Exercise 41 Bxs 4 Refer to Fig, 43(a). For vj = 0, the diode conducts and presents a 7e10 voltage drop. ‘Thus v9 = vj. For uy < 0, the diode i eu off, zero cureat flows through R and vo = 0. The resull isthe transfer characteristic in Fig, Ba. Ex 42 See Fig. 4.3a and 43h, During the positive half of the sinusoid, the diode is forward biased, so it conducts resulting in vp = 0. During the negative half eycle ofthe input signal x, the diode is rovers biased. The diode does not ‘conduct, resulting in no current flowing in the iret. $0 2 = O and ty = 24 = vg = 0p. Tis results in the waveform showa in Fig. B42. sv » ask © = 4 v-ov o+s 5 eh =2mA 25k oe | 3v0= ° Vo v=3Vv Q vo ino $4 1-3 =3ma o 1 Ex AS Veg = 2 0 zw 50+ Bie R=3133k2Exorcise 4-2 Ex: 4.6 Equation (4.5) mot 2a¥bo(!) Atroom temperature Vj ssa io (et) 15 mV “aM =15mVv Ex i= 10!" 0 1 (ma) = bye @ Dividing (1) by (2), we obtain (may > v= 07 +0025 Iniy where isin ma. Thus, fori =0.1 ma, y= 0.7 + 0.025 In(0.1) = 0.64 V and for = 10.mA, y= 07+ 0.025 In(10) Ex48 AP = 12525 0 se Lass i = LIT x 108A, fx: — ty Exe atic 1 = A Tha Since the reverse leakage current doubles for every 10°C increase, at 40°C 4x MAS 4A SV =4nAxIMO=40V @vc Fitna ! asv SV ap x1eoasv Ex: 4.10 a, Use iteration: Diode has 0.7 V drop at | mA current Assume Vo S07 TKR Use Bg, (4.5) and note that av ln 0.43 ma Vi=O7V, h=1ma R= 0K I, -sv ¥, venv=23x vebo(#) le ¥.423 x Velo First iteration vs 7-428 «25 x 10 og?) os19v ‘Second iteration 7424 «283.10 e( 2) = 067 ~068V wwe get almost the same voltage. The iteration yields 4BmA, Ve bo 06s v . Use constant voltage drop model: Vo =0.7 V constant voltage drop 5-07 bo 143. mA TOK wv Diodes have 0.7 V drop at 1 mA Lim = bee ® ‘Ata current (mA), yet0l @ Using (1) and (2), we obtainExercise 43) Foran output voltage of 2:4 V, the voltage drop o sromectne a8 [Now f.the curren through each diode is y —eowonvans stoma 10-24 Shox 10> 290 bxsz @ osy 3-07 Dav asun $f Lama v oO o 4sv aay ve1s07 coy =1av 10a} $2510 ny + v © Bs 414 For small signal model, Alp = Avo/ts o vr Ty For exponential model, whore rs inherExorcise 44 Mp = fon — oy = inne” — iy = ip (er —1) @ Inthis problem, ip) = fy = 1 mA. Using Bgs. (1) and @) with Vp = 25 mV. we cobain ‘Avp (mV) Aip(mA) Alp (mA) small exponential signal af 0 04 03s bl = -02 018 ce] 45° 402 4022 a] 410 404 4049 Ex 4t5 415V, R hk + oy, AVo _20mVv ‘4 Inthis problem, =229. Ai, Ima ‘Total small-signal resistance of the four diodes 200 2» 4 Foreach dds y= 9? = 5 2, Ve, _25mV Baty = FE os Sp = 3m andR= "23 2440. ‘Sima b For Vo =3 V. voltage drop across cach diode 5 o7sv ip = Ise! iy _ Sx 107 7x10" A Is © Wig -1=4ma. cot xh hag v= ven( #2) 25x wx (EO 7x10 = 07443 Voltage drop aeeoss 4 diodes =4x 07443 ow so change in Vo = 3~2.977 = 23 mV. Ex 416 Fora zener diode Ve = Vin + here 10= Vea 4001 x 50 Van =9.5V For fe =5 mA, Vp =95 40.005 x 50= 9.15 Foe fy = 20mA, V,=95 +002 x 50=105V e Sy 056 ‘The minimum zener eurrent should be Sxln x 1=Sma, Since the load current can be as large as 15 mA, ‘we should select so that with J, = 15 mA, a zener current of S mA is available. Thus the current should be 20 mA, leading to _ 15-56 ~ Soma “Maximum power dissipated inthe diode occurs when fp = Ois 409. Poy = 20% 10 x 5.6= 12 mVExercise 45 Bx 4ts Isv noon 341 sag 795m “Thus, atno load V, = $1 3 Ms For line regulation: Line reputation For load egulation: 2000 =" Al, Vas AVo _ Ales | 2002) ah. ‘Al, mA ‘4. The diode stats conduction at w= Vp=07V ey = Vysinot, here V, = 12 Aton =9, 25 = Vysin# = Vp =0.7V 1av3sing Conduction starts at @ and stops at 180— 2. 180 — 20 = 175.2" "ulema wou ge fang vas 1 yeose— voslf? yl Neos — voslez Ect = Yor 0) Note = Butcose 1, cose) —1, and xe 2, Yn soe ae ve Ve nz For, x 2 «. The peak diode eurrent occurs atthe peak diode voltage. = _Vi-V_ PIV = +¥, = 12v3, =v a Asshown in the diagram, the outputs 280 between (r —6) 10 (+0) =»Hero 0 is the angle at which the input signal reaches Vo, [osmesoee| «. Peak current acours when Peak current Visin (x /2)— Vp R If opis 12 Vere), then V, = V2 x 12 = 12V3 Pak current = [Nonzero output occurs for angle ~ 2 (4 — 20) "The fraction of the eycle for which vy > 0 is oem = 22 «7 afn—2an(,%)] fo GAN) = css Average output voltage Vo is 07 =101¥ Exorcise 4-6 Ex:42 \ (0) Vane = 3 f Wusind —2¥o) 46 [-Vecos$ 2965-3 [v,cos@ = V, cost = 0) = V(t = 299] But cosd © 1 cos (x — 8) = n- 20% m.TWws = Vom = =2¥%y 2A 4 gay (b) Peak diode current Feskrotoge Vin _ 19-14 100 = ivi D, age % wh ie diodes ‘The ripple voltage isthe amount of voltage reduction during capacitor discharge that occurswhen the diodes are not conccting. The ouput voltage is given by yet tepid Wea stmt are v.