HEAT TRANSFER

CONDUCTION
A temperature gradient within a homogeneous substance results in an energy transfer rate within the medium which can be
calculated by

T T
q = −kA where is the temperature gradient in the direction normal to the area A. The thermal
x x
conductivity k is an experimental constant depending on the characteristic of the material. The minus sign indicates that the heat
transfer is from warmer to colder body.
If the profile within the medium is linear, it is permissible to replace the temperature gradient with;
 2 − 1
=
  2 −  1
Steady heat transfer occurs whenever the temperature at every point within the body, including the surfaces, is
independent of time, energy is either being stored in or removed from the body. This storage rate is

q stored = mc p where m is the mass.
t
MATERIAL PROPERTIES

1. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLIDS

Thermal Conductivities of numerous pure metals and alloys are given in tabulated form. The thermal conductivity of the
solid phase of metal of known composition is primarily dependent only upon temperature. In general, k for a pure metal decreases
with temperature; alloying elements tend to reverse this trend.
The thermal conductivity of a metal can usually be represented over a wide range of temperature by
k = k 0 (1 + b + c 2 ) where  = T − Tref and k 0 is the conductivity at the reference temperature. For many engineering
applications the range of temperature is relatively small, say a few hundred degrees, and k = k 0 (1 + b )
The thermal conductivity of a non homogeneous material is usually markedly dependent upon the apparent bulk density, which is the
mass of the substance divided by the total volume occupied. This total volume includes the void volume, such as air pockets within
the overall boundaries of the piece of material . The conductivity also varies with temperature. As a general rule, k for a non
homogeneous material increases both with increasing temperature and increasing apparent bulk density .

2.THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
A useful combination of terms already considered is the Thermal diffusivity  , defined by
k

c p
It is seen that  is the ratio of the thermal conductivity to the thermal capacity of material. Its units are ft / h or m / s. the
2 2

thermal energy diffuses rapidly through substances with high  and slowly through those with low  .
CONDUCTION IN PLANE WALL;
A.) SINGLE LAYER WALL B.) MULTILAYER PLANE WALL

kAT t
Q=− q=−
x  xi / k i A
CONDUCTION OF CURVED WALL;
A. CYLINDRICAL WALL B. SPHERICAL WALL

t t
q=− q=−
r ro − ri
ln o
ri 4kri ro
2kl

CONVECTION

Whenever a solid body is exposed to a moving fluid having a temperature different from that of the body, energy is carried or
convected from or to the body by the fluid..
If the upstream temperature of the fluid is  and the surface temperature of the solid is s , the heat transfer per unit time
is given by
q = hA(Ts − T)
which is known as the Newton’s law of cooling. This equation defines the convective heat transfer coefficient h as
the constant of proportionality relating the heat transfer per unit time and unit area to the overall temperature difference.

1
 Convection heat transfer involves fluid velocity, fluid properties and the overall convective coefficient. It is possible to relate
these properties, but first dimensionless parameters are needed. The dimensionless number for velocity is the Reynolds number. For
vD vD
flow through a tube or duct the Reynolds number, Re D = =
 v
Where v is the average fluid velocity,  is the fluid density, D is the inside diameter,  is the fluid dynamic viscosity, and
v is the fluid kinematic viscosity,
Often the duct is not circular but rectangular, or an annulus formed by a tube within a tube. In these cases the
characteristic dimension is not the tube diameter but an equivalent diameter, called the hydraulic diameter, D H defined as
 cross − sec tional area for fluid flow 
D H =4  
 wettedperi meter 
Thus, for flow through a duct with a width a and height b
 a  b  2ab
D H = 4 =
 2(a + b)  a + b
For flow through an annulus with inside diameter D 1 and outside diameter D 2

  ( D 22 − D 21 ) 
DH = 4   = D2 − D1
 4 ( D2 + D1 ) 
Low Reynolds numbers, up to about 2300, are indicative of laminar pipe flow. From 2300 to 6000 the laminar pipe flow begins a
transition to turbulent pipe flow. The flow is usually completely turbulent at 6000.This becomes a matter for concern when different
correlation are used of laminar flow, allowing a greater average velocity and a greater temperature at the wall.
The Prandtl number, Pr, is a dimensionless number relating fluid properties
c p v
Pr= = Where  is the thermal diffusivity,
k 
k
=
c p
The Nusselt number, Nu, is the dimensionless form of the convective coefficient.
hc D
Nu=
kf
A great number of tests have been run to correlate these dimensionless numbers. There are many correlations, and the
following ones are typical There are two flow regimes, laminar and turbulent.
For laminar flow in short tubes, Seider and the Tate developed the expression.

