PART I: TEMPERATURE, HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS

1. At 20°C, a rod is exactly 20.05 cm long on a steel ruler. Both are placed in an
oven at 270°C, where the rod now measures 20.11 cm on the same ruler. What is the
coefficient of linear expansion for the material of which the rod is made? The coefficient
of linear expansion of steel is 11×10−6/°C.

2 A certain substance has a mass per mole of 50.0 g/mol. When 314 J is added as
heat to a 30.0 g sample, the sample’s temperature rises from 25.0°C to 45.0°C. What are:

(a) The specific heat of this substance?

(b) The molar specific heat of this substance?
(c) How many moles are in the sample?

3 What mass of steam at 100°C must be mixed with 150 g of ice at its melting point,
in a thermally insulated container, to produce liquid water at 50°C?

4 In Fig. below, a gas sample expands from V0 to 4.0V0 while its pressure decreases
from p0 to p0/4.0. If V0 = 1.0 m3 and p0 = 40 Pa, how much work is done by the gas if its
pressure changes with volume via (a) path A, (b) path B, and (c) path C?

5 A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to state B to state C, and then back
to A, as shown in the p-V diagram of Fig. below (a). The vertical scale is set by ps = 40
Pa, and the horizontal scale is set by Vs = 4.0 m3. (a)–(g) Complete the table in Fig.
below (b) by inserting a plus sign, a minus sign, or a zero in each indicated cell. (h) What
is the net work done by the system as it moves once through the cycle ABCA?
6 A gas within a closed chamber undergoes the cycle shown in the p-V diagram of
Fig. below. The horizontal scale is set by Vs = 4.0 m3. Calculate the net energy added to
the system as heat during one complete cycle.

7 Suppose 200 J of work is done on a system and 70.0 cal is extracted from the
system as heat. In the sense of the first law of thermodynamics, what are the values
(including algebraic signs) of (a) W, (b) Q, and (c) Eint?
8 When a system is taken from state i to state f along path iaf in Fig. below, Q = 50
cal and W = 20 cal. Along path ibf, Q = 36 cal. (a) What is W along path ibf? (b) If W = -
13 cal for the return path fi, what is Q for this path? (c) If Eint,i = 10 cal, what is Eint,f? If
Eint,b = 22 cal, what is Q for (d) path ib and (e)
path bf ?
9 As a gas is held within a closed chamber, it passes through the cycle shown in Fig.
below. Determine the energy transferred by the system as heat during constant-pressure
process CA if the energy added as heat QAB during constant-volume process AB is 20.0 J,
no energy is transferred as heat during adiabatic process BC, and the net work done
during the cycle is 15.0 J.

10 Fig. below represents a closed cycle for a gas (the figure is not drawn to scale).
The change in the internal energy of the gas as it moves from a to c along the path abc is
-200 J. As it moves from c to d, 180 J must be transferred to it as heat. An additional
transfer of 80 J to it as heat is needed as it moves from d to a. How much work is done on
the gas as it moves from c to d?

11 A lab sample of gas is taken through cycle abca shown in the p-V diagram of Fig.
below The net work done is +1.2 J. Along path ab, the change in the internal energy is
+3.0 J and the magnitude of the work done is 5.0 J. Along path ca, the energy transferred
to the gas as heat is +2.5 J. How much energy is transferred as heat along (a) path ab and
(b) path bc?
MCQs:
1. First law of thermodynamics deals with _______
a) Conservation of mass
b) Conservation of momentum
c) Conservation of energy
d) Conservation of pressure
2. According to First law of thermodynamics,
(a) total internal energy of a system during a process remains constant

(b) total energy of a system remains constant

(c) work done by a system is equal to the heat transferred by the system

(d) internal energy, enthalpy and entropy during a process remains constant
3. An ideal gas undergoes the process below. The work done by the gas is

(a) - 2PoVo

(b) + 2PoVo
(c) - 4PoVo

(d) + 4 PoVo

4. A system absorbs 50 J of heat and does 11 J of work in a process. The system follows a
different path between the same initial and final states and does 15 J work, the heat
transferred in the process is:
(a) 39 J

(b) 65 J

(c) 54 J

(d) 46 J

5. If 315 cal of heat is given to the system, and the system does 20cal of work, find the
change in internal energy
a) 295 cal
b) 335 cal
c) 0 cal
d) 335 J