=¥,(1-e#) @ QED, ‘To find the average diode curent, note thatthe ‘charge supplied to C during conduction is equal tothe charge lost during discharge. seman = Quest cyt =CV, SUB (@) om — 1) 1= phe = 3 where w/t is the conduction angle, [Note that the conduction angle as the same ‘expression as forthe given by Bq, (4.30), oat Substituting for @Ar, we get xy jn +h Since the output is approximately held at Vp My Beh Thus “discharge is omly half Exercise 47 1f1=0 isa the peak, the maximum diode current ‘occurs at the onset of condiction or at? = —e2A ring conduction, the diode euerentis given by cf (Vp 08 ot) +f —Crinest oy th —C sin Vy be Fora smal contusion angle sin(—oA1) ~ ~o-Thas > foma = CORE Os Sub (6) 10 get so iom =v Subst 1g = Daf and using (a) together with J, reslts in rsa Bx: 423 voltage ‘The ouput voltage, vo, can be expressed as 20 = (Vp —2¥o) eH Atte end ofthe discharge imerval va =Vp—2Vn—¥e “The discharge occurs almost over half oF the time period = 1/2. .t For ime constant RC >Bxorcise 48 tL Ex:424 w-m(-Fo8) > V,= (Vp —2Vo) = Vp Vp 7 2Ke Here Vj 122d V;, “The diode has 0.7 V drop at 1 mA current ‘Without considering the ripple voltage, the de Tma pasts owen i) 4029 = I2V2-2x08=154V Foe) =10mV, v= 0 = 10mV [f sipple voltage is included, the output voltage is tis am ideal op amp, si, v, =1V2-2x08-% = 149v TOMY yo, 149 Tk " i= 1%, sors i008 nasi e848) 507 ‘The conduction angle wt can be obtained using ™ 4, (4.30) but substituting Vp = 1272 —2 x 08: 4 = %+ 10m ye [ee =058+001 “5 “Vina-axos =059v = 036 rad = 207° Foru=1V "The average and peak dinde currents can be t= 4 =1V ‘calculated using Eqs. (4.34) and (4.35): wm 1 2V3—2 x 0.8 and V, = 1 Vs thus Tha ~ Tk ep =07V Vp =O7V4 1k TMA mans = Vs —Voo = 12V2— 08 = 16.2 ¥ “To provide a safety margin, select a diode capable a eet * ‘of a peak current of 3.5 10 4A and having a PIV rating of 20 V,Exercise 49 1%, > 0~ diode is cut off, loop is open, and the ‘opamp ie saturate wo =0V 1) <0 ~ diode conducts and closes the negative feedback loop: Fx: 4.26 1K 1oKa. oth diodes are eu off for-SV 24 = +5V and vo = v4 For 9) = ~5 Vs diode D conduets and ost tants) (25+4)v For; 2 5 V, diode Dy conducts and L w= 4545 (0-3) Ex: 427 Reversing the diode results in the peak ‘output voltage being clamped at 0 V: % 4 ov Here the de component of vy = Vo = SV4 19 1sv ! ve @ 19 1sv ' Yo o (2) The diode is reverse biased, thus 150A Vp =—15V (@) The diode is forward biased, thus Vp =0V 42 Refer o Fig. PA. (@) Diode is conducting, thus (6) Diode is conducting, thus Vav B=) TOK (@) Diode is reverse biased, thus 06 ma, Chapter 41 43 @ Hiv o aay aan ¥p=32G) Conduct +1V $ave cot 44 @ osv =0V Vp =-5V f= 1kHeChapter 4-2 © wy =0V Neither Dy nor D; conducts @ 0 there fs no output ye =3v, ov, f=1kHe Both D, and D, conduct when 2 > 0 © sv aS SV Vp sur , conducts when 2) > O and D3 conducts when 1, <0. Thus the output follows the input. lp kw 0 Ve =5V Vj =0V, f= 1kHe Dy iseut off when vy <0 © Vp OV. Vp SSM fake D, shorts to ground when 2 > Oand i cu off when 2, < O whereby the output folloes 2, ) y= OV v9 = OV ~The output is always shorted to ground as Dy conducts when 2) > Oand Dy conducts when 07 <0. 0 Vo =SV. Vp =-25V f= bie When 2, > 0, D, iseut offand vy follows wy, When 07 < 0, Dy is conducting and the circuit becomes a voltage divider where the negative peak is 1k Theses @ sV=-25V Vp =SV. Vp =-25V, fst hte ‘When 2; = 0, the output follows the input as Dy is conducting When x < 0, Dy iscut off and the eireit becomes a voltage divider. © Vp = 1M, Vp SAV. f= 1 RH When 07 > 0, Dy is cut off and Dy is conducting. ‘The output becomes 1 V. When 27 = 0, Dy is conducting and Dis cutoff. “The outpa becomes: tivChapter 4-3 rom Fig. P45 e see that when 2 < Vy thai, 1, <3 V,D, will be conducting the current J and fg willbe zero. When vy exceeds the batlery voltage (3 V},D, cuts off and Ds conducts, thus steering / into the battery. Thus, ig will have the waveform shown inthe figure. Is peak value will be 60 mA. To oan the average value, we first determine the conduction angle of Ds, (r — 28), where o ‘Thos 9 = 180" — 60 “The average value of fp will be 0 x 129 20mA If the peak value of 2 is reduced by 10%, i, from 6 V to 54 V the peak valve of fe does not ‘change. The conduction angle of Ds however, ‘changes since now becomes a snd ths n-w=115" “Ths the average valle of iy becomes ox 1125" inlay = = 18.75 ma 46 Ajaix|y jofololo oftiola riool1 tiiaia N=AB Y=A+B Xand ¥ are the same for a Nand Yate opposite it A # B 4.7 The case forthe highest current ina single lode is when only one input is high wasv vs AE s02mA > R= 25K2 44.8 The maximum input current occurs when one input is low and the other two are high 49 « (@) If we assume that both D; and Ds are conklcting, thon V = OV and the current in Dz will be [0 — (=3)]/6 = 0.5 mA. The curent in the 12 K2 will he (3 —0)/12 = 0.25 mA. A node ‘equation at the common anodes node yilds | pegative cureat in D,. It follows that our assumption is wrong and D, must be off. Now ‘making the assumption that Dis off and Da is on, ‘we obtain the results shown in Fig. (8)Chapter 4 Distant to conduct when vy > 0 slope = ¥ (&) 1m (0), he two resistors are interchanged ‘With some resoning, we cam sce that the curent supplied through the 42 resistor will exceed that daw thvogh the 12-49 ess, leaving For OV: Dison, vp 0.25 mA, v 4.10 The analysis is shown onthe circuit Yoga) “25 diagrams below. asv ag 12sv 120y2 an R= 242k 0 Wo “The largest reverse voltage appearing across the osma diode is equal tothe peak input voltage: 1203 = 169.7 otqaty = 25mA Sma reverse diode voltage: Ve © ¥9 “These figures belong to Problem 4.10, Vegans = rovers biased 10 | 10= Ska. sa fsa xe 7 SX 00 20K0. =2sv —isv V= 04x 20-2¥ @Chapter 4-5) 4a wo 35V ° -isv L rot) asv ° Yo