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This document provides an overview of an aerospace vehicle performance course. It includes 3 key points: 1. The course covers aerodynamics, propulsion characteristics, airplane performance including steady flight and accelerated flight, and spacecraft performance. 2. The objectives are to develop the equations needed to estimate the performance of aerospace vehicles and for students to analyze vehicle performance. 3. Some key aspects of performance covered include range, endurance, rate of climb, stability and control, and aeroelasticity. Lift, drag, and moment coefficients and their variation with angle of attack and Reynolds number are also discussed.

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52 views

Lect - 1

This document provides an overview of an aerospace vehicle performance course. It includes 3 key points: 1. The course covers aerodynamics, propulsion characteristics, airplane performance including steady flight and accelerated flight, and spacecraft performance. 2. The objectives are to develop the equations needed to estimate the performance of aerospace vehicles and for students to analyze vehicle performance. 3. Some key aspects of performance covered include range, endurance, rate of climb, stability and control, and aeroelasticity. Lift, drag, and moment coefficients and their variation with angle of attack and Reynolds number are also discussed.

Uploaded by

zay yassine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aerospace /Engines/ Vehicle

Performance

AE-3310 Lect.1

Dr. Omer Almatbagi


Room: Batiment 2,B - 301 ter
[email protected]
AE 3310 Aerospace Vehicle Performance
Short Description: Aerospace Vehicle Performance includes a
study of basic aerospace-vehicle performance, from
1. CTOL through
2. Supersonic air vehicles to
3. Spacecraft
Including drag estimation, thrust required and available, basic
point and path performance, vehicle performance at steady
flight and accelerated maneuvers flight.
Conventional Take-off And Landing is the process whereby conventional aircraft
take off and land, involving the use of runways.
Seaplanes, instead of using runways, use water.
1. In considering the performance and design of airplanes
aerodynamics is a vital aspect.
2. The determination of optimum flight condition:
✓ Point Performance, problems describe the particular
local performance characteristics at a given point
on the path independent of the rest fight
path.
✓ The path performance deals with the study of the
flight path as a whole and involve integration
between given initial and final conditions along
the flight path (i.e. range, time to climb)
Objectives & EXPECTED OUTCOME

Purpose:
This course develops the Equations necessary for estimating
the performance of aerospace vehicles.

Expected Outcomes:
The student will be able to estimate the performance and
analysis of aerospace vehicles.

COURSE PROJECT
COURSE COMPONENTS

Aerodynamics of the Airplane: The Drag Polar

Aspects of aerodynamics necessary for airplane performance


consideration
The source of aerodynamic force, lift for a finite wing, wing-body
combinations drag, the drag polar.
Some Propulsion Characteristics
Thrust and the way it is produced
The reciprocating engine/propeller combination, the turbojet engine,
the turbofan engine, the turboprop and the propeller
• Thrust and efficiency-the trade-off,
• Specific fuel consumption, ‘’weight of fuel burned per unit power per
unit time’’
• Variations of power and sfc with velocity and altitude
Airplane Performance
• The equations of motion, the four forces of flight

Airplane Performance: Steady Flight


• Equations of motion for steady, level flight, thrust required
(drag), the fundamental parameters: thrust-to-weight ratio,
wing loading, drag polar, and lift-to-drag ratio, thrust
available and the maximum velocity of the airplane, power
required, power available and maximum velocity, effect of
drag divergence on maximum velocity, minimum velocity: stall
and high-lift devices, rate of climb, service and absolute
ceilings, time to climb, range, endurance
Airplane Performance: Accelerated Flight (n >1)
Level turn, the pull-up and pulldown manoeuvres, limiting case for
large load factor, the V-n diagram, take-off performance, landing
performance

Represents
aerodynamics
and structural
limitation
At low velocity flight:

1. lift ability is reduced

2. amplify viscous flow phenomena

3. rapid boundary layer momentum loss results in flow

separation

At high velocity flight

1- high dynamic pressure leads to structural failure


• Special Considerations for Supersonic Airplanes
• Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
• Micro Air Vehicles
Spacecraft Performance
The driving force behind the advancement of aviation has always

been the desire to fly higher and faster.

The ultimate, of course, is to fly so high and so fast that you find

yourself in outer space, beyond the limits of the sensible

atmosphere.