6. Two cylinders A and B of equal capacity are connected to each other via a stopcock. A
contains gas at a standard temperature and pressure. B is completely evacuated. The
entire system is thermally insulated. If the stopcock is suddenly opened, then the change
in internal energy of the gas is:
a) 0
b) 5 J
c) 10 J
d) 15 J
PART II: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
1 Oxygen gas having a volume of 1000 cm3 at 40.0 oC and 1.01x10-5 Pa expands
until its volume is 1500 cm3 and its pressure is 1.06x10-5 Pa.
Find (a) the number of moles of oxygen present and (b) the final temperature of the
sample.
2 A quantity of ideal gas at 10.0oC and 100 kPa occupies a volume of 2.50 m3.
(a) How many moles of the gas are present?
(b) If the pressure is now raised to 300 kPa and the temperature is raised to 30.0 oC, how
much volume does the gas occupy? Assume no leaks.
3 The best laboratory vacuum has a pressure of about 1.00x10-18 atm, or 1.01x10-13
Pa. How many gas molecules are there per cubic centimeter in such a vacuum at 293 K?
4 Suppose 1.80 mol of an ideal gas is taken from a volume of 3.00 m3 to a volume of
1.50 m3 via an isothermal compression at 30oC.
(a) How much energy is transferred as heat during the compression
(b) is the transfer to or from the gas?
5 Submarine rescue. When the U.S. submarine Squalus became disabled at a depth
of 80 m, a cylindrical chamber was lowered from a ship to rescue the crew. The chamber
had a radius of 1.00 m and a height of 4.00 m, was open at the bottom, and held two
rescuers. It slid along a guide cable that a diver had attached to a hatch on the submarine.
Once the chamber reached the hatch and clamped to the hull, the crew could escape into
the chamber. During the descent, air was released from tanks to prevent water from
flooding the chamber. Assume that the interior air pressure matched the water pressure at
depth h as given by p0 + pgh, where p0 = 1.000 atm is the surface pressure and r = 1024
kg/m3 is the density of seawater. Assume a surface temperature of 20.00C and a
submerged water temperature of -30.00C. (a) What is the air volume in the chamber at the
surface? (b) If air had not been released from the tanks, what would have been the air
volume in the chamber at depth h = 80.0 m? (c) How many moles of air were needed to
be released to maintain the original air volume in the chamber?
6 A sample of an ideal gas is taken through the cyclic process abca shown in Fig.
below. The scale of the vertical axis is set by pb = 7.5 kPa and pac = 2.5 kPa. At point a, T
= 200 K. (a) How many moles of gas are in the sample? What are (b) the temperature of
the gas at point b, (c) the temperature of the gas at point c, and (d) the net energy added to
the gas as heat during the cycle?
7 An air bubble of volume 20 cm3 is at the bottom of a lake 40 m deep, where the
temperature is 4.00C. The bubble rises to the surface, which is at a temperature of 200C.
Take the temperature of the bubble’s air to be the same as that of the surrounding water.
Just as the bubble reaches the surface, what is its volume?
8 Container A in Fig. below holds an ideal gas at a pressure of 5.0 x 105 Pa and a
temperature of 300 K. It is connected by a thin tube (and a closed valve) to container B,
with four times the volume of A. Container B holds the same ideal gas at a pressure of
1.0 x 105 Pa and a temperature of 400 K. The valve is opened to allow the pressures to
equalize, but the temperature of each container is maintained. What then is the pressure?

