 65.33 B. 63.67 C. 67.28 D. 71.62

_____14. What is P32 of the distribution?

A. 65.33 B. 63.67 C. 67.28 D. 71.62

_____15. Which is equal to D5?

A. Mode B. Median C. Mean D. Fractile

_____16. Which statement is true?

A. P25 = Q1 B. D7 = Q3 C. Q3 = P72 D. D4 = P41

_____17. Which statement is false?

A. D5 = Q2 B. P88 = D9 C. D2 = P20 D. P75 = Q3

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_____18. Which is the most common measure of central tendency?
A. Mode B. Median C. Mean D. Fractile

_____19. In a dart game, Flor scored a triple 19, a double 18, and a single 20 using three
darts. What is her average per dart?
A. 18.17 B. 19 C. 19. 17 D. 37.67

_____20. The components of Gio’s grade in mathematics are written output, performance
tasks, and quarterly assessment with weights 40%, 40%, and 20%, respectively.
What will be his grade if he has 207 out of 225 for written tasks, 187 out of 200
performance task and 44 out of 50 for the quarterly assessment. Round off the grade
to the nearest integer.
A. 91 B. 92 C. 93 D. 94

Lesson

1 THE MEAN

What’s In

Before we take on the lesson, do Activity 1 first.

Activity 1: Graph Me!

Direction: Use the frequency distribution below.

1. Construct the columns for class mark, cumulative frequency, and class boundaries
2. Construct a histogram, frequency polygon, and ogives. Use graphing paper for your
graphs.

Frequency Distribution of a 100-Item Math Proficiency Test

Scores F
94 - 90 2
89 – 85 2
84 - 80 4
79- 75 7
74 - 70 15
69 - 65 9
64 - 60 6
59 - 55 4
54 - 50 1

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 What’s New

Measures of central tendency are measures that indicate the center of a

distribution. These are figures that represent the typical value in a distribution. There are
three measures of central tendency: the mean, the median, and the mode. The mean is
tackled in this lesson

What Is It
.

A. The Mean (for Ungrouped Data)

The mean (also known as the arithmetic mean) is the most commonly used measure
of central position. The mean of ungrouped data is the sum of all observations divided by the
number of observations. The mean is denoted by 𝑋̅. The formula is given by

𝑛
∑ 𝑥
𝑋̅ = 𝑖=1 𝑖, where 𝑋̅ = mean, n = number of observations, xi = observation
𝑛
∑𝑥
For brevity and simplicity, we write 𝑋̅ =
𝑛

To illustrate how to find the mean, study the following examples.

Example 1. Find the mean of the scores: 39, 44, 35, 46, 42, 40.
Solution:
There are 6 scores or observations or values, so n = 6

∑𝑥 39+44+35+46+42+40 246
𝑋̅ = = = = 41
𝑛 6 6

So, the mean score is 41.

Example 2. Gio is playing darts and has thrown 5 darts with scores 18, 20, 19, 19, and 18. If
he wants an average of 19, what must be his score in his last throw?

Solution.
Let x = Gio’s score in his last throw
n = 6 (since there are a total of 6 throws)
̅
𝑋 = 19
∑𝑥
𝑋̅ =
𝑛
18+20+19+19+18+𝑥
19 = (multiply the entire equation by 6)
6
19(6) = 94 + x
114 – 94 = x
20 = x
Hence, the score of Gio in his last throw is 20.

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The weighted mean of observations x1, x2, x3, …, xn which occur w1, w2, w3, …, wn ,
respectively is given by
∑ 𝑤𝑥
𝑋̅ = ∑𝑤
Where 𝑋̅ = mean, x = observation, and w is the corresponding weight of the observation

Example 3. Find the average rating of a Board passer if her ratings are as follows:

Area Rating Weight

General Education 83 20%
Professional Education 85 40%
Specialization 80 40%

Solution:
Note: Percentages must be converted first into decimals.

Let x1 = 83; w1 = 20% = 0.2; x2 = 85; w2 = 40% = 0.4; x3 = 80; w3 = 40% = 0.4

∑ 𝑤𝑥 𝑥1 𝑤1 +𝑥2 𝑤2 +𝑥3 𝑤3 83(0.2)+85(0.4)+80(0.4) 16.6+34.0+32.0

𝑋̅ = ∑ = = = = 80.6
𝑤 𝑤1 +𝑤2 +𝑤3 0.2+0.4+0.4 1

Hence, the weighted mean is 80.6

Example 4. Flor received her card and recorded her grades as follows:
Three subjects: 93, two subjects: 95, Three subjects: 94, One subject: 92. Find her
mean grade.
Solution:
Let x1 = 93; w1 = 3; x2 = 95; w2 = 2; x3 = 94; w3 = 3; x4 = 92; w4 = 1

∑ 𝑤𝑥 𝑥1 𝑤1 +𝑥2 𝑤2 +𝑥3 𝑤3+𝑥4𝑤4 93(3)+95(2)+94(3)+92(1) 279+190+282+92 843

𝑋̅ = ∑ = = = = = 93.67
𝑤 𝑤1 +𝑤2 +𝑤3 +𝑤4 3+2+3+1 9 9

Therefore, Flor’s mean grade is 93.67

B. The Mean (for Grouped Data)

The mean of grouped data can be found in two ways: Midpoint Method and Deviation
Method

B.1. Midpoint Method

This method uses the class mark or class midpoint. To find the mean of grouped data
using class mark, the following formula can be used: The mean for grouped data is given by
∑ 𝑓𝑚
𝑋̅ =
𝑛
where: 𝑋̅ = mean
𝑓 = frequency
𝑚 = class mark/midpoint
𝑛 = total number of observations/ total frequency

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To illustrate the method, study the following example.