0.14
  
1/ 3
 D  
Nu=1.86 (Re)
1/ 3
(Pr)  
1/ 3

L  s 
In this expression L is the pipe length, and all fluid properties are evaluated at the average fluid temperature except
for  s . The term is evaluated at the wall surfaces temperature. The unit convective coefficient is dependent on the fluid viscosity
which varies with temperature. This additional viscosity term accounts for the temperature variation.
McAdams suggest the following formula for small D and small Δt, for laminar flow of liquids in pipes:
ℎ𝑖 𝐷 𝜇 0.14 𝑚𝑐 1/3
= 2.02 (𝜇 𝑏 ) ( 𝑘𝐿 ) ( viscous liquids, Re< 2100; (mc/kL) >10)
𝑘𝑏 𝑊
In turbulent flow the following equation may be used when the temperature difference between the tube or duct surface and
0 0
the average fluid temperature is not greater than 5.5 C for liquids or 55.5 C for gases,
0.8 n
Nu=0.023 (Re) (Pr)
Where n= 0.4 for heating and n=0.3 for cooling. This equation can also be use for film coefficients of inner and outer
surfaces of the annular space .
In those cases where the previous temperature limits are exceeded or the fluid’s viscosity is greater than that of water, use
0.14
  
Nu=0.027 (Re)
0.8
( Pr) 1/ 3
 
 s 
In this case all properties are evaluated at the average fluid temperature except  s, which is evaluated at the wall
4
temperature. The value of prandt number (Pr), for gaseous substances at about 1 atm is given by empirical relation: 𝑃𝑟 = 5
9−
𝑘𝑟
Where kr is the specific heat ratio.
For gases and vapors where the Reynolds number is greater than 2100 the following approximate formula can be use:
𝑁𝑢 = 0.021𝑅𝑒 0.8
0.6
ℎ𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜 𝑣𝜌
For flow over outside of a single pipe, forced convection: the following formula can be used: = 0.24 ( )
𝑘𝑓 𝜇𝑓
𝑡𝑏 +𝑡𝑤
kf and µf are evaluated at film temperature which is taken as 𝑡𝑓 = ; tb is the bulk temperature and tw is the pipe wall
2
temperature on the side whose film temperature is desired.
2
 Film coefficient with free convection; for a hot surface in atmospheric air:
a. Vertical pipes over 1 ft high: ℎ𝑐 = 0.27(∆𝑡)0.25 Btu/hr-ft2-F
∆𝑡 0.25
b. Horizontal pipes and vertical pipes over 1 ft high; ℎ𝑐 = 0.27 (𝐷 ) Btu/hr-ft2-F
𝑜

For condensing vapors, film type condensation and horizontal tubes:

0.25
𝑘 3 𝜌 2𝑔ℎ𝑓𝑔
ℎ = 0.725 ( ) Btu/hr-ft2-F
𝑁𝜇𝐷𝑜 ∆𝑡
For turbulent flow of the water in an old tube, experimental results suggest the following over-all resistance:
1 1
= 0.00092 + 268𝑣 0.8 hr-ft2-F/Btu where v is the water velocity inside the tube.
𝑈 𝑜

RADIATION
Radiation is a term applied to many processes which involve energy transfer by electromagnetic wave phenomena. The
radiative mode of heat transfer differs in two important respects from the conductive and convective modes. (1) no medium is required
and (2) the energy transfer is proportional to the fourth or fifth power of the temperature of the bodies involved

THE ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM

A major part of the electromagnetic spectrum is illustrated in Fig 11-1 Thermal radiation is defined as the portion of
−7 −4
the spectrum between the wave length 1x 10 m and 1 x 10 m. Of interest also is the very narrow visible spectrum, which runs
−7 −7
from 3.9 x10 m to 7.8 x 10 m.

−6
A convenient wavelength unit is the micrometer 1 m =10 m. in these units, thermal radiation has the range 0.1 to
100, and the visible portion of the spectrum is from 0.39 to0.78  m. Another common unit of wavelength is the angstrom: 1 A=10
−10
m
The propagation velocity for all types of electromagnetic radiation in vacuum is
c =  = 3x10 8 m/s
Where  is the wavelength and  is the frequency of the radiation.

PROPERTIES AND DEFINITIONS

The word spectral is used to denote dependence upon wavelength for any radiation quantity. The value of the quantity at a
given wavelength is called a monochromatic value.