jg = LIS in 35mA fnjpeay™ 38m iogap = 17SmA Vago = 1S 4s ® D » Rv ‘conduction occurs 1) =A sin@ = 12-~ conduction through D Fora conduction angle (wr — 20) that is 259 of a eycle x1 mT ost a *, Poak-to-poak sine wave voltage d=MV Given the average diode current to be 1 faAsing 12 x Sa 46 = 100mA ey =o 068 Peak reverse voltage = A+ 12 =29V For resistors specified to only one significant digit and peak-to-peak voltage to the nearest volt, choose A = 17 so the peak-to-peak sine wave voltage — MV and R — © Canton sa a 1) =An@ = Vine = 12 a) ‘Conduction stops at Praction of eyele that current ows is 2=™ 5 100 = 25% Average diode current 28)" scan reer ohg= aap oxees 0 OFF OFF = No current flows 3V OFF ON Dz conducts aa7 v= 7 where 38 x 10 /K = 8.62 x 10 5eV/K eve 0 x 10",Chapter 4-6 Thus Vp = 862 x 10% x OT xs°O).V 21°C] | Vs [mv 35) 188 028s 455) 283 4125 M43 for Vp =25 mV at IPC 418 = Tye 10,0001 = Ise" y=0230¥ AL v=07Y, 1, E003 = 145 « 1 hk mage errr 10 = eh" ia) For Vp = 021 ¥, ner e Combining (1) and 2) gives 1o-Ze7! anes = 149 mA, For Vp = 08, eon ° ‘Combining (1) and (3) gives 10 x es a7nas = 546 mA, Simi ly. for Vp = 0.09 V we obsain 10°? x e007 005 = 0.67 ma, and for Vp = 0.6 V we have 10-204 07)0005 = 183 HA ‘To increase the current by a factor of 10, Vi must be increased by AVp, 10 421 Fy canbe found by using Jy = fp se Leta decrease by a factor of 10 in fn result in a decrease of Vp by AV: pevorr ly ee ‘Taking the ratio ofthe shove to equations, we have =e" > av omv “Thus the result in cach case is a decrease inthe diode voltage by 60 mV. (2) Vp =0.700V, ty =f = 691 10a; 10% of fp gives Vn = 0.68 V (©) Vp =0.650V, fy =1 mA Sh = Sill x 103 10% of Ip gives Vp =0.59.V ©) Vo = 0.650 V, fp = 1084, Spy 5.11 10 A: 10% of fp gives Vn =0.59.V 00 V. ty 691 x10" A: 00 mA 10% of fy gives Vn = 0.84. 422 Jy canbe found by using Jy Ip-e¥or Let an increase by a factor of 10 inf result in an Increase of Vp by AV: Ip=heoltr Oly = Hy MOSM I Mole AVN ‘Taking the ratio ofthe above two equations, we have w=" > av ~6omv “Thus the resis an increase inthe diode voltage by 60 mV. Similarly, a fp/10, Vp is reduced by 60 mY,Chapter 47 ma, 070, Ip Sly= 691 x10 A: In x WO gives Vn = 0.76 ¥ In 110 gives Vo = 0.64 ¥ (©) Vp = 0.0 V. Ip Fy =691 10" A; mA Jy 10 gives Vy =0.76V Ip] gives Vp = 0.64 V 080 V, Ip 127 x 10" a: 0A In x WO gives Vn = 0.86 ¥ 74 In/10 gives Vp (@) Vp =070V, fy = 1 mA, 31s = 691 x10" A; Jy «10 gives Vy =0.76¥ In| 0 gives Vp = 0.64V (©) Vp =O6V, fy = 10HA SV = 37810 A In x WO gives Vn =0.66¥ Ip/ 10 gives Vp = 054V 4.23 The voltage across three diodes in series is 2.0 V: thus te voltage acros each diode must be 0.067 V. Using fp = fee", the requited ‘current Fis found to be 3.9 mA. IC mai drawn away from the etc, Fp will be 2.9.mA, which would give Vi = 0.794 V, giving an output voltage of 1.98 V, The change in output voltage is =22 mv. 424 Connecting an identical diode in parallel would reduc the current in each diode by a factor ‘of 2. Writing expressions forthe currents, we have In =e by 2 ‘Taking the ratio ofthe above two equations, we have ye” ebOlr @ AYN AVI => AV i73mv ‘Thas the result isa decease in the diode voltage by 17.3 mV. Jon = bet" o Jn = Inge e ‘Summing (1) and (2) gives Us) + tone” 1 T= ly +1) et e) Fob) web ven ven( te) Ao. (3)cn ete 1a ty ev (v4 l2) ® dow 2 a ~ TF Ulla) We similarly obtain 1 T¥ lta) bosChapter 4-8 “The junction areas ofthe four diodes must be related by the same ratios as their currents, thus Ay = 2As = 44, =5A, With fy = 0.1 ma, 0.1402 4044+08=15 mA 4.27 We can write a node equation atthe anodes: Ins = =e = TMA yy =h=3mA ‘We can writ the following equation forthe diode voltages: v os — Vor 1 Dy has saturation current Js, then Dy, which is 10 times larger, has saturation current Ole. Thus Jon = ben Iny = 1Olyet™ "7 ‘Taking the ratio ofthe two equations above, we have tox Tov = uns) <7 mv Think aie = Ve med tenet In Solving the above equation with silat 1D mA, wwe find fp = 4.76 mA. ton pmous — 4,4 4.28. We can write the following node equation at the diode anos: 1oma—viR VR des Jo ‘We can writ the following equation forthe diode voltages: ‘ms — Vou ‘We can write the following diode equations get yeti ‘Taking the ratio ofthe wo equations above, we have Jin _ Wma ~ VIR VR Tox ‘Toachieve V = 50 mV. we need Tax Wm A= 005K oosaass Tn 0057 Solving the above equation, we have R=22 4.29 For a diode conducting a constant current, the diode voltage decreases by approximately 2 sn per increase of I°C. T= ~20°C corresponds to temperature decrease of 40°C, which results in an increase of the diode voltage by 80 mV. Thus Vp = 770 mV. T= +85°C corresponds to a temperature increase of 65°C. which rests ina decrease of the diode veltage by 130 mV. Thus Vp = $60 mV. 430 +10¥ yi! x Daw vy, DW vy, Ane: Va =¥ Ry =520k2 520mV SK Since the reverse curtent doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature, at 47°C, 1 =4 pA os 480-423 1x 25log4. Si6mV Vey =4 WA x 520 k2 = 2.08 V wey ot ALOG = THA 3x1 x logsChapter 4-9 431 Fora diode conducting a constant curent, the diode voltage decreases by approximately 2 mV per increase of °C. ‘A dccrease in Vp by 100 mV corresponds to 8 junction temperature increase of 50°C. ‘The