9 (a) Compute the rms speed of a nitrogen molecule at 20.00C. The molar mass of
nitrogen molecules (N2) is given in Table below. At what temperatures will the rms
speed be (b) half that value and (c) twice that value?
10 At 273 K and 1.00 x 10-2 atm, the density of a gas is 1.24 x 10-5 g/cm3. (a) Find
vrms for the gas molecules. (b) Find the molar mass of the gas and (c) identify the gas. See
Table above.
11 Determine the average value of the translational kinetic energy of the molecules of
an ideal gas at temperatures (a) 0.00°C and (b) 100°C. What is the translational kinetic
energy per mole of an ideal gas at (c) 0.000C and (d) 1000C?
12 Water standing in the open at 32.0°C evaporates because of the escape of some of
the surface molecules. The heat of vaporization (539 cal/g) is approximately equal to n,
where is the average energy of the escaping molecules and n is the number of molecules
per gram. (a) Find . (b) What is the ratio of to the average kinetic energy of H2O
molecules, assuming the latter is related to temperature in the same way as it is for gases?
13 At what frequency would the wavelength of sound in air be equal to the mean free
path of oxygen molecules at 1.0 atm pressure and 0.000C? The molecular diameter is 3.0
x 10-8 cm.
14 In a certain particle accelerator, protons travel around a circular path of diameter
23.0 m in an evacuated chamber, whose residual gas is at 295 K and 1.00 x 10-6 torr
pressure. (a) Calculate the number of gas molecules per cubic centimeter at this pressure.
(b) What is the mean free path of the gas molecules if the molecular diameter is 2.0 x 10 -8
cm?
 15 At 20°C and 750 torr pressure, the mean free paths for argon gas (Ar) and nitrogen
gas (N2) are Ar = 9.9 x 106 cm and N2 = 27.5 x 106 cm. (a) Find the ratio of the diameter
of an Ar atom to that of an N2 molecule. What is the mean free path of argon at (b) 200C
and 150 torr, and (c) -40°C and 750 torr?
16 The speeds of 22 particles are as follows (Ni represents the number of particles that
have speed vi):
Ni 2 4 6 8 2
Vi(cm/s) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
What are (a) vavg, (b) vrms, and (c) vP?
17 The most probable speed of the molecules in a gas at temperature T2 is equal to the
rms speed of the molecules at temperature T1. Find T2 /T1.
18 A hydrogen molecule (diameter 1.0 x 108 cm), traveling at the rms speed, escapes
from a 4000K furnace into a chamber containing cold argon atoms (diameter 3.0 x 108
cm) at a density of 4.0 x 1019 atoms/cm3. (a) What is the speed of the hydrogen molecule?
(b) If it collides with an argon atom, what is the closest their centers can be, considering
each as spherical? (c) What is the initial number of collisions per second experienced by
the hydrogen molecule?
19 What is the internal energy of 1.0 mol of an ideal monatomic gas at 273 K?
20 One mole of an ideal diatomic gas goes from a to c along the diagonal path in Fig.
below. The scale of the vertical axis is set by pab = 5.0 kPa and pc = 2.0 kPa, and the scale
of the horizontal axis is set by Vbc = 4.0 m3 and Va = 2.0 m3. During the transition, (a)
what is the change in internal energy of the gas, and (b) how much energy is added to the
gas as heat? (c) How much heat is required if the gas goes from a to c along the indirect
path abc?
21 A container holds a mixture of three nonreacting gases: 2.40 mol of gas 1 with CV1
12.0 J/mol.K 1.50 mol of gas 2 with CV2 =12.8 J/mol.K, and 3.20 mol of gas 3 with CV3 =
20.0 J/mol.K. What is CV of the mixture?
22 We give 70 J as heat to a diatomic gas, which then expands at constant pressure.
The gas molecules rotate but do not oscillate. By how much does the internal energy of
the gas increase?
23 Suppose 12.0 g of oxygen (O2) gas is heated at constant atmospheric pressure from
25.0 C to 1250C. (a) How many moles of oxygen are present? (See Table below for the
0

molar mass.) (b) How much energy is transferred to the oxygen as heat? (The molecules
rotate but do not oscillate.) (c) What fraction of the heat is used to raise the internal
energy of the oxygen?

24 Suppose 1.00 L of a gas with = 1.30, initially at 273 K and 1.00 atm, is suddenly
compressed adiabatically to half its initial volume. Find its final (a) pressure and (b)
temperature. (c) If the gas is then cooled to 273 K at constant pressure, what is its final
volume?
25 Opening champagne. In a bottle of champagne, the pocket of gas (primarily
carbon dioxide) between the liquid and the cork is at pressure of pi = 5.00 atm. When the
cork is pulled from the bottle, the gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion until its pressure
matches the ambient air pressure of 1.00 atm. Assume that the ratio of the molar specific
heats is = . If the gas has initial temperature Ti = 5.000C, what is its temperature at the
end of the adiabatic expansion?
26 Figure below shows two paths that may be taken by a gas from an initial point i to
a final point f. Path 1 consists of an isothermal expansion (work is 50 J in magnitude), an
adiabatic expansion (work is 40 J in magnitude), an isothermal compression (work is 30 J
in magnitude), and then an adiabatic compression (work is 25 J in magnitude). What is
the change in the internal energy of the gas if the gas goes from point i to point f along
path 2?

