Naam / Name: [Ganpletl Metin Sath | [Studente no. / Student no.:] Luis 2Gy r T | | FAKULTEIT INGENIEURSWESE | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING fo _ 1° Eksamen Vibrasie en Geraas 344 November 2009 i “ st ne Vibration and Noise 344 1™ Examination 7 November 2009 Tydsduur: | Volpunte; | Duration: | 3h Full marks: | 100 Eksaminator Interne moderator: Examiner: Intemal moderator: Prof Wikus van Niekerk / Hans Heunis | Dr Yoonsoo Kim Sertifisering Certification Examiner Internal moderator 7 Instruksies: Instructions: 1 Beantwoord al die vrae op die vraestel. Gebruik die teenoorstaande bladsy vir addisionele plek indien nodig. Answer all the questions on the question paper. Use the adjacent page for additional space, if required. 2, Sakrekenaars soos voorgeskryf vir die eerste twee jaar van die Bing mag gebruik word. Pocket calculators prescribed for the first two years of the BEng may be used. 3. Die punte vir elke vraag word regs van die vraagnommer in vierkantige hakies aangedui, The marks for each question are indicated to the right of the question number in ‘square brackets. 4, Werk netjies en skryf in ink. Work neatly and write with a pen. 5. Lees die vraestel noukeurig deur en begin met die makliker vrae eerste. Carefully read all the questions and attempt the easier ones first. {1 ]2- 73 4 5 [é 7 8 | Total” (10) | (10) {poy | a5) [p45] [15] | (15) | fo) | foo} +1314 [tb Lid le | 4G Bladsy I van 14 Bladsye - Page J of 14 Pages7 Vraag 1/Question 1 “ [10] Die bewegingsvergelyking van ‘n enkelvryheidsgraadstelsel word gegee deur The equation of motion of a single degree of freedom system is given by: mEtct+kx= f(t) ¥42¢0, i402 Verduidelik die volgende begrippe met definisies in y ele woorde, aan die hand van die bostaande vergelykings. Waar Nodig moet u enige addisionele afleidings of bewerkings toon: (2) Die natuurlke frekwensie van die stelsel (2) (®) Die dempinasverhouding van die stelset (2) (c) Kritieke demping, 2] (4) Onderskei tussen orgedempte en onderaedempte enkelvryheids- graadstelsels, (4] Explain in your own words the following concepts with definitions, by referring to the above equations. Where Sppropriate you have to show any additional derivations: (2) The natural frequency of the system i] (6) The damping ratio of the systern 2] (0) Critical dampin 2 (@) Distinguish between an overdamped and underdamped single degree of freedom system, [4] 2 BR The Peauone, will oseilele 9 Bladsy 2 van 14 Bladsye - Page 2 of 14 Pages©) Krities gedempte stelsel / Critically damped system Se Thon f- amWn Cos 2 Shera! 4) Oor- en ondergedempte stelsels / Over and unde! cuntdamped sistem (Pr = zie ae . - SS imped systems De? t+d) unclerdampecl Suctemn (opux xt) a . 2; peng Hawesten Ag AUSWER 7 QZ 2% rock el! hs page HM Die stelsel in die onderstaande figuur is aanvanklik in rus. Herlel vergelyking vir die saurate frekwensie van die stelsel deur gebruik te maak van die behoud van medanioes or ans. Bereken dan die natuurtke frekwensie van die stelselindion kJ Wm g = 30°, ko = 0.5 m, R= 0.8m, r= 0.4 men m = 200 kg. The ‘system shown in the figure below is intially at rest Derive andl expression for the natural frequency of the system making use of the conservation of mechanical energy principle. Then determine the natural frequency of the system if k = 1 kNim, ao 5 m, R= 08 m, r= 0.4m and m = 200 kg. ss) “A, 6 Bladsy 3 van 14 Bladsye - Page 3 of 14 Pages MELE ifosxyt T+ tw . Vr = OC = tm(6ier)) A Pelential Crongy + a) Uy = gh = my Re O tes o¢ . Uers thx a y » dk Cer6)* THU = Corns bert fit HU)=0 2 lk 2m (6c) + mglesv be @ + Tk bro)*) =e meee + rhe ls 6 6 + kkrde =° [Emo + olmbr + kP)] gp =0 mer pr? — md" = SQbl + 300°we @— Please reler be te leech of esse” fee onswer © ayy li bred maSin ol = Qe Ge of Dt ayn olen hme _ TAU? Conshonk : — - at (THUu)= 0 ol? sa —teuahie enegy T= PRE YR WE m5? Pole Fel way Ug =mah + /mdc Rl 6 lba)losx LT GA Atel 1 rq ROB OX Kalb M)))-0 tng eR O (esx Sek EXN$ ke FRIVB)O =O Sin =O: Se a if 5G 6 ©) + macRO + keROO * > Aye 48) + noe sbR)O 10 -o —: wa: WR 1 HE Suns (4 81Coos) + SE COCS E7299 eds 2. Vraag 3/Question 3 [10] a) ‘n Elektroniese beheerstelsel van 200 g moet op die lugraam van ‘n veguliegtuig bevestig word. Indien die primére opwekkingsfrekwensies teenwoordig in die viiegtuig bo 50 Hz voorkom bereken die maksimum stytheid van die vibrasie-isolators sodat nie meer as 20% van die lugraam se vibrasies na die elektronika oorgedra word nie. / An electronic control system of 200 g must be supported on the fuselage of a fighter-jet. If the primary excitation frequeficies of the aircraft is above 50 Hz determine the maximum stiffness of the anti-vibration mounts so that no more “than 20% of the fuselage’s vibration is transmitted to the electronics. 3] b) Bepaal die statiese defleksie van die vere./Determine the static deflection of the springs.[2] ¢) Bepaal die maksimum amplitude van die vibrasie by resonansie as die lugraam se vibrasie-viak 1.5 gy», en ¢= 0.01 is. | Determine the maximum vibration level at resonance of the electronics if the fuelage’s vibration level i$ 1.5 gm, and ¢ = 0.01. (2) Wenk: / Hint: X[_ 10g _]" Yy L(=r?)? +(2¢r)? Bladsy 4 van 14 Bladsye - Page 4 of 14 Pagesd) Watter tipe anti-vibrasie monteerstukke sou u vir hierdie toepassing aanbeveel, en hoekom? Maak ‘n skets van hoe u die stelsel sal monteer aan die lugraam van die vliegtuig./ Which type of anti-vibration mount will you recommend for this application, and why? Make a sketch of how you wil ix the system to the fuselage of the aircraft. (3) Skets / Sketch: Sek a ft pe (ihe) f I 2 Lt). ae oy te ate aan Gor yy TFloa = 1520 = k= y 434 Njm = a 6) dak = m4 d= easy 0, 66039900 ~ =O. 249ES mn ©) @ eesenO RCL. wate os TEs "hon — He 5% | Of! (eee eft [e221 [undscdompel ) — Wame 2 * > © \ & 2 WS adi _& 4 pe ES X46) Fy SC fon wt ys 40 = [SU reeft Wr Bladsy 5 van 14 Bladsye - Page 5 of 14 Pages= lie 2 eel a JiaG@eny - Yount - : _ \ \ \ a _\ Bladsy 6 van 14 Bladsye - Page 6 of 14 PagesVraag 4/Question 4 (L [t5] Die bewegingsvergelykings van 'n sekere twee vryheidsgraadstelsel word in terme van die verplasing x,/1) en x,(t) gegee deur: / The equations of motion of a two degree of freedom system is given in terms of x,(t) and x,(?) as: 28,() +6x,(1)—4x,(=0 43,()—4x(0 +8x,()=0 Vir hierdie stelsel moet u: / For this system you must: a) Die natuurlike frekwensies bepaal. / Determine the natural frequencies. 21 b) Die natuurlike modusvorms bepaal. / Determine the mode shapes. [6] ® [li telo (hy ile July co 1 vet [eu w)o xct\e Ue! - A — fet Ke 6 a Lee kT 2a ab 4 =u Uw 3 | — fe Bw = thus ty? su ~wt - swt fuze GUy 4 Ur = w Mk Urer sae 3 8 wine ASW dhu, + AyGa fut +O ae Les Sio(2t +g) + AL Sio(E +b) GU) = Ay See + ZAESin( t+) z Bladsy 7 van 14 Bladsye - Page 7 of 14 PagesVraag 5/Question 5 O-7 [15] Wat verstaan u onder die begrip: Toestandasbaseerde Instandhouding? Watter rol speel meganiese vibrasie-meting en -analise in so n program? Verduidelik watter stappe belangrik is by die implementering van so 'n program. / How do you understand the concept: Condition Based Maintenance? What role can mechanical vibration measurement and analysis play in such a programme? Explain the steps you will take to implement such a programine. Dedermne_uled fp of Systery jf os — filechere.