power dissipation is given by PD = WA) 06 V) =6W “The thermal resistance ix given by 8aC/W 4.32 Given wo different voltagefcurrent ‘measurements for adiode, we can write Ins = tee?" Ian = Wye “Taking the ratio ofthe above two equations, we have bos = pent Iyen-YOV¥F Vy — Von z Von — Von For Jy = 1 mA, we have AV=\, we) oe 3x 107A) Assuming Vp changes by ~2 mV per 1°C increase in temperature, we have, for +20°C changes: For For/y = 3mA, $58 mV = Vp = 638 mV “Ths the overall range of Vp is between 530) mV snd 638 mV. Ima, 530 mV = Vp = 610 mV 4.33 Given two different votagefcurrent measurements fora diode, we have he np, ePO-YOF 5 Voy — Vpn In oto Jon =ven( #2) Forth fist diode wih fy = 0.1 mA and Vp = 700 mV, we have Ip = 1 mA: 5) =85mv Vo For the second diode, with Jy =1 and Vo, 700 mV, we have Jy = 10 ma: Vp = SS5mv For both Ip = 1.0 mA and J dlerence between the two diode voltages is ‘approximately 230 mV. Since, fora fixed diode csrtent, the diode voltage changes with temperature ata constant rate (-2 mV per °C temp. increase), this voltage difference will be independent of temperature! . Yon Wve W . baa Calculate some points ov. iG o, = 0.03 ma, MOV. 1 = 0.2 mA, ITV, FLAS mA, ‘Make a sketch showing these points and load line land determine the operating point. The points for the load line are obtained using Yoo — Vn ® IChapier 4-10 Diode characteristic ol wy) From this sketch one can sec thatthe operating point must le between 9 = 0.65 V tov = 0.7 V v(t) =0.601V Ford 03 mA.0 For] =0.4 mA, » =0668 V [Now we ean refine the diagram to obtain a better oa MGA) 03s 030, vy O00 0.068 067 rom this graph we get the operating point O58 mA, w = 0.6085 V [Now we compare graphical results with the ‘exponential model =awisrv ‘The difference botwoon the exponential model and graphical results is = 0.6637 — 0.5635, = 0.0002 V =02mv = 10 A= 10? mA Use the iterative analysis procedure: 2. vox vito!) ~omasin( 2) ows 10.6607 _ 4 5303 ma, i » 2. vp onnsin( 22) = one v 4 vp =o1asie( 222) = ocasy Stop here as we ae geting almost same value of Tn and Vo Ase soon 1-07 osKa b) Diode has 0.7 V drop at I mA current. Use Bq. 43) 06 mA, aly nines 423 t(*) Lesorv 07 '*05ka. ema = 06872 10.6872 ca 0.6255 ma.Chapter 4-11 3 907423 00254 = 0.6882 V — 006882 O5k2 6235 ma 23 = 07423 0005i09( 2 ) = 00882 = 0.6882 O5ka Stop as we are getting the same result. 6235 mA, 4.37 We frst find the value off, forthe diode, siven by fs = Joe"??? with Jy = I mAand Vo = 0.78 V. This gives = 9.36 56 10-7 A, Inder to have 3:3 V aero the 4 series-connected diodes, each diode drop must be 10.325 V. Applying this voltage tothe diode gives ‘neat fp = 20.1 mA, We a then find the reso vale using Isv=33V *= orm 28 4.38 Constant voltage drop model v-o7 Using v9 = 07 V. ior Using 0 = 006 Vs i For the difference in currents to be only 1%, > loa = 1.01iny ¥=06=1.01(v 07) v=107Vv For V =3Vand R “Tas the percentage difference i 4%. 4239 Available diodes have 0.7 V drop at 2 mA ‘current since 2Vp = 14 V is close to 1.3 V, use N parallel pairs of diodes to split the 1 mA current ‘evenly, shown inthe figure next. “The voltage drop across each pai of diodes is 1.3V.. Voltage drop across each diode i 065 V. Using L = 2048 a7 oans 0.2707 ma ‘Thus current through each branch fs 0.2707 mA, ‘The 1 mA will splitia = l aay = 3 branches. Choose N “There are pats of diodes in *. Wenced 8 diodes. Carrot through each par of diodes 1A a25ma 4 *, Voliage cross each pir [or +o0sm(223)] 296 ‘SPECIAL NOTE: There is another possible design utilizing ony 6 diodes and realizing a voltage of 1.313 V. Iteconsists ofthe series ‘connection of 4 parallel diodes and 2 parallel diodes, 4.40. Refer to Example 4.2 @© In= Yo = 4a © 29 1S “ 104 120(10) +07 =36V ay 1K 10k. coo Bf Chapier 4-12 © aay vy + Cutotr(Chapter 4-13, ” (©) See analysis on Fig. (b). av 1=0.133maA veov ang 4a 10] 10=5k2 So7v— 41V0 ov v D, v 10 ' 20K. 5Xio+ io =25v © ska - VF ska Oma asv Vv =0072 x 20 =1.44V (©) The diode will be cut off, thus @ +aV sasma} 3 xa, sory 38-025 Fy 0, 0133 ma on 423k 1203 = 160.7 V. “The design is essentially the same since the supply voltage >> 0.7 V 44.46 Use the exponential diode model to find the €) Ip = 92 ~ 9.204 m : the current (0) m= 929 —g204 a porenape change nthe V=-3+0.294 x6=—1.23V ipa her Cec that Ds Voge te anode of fas Drevin -123807~-083VMhich keeps D, off, For +5 mV change we obtainChapier 4-14 or 5 mV change we obtain “8 10:7, vp willbe saturated at +10V and it is because = 1 mA. Similarly, for 2 < 10.7 V, vp will be saturated at “10 V. For = 05 mA, the output will saturate at Sma x10k2 = 5, uW 4.53 Representing the diode by the small-signal resistances the circuit i (ei) For phase shift of —45°, we obtain ~45 ta "(2x 100 10°10 «005 i023) SIH 1STHA 137 Now {varies from “7 A to 137 x 10 WA io wu Range i 15.7 WA to 1570 WA Range of phase shit is -84.3° 10 —5.71°Chapier 4-18 454 455 v ve e k 4 Yo g - avy 1 @ M% neo ave Rim gy LoL ‘Smalksignal mel (@) From the small-signal model vor R ve uae ave te Vo, Smalsignal model (b) Hm diodes aren series, we ohn Vo __mre___nr BV fire R tive TR Ve vi—07 Sav nvr ie, Hy UOT cia = Ip “Wea V¥ 07 * ma 251s -07 my ip * 0025 415-07 | “*ma i” Io 2 499mA — asmvyv wavsot In=SmA pa Vn0? 