27 An ideal diatomic gas, with rotation but no oscillation, undergoes an adiabatic

compression. Its initial pressure and volume are 1.20 atm and 0.200 m3. Its final pressure
is 2.40 atm. How much work is done by the gas?
28 Figure below shows a cycle undergone by 1.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas.
The temperatures are T1 = 300 K, T2 = 600 K, and T3 = 455 K. For 1 : 2, what are (a) heat
Q, (b) the change in internal energy Eint, and (c) the work done W? For 2 : 3, what are
(d) Q, (e) Eint, and (f) W? For 3 : 1, what are (g) Q, (h) Eint, and (i) W? For the full
cycle, what are (j) Q, (k) Eint, and (l) W? The initial pressure at point 1 is 1.00 atm (=
1.013 x 105 Pa). What are the (m) volume and (n) pressure at point 2 and the (o) volume
and (p) pressure at point 3?
MCQs

1. The quantity PV/kT (k = Boltzmann’s constant) represents:

a. Number of moles of the gas

b. Total mass of the gas

c. Number of molecules in the gas

d. Density of the gas

2. In the process PV = constant, the pressure P versus density graph ρ of an ideal gas is:

a. A parabola

b. A straight line passing through origin

c. A straight line parallel to ρ-axis

d. A straight line parallel to P-axis

3. In gas of diatomic molecules, find the ratio between Cp and Cv:

a. 1.6

b. 1.4

c. 1.3

d. 1.5

4. The Vrms of gas molecules is 300 m/sec. If its absolute temperature is reduced to half
and molecular weight is doubled, the Vrms will become:

a. 75 m/s

b. 150 m/s
c. 300 m/s

d. 600 m/s

5. Average kinetic energy of molecules is:

a. Directly proportional to square root of temperature
b. Directly proportional to absolute temperature
c. Independent of absolute temperature
d. Inversely proportional to absolute temperature

6. The specific heat of a gas in an isothermal process is

a. Zero
b. Negative
c. Remains constant
d. Infinite

7. The specific heat of a gas in an adiabatic process is

a. Zero
b. Negative
c. Remains constant
d. Infinite

8. An ideal gas is taken in a sealed container at 300 K. it is heated at constant volume to

a temperature 600 K. the mean kinetic energy of its molecules is
a. Halved
b. Doubled
c. Tripled
d. Quadrupled
9. If 70 calories heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal diatomic
gas at constant pressure from 30°C to 35°C. the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of the same gas through the same range at constant volume is
a. 30 cal
b. 50 cal
c. 70 cal
d. 90 cal

10. Which of the following is the unit of specific heat?

a. J kg/°C
b. J/kg°C
c. kg °C/J
d. J kg/°C2
PART III: ENTROPY AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
1 Suppose 4.00 mol of an ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion
from volume V1 to volume V2 = 2.00V1 at temperature T = 400 K. Find (a) the work done
by the gas and
(b) the entropy change of the gas.
(c) If the expansion is reversible and adiabatic instead of isothermal, what is the entropy
change of the gas?
2 An ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion at 77.0 0C, increasing its
volume from 1.30 L to 3.40 L. The entropy change of the gas is 22.0 J/K. How many
moles of gas are present?
3 How much energy must be transferred as heat for a reversible isothermal
expansion of an ideal gas at 132 0C if the entropy of the gas increases by 46.0 J/K?
4 Find
(a) the energy absorbed as heat and
(b) the change in entropy of a 2.00 kg block of copper whose temperature is increased
reversibly from 25.00C to 1000C. The specific heat of copper is 386 J/kg.K.
5 (a) What is the entropy change of a 12.0 g ice cube that melts completely in a
bucket of water whose temperature is just above the freezing point of water?
(b) What is the entropy change of a 5.00 g spoonful of water that evaporates completely
on a hot plate whose temperature is slightly above the boiling point of water?
6 A 364 g block is put in contact with a thermal reservoir. The block is initially at a
lower temperature than the reservoir. Assume that the consequent transfer of energy as
heat from the reservoir to the block is reversible. Figure below gives the change in
entropy S of the block until thermal equilibrium is reached. The scale of the horizontal
axis is set by Ta = 280 K and Tb = 380 K. What is the specific heat of the block?
7 (a) For 1.0 mol of a monatomic ideal gas taken through the cycle in Fig. below,
where V1 = 4.00V0, what is W/p0V0 as the gas goes from state a to state c along path abc?
What is Eint/p0V0 in going (b) from b to c and (c) through one full cycle? What is S in
going (d) from b to c and (e) through one full cycle?

8 In Fig. below, where V23 = 3.00V1, n moles of a diatomic ideal gas are taken
through the cycle with the molecules rotating but not oscillating. What are (a) p2/p1, (b)
p3/p1, and (c) T3/T1? For path 1 2, what are (d) W/nRT1, (e) Q/nRT1, (f) Eint/nRT1, and
(g) S/nR? For path 2 3, what are (h) W/nRT1, (i) Q/nRT1, (j) Eint/nRT1, (k) S/nR?
For path 3 1, what are (l) W/nRT1, (m) Q/nRT1, (n) Eint/nRT1, and (o) S/nR?

