Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts, and Sciences Inc.

Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

The Effect of Rice Tariffication Law to the Rice Farmers in Vinzons,

Camarines Norte

A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and Research
Camarines Norte School of Law
Talisay, Camarines Norte

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Major in Legal Management

Darwin R. Quinones
Gervin G. Arquizal
Shyra Mae R. Eco

Researchers

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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled THE EFFECTS OF RICE TARIFFICATION LAW TO

THE RICE FARMER IN VINZONS, CAMARINES NORTE prepared and submitted
by Shyra Mae R. Eco, Darwin R. Quiñones, and Gervin G. Arquizal in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the Bachelors of Science in Business Administration, major in
Legal Management, has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and
approval for oral examination.

FLORICEL M. BALDERAMA, MAEd

Adviser

Thesis Committee

DARYL I. QUINITO, MAEd

Chairman

MA. CELIA R. DE JESUS ANTONIO SUHITADO

Member Member

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the committee of Final Oral Examination on _____________ with a

grade of ______________,

Thesis Committee

DARYL I. QUINITO, MAEd

Chairman

MA. CELIA R. DE JESUS ANTONIO

SUHITADO
Member Member

ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Bachelors of Science in Business Administration, major in Legal Management

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CERTIFICATION OF STATISTICIAN

This is to certify that the thesis of Shyra Mae R. Eco, Darwin R. Quiñones, and
Gervin G. Arquizal entitled THE EFFECTS OF RICE TARIFFICATION LAW TO
THE RICE FARMER IN VINZONS, CAMARINES NORTE was evaluated by the
undersigned.

DAN C. DEL ROSARIO, PhD.

Statistician

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praise and gratitude to God, the Almighty, for His showers of

blessings throughout the study process that enabled the research to be completed

successfully.

The researchers would like to convey their heartfelt appreciation to their research

advisor, Ms. Floricel M. Balderama, for providing them with the chance to conduct

research and for offering vital advice during this process. Her passion, vision, sincerity,

and motivation had a significant impact to the researchers, studying under her supervision

was a wonderful honor.

The researchers would also want to express their deepest gratitude to the School

Administrator, Ms. Ma. Celia R. De Jesus for her enthusiastic encouragement and

unceasing support in this endeavor. The researchers would be forever thankful to her

advices and guidance to all their activities.

To Dr. Dan C. Del Rosario, validator and statistician of the study, the researchers

extend their great appreciation for sharing his valuable comments and expertise which

improved the quality of the research work.

To the researcher’s parents, they are immensely thankful for all the love, prayers,

care, support in all aspects, and sacrifices for their education and future preparedness.

The researchers are also thankful to the all respondents who helped and supported

them in completing the research. Lastly, the researchers would like to convey their

profound gratitude to everyone who assisted them in completing the study, whether

directly or indirectly.

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ABSTRACT

THE EFFECT OF RICE TARIFFICATION LAW TO THE RICE FARMERS IN

VINZONS, CAMARINES NORTE.

QUIÑONES, DARWIN R., Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in

Legal Management, Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts, and Sciences Inc.

ARQUIZAL, GERVIN G., Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in

Legal Management, Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts, and Sciences Inc.

ECO, SHYRA MAE R., Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in Legal

Management, Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts, and Sciences Inc.

Keywords: Rice Farmers, Rice Tariffication Law, Rice Competitiveness Enhancement

Fund

This study aims to assess and determine the Effects of Rice Tariffication Law to

the rice farmers in the Municipality of Vinzons, Camarines Norte.

Using quantitative and qualitative form of questionnaires during data gathering

period, an easy to understand and detailed survey form was made.

Specifically, this study seeks to know relevant information from the rice farmers

of Vinzons, Camarines Norte – the farm area, years of farming experience, farmers

association membership; and the effects of Rice Tariffication Law on their economic

status, innovations in farming, livelihood and sustenance and facility; the findings of this

study to the effects of Rice Tariffication in rice farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte and

the creation of supplementary materials. This study was conducted from February to

May, 2022.