Example 5. Find the mean of the frequency distribution below.

Frequency Distribution of a 100-Item Math Proficiency Test

Scores 𝑓
94 - 90 2 Steps in solving the mean using the midpoint method
89 – 85 2
1. Construct the column for class midpoints (𝑚).
84 - 80 4
2. Construct the column for 𝑓𝑚, the product of the
79- 75 7
frequency (𝑓) and class midpoint (𝑚).
74 - 70 15
3. Find the total of the column 𝑓𝑚 (∑ 𝑓𝑚)
69 - 65 9
4. Substitute ∑ 𝑓𝑚 and 𝑛 into the formula
64 - 60 6
5. Evaluate
59 - 55 4
54 - 50 1

Solution:

Follow the steps in solving the mean using the midpoint method. The steps are shown
in the next table.

Scores 𝑓 𝑚 𝑓𝑚
94 - 90 2 92 184
89 – 85 2 87 174
84 - 80 4 82 328 Now,
79- 75 7 77 539 ∑ 𝑓𝑚
𝑋̅ =
74 - 70 15 72 1080 𝑛
69 - 65 9 67 603 3560
=
64 - 60 6 62 372 50
59 - 55 4 57 228 = 71.2
54 - 50 1 52 52
n = 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑚 = 3560

Therefore, the mean of the distribution is 71.2

B.2. Deviation Method/Coding method

This method uses deviations or codes from the class containing the assumed mean.
∑ 𝑓𝑑
The mean for grouped data is given by 𝑋̅ = 𝑥𝑎 + ( )𝑖
𝑛
where, 𝑋̅ = mean
𝑥𝑎 = assumed mean (class mark of the chosen class interval)
𝑓 = frequency
𝑑 = coded deviation
𝑛 = total number of observations/ total frequency
𝑖 = class size

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To illustrate the method, study the following example

Example 6. Find the mean of the frequency distribution below

Frequency Distribution of a
100-Item Math Proficiency Test

Scores 𝑓 Steps in solving the mean using the deviation method

1. Choose a class interval
94 - 90 2
2. Construct the column for the deviations (𝑑).
89 – 85 2
In constructing the deviations, set the deviation of the
84 - 80 4
chosen class interval to zero. Add one (1) to the next class
79- 75 7 “above” and so on until the highest-class interval is reached.
74 - 70 15 Subtract one (1) to the next class interval below and so on until
69 - 65 9 the lowest class interval is reached
64 - 60 6 3. Construct the column 𝑓𝑑, the product of the frequency (𝑓)
59 - 55 4 and class deviations (𝑑).
54 - 50 1 3. Find the total of the column 𝑓𝑑 (∑ 𝑓𝑑)
4. Substitute ∑ 𝑓𝑑,and 𝑥𝑎 , 𝑖, and 𝑛 into the formula
5. Evaluate
Solution:
Follow the steps in solving the mean using the deviation method. The steps are shown
in the next table. Let us choose a class interval say, 74 – 70, so 𝑥𝑎 = 72 and 𝑖 = 5

Scores 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓𝑑 Now,
94 - 90 2 4 8 ∑ 𝑓𝑑
89 – 85 2 3 6 𝑋̅ = 𝑥𝑎 + ( )𝑖
𝑛
84 - 80 4 2 8 −8
79- 75 7 1 7 = 72 + ( ) 5
50
74 - 70 15 0 0 = 72 − 0.8
69 - 65 9 -1 -9 ̅
𝑋 = 71.2
64 - 60 6 -2 -12
59 - 55 4 -3 -12
54 - 50 1 -4 -4
n = 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 = −8

Example 7. Find the mean of the frequency distribution below

Frequency Distribution of the Heights of SSC Students

Height (in) F
45-47 1
48-50 2
51-53 4
54-56 10
57-59 12
60-62 8
63-65 5
66-68 4
69-71 2
Total n = 48

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Note: The difference of the frequency distributions in Example 6 and Example 7 should be
clear to you. The previous is a descending frequency distribution while the current frequency
distribution is an ascending frequency distribution.

Solution:
Follow the steps in solving the mean using the deviation method. The steps are shown
in the next table. Let us choose a class interval say, 54 – 56, so 𝑥𝑎 = 55 and 𝑖 = 3
Height (in) 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓𝑑
45-47 1 -3 -3
Now,
48-50 2 -2 -4
∑ 𝑓𝑑
51-53 4 -1 -4 𝑋̅ = 𝑥𝑎 + ( )𝑖
54-56 10 0 0 𝑛
58
57-59 12 1 12 = 55 + ( ) 3
48
60-62 8 2 16
= 55 + 3.62
63-65 5 3 15
𝑋̅ = 58.62
66-68 4 4 16
69-71 2 5 10
Total n = 48 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 = 58

Remarks:
1. The mean is the most used measure of central tendency.
2. The mean is the mathematical center of the distribution.
3. It is used with symmetric, unimodal distributions.
4. Data is at least interval in nature.
5. It is sensitive to “outliers” (extremely low or extremely high score) in the distribution.

It is your turn. Practice your skill by taking the following activity.

What’s More

Activity 2: Find Mean-nie

Direction. Find the mean of the of the distributions.