15-09 wwe To Sma Ismv/v R= 286k BV nV, FSO(Chapter 4-19 Diode should be a 5-mA unit that sit conducts SmA at Vp = 0.7 V, thus 5x 10? = Jye07™ y= 346 10 (6) Form diodes connected in series we have Vi 07m a ae Ve— 0am * mv avr To mV Vom *! mV; V8 0.7m “Tp VE OFm + mV 45 Yo bof R, Diode has 0.7 V drop at 1 mA current Vo = 15 V when Ry = 15k In= be" 110) = ye Shy 091 108A Voltage drop across cach dio Io = Hee¥!"0 = 6.91 x 10-1 5 780028 38 mA ma 7 {Use a cmallsignal model to find voltage Vp when the value of the load resistor, Ri, changes: Vp _ 0.025 Th 738 349 ‘When load ix disconnected, all the current J lows through the diode. Thus Alp =1 ma AVo = My 2re x 2x34 ox mv —34mv Alp = -20m8 AVo = -2x2 x34 =13.6 mvChapier 4-20 457 458 th =15V4 AN, bof varies from 2107 mA “To supply load curent of 2to 7 mA, the cusent ( lteration #1 T must be greater than 7 mA. So can be only 10 mA.or 15 ma, Vo =07V Vo = 2p =14V Now let us evaluate AVo for both 10-mA and 1S-mA sources, For the 10-mA source: Since f, varies from 2t0°7 mA the curently varry from 8 to 3 mA. ‘Correspondingly, the voltage across cach diode Ip =1~h, = 18-933 = 867 mA ‘changes by AViy where eration #2: = a1y=25n(3) ats vere ant te tog: changey 528 soma With = 15 mA, the diodes current changes from eration #3: 13 to 8 mA. Correspondingly the voltage across Vo = 07 +0005 m(*23) BS dt, = 9.287 : 180ma so any=ash( 8) =-r28 av t Ip = 8.753 ant ne oe ngs by Softee nso a Vo = 2 x AVo = -24.2 mV Vo =1.39V (©) With no toad: ‘which i ess than half that obtained with the {Wem supply. Ths, fom the point of view of eration reducing the change im Vo a fy changes, we choos the IS-mA suppl. Note, however. thatthe Ve=o7v Price pad is inereased power disiation, Vor tayChapter 4-21 =18ma Jy = 17.18 mA IS mA Iteration #3 eration #2: vp =07-romsn( #8) -on1sv Vo = 1.428.V Vp = 1.429 [No further iterations ae needed and T= 1085 mA My = 1785 ma, Vo = 143 eration #3: () From the above we sce that a8 Vay changes from 5 V to 3.282 V (a change of ~35:4%) the ‘ouput voltage changes from 1.39 V to 1.29 V (a change of ~7.19%), Vo=1A3V Fa 1T80ma OF 384i a ur volae changes om 19 1786 ma Vito 143 V (achange of +2.88%), No funher trations are warranted and “Thus the worstease situation occurs when Vag Veo uy is reduced, and| 139-01 = 129 Percentagy change in Vp por 1% change in Vow = 24 = 0.2% Vo = -os1sv 459 Vp Veo thar 10 ete 07/008 (2) 10-=96 +005 xr tesa Sn=sa $+ lp = 8641.11 =9.71 ma For fy =2Ipy = 1008, Vagny = Vo + IR = 1.294971 x 02 vp so0+01xs=10aV P= 104 x01=100W Which is reduetion of 1.768 V or ~35.4%. b) 9.1 = Van +0001 x 30 (2) For Vaugsy = 5-4 1.785 = 6.786, o Aeration #1 > Vn 88V Vpnorv At, = 2p = 204, Vo=14V V,=884002%30=94V 1 = 938 mA P=94x20= 188 mW 68 — 18 1 = IRN N68 (©) 68 =66 + Ig x2 In = 1-1, = 2684-988 “l= 0.18 eration #2: Atle = lar =02, nmi Vo = 07 +0025 n( 15 Ve = 664022 Vo = 1428V Pa7x02=14W 1 =952 mA (4) 18. = 17.6 40.005 x F 1 = 26:30 9a >= 802Chapier 4-22 Ntp= y= 001. 403 v= 176001 «80= 184V cov Pa 184001 = 0184 W = 184 mW (© 75=Vn+02%15 3 Vy =72V NSe Atle =n = 044 Vp= 72404 x15 =78V Yom Ve p=18x04=312W 4.60 (a) Three 6.8-V zeners provide 3 x 68 Ny EH 24 V wih) x10 30-0 etn Neglecting iwehae Load regulation = —30 mV/mA. = (b) For 5.1-V zeners we use 4 diodes to provide @ S04 V'wih 30 120.2 see Loa regulation = 120 Vi cay sot 2.0 1ySR Yo Sia mode Va I From he smalsignal model we obtain » au 8 8 Bn TFB ~ 56 Now &uy = 10¥. wy Saw de 462 Ve = Vn Hae 9A = Va #002 «10 > ¥y=89¥ Atle = 10 mA, osmay WAR Ven 8944001 «10 Ate =30 mA, Ve=89+005 x 10(Chapter 4-23, “To obtain Vp = 7.5 V, we must arange for Jp = Wm (the curent at which the zener is specified), Now, 73 <5 ma, When the supply undergoes a change As, the change inthe output voltage, AV, ean be ‘determined from Yo __ (Rul AVs Ri) +R 03 1S 1085 Las G5] 005 +0167 +1. GO% high), AV = 40.18 V 745. For A¥s =—1 ¥ (108 low), AV = —015 and Vp = 7.38 V. ‘When the lois removed and Vy = 11 V, we can use the zener model o determine Vo. Refer to Fig. (b). To determine Vy we use Vp = Vint lar 15= Vm +001 x30 = Vn=72V From Fig. (6) we have 72 TIT FOR Thus Is = 193 ma, Vo = Vine 7.2.4 0.0193 x 30=7.78.V ‘To determine the smallest allowable value of Ry 9V, refer to Fig. (e), Note that 05 mA, thus 1019 ma, 464 ovely OMe, GIVEN PARAMETERS V,=68V.,=50 Jp =20ma Atk Ing =025 mA r= 7502 FIRST DESIGN: 9-V supply can easly supply Let J, = 20mA, well above knee 9-68 02 AVo te Lie regulation = 5? = a 5410 nV =45 SECOND DESIGN: limited ewrent from 9-V supply f= 0.25 ma Vz = Veg % Vap ~ calculate Vzp from Vi= Veo tle 68= Vig +5 x 002 Yoo av oR =52k2, ey AV __750 LINE REGULATION = $0? = 5Chapter 4-24 405 Vs= 415 = 105% Yo~ Vs hy ufSR Ve=Voot lars 9, Vey + 0.009 » 40 > Vey = 874 For, = 10 mA, Vp = 8744001 x40=9.14V oy Te bth 159.14 “pa Select R= 300.2 14. mA 4, + 9.14 9.14 ma, 306. Denoting the resulting output voltage Vo, we cobain 15—Vo 1 a co) Ya > n= ® b Yo 874 o Oo Since I = fy +f, wean use (1)(3) (0 obtain Vor 15—Vo _ Vo 874 Os > 00a V0 =915V 4% rel Re GIR +R (oo4 i) Worry +03 = 4017 Vy = AVs =415x IC fis reduced by 50%, then 1 ous =p <4oma S—Vo 1, Yon 84 oot os > om 46 3 ¥o=931V ‘which i an increase of 0.16 V. When the supply voltage is low, W=15Vv and Ry isa its lowest