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Findings

It was determined that 14% of the farmers in Vinzons affected by the Rice

Tariffication Law farmed an area of 0.5 hectares or less; 20% farmed an area of more

than 0.5 to 1hectares; 28% of the farmers farmed an area of more than 1 to 1.5 hectares;

and 38% of the farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte farmed an area of more than 1.5

hectares. In terms of farming experience, it was determined that 5% of the farmers in

Vinzons had a farming experience of 5 – 7 years, 95% of the farmers had a farming

experience of 8 year and above. The data shows that 16% were members of the Atag Rice

Farmers Association; 11% were members of the Sto. Domingo Farmers Association; 11%

were members of the Sto. Domingo Vinzons Farmers Association; 16% were members of

the Napilihan Kapit Bisig Magsasaka; 3% were members of the Buhayhay Farmers

Association; 11% were members of the Magkakaisang Magbubukid ng Mantigbe; 2% of

the farmers were members of the Angat Magsasaka Association; 19% of the farmers In

Vinzons, Caamarines Norte were members of the Mangcruz Farmers Association; 11%

were members of the Samahan ng Makamasang Magsasaka ng Mangcawayan; and 2% of

the farmers were members of the San Isidro Labrador Small Farmers Association.

Furthermore, the economic status of farmers under the Rice Tariffication Law has

worsened inequality and income poverty to the rice farmers, that the inputs for our farms

like fertilizers are expensive and it greatly affects their harvest and their income, and that

the intermediaries such as the traders, wholesalers, retailers, and importers—have

benefitted from the law and not the rice farmers ourselves, that the farmers have

benefited from the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF) assistance and that

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their financial needs had been aided by Expanded Rice Credit Assistance (ERCA) with

minimal interest. The response of the rice farmers of Vinzons in the effect of the Rice

Tariffication Law is that they disagree that it can cause innovation in farming. The

response of the farmers in Vinzons regarding the Rice Tariffication Law providing for

livelihood is that the farmers Moderately Agree that it does.The response of the rice

farmers in Vinzons, Camarirnes Norte to the question if the Rice Tariffication Law can

provide sustenance and facility, they responded that they Disagree.

The qualitative portion of this research was able to determine the following:

It was determined that selected Presidents of Farmers Association view the law as

causing the lowering of the price of palay at the disadvantage of the farmers whose

income is depleted due to the high cause of inputs. The law provides loans to farmer but

the financial assistance is limited and cannot reach most of the farmers in need. The law

provides for machineries under the mechanization program but no machines actually

arrived. Although farm inputs were provided to the farmers, the inputs in terms of seed

and fertilizers came late and in insufficient amount. Trainings were provided but the

information dissemination about the program was not properly communicated resulting to

a handful of beneficiaries.

They believe that the Rice Tariffication Law decrease the price of rice due to

importation to the disadvantage of the local farmers since consumers will but imported

rice instead of the locally produce rice which is more expensive. This will result to loses

incurred by the local farmers. Farmers were provided with free palay seeds and fertilizers

were subsidized but these free palay and subsidized fertilizers were insufficient which

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caused most of the farmers to experience loses. This is due to the fact that the decrease in

the farmers’ cost of production (considering the continuous increase in the prices of

fertilizer) did not counter the effects of the declining price of palay. Farm machineries

were provided but not all enjoyed the benefits of these machineries because the

Agricultural Office did not have a concrete data on the number of farmers association nor

data on the needs of these farmers. They admit that financial assistance was given to rice

farmers in the amount of Php5,000.00 per farmer. But this amount is insufficient and did

not even reach most of the framers again due to the lack of concrete data. Trainings were

provided by the Agricultural Office and by TESDA but not all were benefited due to lack

of dissemination.

Conclusions

In conclusion, most of the farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte farmed an area of

more than 1.5 hectares, that the majority of the farmers have a lot of experience in rice

farming covering 8 years and above, and we have concluded that most of the farmers in

Vinzons affected by the Rice Tariffication Law were members of the Mangcruz Farmers

Association.

Further, the Rice Tariffication Law produces positive and negative effects on the

economic status of the farmer in Vinzons, Camarines Norte but overall, the economic

effect is with more cons than the pros for the farmers under the Rice Tariffication Law.

We can conclude from the analysis of the data that the rice farmers of Vinzons,

Camarines Norte that the Rice Tariffication Law cannot provide innovation in farming.

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We can therefore conclude from the analysis of the data that the rice farmers of Vinzons,

Camarines Norte that the Rice Tariffication Law can moderately provide livelihood to the

farmers. We can conclude therefore that the rice farmers of Vinzons believed that the

Rice Tariffication Law cannot provide farmers with sustenance and facilities.