Here motion of the vehicle takes place only under the influence of

gravity and possibly some type of propulsive force; however,

the mode of propulsion must be entirely independent of the air for

its thrust.
Therefore, the physical fundamentals and engineering principles

associated with space vehicles are somewhat different from those

associated with airplanes.

Here we introduce some basic concepts of space flight:

• calculation and analysis of orbits and trajectories of space vehicles

operating under the influence of gravitational forces only (such as in

the vacuum of free space).

• Consider several aspects of the entry of a space vehicle into the earth's

atmosphere, especially the entry trajectory and aerodynamic heating

of the vehicle.
• Space Vehicle and Booster Performance
Single stage, restricted staging,
generalized staging and
powered boost.
A space vehicle powered by a rocket
used to carry a robotic spacecraft/
men between the land surface and the
outer space (7-11km/s).

The Solid Rocket Boosters used for


primary propulsion on a vehicle and
provided the space vehicle’s thrust
during the first two minutes of flight.
It is the most powerful solid rocket
motors ever flown, each provided a
maximum 13,800 kN
References:
1. Anderson Jr. John D. “AIRCRAFT
PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN” Fifth
reprint 2012, Tata McGraw-Hill.

2. Dr. Jan Roskam ‘‘Airplane


Aerodynamics and Performance’’
Design, Analysis and Research
Corporation (DARcorporation), 1997.

3. John D. Anderson, Jr. “Introduction to


Flight” Seventh Edition McGraw-Hill
2012.
Atmospheric Flight Mechanics
Performance
– Performance characteristics (range, endurance, rate of climb, take-off
and landing distances, flight path optimization)

Flight Dynamics
– Motion of the aircraft due to disturbances
– Stability and Control

Aeroelasticity
– Static and Dynamic Aeroelastic phenomena (control reversal, wing
divergence, flutter, aeroelastic response)

The aerodynamic forces and moment as well as the thrust and weight have to
be accurately determined
• Range: The total distance that an aircraft can travel on a given full
tank of fuel.
• Endurance: The total time that an aircraft can stay in air for a given
tank of fuel.
• Rate of climb: The rate of change of altitude of an aircraft in flight.
• Flight Stability and control: deals with the handling qualities of an
aircraft under the influence of external forces and/or internal forces.
• Aeroelasticity studies the interactions between the inertial, elastic,
and aerodynamic forces that occur when an elastic body is exposed to
a fluid flow.it causes either wing divergence, control reversal or
fluttering.
The aerodynamic forces and moment acting
on the aircraft depend on the property of the
atmosphere through which is flying

• Geometric shape
• Attitude to the flow
• Airspeed
• Property of the air mass (pressure, temperature, density,
viscosity, speed of sound, etc.)
Our purpose here is review those aspects of aerodynamics necessary for

our subsequent consideration of airplane performance.

THE SOURCE OF AERODYNAMIC FORCE


Lift, drag, and moment coefficients: how
they vary

This data show


virtually no effect of
the Reynolds number
on the linear portion
of the lift curve; that
is, a0=dcl/dα is
essentially in-sensitive
to variations in Re.
• (This is true for the high Re associated with normal flight;
however, at much lower Re, say, 100,000 encountered by
model airplanes and many small uninhabited aerial vehicles,
there is a substantial Re effect that reduces the lift slope
below its high Re value.) a0
• On the other hand, Re effect is important on (cl)max, with
higher values of (cl)max corresponding to higher Re.
• ( Reynolds number is a similarity parameter in aerodynamics
which governs the nature of viscous flow.
• The development of separated flow over the airfoil at high α
is a viscous flow effect-the viscous boundary layer literally
separates from the surface).
• The variation of Cmc/4 is essentially linear over most of the
practical range of the angle of attack; that is, the slope of the
moment coefficient curve, m0=dcmc/4/dα is constant.
• This slope is positive for some airfoils, but can be negative for
other airfoils.
• The variation becomes nonlinear at high angle of attack, when
the flow separates from the top surface of the airfoil, and at
highly negative angles of attack, when the flow separates from
the bottom surface of the airfoil.
• The linear portion of the moment curve is essentially
independent of Re.
m0 is positive
Unstable
condition

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