Joining Data in SQL RIGHT JOIN UNION ALL

Cheat Sheet
A right join keeps all of the original left table
_ right table
_ result after RI T OIN
GH J
The UNION ALL operator works just like UNION, but it SELECT artist_id

records in the right table and returns id left val

_ id left val _ id left val left val
_ _
returns duplicate values. The same restrictions of UNION FROM artist

missing values for any columns from 1 L1 1 R1 1 L1 R1 hold true for UNION ALL UNION ALL

Learn SQL online at www.DataCamp.com the left table where the joining field
did not find a match. Right joins are
far less common than left joins,
2
3
L2
L3
4
5
R2
R3
4
5 null
L2 R2
R3 Result after

SELECT artist_id

FROM album;
UNION ALL
because right joins can always be re- 4 L4 6 R4 6 null R4

> Definitions used throughout this cheat sheet

written as left joins. left right
id val Result after UNION ALL:
1 A
Result after RI G HT JOIN: id val id val 1 A
artist_id
RI HT JOIN on one field 1 A 1 A 1
G
artist_id name album_id title name 1 B
2
Primary key:
Foreign key:
SELECT *
1 AC/DC 1 For those who rock 1 1 B 4 A 2 A 3
A primary key is a field in a table that uniquely identifies A foreign key is a field in a table which references the FROM artist as art
1 Aerosmith 2 Dream on 2 2 A 5 A 3 A 6
each record in the table. In relational databases, primary primary key of another table. In a relational database, RI T OIN album AS al
GH J b
2 Aerosmith 3 Restless and wild 2 3 A 6 A 4 A
keys can be used as fields to join tables on. one way to join two tables is by connecting the foreign ON art artist_i alb album_i ;
. d = . d 2 AC/DC 4 Let there be rock 1 4 A 4 A
key from one table to the primary key of another. 3 null 5 Rumours 6 5 A

FULL JOIN
One-to-one relationship:
One-to-many relationship:
6 A
Database relationships describe the relationships In a one-to-many relationship, a record in one table can
between records in different tables. When a one-to-one
relationship exists between two tables, a given record in
be related to one or more records in a second table.
However, a given record in the second table will only be
A full join combines a left join and
right join. A full join will return all left table
_ right table
_
result after FULL OIN
J

id left val left val

INTERSECT
one table is uniquely related to exactly one record in the
_ _

related to one record in the first table. records from a table, irrespective of id left val
_ id left val_
1 L1 R1
other table. whether there is a match on the 1 L1 1 R1
2 L2 null
The INTERSECT operator returns only identical rows from two tables. SELECT artist_id

joining field in the other table, 2 L2 4 R2 FROM artist

Many-to-many relationship:
returning null values accordingly. 3 L3 5 R3
3 L3 null left table right table INTERSECT

Result after

_ _

In a many-to-many relationship, records in a given table ‘A’ can be related to one or more records in another table ‘B’, 4 L4 6 R4
4 L4 R2
id val id val INTERSECT SELECT artist_id

and records in table B can also be related to many records in table A. 5 null R3 FROM album;
6 null R4 1 N1 1 N1 id val

> Sample Data FULL JOIN on one field

Result after FULL JOIN:
artist_id
1
name
AC/DC
album_id
1
title
For those who rock
name
1
1 N1
3 L3
4 R2
5 R3
1 N1 Result after INT RS
artist_id
1
E CT:
E

SELECT 4 L4 6 R4 2
Artist Table Album Table 1 AC/DC 4 Let there be rock 1
*

FROM artist as art

2 Aerosmith 2 Balls to the wall 2
EXCEPT
artist_id name album_id title artist_id FULL OUTER OIN album AS al 2 Aerosmith 3 Restless and wild 2
J b

1 AC/DC 1 For those who rock 1 ON art artist_i alb album_i ; 3 Alanis Morissette null null null
. d = . d

2 Aerosmith 2 Dream on 2
3 Alanis Morissette 3 Restless and wild 2 null null 5 Rumours 6
The EXCEPT operator returns only those rows from SELECT artist_id

CROSS JOIN
4 Let there be rock 1 the left table that are not present in the right table.
5 Rumours 6
FROM artist

EXCEPT

SELECT artist_id

INNER JOIN CROSS OIN creates all possible combinations of two

J

tables. CROSS OIN does not require a field to join ON.