Based on the findings above, the following conclusions were drawn for qualitative

portion:

The Rice Tariffication Law was a failure since it benefited only a small portion of the

rice farmers population. This is due to the lack of information dissemination on the

programs provided by the law, the limited financial assistance and the insufficiency of

farm machineries as proposed in the program.

It can be seen clearly that there is a discrepancy with the implementation of neither

the law nor was the Department of Agriculture ready to implement the same resulting to

the disadvantageous effect for the local farmers. We can therefore conclude that the Rice

Tariffication Law was a failure as far as the Province of Camarines Norte is concern.

Recommendations

The researcher recommend that all farmers join a farmers’ association for easy

information dissemination. Update the number of farmers association together with their

members and have them registered with the Registry System for Basic Sectors in

Agriculture (RSBA). Increase funds in agriculture and approve the Magna Carta for

Association.

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Inclusion of the Province of Camarines Norte as RCEF Beneficiaries. All rice

farmers must be given the Rice Farmer Financial Assistance (RFFA) at a realistic amount

based on a study that will be conducted by the Agricultural Technician. Include all the

provinces in Bicol on the RCEF because fund of RA 11203 only focused on selected

provinces. Downloading of funds directly to the farmers and machineries to farmers

association. Focusing and monitoring of prices of palay and farm inputs so that any

changes in the price could warn the farmers and the government can make adjustments so

that the impact of any increase or decrease in prices will not have a strong impact on the

farmers economic status. It is proposed that the government subsidized the 50% price of

palay so the prices of other inputs in farming like fertilizers and pesticides will decrease.

That the officers of the Municipal and Provincial Agricultural Office consult with the

grassroots to determine their number, needs and other data needed so that communication

can disseminated easily and benefits on further laws can reach them. To develop a

summary and easy-to-read flyer that contain information about the Rice Tariffication

Law, the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund, the findings of the study, and its

recommendations.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

STATISTICIAN CERTIFICATE iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

LIST OF TABLE, FIGURES AND PLATES xiv

CHAPTER

1- 2- THE PROBLEM

Introduction 1

Theoretical Framework 4

Conceptual Framework 8

Statement of the Problem 10

Assumption of the Study 10

Scope and Limitations 11

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Significance of the Study 12

Definitions of Terms 13

Notes 15

3- 4- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature 17

Related Studies 20

Synthesis of the State of the Art 24

Gap Bridged by the Study 25

Notes 27

5- 6- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 30

Sampling Technique 31

Respondents of the Study 32

Research Instrument 33

Data Gathering Procedure 35

Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment 35

Notes 37

7- 8- PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETION OF DATA

Profile of the Households Engaged in Farming 39

Economic Effects of the Rice Tariffication Law 42

Effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the Rice farmers 46

of Vinzons in Terms of Innovation in Farming

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49
Effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the Rice farmers
of Vinzons in Terms of Livelihood 51

Effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the Rice farmers 55

of Vinzons in Terms of Sustenance and Facilities
Output of the Study
9- 10- SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 56

Findings 57

Conclusions 61

Recommendations 61

APPENDICES 64

1. 2. Request Letter to the Municipal Agricultural Office in 65

Vinzons

3. Research Instruments 67

4. Informed Consent form for the respondents 82

5. Sample Survey Questionnaires with Answers 85

6. Communication Letters to the Related Government Agency 103

7. Vicinity Map of Vinzons 109

8. Documentation on Gathering of Data 111

9. Letter to the Validators 115

10. Certificate of Validation 118

CURRICULUM VITAE 121

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List of Tables

Table 1 5-point Likert Scale

Table 2 Range and Interpretation

Table 3 Profile of the Households Engaged in

Farming in Vinzons, Camarines Norte in
Terms of Farm Area

Table 4 Profile of the Households Engaged in

Farming in

Vinzons, Camarines Norte in Terms of Years

of Farming Experience

Table 5 Profile of the Households Engaged in

Farming in

Vinzons, Camarines Norte in Terms of Years

of Farm Association Membership

Table 6 Economic Effects of the Rice Tariffication

Law to the Rice Farmers of Vinzons

Table 7 Effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the

Rice farmers of Vinzons in Terms of
Innovation in Farming

Table 8 Effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the

Rice farmers of Vinzons in Terms of
Livelihood

Table 9 Effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the

Rice farmers of Vinzons in Terms of
Sustenance and Facilities

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List of Figures

Figure 1 Theoretical Paradigm

Figure 2 Conceptual Paradigm

List of Plates

Plate 1 Map of Camarines Norte

Plate 2 Data Gathering Procedures for the rice

farmer

Plate 3 Data Gathering Procedures for the

Association Presidents, Municipal
Agricultural Office, and to the Provincial
Agriculturist Office