1. A: 34, 45, 43, 29, 30, 36, 39 42, 33, 35, 40, 38, 35, 33, 37

2. B: 78, 75, 79, 81, 70, 78, 76, 72, 74, 78, 73, 76, 71, 81, 80, 73

3. Frequency distribution of the Ages (in years) of COVID-19 Cases

Ages Frequencies (𝑓)

10 - 19 2
20 - 29 3
30 - 39 9
40 - 49 12
50 - 59 10
60 - 69 5
70 - 79 2
n = 43

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Solve the problems

1. The mean score of the first 5 games of Alaska Aces is 92.6. What must be their score in
the next game if the team wants to increase their mean score to 93?

2. A tricycle driver’s income in the past 6 days were 870, 920, 790, 880, 900, and 910. What
must be his income on the 7th day to have a daily average income of 880?

What I Have Learned

1. The mean of ungrouped data is the sum of all observations divided by the number of
observations. The mean is denoted by 𝑋̅. The formula is given by
∑𝑛 𝑥
𝑋̅ = 𝑖=1 𝑖, where 𝑋̅ = mean, n = number of observations, xi = observations
𝑛
2. The weighted mean of observations x1, x2, x3, …, xn which occur w1, w2, w3, …, wn,
respectively is given by
∑ 𝑤𝑥
𝑋̅ = ∑𝑤
𝑋̅ = mean, 𝑥 = observation, and 𝑤 is the corresponding weight of the observation
3. The midpoint method uses the class mark or class midpoint. The mean for grouped
∑ 𝑓𝑚
data is given by 𝑋̅ =
𝑛
Where: 𝑋̅ = mean
𝑓 = frequency
𝑚 = class mark/midpoint
𝑛 = total number of observations/ total frequency
4. This deviation method uses deviations or codes from the class containing the assumed
∑ 𝑓𝑑
mean. The mean for grouped data is given by 𝑋̅ = 𝑥𝑎 + ( )𝑖
𝑛
where, 𝑋̅ = mean
𝑥𝑎 = assumed mean (class mark of the chosen class interval)
𝑓 = frequency
𝑑 = deviations/codes
𝑛 = total number of observations/ total frequency
𝑖 = class size

What I Can Do

Take your log of your household’s daily consumption of electricity and water. Take the
mean of these consumptions.

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 Lesson

2 THE MEDIAN

What’s In

Before we take on the lesson, do Activity 1 first.

Activity 1: Finding Mean

Direction. Find the mean of the distributions

1. A: 109, 120, 123, 112, 108, 117, 114, 119, 110, 115, 116, 122

2. B: 1120, 1109, 1125, 1122, 1124, 1117, 1112, 1118, 1121

3. Frequency Distribution of the Daily Income of Tricycle Drivers in Laoag City

Income F
826-850 3
801-825 6
776-800 11
751-775 12
726-750 9
701-725 4
676-700 3
651-675 1
626-650 1

What’s New
Another measure of central tendency is presented here. The median is the
midpoint of the distribution. It is a point where half of the observations lie below it and the
other half of the observations lie above it.

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 What Is It
.
A. The Median (for Ungrouped Data)

Given a data set, care should be exercised in finding the median.

Steps:
1. Arrange the observations in an ascending order or descending order
2. Observe 𝑛, the number of observations, it is either odd or even.
3. For the odd case, the median is the middle observation. For the even case, the median is
the average of the two middle observations.

Remark: We will use Md to denote the median.

To illustrate how to find the median, study the examples below.

Example 1: Find the median of the distribution 34, 45, 43, 29, 30, 36, 39 42, 33, 35, 40, 38,
35, 33, 37

Solution:

Arrange the observations in an ascending order.

29, 30, 33, 33, 34, 35, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,42, 43, 45,

There are 15 observations, so it is an odd case

The median is the middle observation. Thus, Md = 36

Note: If the distribution is arranged in a descending order, the same answer is arrived at.

Example 2. Find the median of the distribution 78, 75, 79, 81, 70, 78, 76, 72, 74, 78, 73, 76,
71, 81, 80, 73
Solution:
Arrange the observations in a descending order.
81, 81, 80, 79, 78, 78, 78, 76, 76, 75, 74, 73, 73, 72, 71, 70

There are 16 observations, so it is an even case.

The median is the average of the two middle observations.

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 76+76

Md = = = 76
2 2

B. Median (For Grouped Data)

There are two ways of finding the median, using the lower class boundary or using
the upper class boundary.

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Method 1: Using the lower class boundary

The formula in finding the median of grouped data using the lower class boundary is
given by
𝑛
−<𝑐𝑓𝑏
2
𝑀𝑑 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( )𝑖
𝑓𝑚
Where: 𝑀𝑑 = median
𝐿𝐶𝐵 = lower class boundary of the median class
𝑛
= locator of the median class
2
𝑛 = total frequency
< 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = cumulative frequency just below the median class
𝑓𝑚 = frequency of the median class
𝑖 = class size

To illustrate how to find the median, study the following examples.

Example 1. Find the median of the frequency distribution.

Frequency Distribution of a 100-Item Math Proficiency Test

Scores 𝑓 Steps in finding the median of grouped data
94 - 90 2 1. Construct the < 𝑐𝑓 column
89 – 85 2 2. Locate the median class. Use the locator,
𝑛
2
84 - 80 4 3. After the median class is located, identify the
79- 75 7 𝐿𝐶𝐵, < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 , 𝑓𝑚 , 𝑖
74 - 70 15 4. Substitute the the required quantities in the
69 - 65 9 formula
64 - 60 6 5. Evaluate
59 - 55 4
54 - 50 1

Solution:
Follow the steps in finding the median. Step 1 is shown in the following table.