ABSORPTIVITY, REFLECTIVITY, AND TRANSMISSIVITY

Whenever radiant energy is incident upon any surface, apart may be absorbed, part may be reflected, and part may be
transmitted through the receiving body. Defining
  Fraction of incident radiation absorbed  absorptivity
  Fraction of incident radiation reflected  reflectivity
  Fraction of incident radiation transmitted  transmissivity
It is clear that;
 +  + = 1
most solids, other than those which are visibly transparent or translucent, do not transmit radiation, and the equation reduces to;
 +  = 1 frequently applied to liquids, although the transmissivity of a liquid is strongly dependent upon
thickness.

Gases generally reflect very little radiant thermal energy, and the equation reduces to
 + = 1
EMISSIVE POWER AND RADIOSITY

The total emissive power, denoted by E, is the total (over all wavelengths and all directions) emitted radiant thermal energy
leaving a surface per unit time and unit area of the emitting surface. Note in particular that this is the energy leaving due to original
emission only; it does not include any energy reflected from the surface (and originating elsewhere).Other names are a ” total
hemispherical emissive power”, “radiant flux density,” or simply “emissive power”. The total emissive power of a surface is
dependent upon (1) the material or substance, (2) the surface condition (including roughness), and (3) the temperature.
3
 Radiosity, J, denotes the total radiant thermal energy leaving a surface per unit time and unit area of the surface. Thus the
radiosity is the sum of the emitted and the reflected radiant energy fluxes from a surface. Like total emissive power, total radiosity
represents an integration over a spectral and directional distribution.

BLACKBODY RADIATION
The ideal in the study of radiative heat transfer is the blackbody, which is defined by  =1.Thus the blackbody absorbs all
incident thermal radiation, regardless of spectral or directional characteristics. BLACKBODY EMISSIVE POWER
The total (hemispherical) emissive power of a blackbody is given by the Stefan-Boltzman equation
E b = T
4

Where  , the Stefan-Boltzman constant, is 0.1714x10 −8 Btu/h- ft

2
 0 R 4 or
−8 2 4
5.6697 x 10 W/m K

BLACKBODY SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION

In general, a surface emits different amounts of energy at different wavelengths. The total emissive power can be expressed
as

E =  E d Where E  is the monochromatic emissive power at wavelength, for a blackbody,
0

Eb =  Eb d = T 4
0

The first accurate expression for E b was determined by Max Planck; it is

C1−5
Eb =
exp(C 2 / T ) − 1
W  m 4 8 Btu  m
4
in which C 1 = 3.742 x 10
8
=1.187x10 2
m2 h  ft
C 2 = 1.4387x10
4
 m K = 2.5896x10
4
 m 0 R
Plots of E b versus  for several different temperatures are given . The shift in location of the maximum value of the
monochromatic emissive power to a shorter wavelength with increasing temperature is evident. This wavelength shift is described by
Wien’s displacement law
max T = 2897.6m  K = 5215.6m 0 R

REAL SURFACES AND THE GRAY BODY

A real surface has a total emissive power E less than that of a blackbody. The ratio of the total emissive power of a body to
that of a blackbody at the same temperature is the total emissivity (or total hemispherical emissivity) 
E

Eb
The monochromatic (hemispherical) emissivity, will be useful in dealing with real surfaces which exhibit spectrally selective
emittance values. This is
E
 
E b
Where Eλ is the emissive power of the real surface at wavelength  and E b is that of a blackbody both being at the same
temperature.

PROBLEM SET IN HEAT TRANSFER

1) Calculate the heat transfer per hour through a solid brick wall 6m long, 2.9 m high, and 225 mm thick, when the outer surface
is at 5°C and the inner surface 17°C, the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the brick being 0.6 W/mK.
a. 2004kJ b. 3014kJ c. 6352kJ d. 9685kJ
2) One insulated wall of a cold-storage compartment is 8 m long by 2.5 m high consists of an outer steel plate 18 mm thick, an
inner wood wall 22.5 mm thick, the steel and wood are 90 mm apart to form a cavity which is filled with cork. If the
temperature drop across the extreme faces of the composite wall is 15°C, calculate the heat transfer per hour through the wall
and the temperature drop across the thickness of the cork. Take the coefficients of thermal conductivity for steel, cork and
wood as 45, 0.045, and 0.18W/mK respectively.
a. 14.11C b. 10C c. 12C d. 18C
3) Calculate the quantity of heat conducted per minute through a duralumin circular disc 127 mm diameter and 19 mm thick
when the temperature drop across the thickness of the plate is 5°C. take the coefficient of thermal conductivity of duralumin
as 150 W/mK.
a. 30kJ b. 50kJ c. 40kJ d. 10kJ