9 Suppose 1.00 mol of a monatomic ideal gas is taken from initial pressure p1 and
volume V1 through two steps: (1) an isothermal expansion to volume 2.00V1 and (2) a
pressure increase to 2.00p1 at constant volume. What is Q/p1V1 for (a) step 1 and (b) step
2? What is W/p1V1 for (c) step 1 and (d) step 2? For the full process, what are (e)
Eint/p1V1 and (f) S? The gas is returned to its initial state and again taken to the same
final state but now through these two steps: (1) an isothermal compression to pressure
2.00p1 and (2) a volume increase to 2.00V1 at constant pressure. What is Q/p1V1 for (g)
step 1 and (h) step 2? What is W/p1V1 for (i) step 1 and (j) step 2? For the full process,
what are (k) Eint/p1V1 and (l) S?
10 A Carnot engine whose low-temperature reservoir is at 170C has an efficiency of
40%. By how much should the temperature of the high-temperature reservoir be
increased to increase the efficiency to 50%?
11 A Carnot engine absorbs 52 kJ as heat and exhausts 36 kJ as heat in each cycle.
Calculate (a) the engine’s efficiency and (b) the work done per cycle in kilojoules.
12 A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 22.0%. It operates between constant-
temperature reservoirs differing in temperature by 75.0 0C. What is the temperature of the
(a) lower-temperature and (b) higher-temperature reservoir?
13 Figure below shows a reversible cycle through which 1.00 mol of a monatomic
ideal gas is taken. Assume that p = 2p0, V = 2V0, p0 = 1.01 x 105 Pa, and V0 = 0.0225 m3.
Calculate (a) the work done during the cycle, (b) the energy added as heat during stroke
abc, and (c) the efficiency of the cycle. (d) What is the efficiency of a Carnot engine
operating between the highest and lowest temperatures that occur in the cycle? (e) Is this
greater than or less than the efficiency calculated in (c)?

14 The efficiency of a particular car engine is 25% when the engine does 8.2 kJ of
work per cycle. Assume the process is reversible. What are (a) the energy the engine
gains per cycle as heat Qgain from the fuel combustion and (b) the energy the engine
loses per cycle as heat Qlost? If a tune-up increases the efficiency to 31%, what are (c)
Qgain and (d) Qlost at the same work value?
15 An ideal gas (1.0 mol) is the working substance in an engine that operates on the
cycle shown in Fig. below. Processes BC and DA are reversible and adiabatic. (a) Is the
gas monatomic, diatomic, or polyatomic? (b) What is the engine efficiency
16 The cycle in Fig. below represents the operation of a gasoline internal combustion
engine. Volume V3 = 4.00V1. Assume the gasoline–air intake mixture is an ideal gas with
= 1.30. What are the ratios (a) T2/T1, (b) T3/T1, (c) T4/T1, (d) p3/p1, and (e) p4/p1? (f)
What is the engine efficiency?

17 How much work must be done by a Carnot refrigerator to transfer 1.0 J as heat (a)
from a reservoir at 7.00C to one at 270C, (b) from a reservoir at -730C to one at 270C, (c)
from a reservoir at -1730C to one at 270C, and (d) from a reservoir at -2230C to one at
270C?
18 A heat pump is used to heat a building. The external temperature is less than the
internal temperature. The pump’s coefficient of performance is 3.8, and the heat pump
delivers 7.54 MJ as heat to the building each hour. If the heat pump is a Carnot engine
working in reverse, at what rate must work be done to run.
19 To make ice, a freezer that is a reverse Carnot engine extracts 42 kJ as heat at -
0
15 C during each cycle, with coefficient of performance 5.7. The room temperature is
30.30C. How much (a) energy per cycle is delivered as heat to the room and (b) work per
cycle is required to run the freezer?
20 The motor in a refrigerator has a power of 200 W. If the freezing compartment is
at 270 K and the outside air is at 300 K, and assuming the efficiency of a Carnot
refrigerator, what is the maximum amount of energy that can be extracted as heat from
the freezing compartment in 10.0 min?
21 Figure below represents a Carnot engine that works between temperatures T1 400
K and T2 = 150 K and drives a Carnot refrigerator that works between temperatures T3 =
325 K and T4 = 225 K. What is the ratio Q3/Q1?