value, to maintain regulation, the zener eurrent must bea least equal tol thus be S mA Ve = Von ~ Vay 874 = BSO8TF i567 ma, I= = 1587-05 = 1537 ma Ve 874 haa Te “The lowest value of output voltage av 70 mV 1 Line regulation = “70 =113 mviv Load regelation = —(, | 8) = =(40 300) = —35 mvima (Or using the results obtained inthis problem: Fora reduction inf of 4.6mA, AVo = 40.16. hus 60) Load regulation = — 282 = 35 mvima 466 (a) Vez = Vay + ler 10 Vy +7(0025) =n S05(Chapter 4-25 (6) The minimum zener curent of S mA occurs when f; = 20 mA and Vs isa its minimum of 21 ~ 0.25) = 15 V.See the cnet below: sv 20 ma = Vo Inn = Smad | fle zw a 1S Vn = 2045 wire we have wed the minimum vale of Vs the raximum valu of loa erent and the minima required valus of zener diode current, and we assumed that at dis curent Vz ~ Vso. Thus, pa SE O8IS4T 2 (6) Line regulation ar 425% change in sy = £5. Vo changes by 45 x 33 = 40.165 mV 16s corresponding to 2°18 199 = 21.65% (4) Load reputation =n) -0 120) =-0.78 or-0.77 VIA AVo = -6.77 x 20mA = —1354 mV ou3s4 corresponding to —2 354 109 ponding to —— 138% (6) The maximam zener current occurs at no lead 4, = O and the supply a its largest value of L 20+ +20) =25v. 3 Vi = Vent rele 2070 9.482547 x 201, = 207 (9.825) +725) — Ve 3, = 1030 2510.32 tea = Oe = 70.9 mA P= 1032 709 32 mW 467 ws R % Using the constant voltage drop model: Yo ideal 0.7.V (@) vo = us FOTV, Fors < —07V y=, for = -07VChapier 4-26 Toa. = vat ma) = Ve vot ma) + Ye tf 22) =v m(22) a) 76° “Thus the conduction angle is — 2 172° 063 ra [-1Deos6 —075-* sv (8) Peak cure diode is 10-07 i (6) PIV occurs when vs: 0. piv=10V 9.3 mA the peak and ort +a 04st volave) ‘rca of shaded triangle : 7 es-onx (7 t Tr Lsraer(!-00n) suv(Chapter 4-27 470 ideal 07 By = 10V3-07 = 1344 ‘Conduction begins at 1oV2sino = 07 07 oe =sin (27) 289° (ao) = 0.0895 rad ‘Conduction ends at = — 8. : some = 3q f WOvdind 0.7 46 Isv inay = 2228 oa = TO 47 rKa Baty jin! 27 tov? 103 Vo Conduction starts at 2.84° = 0.05 rad and ends at 6. Conduction angle = x ~ 20 = 304 rad in cach hal eycle, Thus the Fraction of aeyele for which one ofthe wo dincnit= 2029 509 mae Noe at ng 90 othe ete Sinn Hnmeer cathe we doe Scena eer rome = 5 f (ov Eind 0.740 jue = 33, = 83 ma Peak volage aross R= 103-2 14. De Fraction of eyele that D; & Ds conduct is » 6 568° = 0.1 rad x 100 = 468% oe [Note that Ds & Dy conduct in the other half eycle so that there ie 2 (46.8) — 93.6% conduction interval ome = f (OV Ising — 2Vp) deChapter 4-28 AL teviens — 148]! 202V3cos0) _ 140 —20) 168 6S mA Refer to Fig. 4.24 For Vp Vi conduction angle ~ 7, and Yo 20/2 Turns ratio= PS? = 10.1101 (0) For tajay = 100V Ex 1007 = 1s82v 2 w0v3 Turns tio = ENE = 1071 ATA Refer to Fig. 4.25 For 2¥p « V, Vow (0) For Vowe wv=2-y,-14 4.75 120V2 4 10%: 203-4 10% 1 9 Tums ratio - wy = 8? sow 2 PIV=2V,— Vo 20/2 8 cus —07 wav Using a facto of 15 for safety, we select diode having a PIV rating of approximately 45 V. 4.76 The creat is fll-wavereetifiee with center tapped secondary winding. The cireuit can be analyzed by looking atu and v; separately. ‘where we have assumed V, 3> 0:7 Vand thus the conduction angle (in cach half cycle) is almost 7 12407 9.95“Thus voltage across secondary winding =2Vy=40V Looking at Ds, Pr =Ve+Us—02) =2V5—07 Ww=Vo 92 If choosing a diode, allow a safety margin by moving a factor of 15, thus PIV =60V) r OVE -Vo) Gy 4280 oor 2 (Chapter 4-29 (©) (i) Using Bq 4.30), we have the conduction angle = = vi Yeo) Ppxoaqe—on =o) won voa 0447 rad Fraction of cycle for Fraction of eyele () @ Use [email protected] nt 2n| ve 1201 mA= 12. =) eR ‘The factor of 2 accounts for discharge occurring 0.1 (Vp ~ Vo) only during hal f the period, 7/2L 1 =o = ear GARVOI ~ 2) 10" x01 " 1 i) C= any o 260) x 10° x 0.01 " 1 © @ Yo=Vp—Vo-4¥, (= ¥0)( asa (1 =101v w» vo= ey (1-821) = nnary . _ was (©) @ Fraction of eyele = 24 x 100 x 100 1337 i) ioe = lim T 310mA (4) Use Bg. 4.35): 0.4 (Vp — Yo x2) (p= 2¥5) 1 (p= 29) 2ODR —1_ ToOD RR acm 33 uF 1 = 2-5) ( va 5 Chapter 4-30 © Yo=%> 2p — ¥,—2¥0) x 08s = (OVE 20.7) «095 = 12.1 (i) Vo = W0VI—2 0.) x 0995 = 1268 © tove @ io = din= 4 (1-20()- ome Hae 7 (i) in = = (14 2ny 5) =376ma 480Chapter 4-31 This voltage appears across each half of the transformer secondary. Acros the entre secondary we have 2% 9.7 = 19.4 V (rms). (©) When the diode is cut off, the maximum reverse voltage across it will occur when 5 = Vp Atthist Vi and the maximum reverse voltage will be “Maximum reverse voltage = Vip + Vp =124137=257V Using factor of safety f 1.5 we obtain 2 137 Tx 60x 20xC 2 2 °= sya ex 300 ~ 71 HE ply = 15% 257 (6) Maximum reverse voltage across D occurs ‘when vs = —Yp. Atthis point = Vo. Thus ‘maximum reverse voltage = Vo + Vp 12+ 13.7 = 25.7. The same applies to Ds, Tn specifying the PIV forthe diodes, one usually uses a facor of safety of about I PIV=15%257=385¥ (© inw = [: +, {S| Vv, = 739 mA, 1 2, — Voy 6 tm =H] Vp Vet Vp +1 = 1242x0741 = 4 VChapter 4-32 144 Vow = “33 = 102. vB v2, 2¥y OV Ser sc- 44 Lane Tx 2x 60x 200 (6) The maximum reverse voltage across Dy ‘occurs when V; = —Vp = —144 V. Ac this time Ds is conducting, tus Dung voter eumipissoterincdaate SANDS? Loomer eae see Piv= 15x17 =205¥ = 100 pF and = 