4
4) A cold storage compartment is 4.5 m long by 4 m wide by 2.5 m high. The four walls, ceiling and floor are covered to a
thickness of 150 mm with insulating material which has a coefficient of thermal conductivity of 5.8 X 10 -2 W/ m K.
Calculate the quantity of heat leaking through the insulation per hour when the outside and inside face temperatures of the
material is 15°C and -5°C respectively.
a. 2185kJ b. 3652kJ c. 1254kJ d. 4658kJ
5) One side of a refrigerated cold chamber is 6 m long by 3.7 m high and consists of 168 mm thickness of cork between outer
and inner walls of wood. The outer wood wall is 30 mm thick and its outside face temperature is 20°C , the inner wood wall
is 35 mm thick and its inside face temperature is -3°C. Taking the coefficients of thermal conductivity of cork and wood as
0.042 and 0.2 W/ m K respectively, calculate (i) the heat transfer per second per square metre of surface area, (ii) the total
heat transfer through the chamber side per hour, (iii) the interface temperatures.
a.5.31J; 425kJ; -2.07C b. 6.32J; 635kJ; -3.08C c. 6.32J; 435kJ; -5.04C d. 3.25kJ; 325kJ; -6.02C
6) The air inside electronic package housing has a temperature of 50 C. A chip in this housing has internal thermal power
generation rate of 0.003W. this chip is subjected to an air flow resulting in a convective coefficient h of 9 W/m-K over its
two main surfaces which are 0.5cm by 1cm. determine the chip surface temperature neglecting radiation and heat transfer
from edges.
a. 3.33C b. 53.33C c. 56.67C d. 23.33C
7) Water enters a 3cm diameter tube with a velocity of 50m/s and a temperature of 20C and is heated. Calculate the average unit
convective coefficient. For water, kinematic viscosity= 1.006x10-6m2/s; prandt number=7; and thermal
conductivity=0.597W/m-K.
a. 86.6kW/m2-K b. 23.45 c. 76.12 d. 123.54
8) At an average temperature of 100C, hot air flows through a 2.5m long tube with an inside diameter of 50mm. The
temperature of the tube is 200 C along its entire length. Convective film coefficient is 20.1W/m2-C. Determine the convective
heat transfer from air to tube.
a. 631.5W b. 235.1W c. 345.2W d. 897.4W
9) Asphalt pavements on hot summer days exhibit surface temperatures of approximately 500C. Consider such a surface to emit
as a blackbody and calculate the emitted radiant energy per unit surface area.
2 2 2 2
a. 617 W/m b. 716 W/m c.617 W/m d. 671 W/m
2
10) The total incident radiant energy upon a body which partially reflects absorbs, and transmits radiant energy is 2200 W/m .
2 2
Of this amount, 450 W/ m is reflected and 900 W/m is absorbed by the body. Find the transmissivity.
a. 0.386 b. 0.486 c. 0.287 d. 0.832
11) What surface area must be provided by the filament of a 100W evacuated light globe where t=2482C and emissivity= 0.38
for the filament? Assume the ambient temperature to be 25.6C.
a. 0.806cm2 b. 0.23 cm2 c. 1.24 cm2 d. 2.45 cm2
12) A flat circular plate is 500 mm diameter. Calculate the theoretical quantity of heat radiated per hour when its temperature is
215°C and the temperature of its surrounds is 45°C. Take the value of the radiation constant as 5.67 X 10-11 kJ/ m2 s K4.
a. 1862kJ b. 2658Kj c. 3652kJ d.3215kJ
13) The steam drum of a water- tube boiler has hemispherical ends, the diameter is 1.22 m and the overall length is 6 m. Under
steaming conditions the temperature of the shell before lagging was 230°C and the temperature of the surrounds was 51°C.
The temperature of the cladding after lagging was 69°C and the surrounds 27°C. Assuming 75% of the total shell area to be
lagged and taking the radiation constant as 5.67 X 10-11kW/ m2 -K4, estimate the saving in heat energy per hour due to
lagging.
a. 167000kJ b. 187500kJ c. 123560kJ d. 96852kJ
14) Determine the monochromatic emissive power at 1.30  m of a blackbody at a temperature of 1500 F .
0

𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢

a. 1233 ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡 2−𝜇𝑚 b. 42 038 ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡 2−𝜇𝑚 c. 41,365 d. 32564
ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡 2 −𝜇𝑚 ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡 2 −𝜇𝑚
0
15) The filament of a 75-W light bulb may be considered a blackbody radiating into a black enclosure at 70 C . The filament
diameter is 0.10 mm, and the length is 5 cm. Considering only radiation, determine the filament temperature.
a.3029 K b.4029 K c.2030 K d.3025 K
0
16) What surface area must be provided by the filament of a 100-W evacuated light globe where t =2482 C and
 =0.38 for the filament? Assume the ambient temperature to be 25.6 C
0

2 2 2
a. 0.806 cm b.0.803 cm c. 0.088 cm d.0.180 cm2
17) Saturated steam at 500K flows in a 20cm-ID, 21cm-OD, pipe. The pipe is covered with 8cm of insulation that has a thermal
conductivity of 0.1W/m-K. The pipe’s conductivity is 52W/m-K. The ambient temperature is 300K. The unit convective
coefficient on the inside is 18,000W/m2-K and on the outside is 12W/m2-K. Determine the heat loss from 4m of pipe.
a. 821W b. 1023W c. 987W d. 432W
18) An insulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and walls are at 25 0 C. The outside diameter of the pipe is
70mm, and its surface temperature and emissivity are 2000 C and 0.8 respectively. If the coefficient associated with free
convection heat transfer from the surface to the air is 15W/m2-K, what is the rate of heat transfer loss from the surface per
unit length of pipe?
a. 998W/m b. 1243W/m c. 765W/m d. 876W/m
19) The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its surrounding, which are at 250 C, by a brick
wall 0.15m thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1.2W/m-K and a surface emissivity of 0.8. Under steady state
conditions and outer surface temperature of 1000 C is measured. Free convection heat transfer to the air adjoining this surface
is characterized by a convection coefficient of 20W/m2-K. What is the brick inner surface temperature in C?
a. 352.5 b. 623.7 c. 461.4 d. 256.3
20) A pipe 200 mm outside diameter and 20 m length is covered with a layer, 70 mm thick, of insulation having a thermal
conductivity of 0.05 W/ mK and a thermal conductance of 10 W/m2 K at the outer surface. If the temperature of the pipe is

5
 350°C and the ambient temperature 15°C calculate (i) the external surface temperature of the lagging (ii) the heat flow rate
from the pipe.
a. 32.6C; 3.76kJ/s b. 23.6C; 2.65kJ/s c. 45.65C; 5.63kJ/s d. 55.4C; 6.32kJ/s
21) Hot gases at 280°C flow on one side of a metal plate of 10 mm thickness and air at 35°C flows on the other side. The heat
transfer coefficient of the gases is 31.5 W /m2 K and that of the air is 32 W/ m2 K. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of
the metal plate is 50 W/ m K. Calculate (i) the overall heat transfer coefficient, and (ii) the heat transfer from gases to air per
minute per square metre of plate area.
a. 232.7kJ b. 362kJ c. 465kJ d. 765kJ
22) The wall of a cold room consists of a layer of cork sandwiched between outer and inner walls of wood , the wood walls being
each 30 mm thick. The inside atmosphere of the room is maintained at -20°C when the external atmospheric temperature is
25°C, and the heat loss through the wall is 42 W/ m2 . Taking the thermal conductivity of wood and cork as 0.2 W/ m K and
0.05 W/m K respectively, and the rate of heat transfer between each exposed wood surface and their respective atmospheres
as 15 W/ m2 K, calculate (i) the temperatures of the exposed surfaces, (ii) the temperatures of the interfaces, and (iii) the
thickness of the cork.
a. i. 22.2C, -17.2C ii. 15.9C , -10.9C iii. 31.9mm
b. i. 21.3C, -16.3C ii. 17.56C, -12.6C iii. 33.6mm
c. i. 25.1C, -20.3C ii. 23.2C, -10.9C iii. 23.5mm
d. i. 23.1C, -65.4C ii. 24.5C, -12.6C iii. 25.6mm
23) A cubical tank of 2 m sides is constructed of metal plate 12 mm thick contains water at 75°C. The surrounding air
temperature is 16°C. Calculate (i) the overall heat transfer coefficient from water to air, and (ii) the heat loss through each
side of tank per minute. Take the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the metal as 48 W/mK, the coefficient of heat transfer
of the water 2.5 kW/m²K, and the coefficient of heat transfer of the air 16 W/m²K.
a. 15.835W/m2-K, 224.3kJ b. 10.835W/m2-K, 214.3kJ
c. 13.835W/m2-K, 124.3kJ d. 18.835W/m2-K, 229.3kJ