J
SELECT name, title

FROM artist

left table
id
_

val
right table
id
_

val
Result after

EXCEPT
FROM album;
An inner join between two tables will left table right table CROSS OIN album; Result after XCEPT:
1 N1 1 N1
E

id val
_ _ J

return only records where a joining id left val id left val artist_id
field, such as a key, finds a match in
_ _

result after INNER OIN result after

Result after CROSS JOIN: 1 N1 4 R2 3 L3 1
1 L1 1 R1
J
CROSS OIN
both tables. id left val left val
J

name title 2
2 L2 4 R2
_ _
id1 id2 AC/DC For those who rock 3 L3 5 R3 4 L4 3
1 L1 R1 table 1 table 2
3 L3 5 R3 1 A AC/DC Dream on 4 L4 6 R4
4 L4 R2 id1 id AC/DC Restless and wild
4 L4 6 R4 1 B
A2
SEMI JOIN
1 AC/DC Let there be rock
1 C AC/DC Rumours
INN R JOIN oin ON one field 2 B Aerosmith For those who rock
2 A
E j

SELECT 3 Aerosmith Dream on

C
A semi join chooses records in the first table where a SELECT
*

FROM artist AS art Result after INN R JOIN: 2 B Aerosmith Restless and wild
*

condition is met in the second table. A semi join makes FROM album

INNER OIN album AS al

E

2 Aerosmith Let there be rock use of a W ERE clause to use the second table as a filter
album_id name artist_id C
W ERE artist_i IN

J b

ON art artist_i alb artist_i ; Aerosmith Rumours for the first.

H H d

1 AC/DC 1 3 A SELECT artist_id

. d = . d

Alanis Morissette For those who rock

(

INN R JOIN with USIN 1 AC/DC 4

3 B Alanis Morissette Dream on
FROM artist ;
Result after

)
E G
2 Aerosmith 2
SELECT *

2 Aerosmith 3 3 C Alanis Morissette Restless and wild left table

_ right table
_ SEMI OIN
Result after Semi oin:
J

FROM artist AS art

Alanis Morissette Let there be rock id col1 col2 id col1
j

INNER OIN album AS al

J b
Alanis Morissette Rumours album_id title artist_id
USIN artist_i ; 1 A B 2 B 1 For those who rock 1
Set Theory Operators in SQL
G ( d)

SELF JOIN 2 B C 3 C 2 Dream on 2

3 Restless and wild 2
3 C
Self-joins are used to compare values in a table to other values of the same table by joining different parts
of a table together. 4 D
SELECT

alb1 artist_i ,

. d

alb1 title AS alb1_title,

Result after Self oin:

artist_id
j

alb1_title alb2_title
UNION

UNION ALL
INTERSECT EXCEPT
ANTI JOIN
1 For those who rock For those who rock
UNION
.

alb2 title AS alb2_title

The anti join chooses records in the first table where a SELECT
2 Dream on Dream on
. *

FROM album AS alb1

condition is NOT met in the second table. It makes use of FROM album

INNER OIN album AS alb2

2 Restless and wild Dream on a W ERE clause to use exclude values from the second W ERE artist_i NOT IN

1 Let there be rock For those who rock

J H H d

ON alb1 artist_i alb2 album_i ;

. d = . d The UNION operator is used to vertically combine the results SELECT artist_id
table. (SELECT artist_id

of two SELECT statements. For UNION to work without errors, FROM artist
FROM artist ;
LEFT JOIN
)

all SELECT statements must have the same number of UNION

Left table after

columns and corresponding columns must have the same SELECT artist_id
left table right table ANTI OIN
Result after Anti oin:
_ _ J

A left join keeps all of the original left table right table result after LEFT OIN data type. UNION does not return duplicates. FROM album; id col1 col2 id col1
j

album_id title artist_id

_ _ J

records in the left table and returns id left val id left val id left val left val
1 A B 1 A
missing values for any columns from
_ _ _ _

Result after UNION: 5 Rumours 6

1 L1 1 R1 1 L1 R1 Result after UNION
the right table where the joining field artist_id 2 B C 4 D
did not find a match.
2 L2 4 R2 2 L2 null id val 1
3 L3 5 R3 3 L3 null left right 1 A 2 3 C
id val id val 3
4 L4 6 R4 4 L4 R2 1 B 4 D
1 A 1 A 2 A 1
Result after L FT JOIN:
E 1 B 4 A 2
3 A
L FT JOIN on one field
E
artist_id name album_id title name 2 A 5 A 2
SELECT 4 A 1
*
1 AC/DC 1 For those who rock 1 3 A 6 A
FROM artist AS art
1 AC/DC 4 Let there be rock 1 5 A 6
LEFT OIN album AS al 4 A
J

ON art artist_i alb album_i ;

. d =
b

. d
2
2
Aerosmith
Aerosmith
2
3
Dream on
Restless and wild
2
2
6 A
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3 Alanis Morissette null null null