100 2 ths cen = R= 100 x 10° x 100=001s (0) low Ste) Ve Sy ‘At the end of the discharge interval, T and wo Md 2 Tara =oa|'t"\ an2 Since 7 = 0.001 s is mach smaller than CR. = 400 ma ee] 2 ca [RED “03 |! Vax = 740 ma + 1a-na(s-Z) 4x3 % to78v ‘To obtain the imterval during which the diode conducts, At refer to Fi. (6). ay, Ta ar Vex (T/A) A321 nea rcs =25 us [Now using the Fact thatthe charge gained by the Ry capacitor when the diode is conducting is equal to nav the charge lost by the capacitor ding its discharge interval. we can write ' fon KAE= CVs iow where ia isthe average current through during the short interval At, This is approximately "3 ia 13 9113.4. Thos T= US S013 ATHChapter 4-33, oy 48 40.113 = 4913.4 Finally, to obtain the peak diode current, we use fiona = fone + ium doy 3 ca, WS 4 ls 700 which i equal to the average value. This sa result ofthe lincar vj which gives rise toa ‘constant capacitor current during the diode ‘conduction interval. Thus icwas = dear = 4.8 A. Also, the maximum value off, is approximately ‘equal tits average value during the short, interval An 484 Refer to Fig P4.76 and let capacitor C be ‘connected across each of the load resistors R, The two supplies 2 and ae Klee, Bach is a fullewave rectifier similar to that ofthe ‘apped:-transtormer circuit. For each supply, VYo=2V V,=1V (peak w peak) ‘Thus y= 2405 IU follows thatthe peak value of vs must be 125 + 0.7 = 13.2 Vand the total rms voltage s0r0ss the secondary will be 2x 132 = 18.7 V (rms) ‘Transformer turns ratio ‘To deliver 100-mA de current to each load, k= =109 Now, the value of € can be found from ya Men? WER 125. 2x Cx 1D 3 C= 868 WP Tospecify the diodes, we determi Ld +2 ¥Wp—OD72V,) 0 ine 1 +2 VT257) = 785 mA, Foy, = M1 + 24 Vp = OTTRY, ) 11 4201352) = 160A ‘To determine the roquired PIV rating of each diode, we determine the maximum reverse voltage that appears across one ofthe diodes, say D,. This eceurs when vs i at is maximum ‘negative value V,, Since the cathode of Dy wll bbe at +12.5 V, the maximum reverse vollage across D, will be 12.5 + 132 = 25.7 V. Using a factor of safety of 15, then each of the four diodes must have PIV=15 «287 10 Fig, PASS, When ris posiive, ive. tring onthe diode and closing the regative feedback loop around the op amp. The results that v= = vy, vy = 20_ = 2op, and vy = vo +07. Thus @) y=H1\e 427, IV. vp = +2 Yeand My 407. ‘When 0 goes negative, follows, the diode {urs of, and the feedhack loop is opened. The op $3.00 = 46 Yyand amp saturates with v4 = —13 V. v_ = 0V and 2 = OV. Thus (©) =—-1V.0 SOV. 1 =0 Vand m= -BY, (@) y =-3¥e =0¥.%9 =0 Vand y= BN. Finally. if vis asymmetrical square wave of |-kHe frequency, 5-V amplitude, and 2er0 average, the output wll be zero during the ‘negative half cycles of the input and will qual tose the input during the positive half eycles See figure Sv +10v, 4sy fe—1 mf “Thus, vy is square wave with O-V and +10-V Tevels, ie. 5-V average and, of couse, the same frequency (1 kHz) as the input.Chapter 4-34 4.86 9) > 0:D, conducts and Dz eutott 1) <0:D) cutoff Dz conducts ~ 22 = 1 Dat yy =0V m= -07V Keeps Ds off sono current lows through & yu =0v Virwal ground as feedback loop is closed through D, &) y= 9 =0¥ m= -07V ov © w=-1V wrt Vv v=0v ~ Virtual ground as negative Feedback loop is 47 V the diode current increases but the diode voltage remains constant at 0.7 V thus 22 flatens and uo vs. xy becomes a horizontal line I practice, the diode voltage increases slowly dnd the line will have a small nonzcto slope. () See figure (b) on next page. Here vy = v for 8p 2 2SV.At 8 =25 V, vg =25 V and the doce begins to conduct. The diode will be conducting | mA and exhibiting a drop of 07 at Yo = 2.3 V. The corresponding valve of 2 1av 2s-1xt y= my ik [As 2 decreases below 1.3 V, the diode current Increases, bu the diode voltage remains constant at 0.7 V. Thus v flattens at about 23 V. (6) See figure (c) on next page. Foe wy < the diode is off, and x =o At 0, diode begins to conduct and its current reaches [ MA al vy = ~1.3 V (corresponding to v9 = ~23 YV). Aso further inercases, the diode eurent increases but its voltage remains constant a 0.7 V. ‘Thus vo flattens as shown, (@) See figure (4) on next page, as wav av @ From Fig. (a) we see that for SV © yy © $35 V. diodes Dy and Dy will be cutoff and i = 0. Thus, vp = 1 Por vj > 435 V.diode D, begins to conduct and its voltage reaches 07 V (and thus 1 = +37 Vyat mA. The corresponding value of vis +42 For vj 2 42 V, the voltage of diode D, remains 0.7 V and vo saturates at $3.7 V. A similar description applies for oy = ~35 V. Here D: conducts at V and its voltage becomes 0.7 V, and hence vy = ~3.7 V, ati = 1 mA (inthe direction into 2) at = ADV. For ny = 42 tp = -31V.(Chapter 4-35 “These figures belong to Problem 4.87. mV) way — D oN a) Ratko way 23-—- D i = ko. Poa R= 1K ow 9 ‘ D 23 25 av eV) avChapier 4-36 ‘This figure belongs to Problem 4.88, part b. wo (¥) (W) -as (Nott scale) O37 DOF | Dyand OFF | DON DON | DOFF © Figure (b) shows a sketch ofthe transfer 490) characteristic ofthis double limite. 