1) The sum for the resistance for the outside wall of a house is 8K-m2/W.For a temperature difference of
250 C across the wall and a total surface area of 150 m2, determine the heat flow through the wall.
a. 469 W b. 159W c. 298W d. 348W
2) An experiment is undertaken to determine the thermal conductivity of an unknown material. The material is 5 cm thick and
has a diameter of 15 cm. It is placed on a hot plate of equal diameter where the surfaces temperature is maintain at 600 C. The
outer surface temperature is 240 C, and the power used by the hot plate is 45 W. Determine the thermal conductivity of
material.
a. 3.53 W/m-K b.7.53 W/m-K c. 5.33 W/m-k d. 2.53 W/m-k
3) Determine the steady state rate of heat transfer per unit area through a 4.0 cm thick homogenous slab with its two faces
maintained at uniform temperatures of 380C and 210C. The thermal conductivity of the material is 0.19 W/m.K.
2 2 2 2
a. 80.75 W/m b. 07.85 W/m c. 89.75 W/m d. 85.70 W/m
4) A plane wall 0.15 cm thick, of a homogenous material with k=0.40 w/m.K, has steady and uniform temperatures T 1=200C and
T2=700C. Determine the heat transfer rate in the positive x-direction per square meter of surface area.
2 2 2
a. -133 W/m b. 133 W/m2 c. 311 W/m d. 333 W/m
5) A laboratory furnace wall is constructed of 0.2 m thick fireclay brick having ka=1.0 W/m.k. This is covered on the outer
surface with a 0.03 m thick layer of insulating material having kb=0.07 W/m.K. The furnace inner brick surface is at 1250 K
and the outer surface of the insulation material is at 310 K. calculates the steady state heat transfer rate through the wall in
W/m2.
2 2 2 2
a. 1495 W/m b. 1497 W/m c. 1490 W/m d. 1459 W/m
6) A common engineering problem is to determine the insulation thickness for a specified heat transfer rate. If the maximum
2
allowable heat transfer rate through the wall of the furnace in Problem 5 is 900 W/m , how thick must the insulating layer
be? The brick is unchanged and the same insulating material is to be used.
a. 0.059 m b. 0.095 m c. 0.009 m d. 0.005 m
7) A steel pipe ( k = 45.0W / m  K ) having a 5.0 cm OD is covered with a 4.2 cm thick layer of magnesia (
k = 0.07W / m  K ) which is in turn covered with a 3.4 cm layer of fiberglass insulation( k=0.048 W/m-K). The pipe wall
outside temperature is 370 K and the outside surface temperature of the fiberglass is 305 K. What is the interfacial
temperature between the magnesia and the fiberglass?
a. 329.6 K b. 329.1 K c. 329.9 K d. 329.25 K
8) Determine the critical radius in cm for an asbestos-cement covered pipe. k asb =0.208 W/m  K .The external heat-transfer
coefficient is 1.5 Btu/h  ft  F .
2 0

a. 2.44 cm b. 2.55 cm c. 2.66 cm d. 2.22 cm

0 0
9) The surface of a furnace wall is at a temperature of 1200 C . The outside wall temperature is 38 C . The furnace wall
construction has 15 cm of refractory material,  =1.73 W/m-K, and the outside wall is 1-cm steel,  =44 W/m-K. What
thickness of refractory brick must be used between the refractory material and the wall if the heat loss is not to exceed 0.7
2
kW/m ? The thermal conductivity of the brick is 0.34 W/m-K.
a. 0.535 m b. 0.595 m c. 1.535 m d. 0.333 m
10) A 6 in thick concrete wall, having thermal conductivity k =0.50 Btu/h  ft 0 F , is 0
exposed to air at 70 F on one side and
0
air at 20 F on the opposite side. The heat transfer coefficients are hi =2.0 Btu/h  ft 2 0 F on the 70 0 F side and h0 =10
Btu/h  ft 2 0 F on the 20 0 F side. Determine the heat transfer rate.