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Chapter I

The Problem

Introduction

Rice is the staple food for most Filipinos across the country. It is the main item in

the consumption basket of consumers and the major source of income for millions of

Filipino farmers. It’s considered as highly political commodity for the Philippine rice

sector has always been the center of the government’s agricultural policies. The focal

points of the policies revolve around promoting rice self-sufficiency and providing high

income to farmers while making rice prices in the market affordable to consumers.

According to the Department of Trade and Industry, the Philippines acceded to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. Under the agreement on agriculture,

Quantitative Restriction (QR) and other protective measures that may distort free trade

will be removed and replaced by reduced tariff rates. Rice was, however, exempted from

the removal of QR because of food security issues (Cororaton, 2009). The QR puts a limit

to the volume of rice imports that may enter the country and is meant to protect the local

rice sector from the inflow of various imported rice varieties. However, with the Rice

Tariffication Law (RA 11203) signed into Law by President Duterte on February 2019, it

liberalizes the importation, exportation, and trading of rice, lifting for the purpose of

quantitative import restriction on rice and replaced it with tariff system. The law provides

the following tariff rates: 35% for rice imports originating from Association of Southeast

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Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states; 40% for rice imports originating from non-

ASEAN countries and within the minimum access volume (MAV) of 350,000 metric

tons; 180% for rice imports originating from non-ASEAN countries (Villareal, 2019).

The purpose of the law was to solve the surging inflation of rice price that makes the

Filipinos continue to struggle. It also intends to stabilize rice prices, increase food

security, and reduce inefficiencies and corruption in the rice procurement system, which

has been in place for decades (Casinillo,2020). Yet, as the law was implemented, the

farmgate price of palay has dropped which affects the income of local rice farmers

nationwide. This is due to the price of agricultural inputs that remains high while the

output was relatively low because of oversupply of imported cheap rice (Santiago,2019).

Hence, the intensified liberalization of agriculture only resulted in greater burdens for the

farmers to bear. Instead of empowering them, it only heightened their vulnerability.

The law provides safety net measures for local farmers under the Rice

Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF) which is expected to help and support the

rice farmers to cope up with the liberalization of the rice market. The government

allocated P10 billion annually in which disbursed to; 50% for rice farm types of

machinery and equipment, 30% for rice seed development, propagation and promotion,

10% for expanded rice credit assistance and 10% for rice extension services for the next 6

years. In addition, the NFA will buy rice exclusively from local farmers for its buffer

stocking mandate for emergencies and disaster relief (House of the Representatives,

2019). Further, the implementation of the programs under RCEF were given on research

agencies such as Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) and the

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International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). They categorized the support

programs of the Department of Agriculture, dividing the country into program and non-

program areas and limiting interventions to a fixed menu of seeds, machineries, credit

and extension. As a result, the impact of these piecemeal interventions is often negated

by the lack of irrigation, marketing and other support services that are equally if not more

important for farmers. As the Philippines marked the third year since the law was signed,

most of the farmers federations are still actively promoting the law to be repealed. For

Herminio Agsaluna, President of the Pambansang Kilusan ng mga Samahang Magsasaka,

while the government has interventions to help farmers, “it would mean nothing if it’s

detached from reality”. He stressed that the Rice Tariffication law planted the seeds to

many problems, like starvation and indebtedness, while retail prices remained elevated

for poor consumers (Pena, 2022). Furthermore, it was stated that the law will be assessed

after the first three years of implementation in which will take place this year 2022.

A number of studies in the Philippines have looked at policy issues concerning

rice. Previous studies were also conducted during the first and second year of the

implementation of RTL, thus shows the drastic changes brought by RTL in the economy,

market and agriculture. Most of the goals were to address the ramifications it brought to

poverty and establish the effects of the newly implemented law in the Philippine

Economy and within the largest rice producing region in the country – the Central Luzon

and other provinces that’s producing more rice.

The objectives of the researchers are to assess the resulting effect of Rice

Tariffication Law in Vinzons, Camarines Norte in its year three of implementation to

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determine and analyze the effect of Rice Tariffication Law in the income and livelihood

of Filipino rice farmers in a small Municipality with only 14,13 hectares geographical

area in southern part of the Philippines.