1k 4.89 Seo figure. aav Dy D, dD, : fe 4 % D, Dd, R=05kQ @ @ wl) a “The limiter thresholds and the output saturation 35P Sap g 7 levels are found as 2 0.7 +68 = 8.2 V.The transfer characteristic is given in Fig. (b). See BY (otto scale) figure on next page. 491 ko. ow % a) Fists Tas Ha “ DON | D&D, OFF D; OFF \D,0FF_D,0N © DM vs‘This figure belong to Problem 4.90, part b D, and D, ate OFF Dy, Dyand Z— —*4-All diodes and zener are OFF *-— “ue ON Diodes have 0.7 V drop at | mA curtent . For diode Dy Tima fo = eto-ens 1 10-2 80-0700 wens) = 20+ in x TRO Using these equations, caleulate vy forthe ifferent values of yg. For Do, Dion fo — in VED wO| uM sy | 05003 06 | 062 o7 | ur os | ssa o [io 05 06 “07 08 (Chapter 4-37 wm) 9) Dy, Ds &Z ate ON Dy and D, are OFF © ) aw) is asof limiter with a gain K ~ 1 and 1, = 01V,L_~-07V 492 @ kaChapier 4-38 » 1x0 © 10kQ 493 R Ve= Wp + Ve @ and the voltage V, is given by Va = Ve tI x Sk Va =Vetsh ® Equations (1), (2), (3) and (4) cam be sed to find Vp and Ve versus V;. We start with a value for Voy use (1) to determine fy, use (2) o determine Vo, use (3) to determine Vp, and finally use (4) t0 determine V,. The results are given in Table ‘Table! Vows | Fama) | Ve ()| Vn =¥e | Ya (¥) na Hot Vow oa o | ox | os os [oom] <0 | 10 | 10 06 | oo | oom | 1202 | 1212 or | or | or | ts | 20 Inthe nonlimiting region Ye _ 1000 ve 100 gg 10004 R > R< 0389 494 % Figure | When Vs > 0,Dy and Ds ae cut off and Ds and Dg conduct a curent fz, Since the diodes are (0.1-m devices, the current fis related tothe diode voltage Vi as follows: fy = 01 x 10-25, mA 0 ‘The voltage Ve is given by Vo=hx tk =h, V 2 Where J isin mA, and the voltage Vp is piven by 73 | 03x | 032 | 1.792 | 3452 073s | 0406 | 0406 | 1876 | aot 74 | avs | oa9s | 197s | 44s 74s | oss | aos | 2005 | 5.12 For Vy <0, Ds and D, are cutoff, fo = 0, Vc and D, and D ae conducting a current /, 1, = 0.1 602708055, mA ° ‘The voltage Va is Ve=—2Vo © ven by and the voltage Va is Va=Ve—Sh o Equations (5)7) can be used t9 obtain Vy versus for negative values of Vy. The results are siven in Table 2 ‘Table 2 Vow Von] tu [Va] Va | (yy (may 0 o4 | =o | -08 | -os | os | <0 | 10 | -10 | 06 ooo] 12 | 121 | o7 | or | aa | a9 | 073 |o332| 146 | 312 | 074 [049s | 148 | 3955 | o7s_|o739| 15 | -s20 |Chapter 4-39 Figure 2 shows plots for Vp and Ve versus Vp using the data in Tables 1 and 2. Finally, Figure 3 shows the waveforms obtained at B and C when 3 5-V peak, 100-Hz sinusoid is applied at A. F fe ewe? % A on ‘ Vs ;} 7 5 awe 4.95 Refer to the circuit in Fig. PAS, For 19) > 0, Dz and Ds are cut off, and the circuit rectus to that in Fig. 1. 3k 1a ay Figure | Now, for uy < 1.5 Ne diode Dy will be off, i; ~ and ‘As oy excoeds 1. V, diode D, will urn on and sn =07 + 0856) ® walt th xlaltemth — @ y= 19 +34 o where i isin mA and op), and wy aren volts. Using these relationships we obtain car) | 9m) [eo ) | or) oor | oss | 1504 | 1025 oa | oes | 1742 | 2082 02 | 0.60 | 1.860 | 2.460 os | oes | 2182 | a8 10 | 700 | 2700 | 5.700 1s | 0710 70 is | ois 8915 20 | on7 ont For-%) <0,D, will be cut off andthe circuit reduces to that in Fig. 2 Hero, for < ~2.5, Dz will be cut off ‘and By also willbe cut off, nd {As reduces below about —25 V, Ds begins to ‘conduct and eventually D, also conducts. The etais ofthis segment of the vo ~ vy characteristic ean be obtained using the following. relationships 2s eesn() = Tha itis 740028 (2) Yq =—2= tm = tm‘This figure belongs to Problem 4.95, parc Dy and Dy are conducting, limiting wy = 2-14 ~ -34V, slope = 0.013 1 “a4 Inall these equations, curents are in mA and voltages are in volts The numerical results obtained areas follows: Chaprer 4-40 4) Dhawan almost constant ' ‘oltge and the 1 EEL and 4 the 3 kf form a voltage divider a4 slope = | + 4 slope =1 Alldods ae LF cutoff Figures ‘The complete transfer characteristic vp versus 0 «an be plotted using the data inthe tables above. “The reslt is splayed in Fi is [eonie] te | mm | vo |v ly determined bythe voltage divider =0| 001 | 001 |osss| -260| 2683 composed ofthe 1 kSund the 3 2, =0| 005 | 005 | 0.25 —268 | 285 Slope = => =025 viv =o] 01 | ot [ose -274| -304 For uy neat ~10V the slope isapproximatly =0| 02 | 02 |oes0| —286| —s40 siven by =| 03 | 03 |oom|—297| ~3s7 Slope ~ -—Ta +00 Ta Mas SRD =0| 04 | 04 |o677| -s0s | —a28 From the table above, ~o| os | 05 |ooss| sis | 408 2 Aeisma > m= =179 0.01 | 0.585 | 0.395 | 0.687 | 328 | S07 1 10 | 0700 | 1.700 [o713| —3a1 | —851 01 | o6i2 | 0742 | 0493 | 335 | —s36 e22ima + re 02 | 0860 | 0860 | 0696) 336] S94 “thus 05 | 0682 | 1.182 | 0704) 338 | 693 _ ts +167 Sere = T3167 som ~ 900 WY whieh is reasonably cose othe value found fom o.ri0 | 2.210 | 0.720 | ~3.43 | 10.06 the graph.Chapter 4-41 496 casa %, 497 @ +10V —10v ” 420 se OV © ov -2v @ ov —20v © +10v se 10) (6) Here there are two diferent ime constants involved. To calculate the output levels, we shall ‘consid the discharge and charge wave forms. During Tj, vy = Wier" aan ern “T+ where for TCR Vix via ~T/CR) la) wherea <1 Doing the interval Ts, we have lol = [Wale 48) Atthe end of Pst 1nd vy = IVI vs) + Vi; = 209 Vi + [Val — 2a [V2] =20 @) From (1) and (2) we Gnd that v= 21 ‘Then using (1) and neglecting aV, yielés 31Val = 20 [V2] = 607 Y= Ba3Vv “The results Le L +BaV — 667 @ +18 -2v (0) Using a method similar to that employed for case (D above, we aban