| linac ete.) Tenet ole rhea or ‘Secerc!-cleqree". « Determme whee fe cance lraien ponds are _ feud on the systear ( whee Lhresses are flo most). Place _actetoromelers ancl gosasuring @yapmat @ these Suspecteo Concer trasien | Ce or? poids of pes be tether - 2 Detemne whee, machine or _castem hast fe _yylemenkel tp which erucrmant , 4 according, to the Corli fen we tan_plan accordingly fo mate dale Lrom syste a cegauced pe teas, Sfea crash test "of cor.) e Faligut FO « fale CF Rainds fo consider clurin. + Stress cen ten points —_\ analy acm J « Twsien ; : faces acid Pcl ing p 2_lmpo e_ Type of he reguuced fe Chinwode peoblear go os Isol ahien ZD _ - clompiay _ a = cemoves} u of pert - é _ _ eadd ihin of mess =e ~ oa Pesihear Xs of Ca merd dis tance J mpertand «time of Acct a Aant Test cata must be — Cem patch Sf veritas Soplolis\ must be tales. + Dedvchen wof behaviaar ob syshen heute olelermine type of test _ = Calarlokuens ancl regen: a cx type eB system must oe chon ele any hesls of @xperimets Cor be macle » Acco fo caleulbens cnet fhecrehea! dob ancl beeps mictal fest data om Can laclucl an redesign Bladsy 8 van 14 Bladsye - Page 8 of 14 Pages Arolysi's prececdare accercling ly.( Vraag 6/Question 6 dz. us Die enjin van 'n voertuig kan gemodelleer word as ‘n massa van 150 kg wat aan die voertuig deur die enjinmonterings verbind is sodat die enjin by 3 000 opm (ongeveer 120 km/x in vyfde rat) fn natuurlike frekwensie van die stelsel opwek. Daar word besluit dat ‘n massa van 20 kg gebruik sal word om as fn vibrasie-absorbeerder op te tree. (Wenk: Modeller die enjin op sy monteerstukke as 'n enkelvryheidsgraadstelsel.) / A motorcar’s engine can be modelled as a mass of 150 kg and is attached to the body of the vehicle through the engine mountings so that the engine excites a natural frequency of the system at_3 000 rpm (this corresponds to approx. 120 km/h in fifth gear). It is decided that a mass of 20 kg will be used to act as a vibration absorber. (Hint: Model the engine on the mountings as a single degree of freedom system.) a) Bereken die veerstyfheid van die absorbeerder wat benodig word. / Determine the required spring stiffness of the absorber system. 17] b) Watter tipe veer sal u aanbeveel, staal of rubber? Motiveer. / Which type of spring would you suggest fo be used, steel or rubber? Motivate. 3] ©) Bespreek die voor- en nadele van ‘n vibrasie-absorbeerder as 'n oplossing vir hierdie probleem. Watter alternatiewe oplossings sou oorweeg kon word om die problem aan te spreek? / Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a vibration absorber as a solution to this particular problem. What other solutions can you suggest to the problem at hand? 61 Skets! Diagram Lok hx GOS _ aul Skala 2 1639, $16 Ets Im | | | 9 steel see y (Bic, Feree being epehiesh) The amcunk of Gree te spring musk witlslerch eel very nah magne tche, 7 his in eft dh rors suitably de steel Sbrngs which pave hughie Sena th cdi Vikes therm rabber” “Stinds. uv F Ba selecting a Steel corny your present J Pile due b Abrgie Buckling of Prachures 19 Sobeteb sorry « Therebre —ollowing ke a longer Whe cycle for Phe. ge —_ Rubber sariay is mere _applicabe hb _& smalke frees hemy applied fe _sslem. / - DY No addlitienal dompng —regunedl /(:. lesi_Comphicokel ) echoes = less space taken up by Solabrer/ of addition cf neass = Simple selahen gq cost obehive A _vbcbe. ) Gut rege damping or olgree af obsehen, 0 Pixecl Yale oltien. ehcle may become te,heauy ond those a chan efbel OO" of problems. eg. fo He shocks br mshnc Sakis: «helate proben [enceHrg WP sone sort ) —"A del lompers Bladsy 10 van 14 Bladsye - Page 10 of 14 PagesVraag 7/Question 7 7 [15] Die golfvergelyking wat die vibrasie van 1 snaar beskryf word gegee deur: / The wave equation that describe the vibration of a string is given by: a aw w(x) _ 1 a w(x0) metivath ee p oe tat Bepaal die natuurlike frekwensies en modusvorme as die een punt van die snaar vas is en die ander punt slegs vertikaal kan beweeg soos aangedui in die skets. Teken die eerste drie modusvorms van die snaar. / Determine the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the siring if the one end is pinned and the other end can move freely in the vertical direction as shown in the figure. Sketch the first three mode shapes of the string. Verduidelik die randwaarde by x=! / Explain the boundary condition at x=I. Woot) = Xie) = © _ wilds MTU © Yo): 0 —j _ d= 4, Sin Fx 4.4, Sa - K(o)= A, lo) 4 A (0) =O Gig & 1240 Vas Co, Come 1 O0rlsOx iW): o,es6b =O ole 2 a: — - ols Gofow _ S net, 2,34 = Oee (en ar fy,” “O2 Yn 06) =a) Sin qo ¥ Bladsy 11 van 14 Bladsye - Page 11 of 14 PagesBa YirO Sn) > x. = 07071 $6) Swe Sin a x mode 2 _ 22 wat sr\y —— Yu: Sm C#F*) % Heb £ xt - z (if oe mode - ne: Wa ©! Ya Sito) +0 _ e ») - (x): Sn fom, ) i X22 Sin SC) = fo ~0,901 @ ¢ t ! I eT oon ya: Sin ND O.82y Bladsy 12 van 14 Bladsye - Page 12 of 14 PagesVraag 8/Question & x [10] a) Bespreek die rol van SANS 10083 by die evaluasie van geraasvlakke in ‘n fabriek. Lys die stappe, in die volgorde waarin hulle uitgevoer moet word, indien dit bevind word dat die geraasviak inderdaad te hoog is. / Discuss the role of SANS 10083 when assessing noise levels in a factory. List the possible steps, in the order which they must be executed, ifit is found that the noise levels are indeed too high. fal b) ‘n Werker word aan die volgende geraasviakke blootgestel, Tel hulle bymekaar om die Ltcgsuu Waarde te kry. / A worker is exposed to the following noise levels. Add them to Obtain the Lscgsiow Value. (3) TydiTime Litey ure/hours dBA) 2 90 5 80 1 _|75 8) + Decrease semm reise lescl by noone of rsolahin or damping + Rr tests fo chlermie if scien abo pont i cbhehce « The fest shes thod nose Wel GOT high then pba measures teqarding employees lehy “a belth “by an chive gear. wseed polecloe gor [on emma ohh will poked the enplegee s- =] 1 Teel sk ee Nappa) eck rce and instmet gmp logees fee potectie gfer ef all Lines in Selected! olemerkaded careers. ° — + @lucale _ a test eels with regerl fo cor -clomone or norse-damoge fo gate! beat a fucllheng arel Toocky 0 fo a fects fect em leyees bo t precaession reg ress rer nose danoge 2 bewhae Adrouehy > paces “pdonahe > cuit Aclimuly os 28 5 ay) Lani lo ¢Uoe 4 gO ZT $10 aa | J — — wa | SB heey ae - this ic pat gael - oy SAME. : # lessHun es dR (ay) 15 geod a tle _wsrk place TOTAAL [100] / TOTAL [100] Bladsy 13 van 14 Bladsye - Page 13 of 14 Pages- tmlgen)” = mg h h- Rr Ges ge 9 . « = mg Re O Cos x Luce: Ala . 5 k( te + Beg)? = Wh + 2G) (Tru) -e im) <2 me OO + mye Csx 06 + K(f kee) = [Sue + 6 (mgh- + Kee) ] b-0 “ JS + m d