Scores 𝑓 < 𝑐𝑓 𝑛 50
Step 2: = = 25. The locator is 25.
94 - 90 2 50 2 2

89 – 85 2 48 What is meant by 25?

84 - 80 4 46 • It means the median is the 25th
case/observation.
79- 75 7 42
What is meant by < 𝑐𝑓?
74 - 70 15 35
69 - 65 9 20 • For the class 69-65, there are at most 20
cases found within or below it.
64 - 60 6 11
• For the class 74-70, there are at most 35
59 - 55 4 5
cases found within or below it. Hence this is
54 - 50 1 1
the class containing the 25th case.
𝑛 = 50

So, the median class is 74-70 (the highlighted class).

Step 3: 𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 69.5, 𝑖 = 5, 𝑓𝑚 = 15, < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 20

14
Steps 4 and 5 are shown below.
𝑛
−<𝑐𝑓𝑏 25−20
𝑀𝑑 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( 2 ) 𝑖 = 69.5 + ( )5 = 69.5 + 1.67 = 71.17
𝑓𝑚 15

Example 2: Find the median of the frequency distribution.

Frequency Distribution of the Heights of SSC Students

Height (in) f
45-47 1
48-50 2
51-53 4
54-56 10
57-59 12
60-62 8
63-65 5
66-68 4
69-71 2
Total n = 48
Solution:
Follow the steps in finding the median. Step 1 is shown in the following table.

Height (in) 𝑓 < 𝑐𝑓 Step 2:

𝑛
=
48
= 24. The locator is 24. The 24th
45-47 1 1 2 2
48-50 2 3 case is contained in the class 57 – 59.
51-53 4 7
54-56 10 17 Step 3: 𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 56.5, 𝑖 = 3, 𝑓𝑚 = 12, < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 17
57-59 12 29
𝑛
60-62 8 37 −<𝑐𝑓𝑏
2
Steps 4 and 5: 𝑀𝑑 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( )𝑖
63-65 5 42 𝑓𝑚
24−17
66-68 4 46 = 56.5 +( )3
12
69-71 2 48
= 56.5 + 1.75 = 58.25
Total n = 48

Method 2: Using the upper class boundary

The formula in finding the median of grouped data using the lower class boundary is
given by
𝑛
− >𝑐𝑓𝑎
2
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑈𝐶𝐵 − ( )𝑖
𝑓𝑚
where 𝑀𝑑 = median
𝑈𝐶𝐵 = upper class boundary of the median class
𝑛
= locator of the median class
2
𝑛 = total frequency
> 𝑐𝑓𝑎 = cumulative frequency just above the median class
𝑓𝑚 = frequency of the median class
𝑖 = class size

To illustrate how to find the median, study the following examples. We are going to use the
same frequency distributions found in the previous 2 examples to compare the results and to
distinguish the differences of the 2 methods.

15
Example 3. Find the median of the frequency distribution.
Frequency Distribution of of a 100-Item Math Proficiency Test

Scores 𝑓 Steps in finding the median of grouped data

94 - 90 2
89 – 85 2 1. Construct the > 𝑐𝑓 column
𝑛
84 - 80 4 2. Locate the median class. Use the locator,
2
79- 75 7 3. After the median class is located, identify the
74 - 70 15 𝑈𝐶𝐵, > 𝑐𝑓𝑎 , 𝑓𝑚 , 𝑖
69 - 65 9 4. Substitute the required quantities in the formula
64 - 60 6 5. Evaluate
59 - 55 4
54 - 50 1

Solution:
Follow the steps in finding the median. Step 1 is shown in the following table.
𝑛 50
Scores 𝑓 > 𝑐𝑓 Step 2: = = 25. The locator is 25.
2 2
94 - 90 2 2 What is meant by 25?
89 – 85 2 4 • It means the median is the 25th
84 - 80 4 8 case/observation.
79- 75 7 15 What is meant by > 𝑐𝑓?
74 - 70 15 30 • For the class 79-75, there are at most
69 - 65 9 39 15 cases found within or above.
64 - 60 6 45 • For the class 74-70, there are at most
59 - 55 4 49 30 cases found within or above it.
54 - 50 1 50 Hence this is the class containing the
𝑛 = 50 25th case.
•
So, the median class is 74-70 (the highlighted class).
Step 3: 𝑈𝐶𝐵 = 74..5, 𝑖 = 5, 𝑓𝑚 = 15, > 𝑐𝑓𝑎 = 15

Steps 4 and 5 are shown below.

𝑛
−>𝑐𝑓𝑏 25−15
2
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑈𝐶𝐵 − ( ) 𝑖 = 74.5 − ( ) 5 = 74.5 − 3.33 = 71.17 (Same answer as the
𝑓𝑚 15
one we have in Example 1)

Example 4: Find the median of the frequency distribution.