6
 Btu Btu Btu Btu
a. 31.25 b. 33.52 c. 56.6 d. 76.8
h  ft 2 h  ft 2 h  ft 2 h  ft 2
2
11) It is desired that no more than 1892 W/m be conducted through a 30-cm thick wall whose average thermal conductivity is
k = 0.865 W/m K; the conducted heat will be controlled by insulating one side. Find the least thickness of insulating material
0
( k =0.346 W/m K) that will assure the heat constraint if the surfaces temperatures of the composite wall are 1150 C and 40
0
C
a. 8.3 cm b. 8.8 cm c. 1.8 cm d. 8.7 cm
12) A hollow steel sphere contains a 100-watt electrical filament, and these data are known; r i =9 in., r 0 =12 in. The film
coefficient for the inner and outer surfaces are hi = 6, ho = 2 Btu hr-ft 2 - 0 F ; the environmental temperature is 80 0 F.
Assuming the steady state, compute the temperature inside air
0
a.101.9 F b. 110.8 0 F c. 102.4
0
F d. 101.8
0
F
13) The sun is considered a blackbody, its mean effective surface temperature is___________
a. 5760K b.6760K c.10500K d.2500k
14) Thermal radiation has wavelength spectrum of__________
a. 0.1 to 100  m b.10 to 100  m c. 0.1 to 10  m d.0.4 to 0.9  m
15) The speed of propagation if the medium in which radiation travels is a vacuum is equal to the speed of light which is
___________
a. a. 2.9979x108 m/s b. 2.9979 x108m/h c. 2.9979x108km/s d. 2.9979 x108 km/hr
16) A surface for which the intensity of the emitted radiation is independent of direction.
a. diffuse emitter b. perfect emitter c. opaque d. semitransparent
17) A term used to denote all the radiant energy leaving a surface
a. radiosity b. emission c. irradiation d. reflectivity
18) A body that serves as a standard against which the radiative properties of actual surfaces may be compared
a. blackbody b. diffuser c. radiator d. gray body
19) Wein’s displacement law state that at a given temperature the emissive power is maximum at a given wavelength and the
product of this wavelength and temperature is.
a. 2897.6 b. 3897.6 c.2987.6 d. 2789.6
20) Consider a blackbody emitting at 1500 K. Determine the wavelength at which the blackbody spectral emissive power is
maximum.
a. 1.93 b.1.93 c.3.85 d.4.58
21) A blackbody filament is heated to 2300 K. What is the maximum radiative heat flux from the filament?
a. 1,586,698 W/m2 b. 1,654,938 W/m2 c. 2,586,397 W/m2 d. 3,548,798 W/m2
22) A large blackbody enclosure has a small opening area of 1 cm2. The radiative energy emitted by the opening is 5.67 W.
Determine the temperature of the blackbody enclosure.
a. 1000K b. 1500K c. 700K d.2000K
23) After sunset, radiant energy can be sensed by a person standing near a brick wall. Such walls frequently have surface
temperatures around 440C, and typical brick emissivity values are on the order of 0.92. What would be the radiant thermal
flux per square foot from a brick wall at this temperature?
2 2 2 2
a. 527 W/m b. 627 W/m c. 528 W/m d. 529 W/m
24) The transfer of heat from a higher to a lower temperature region within a gas or liquid by moving masses of the fluid.
a. convection b. radiation c. condensation d. conduction
25) The quantity of heat that will flow across unit area in unit time if the temperature gradient between the two surfaces through
which heat is flowing is unity.
a. thermal conductivity b. thermal resistance c. overall conductance d. absorptivity
26) Which of the following is a good conductor of heat?
a. copper b. bismuth c. aluminum d. steel
27) Which of the following is good insulator?
a. 85% magnesia b. stones c. concrete d. asbestos
28) The forced convective heat transfer coefficient for a hot fluid flowing over a cool surface is 225 W/m2.0C for a particular
problem. The fluid temperature upstream of the cool surface is 1200C, and the surface is held at 100C.Determine the heat
transfer rate per unit surface from the fluid to the surface.
2 2 2 2
a.24 750 W/m b. 52.470 W/m c. 24 700 W/m d. 24 850 W/m
29) A heat exchanger is to be designed for the following specifications:
Hot gas temperature, 1145C ; cold gas temperature, 45C; unit surface conductance on the hot side, 230W/m 2-C; unit
surface conductance on the cold side, 290W/m2-C; thermal conductivity of the metal wall, 115W/m-C. Find the maximum
thickness of metal wall between the hot gas and the cold gas, so that the maximum temperature of the wall does not exceed
545C.
a. 20.115mm b. 32.342mm c. 12.34mm d. 45.54mm
30) A 20.32cmx20.32cm test panel, 2.54cm thick, is placed between two plates, and the whole is properly insulated. The
insulation surface of one plate is maintained at 79.4C by an electric energy supply of 50W; the other plate has an interface
surface temperature of 21.1C. Find k for the test panel.
a. 0.528W/m-K b. 0.987W/m-K c. .1234W/m-K d. 0.234W/m-K
31) There are conducted 5000Btu/hr through a 10ft2 section of a 0.3-in thick plane copper wall (k=2650) with a 0.15-in thick air
film (k=0.25) and a 0.15-in thick water film (k=4.6) on the respective surfaces. Find the temperature drop across each
material.
a. 300F, 0.057F, 16.3F b. 245F, 0.98F, 12.34F c. 324F, .23F, 17.89F d. NOTA

