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Final Project

The document describes the design of a short-range radar system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect objects and measure their distance without contact. A servo motor controls the movement of the sensor and allows it to rotate up to 180 degrees. Distances and angles are processed using the Arduino and displayed on a PC screen using Processing software. The system is able to accurately detect objects and measure their distance and angle to the sensor. Potential applications of such a low-cost radar system include uses in aviation, marine vessels, and meteorology.

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Nikhil Nikam
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302 views

Final Project

The document describes the design of a short-range radar system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect objects and measure their distance without contact. A servo motor controls the movement of the sensor and allows it to rotate up to 180 degrees. Distances and angles are processed using the Arduino and displayed on a PC screen using Processing software. The system is able to accurately detect objects and measure their distance and angle to the sensor. Potential applications of such a low-cost radar system include uses in aviation, marine vessels, and meteorology.

Uploaded by

Nikhil Nikam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Abstract

RADAR is a detection system that uses radio waves to


determine the characteristics of the detected objects such as:
range, height,direction, or the speed of objects. In this paper,
we designed a radar system that uses an ultrasonic sensor to
detect objects. In this paper, the ultrasonic is used to measure
the distance between the radar and any object-based non-
contact technology. Whereas, the movement of the sensor is
controlled by using a small servo motor. This radar-controlled
using the Arduino Uno board as a microcontroller. The signal
received from the sensor would be processed using “Processing
Development Environment Software," then the result would
become shown on a PC screen.
Introduction
RADAR is a method of object detection using radio waves to determine
objects' size, height, direction or speed. Radar systems are available in
various sizes with various performance requirements. Some radar
systems are used in airport air traffic control, others are used in long
distance surveillance systems and early warning systems. The heart of a
missile guide system is a radar system. Small compact, individually
maintainable radar systems and systems occupying many spacious
rooms are available.Several nations secretly developed the radar before
and during the Second World War. United States Navy coined the term
RADAR itself as an acronym of radio detection and a range of other
developments in 1940. New uses of the radar include a wide range of
air traffic control systems including, radar, astronomy, air defense
systems, antimissile systems,marine maritime radars for the
identification and repositioning of sites and other vessels, aircraft
collision anti-collision systems, sea surveillance systems, outer space
monitoring, and rendezvous systems. Digital signal processing is linked
to high-tech radar systems.
System Overview
The Block diagram of Short Range Radar System Using Arduino
is as shown in (Figure 1). In this work, the distance of the object
is measured through an ultrasonic distance sensor, and the
sensor output is connected to the signal conditioning unit.After
that, it is processed through the Arduino microcontroller. The
measured results are displayed on the personal computer.The
sensor is attached to the servo motor to find the polar distance
around the sensor up to 180 rotations.

Fig.1 Block diagram of the system.


Components Required
1 .Arduino Board UNO Model:
Arduino is an open-source computer hardware, open-source software and
microcontroller-based device building kit and interactive objects that can sense and control

physical devices. arduino designs and manufactures software, software and software .
The project is focused on the design of the microcontrollers. The board contains a
combination of digital and analog input / output (I / O) pins, which can connect to specific
expansion boards (termed shields). The plates have serial communication interfaces for loading
programs from personal computers, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) in the UNO model.

The Arduino project provides the built-in development environment (IDE) for the
programming of microcontrolling systems to allow code writing and uploading to the board. It
runs on Mac OS X, Linux and Windows. The code is written in Java, which is based on open
source software and processing. You can use this program on any board of the Arduino (Figure
3).

Fig. 2 Arduino UNO. Fig. 3 IDE Software..


2 .Processing:
All processing is an open-source computer programming
language and integrated development environment (IDE) built
for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design
communities to teach the fundamentals of computer
programming in a visual context (Figure 4). The Specifications of
programming:
 Free to download and open source
 Interactive programs with 2D, 3D or PDF output
 OpenGL integration for accelerated 2D and 3D
 For GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows
 Over 100 libraries extend the core software
 Well

documented, with many books available


Fig. 4
Software and
processing

3 .Ultrasonic sensors HC- SR04:


The ultrasonic sensor emits ultrasound at 40 000 hz,
which passes through the air, while it bounces back into the
module if there is an object or obstacle in its way. The distance
can be determined based on the travel time and the speed of
the sound.

Fig. 5 Ultrasonic Sensor


The sound speed is around 341 meters per second (1100 feet)
in air. This information and the time difference between
transmitting and receiving the sound pulse are used by the
Ultrasonic Sensor to calculate the distance from an object. The
mathematical equation used is the following:
Distance =Time x Speed of Sound /
2
Time = the time between when an ultrasonic
wave is transmitted and when it is
received.You divide this number by 2 because
the sound wave has to travel to the object and
back.

4 .Servo Motor:
Tiny and lightweight with high output power. The servo will
rotate about 180 degrees (90 in each direction) and operate just as
small as the regular types (Figure 6). To monitor these services, you can
use any servo code, hardware or library. The Specifications of servo
motor:

• Weight: 9 g
• Dimension: 22.2 x 11.8 x 31 mm approx.
• Stall torque: 1.8 kg f cm
• Operating speed: 0.1 s/60 degree
• Operating voltage: 4.8 V (~5V). Fig. 6 Servo motor.

• Temperature range: 0 ºC – 55 ºC

The interfacing between the PC and the Arduino is done by RS232


USB. The Arduino receives the data from the ultrasonic sensor and
process it. In the Arduino software, equation (1) is used to calculate the
object distance. Also, the position angle of radar is calculated and
controlled from the Arduino program. The Arduino sends these data,
which are the angle position and the object distance to processing
software to show them on the radar screen. The figure 7 shows the
design of hardware that was designed with a scraper environment. The
connection of different electronic components is displayed.

Flowchart
The flowchart shows the overall operation of the system
following software to control the servo motor.
Circuit
Results
The hardware
model of the project
is shown in Figure 8

Fig. 8
Hardware
model of the
project

The radar
workspace
is shown in
Figure 9
Fig. 9 Radar workspace

Figure 10 illustrates the radar when detects an object

Fig. 10
Radar with object

Figure 11 shows
object radar
information on radar workspace where the distance between
object and radar is 11cm, and angle is 160
Fig. 11 Radar information.

Applications
The radar system is used mostly for mapping and has several
uses for protection purposes.
• Application in Air Force:
This is used for the identification of items that come in by
aeroplans or aircraft devices that have a radar device in it. It is
often used for the height measurement calculation.
• Application in Marine:
It is also used in ships or in marine applications. The distance of
other boats or ships is measured on big ships and can be
minimized by not colliding with the aid of this sea accident. It
can also be used at ports to see the distance from other vessels
and track or monitor the movements of the vessels.
• Application In Meteorology:
Wind tracking or monitoring is also done with radar systems. It
has become a major climate monitoring equipment. For
starters, storms are used to detect tornados.

Conclusion
The aim objective of this paper was to design and
implement a simple radar system. The mentioned system can
detect the objective and measure the target distance. Short-
range radar system a low cost, a simple device for distance
measurement.The software results have been verified by using
rubber and paper with a drawn angle. Hence, the device
calculates the distance with suitable accuracy and resolution.
The data converted into visual information. The appliance of
the device is numerous.
AShort-Range Radar System Using
Arduino
Name: Shinde Pankaj Rajendra
Class:T.Y.B.Sc.(Physics)
Roll No.:321

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