Frequency Distribution of the Heights of SSC Students
Height (in) F
45-47 1
48-50 2
51-53 4
54-56 10
57-59 12
60-62 8
63-65 5
66-68 4
69-71 2
Total n = 48

16
Solution:
Follow the steps in finding the median. Step 1 is shown in the following table.

Height (in) 𝑓 > 𝑐𝑓 Step 2:

𝑛
=
48
= 24. The locator is 24. The 24th
45-47 1 48 2 2
48-50 2 47 case is contained in the class 57 – 59.
51-53 4 45
54-56 10 41 Step 3: 𝑈𝐶𝐵 = 59.5, 𝑖 = 3, 𝑓𝑚 = 12, > 𝑐𝑓𝑎 = 19
57-59 12 31
𝑛
60-62 8 19 −>𝑐𝑓𝑏
2
Steps 4 and 5: 𝑀𝑑 = 𝑈𝐶𝐵 − ( )𝑖
63-65 5 11 𝑓𝑚
24−19
66-68 4 6 = 59.5 −( )3
12
69-71 2 2
= 59.5 − 1.25 = 58.25
Total n = 48

Remarks:
1. Use the median when the extreme values (outliers) distort the mean. The median is not
affected by outliers
2. Use the median when the problem requires the exact midpoint of the distribution.

It is your turn. Practice your skill by taking the following activity.

What’s More

Activity 2: Find Medi-an

Direction. Find the median of the of the distributions.

1. A: 109, 120, 123, 112, 108, 117, 114, 119, 110, 115, 116, 122

2. B: 1120, 1109, 1125, 1122, 1124, 1117, 1112, 1118, 1121

3. Frequency Distribution of the Daily Income of Tricycle Drivers in Laoag City

Income 𝑓
826-850 3
801-825 6
776-800 11
751-775 12
726-750 9
701-725 4
676-700 3
651-675 1
626-650 1

17
 What I Have Learned

1. The median is the midpoint of the distribution.

2. For ungrouped data, the median is found in two ways, depending whether the number of
observations I odd or even
Odd case: Median is the middle case of the ordered array
Even case: Median is the average of the middle cases in the ordered array.
3. For grouped data, the median is found in two ways: using the upper class boundary or
using the lower class boundary. The formulas are
𝑛 𝑛
− >𝑐𝑓𝑎 −<𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑈𝐶𝐵 − ( 2 )𝑖 or 𝑀𝑑 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( 2 )𝑖
𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚

What I Can Do

Take your log of your household’s daily consumption of electricity and water. Take the
median of these consumptions.

Lesson

3 THE MODE

What’s In

Before we take on the lesson, do Activity 1 first.

Activity 1: Finding Mean-nie and Medi-an.

Direction. Find the mean and median of the distributions.

1. A: 67, 63, 68, 70, 69, 61, 60, 65, 72, 64, 66, 71

2. B: 109, 107, 102, 103, 107, 108, 104, 101, 106

18
3. Frequency distribution of the waistlines of Grade 9 students
Waistline 𝑓
15-17 2
18-20 3
21-23 8
24-26 15
27-29 7
30-32 3
33-35 2

What’s New
Another measure of central tendency is presented here. The mode is the
most frequently appearing observation in the distribution. It is used when the scores are in
the nominal level. For ungrouped data, the mode does not require any computation.
Inspection is enough

What Is It
.
A. The Mode (For Ungrouped Data)

Given a distribution, the mode is the observation that appears most often. We use Mo
to denote the mode of a distribution. To illustrate the method in finding the mode, study the
following examples.

Example 1: 16, 20, 15, 15, 19, 16, 17, 12, 11

The mode is Mo = 15 (Since 15 occurred twice while the rest occurred just once)

Example 2: 56, 53, 54, 56, 54, 57, 60, 58, 51, 52

There are two modes of the distribution: Mo = 56, and 54

Example 3: 110, 101, 106, 104, 109, 103, 102, 107

There is no mode since there is no observation which is most frequently appearing

observation in the distribution.

As far as the mode is concerned, distributions can be classified as unimodal,

bimodal, trimodal, polymodal, or non-modal.

Unimodal – the distribution has one mode

Bimodal – the distribution has 2 modes
Trimodal – the distribution has 3 modes
Polymodal – the distribution has 2 or more modes
Non-modal – the distribution has no mode

19
B. The Mode (For Grouped Data)

There are two ways of finding the mode, using the lower class boundary or using the
upper class boundary, just like the median.

B.1. Finding the mode using the lower class boundary

The formula in finding the mode of a grouped data is given by

𝑓𝑀𝑜 −𝑓1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( )𝑖
2𝑓𝑀𝑜 −𝑓1 −𝑓2
where
𝑀𝑜 = mode
𝐿𝐶𝐵 = lower class boundary of the modal class
𝑓𝑀𝑜 = frequency of the modal class
𝑓1 = frequency just “above” the modal class
𝑓2 = frequency just “below” the modal class
i = class size

Remarks:
The modal class is the class interval with the highest frequency.
“Above“ means moving up the distribution
“Below” means moving down the distribution

To illustrate how to find the mode of the distribution using the lower class boundary,
study the following example.

Example 1: Find the mode of the frequency distribution

requency Distribution of of a 100-Item Math Proficiency Test

Scores 𝑓 Solution: The modal class is 74-70

94 - 90 2 𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 69.5; 𝑓𝑀𝑜 = 15; 𝑓1 =7; 𝑓2 =9; 𝑖 = 5
89 – 85 2
84 - 80 4 𝑓𝑀𝑜 − 𝑓1
79- 75 7 𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( )𝑖
2𝑓𝑀𝑜 − 𝑓1 − 𝑓2
74 - 70 15 15 − 7 4
69 - 65 9 𝑀𝑜 = 69.5 + ( ) 5 = 69.5 + ( ) 5
2(15) − 7 − 9 7
64 - 60 6 𝑀𝑜 = 72.36
59 - 55 4 Therefore, the mode of the distribution is 72.36
54 - 50 1

B.2. Finding the mode using the upper class boundary

The formula in finding the mode of a grouped data is given by

𝑓𝑀𝑜 −𝑓2
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑈𝐶𝐵 − ( )𝑖
2𝑓𝑀𝑜 −𝑓1 −𝑓2
where
𝑀𝑜 = mode
𝑈𝐶𝐵 = lower class boundary of the modal class
𝑓𝑀𝑜 = frequency of the modal class

20
 𝑓1 = frequency just above the modal class
𝑓2 = frequency just below the modal class
i = class size

To illustrate how to find the mode of the distribution using the upper class boundary,
study the following example.