7
32) A hollow sphere with inner radius 7.62cm, outer radius 12.7cm, inner temperature of 426.7C, is made of material whose
thermal conductivity is 46.15W/m-K. if the heat from the sphere is 439.6W, what is the outside temperature?
a. 422.7C b. 89.6C b. 98.6C d. 128.9C
33) A composite plane wall consisting of two layers of materials (1.5-in. steel and 2-in. aluminum) separates a hot gas at ti=200F,
hi=2, from a cold gas at t0=800 F, h0=5Btu/hr-ft2-F. If the hot fluid is on the aluminum side, find the heat through 100ft2 of the
surface under steady state condition.
a. 17,000Btu/hr b. 28,987 c. 32,876 d. 12,765
34) What is the external heating surface area in square feet of a tube with the following dimensions: tube inside diameter=5in.,
wall thickness=1/2 in , length=18ft.
a. 28.26 b. 19.25 c. 26.5 d. 24.25
35) The minus sign in Fourier’s Law simply means:
a. thermal energy is transferred from cold body to hot body.
b. Thermal energy is transferred from one body to another.
c. Thermal energy is transferred from confined space to another space.
d. Thermal energy is transferred from warmer body to colder body.
36) The thermal conductivity of tungsten steel at 32 F is 36 Btu/h-ft-F, at 212 F it is 34 Btu/h-ft-F. what is the thermal
conductivity in Btu/h-ft-F at 392 F?
a. 32 b. 38 c. 40 d. 54
37) Given the following materials; which one is a good insulator? Cement (k= 0.67 Btu/h-ft-F) , Asphalt ( k=0.435) ,
Sandstone (k=1.06), Sawdust (k= 0.034), Aluminum (k=118) , Silver (k=242) , Copper (k=223) , Lead (k= 20);
a. cement b. lead c. asphalt d. sawdust
38) Refer to previous problem, which one is a good conductor?
a. silver b. asphalt c. copper d. sawdust
39) In a composite wall with three layers of wall and fluids on both sides, how many thermal resistance does the
heat flow encounter?
a. 4 b. 3 c. 5 d. 1
40) The conductance of a wall is 10 W/m2-C, for an area of 10m2 and temperature drop of 10 C, what is the heat
flow?
a. 100 W b. 0.01W c. 1000W d. 10W
41) The surface temperature of one side of a composite plane wall is 150 C and the other side is 50 C. The sum
of resistances for the first two wall is 0.015 K/W. If the total heat flow is 2000W, what is the resistance of the
third wall?
a. 0.035K/W b. 0.005K/W c. 0.002K/W d. 0.056 K/W
42) Determine the overall coefficient of heat transfer for a plane wall having the following data: hi=11.241 W/m2-K,
h0=34.976, k=1.314 W/m-K, x=0.3048m.
a. 0.349 b. 87.421 c. 2.861 d. 27.73 W/m 2-K
43) The pipe is 1% carbon steel and has an inside radius of 2 in. and outside radius of 2.25 in. The pipe is covered
with one inch layer of 85% magnesia; h i= 15 Btu/h-ft2-F, h0=2.2, k for steel =25 Btu/h-ft-F, k for magnesia = 0.041.
Determine the overall coefficient of heat transfer based on outside surface area in Btu/h-ft2-F.
a.2.9932 b. 9.875 c. 0.3341 d. 0.132
44) Refer to previous problem, if steam flows in the pipe at 250 F, while the surrounding air temperature is 65 F. what is
the heat transfer rate per foot of length?
a. 65.1 b. 56.32 c. 43.56 d. 105.18
45) Determine the critical radius of insulation for rock wool, 10 lb/ft 3, at 32 C if the external heat transfer coefficient is
6.8W/m2-K and k=0.04 W/m-K.
a. 79cm b. 69cm c. 59 cm d. 49 cm
46) The unit conductance of a composite spherical wall with 3 layers of wall is 25 W/m 2-K . The unit resistance of the first
and third wall is 0.01 and 0.015 m2-K/W respectively. What is the unit conductance of the second wall?
a. 66.67 b. 0.015 c. 40 d. 35 W/m2-K