Example 2: Find the mode of the frequency distribution

Frequency Distribution of a 100-Item Math Proficiency Test

Scores 𝑓 Solution: The modal class is 74-70

94 - 90 2 𝑈𝐶𝐵 = 74.5; 𝑓𝑀𝑜 = 15; 𝑓1 =7; 𝑓2 =9; 𝑖 = 5
89 – 85 2
84 - 80 4 𝑓𝑀𝑜 − 𝑓2
79- 75 7 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑈𝐶𝐵 − ( )𝑖
2𝑓𝑀𝑜 − 𝑓1 − 𝑓2
74 - 70 15 15 − 9 3
69 - 65 9 𝑀𝑜 = 74.5 − ( ) 5 = 74.5 − ( ) 5
2(15) − 7 − 9 7
64 - 60 6 𝑀𝑜 = 72.36 (same answer as we have above)
59 - 55 4
54 - 50 1

Example 3: Find the mode (using both methods) of the frequency distribution

Frequency Distribution of the

Heights of SSC Students Using the lower class boundary
Modal class = 57-59
Height (in) F 𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 56.5; 𝑈𝐶𝐵 = 59.5 ; 𝑓𝑀𝑜 = 12; 𝑓1 =8;
45-47 1 𝑓2 =10; 𝑖=3
48-50 2 𝑓𝑀𝑜 − 𝑓1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( )𝑖
51-53 4 2𝑓𝑀𝑜 − 𝑓1 − 𝑓2
54-56 10 12 − 8 4
57-59 12 𝑀𝑜 = 56.5 + ( ) 3 = 56.5 + ( ) 3 = 58.5
2(12) − 8 − 10 6
60-62 8 Using the upper class boundary
63-65 5 𝑓𝑀𝑜 − 𝑓2
66-68 4 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑈𝐶𝐵 − ( )𝑖
2𝑓𝑀𝑜 − 𝑓1 − 𝑓2
69-71 2 12 − 10 2
𝑀𝑜 = 59.5 − ( ) 3 = 59.5 − ( ) 3 = 58.5
2(12) − 8 − 10 6

It is your turn. Practice your skill by taking the following activity.

21
 What’s More

Activity 2: Find Mode-y

Direction. Find the mode of the of the distributions.

1. A: 109, 120, 123, 112, 108, 117, 114, 109, 110, 115, 116, 122

2. B: 1120, 1109, 1125, 1122, 1124, 1117, 1112, 1118, 1121, 1122

3. Frequency Distribution of the Daily Income of Tricycle Drivers in Laoag City

Income 𝑓
826-850 3
801-825 6
776-800 11
751-775 12
726-750 9
701-725 4
676-700 3
651-675 1
626-650 1

What I Have Learned

1. Given a distribution, the mode is the observation that appears most often.
2. As far as the mode is concerned, distributions can be classified as unimodal, bimodal,
trimodal, polymodal, or non-modal.
3. The formula in finding the mode of a grouped data is given by

𝑓𝑀𝑜 −𝑓1 𝑓𝑀𝑜 −𝑓2

𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( )𝑖 or 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑈𝐶𝐵 − ( )𝑖
2𝑓𝑀𝑜 −𝑓1 −𝑓2 2𝑓𝑀𝑜 −𝑓1 −𝑓2
where
𝑀𝑜 = mode
𝐿𝐶𝐵 = lower class boundary of the modal class
𝑈𝐶𝐵 = upper class boundary of the modal class
𝑓𝑀𝑜 = frequency of the modal class
𝑓1 = frequency just “above” the modal class
𝑓2 = frequency just “below” the modal class
i = class size

22
 What I Can Do

Take your log of your household’s daily consumption of electricity and water. Take the
mode of these consumptions.

Lesson

4 FRACTILES

What’s In

Before we take on the lesson, do Activity 1 first.

Activity 1: Finding Mean-nie, Medi-an, Mode-y.

Direction: Find the mean, median, and mode of the distributions.

1. A: 21, 25, 22, 21, 27, 29, 22, 21, 28

2. B: 210, 212, 208, 210, 214, 206, 210, 211, 209

3. Frequency Distribution of a 30-Item Test

Score 𝑓
9-11 2
12-14 5
15-17 6
18-20 15
21-23 9
24-26 7
27-29 2

What’s New
Fractiles are special point measures in the distribution. The median is also
considered a special point measure since it divides the distribution into two. Other special
point measures are quartiles, deciles, and percentiles. These point measures are also called
quantiles.

23
 What Is It
.
The basis in finding the different fractiles is the median. Just like the median, these
have locators, fractile class, lower class boundary (𝐿𝐶𝐵), cumulative frequency just below the
fractile class (< 𝑐𝑓𝑏 ), frequency of the fractile class(𝑓𝑓 ), and class size (i).

If the median divides the distribution into two (mid), quartiles divide the distribution
into 4 (quarter), deciles divide the distribution into 10 (deci), and percentiles divide the
distribution into 100 (centum/centa)

The notations used here are, 𝑄𝑘 for quartiles, 𝐷𝑘 for deciles and 𝑃𝑘 for percentiles
where
𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, 4 for quartiles
𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, …, 10 for deciles, and
𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, … , 100 for quartiles

The greatest difference in the fractiles lie in the locator. The locators are

𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑛
for quartiles, for deciles, and for percentiles where 𝑛 = total frequency. Once
4 10 100
the locator is identified, the other required quantities are not difficult to find.

Recall that in finding the median, you need to construct the < 𝑐𝑓 column. The same is
true with the fractiles, the < 𝑐𝑓 must be constructed. There is so much similarity in finding the
median and the fractiles.

To illustrate how to find these fractiles, study the following examples.

Example 1. Find 𝑄1 , 𝐷9 , and 𝑃62 of the frequency distribution below.

Frequency Distribution of of a 100-Item Math Proficiency Test

Scores 𝑓 Steps in finding the fractile
94 - 90 2 1. Construct the < 𝑐𝑓 column
89 – 85 2 2. Locate the fractile class. Use the locator
84 - 80 4 3. After the fractile class is located, identify the
79- 75 7 𝐿𝐶𝐵, < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 , 𝑓𝑓 , 𝑖
74 - 70 15 4. Substitute the the required quantities in the
69 - 65 9 formula
64 - 60 6 5. Evaluate
59 - 55 4
54 - 50 1

24
Solution:

Follow the steps in finding the fractile. Step 1 is shown in the following table.

Scores 𝑓 < 𝑐𝑓 For 𝑸𝟏 :

94 - 90 2 50 𝑘𝑛 1(50)
Step 2: = = 12.5. The locator is 12.5.
89 – 85 2 48 4 4
What is meant by 12.5?
84 - 80 4 46
79- 75 7 42 • It means that 𝑄1 is the 12.5th observation.
74 - 70 15 35 What is meant by < 𝑐𝑓?
69 - 65 9 20 • For the class 69-65, there are at most 20
64 - 60 6 11 cases found within or below it. Hence this is
the class containing the 12.5th case.
59 - 55 4 5
So, the quartile class is 69-65 (class with gold
54 - 50 1 1
highlight)
𝑛 = 50

Step 3: 𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 64.5, 𝑖 = 5, 𝑓𝑓 = 9, < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 11

Steps 4 and 5 are shown below.
𝑘𝑛
−<𝑐𝑓𝑏 12.5−11
𝑄1 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( 4 ) 𝑖 = 64.5 + ( )5 = 64.5 + 0.83 = 65.33
𝑓𝑓 9

For 𝑫𝟗 :

𝑘𝑛 9(50)
Step 2: = = 45. The locator is 45. What is meant by 45?
10 10
• It means that 𝐷9 is the 45th observation.
What is meant by < 𝑐𝑓?
• For the class 84-80, there are at most 46 cases found within or below it. Hence this is
the class containing the 45th case. So, the decile class is 84-80 (class with green
highlight)
Step 3: 𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 79.5, 𝑖 = 5, 𝑓𝑓 = 4, < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 42
Steps 4 and 5 are shown below.
𝑘𝑛
−<𝑐𝑓𝑏 45−42
𝐷9 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( 10 ) 𝑖 = 79.5 + ( )5 = 79.5 + 3.75 = 83.25
𝑓𝑓 4

For 𝑷𝟔𝟐 :

𝑘𝑛 62(50)
Step 2: = = 31. The locator is 31. What is meant by 31?
100 100
• It means that 𝑃62 is the 31st observation.
What is meant by < 𝑐𝑓?
• For the class 74-70, there are at most 35 cases found within or below it. Hence this is
the class containing the 31st case. So, the decile class is 74-70 (class with blue
highlight)
Step 3: 𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 69.5, 𝑖 = 5, 𝑓𝑓 = 15, < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 20
Steps 4 and 5 are shown below.
𝑘𝑛
−<𝑐𝑓𝑏 31−20
100
𝐷9 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( ) 𝑖 = 69.5 + ( ) 5 = 69.5 + 3.67 = 73.17
𝑓𝑓 15

25
Example 2: Find 𝑄3 , 𝐷4 and 𝑃18 of the frequency distribution.

Frequency Distribution of the Heights of SSC Students

Height (in) F
45-47 1
48-50 2
51-53 4
54-56 10
57-59 12
60-62 8
63-65 5
66-68 4
69-71 2
Total n = 48

Solution:

Follow the steps in finding the fractile. Step 1 is shown in the following table.

Height (in) 𝑓 < 𝑐𝑓 For 𝑸𝟑 :

45-47 1 1 𝑘𝑛 3(48)
Step 2: = = 36. The locator is 36. The 36th
48-50 2 3 4 4
51-53 4 7 case is contained in the class 60 – 62. (Gold
54-56 10 17 highlight)
57-59 12 29 Step 3: 𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 59.5, 𝑖 = 3, 𝑓𝑓 = 8, < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 29
3𝑛
60-62 8 37 −<𝑐𝑓𝑏
63-65 5 42 Steps 4 and 5: 𝑄3 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( 4 )𝑖
𝑓𝑓
66-68 4 46 36−29
69-71 2 48 = 59.5 + ( )3
8
Total n = 48 = 59.5 + 2.63 = 62.13

For 𝑫𝟒 :

𝑘𝑛 2(48)
Step 2: = = 9.6. The locator is 9.6. The 9.6th case is found in the class 54 – 56
10 10
(Green hghlight)
Step 3: 𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 53.5, 𝑖 = 3, 𝑓𝑓 = 10, < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 7
Steps 4 and 5 are shown below.
𝑘𝑛
−<𝑐𝑓𝑏 9.6−7
𝐷4 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( 10 ) 𝑖 = 53.5 + ( )5 = 53.5 + 1.3 = 54.8
𝑓𝑓 10

For 𝑷𝟏𝟖 :

𝑘𝑛 18(48)
Step 2: = = 8.64. The locator is 8.64. The 8.64th case is contained in the class 54
100 100
– 56 (Green highlight)
Step 3: 𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 53.5, 𝑖 = 3, 𝑓𝑓 = 10, < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 7
Steps 4 and 5 are shown below.
𝑘𝑛
−<𝑐𝑓𝑏 8.64−7
𝑃18 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + (100 ) 𝑖 = 53.5 + ( ) 5 = 53.5 + 0.82 = 54.32
𝑓𝑓 10

It is your turn. Practice your skill by taking the following activity.

26
 What’s More

Direction: Find the required fractiles

1. Frequency Distribution of the Daily 2. Frequency Distribution of a 30-Item

Income of Tricycle Drivers in Laoag Test
City Score 𝑓
Income 𝑓 9-11 2
826-850 3 12-14 5
801-825 6 15-17 6
776-800 11 18-20 15
751-775 12 21-23 9
726-750 9 24-26 7
701-725 4 27-29 2
676-700 3 Find: 𝑄1 , 𝑄3 , 𝐷3 , 𝐷6 , 𝑃42 and 𝑃91
651-675 1
626-650 1
Find: 𝑄1 , 𝑄3 , 𝐷4 , 𝐷7 , 𝑃8 and 𝑃87

What I Have Learned

1. Fractiles are special point measures in the distribution.

2. Quartiles divide the distribution into 4 (quarter), deciles divide the distribution into 10 (deci),
and percentiles divide the distribution into 100 (centum/centa)
3. The formulae are
𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑛
−<𝑐𝑓𝑏 −<𝑐𝑓𝑏 −<𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑄𝑘 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( 4 )𝑖 𝐷𝑘 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + ( 10 )𝑖 𝑃𝑘 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + (100 )𝑖
𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓

Assessment

Direction: Read the given questions carefully and answer each item correctly. Write the letter
of your choice on the space provided for.

_____1. In a dart game, Flor scored a triple 20, a double 19, and a single 18 using three
darts. What is her average per dart?
A. 38.67 B. 39 C. 19 D. 30

_____2. Which fractile divides the distribution into ten?

A. Quartile D. Percentile C. Median D. Decile

_____3. Which is not equal to the median?

A. D5 B. P50 C. Q2 ̅
D. 𝑋

27
_____4. Concerning modes, which best describes a distribution with two peaks?
A. Unimodal B. Bimodal C. Trimodal D. Non-modal

_____5. An extremely low score is found in a distribution. Which measure of central

tendency is most appropriate to describe the center of the distribution?
A. Fractile B. Mean C. Median D. Mode

For items 6 – 8, consider the data set below.

220, 290, 280, 230, 250, 270, 240, 260, 250, 210, 250

_____6. What is the mean of the distribution?

A. 220 B. 230 C. 240 D. 250

_____7. What is the median of the distribution?

A. 220 B. 230 C. 240 D. 250

_____8. What is the mode of the distribution?

A. 220 B. 230 C. 240 D. 250

_____9. Concerning means, which does not belong to the group?

A. 24, 25, 25, 26 B. 27, 21, 23, 29 C. 27, 24, 23 D. 25, 22, 28

_____10. Concerning medians, which does not belong to the group?

A. 24, 25, 25, 26 B. 27, 21, 23, 29 C. 27, 24, 23 D. 25, 22, 28

_____11. Concerning modes, which does not belong to the group?

A. 24, 25, 25, 26 B. 27, 21, 23, 29 C. 27, 24, 23 D. 25, 22, 28

_____12. Among the fractiles, which is not equal to the median?

A. D5 B. P50 C. Q2 ̅
D. 𝑋

_____13. Which measure of central tendency has the greatest number of observations?
A. Mode B. Median C. Mean D. Fractile

_____14. What is the mean of the distribution with a double 23 and a triple 25?
A. 24 B. 24. 2 C. 24.25 D. 24.5
For items 15 - 20, refer to the frequency distribution below.

Frequency Distribution of of a 100-Item Math Proficiency Test

Scores F
74 - 70 1
69 – 65 4
64 - 60 6
59- 55 9
54 - 50 15
49 - 45 7
44 - 40 4
39 - 35 2
34 - 30 2

28
_____15. What is the mean of the distribution?
A. 52.8 B. 52.83 C. 51.64 D. 52.36

_____16. What is the median of the distribution?

A. 52.8 B. 52.83 C. 51.64 D. 52.36

_____17. What is the mode of the distribution?

A. 52.8 B. 52.83 C. 51.64 D. 52.36

_____18. What is the Q1 of the distribution?

A. 45.93 B. 47.71 C. 49.83 D. 51.64

_____19. What is D2 of the distribution?

A. 45.93 B. 47.71 C. 49.83 D. 51.64

_____20. What is P32 of the distribution?

A. 45.93 B. 47.71 C. 49.83 D. 51.64

29
Answer Key

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References
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