Theoretical Framework

Have provided a set of ideas which would explain the underlying foundations on

the effect of Rice Tariffication Law in the Lives of Rice Farmers in Vinzons, Camarines

Norte, some theories were reviewed and examined. The research was anchored on the

Class Conflict by Karl Marx and Theory of Change by Kurt Lewin.

The Class Conflict by Marx discusses the struggle over the means to control

society.  He believed that the class struggle was the driving force of social change

(Harnecker, 2005). First, the class that gain the upper hand in this conflict can live more

comfortable lives. Those who are losing this struggle find themselves more under the

control of others and more impoverished. In an agrarian society, farmers who work for

their wages are members of the proletariat (working class). Second, the class conflict

theory views social and economic institutions as tools of the struggle among groups or

classes, used to maintain inequality and the dominance of the ruling class. It focuses on

the competition among groups within society over limited resources. Third, as the

working class and poor were subjected to worsening conditions it would lead to class

consciousness which involves full awareness by members of the working class of the

reality of exploitation, inequality, the common identification of an opposing group with

whom their interests are in conflict (Cole, 2021). This realization will unite them for

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proletarian or the working-class revolution. Hence, we can picture with Marx class

conflict theory the lives of the local rice farmers that until this day they are still in the

working class and serving not only elite people but the whole nation. Yet, they are still

suppressed and neglected with worsening conditions. However, this time is different for

now they have the opportunity to be informed, educated, and heard– as mentioned above

they can be united and possibly form a revolution.

On the other hand, Kurt Lewin’s Theory of change suggests three-stage model

that allows organizations to adapt quickly in challenging and rapidly evolving

environments. This change model involves making the organization environment-ready

to incorporate one or more changes, implementing the required changes, and then making

the organization stable after change implementation (Juneja, 2015). Further, may be used

as an approach of the government when making decisions about the solutions to take for

the economy and its people. It provides, first the unfreeze step making a change is to get

the people involved and affected change-ready. They must be aware of the upcoming

change and the need for the change. Second, is the change– involves making the required

changes within the organization. It is the most crucial step that give a tangible shape to

the change. If the organization is not well-prepared for the change, it may create a lot of

problems while implementing the change. And so, we can observe on the implementation

of Rice Tariffication Law. Third, is the refreeze performed to ensure that the system is

working according to the new changes (Espania, 2016). In this stage, the organization is

made assessed and compromised to improve the changes they brought.

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The Effects of Rice Tariffication Law Theory is anchored on the factors of

economic growth on agriculture such as the increase or decrease of local production and

yield, supply of rice, rice prices for consumers, rate of farm gate price of palay, labor and

manufacturing costs of rice farmers, income of rice farmers, and state of competitiveness

of the local rice farmers under the Rice Tariffication Law. Given that the law promised

two main benefits – cheaper rice prices and increased productivity for rice producers, it is

only fair to examine how it has affected both of these things.

Today, one of the main issues concerning the Rice Tariffication Law is that local

rice farmers are having, and may continue to have, a hard time competing with imports

that come with a cheaper price tag. The theory behind how this could harm farmers is

quite intuitive. Because more competitive imported rice enters the market, farmers will

struggle to be able to compete. Hence, their incomes can drastically decrease to a point

where they will have to exit the industry.

The efforts made along with the promises of the Rice Tariffication Law, serious

operational bottlenecks are encountered. This theory has seen how the system works

where agricultural extension workers are under the control of the local government units

(LGUs). Hence, the success of the rice productivity-enhancing measures will depend

largely on the degree by which LGUs cooperate. Which is why, not only the rice farmers

themselves are the key respondents of this study but also the Municipal Agricultural

Office of Vinzons and the Provincial Agriculturist Office of Camarines Norte.

One can claim that the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund is not enough to

mitigate the impacts on farmers. The theory determines how rice liberalization put the

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farmers at the mercy of agricultural imports and points out that how and why the law

should be reviewed to ensure that farmers are truly benefitting from it.

Theory on Class Theory on Change

Conflict by Kurt Lewin
by Karl Marx

 Social Change  Adaptability

 Working Class  Rapid Changes
 Competitiveness
 Exploitatiom
 Inequality

The Effects of Rice Tariffication Law

Theory
(Eco, Quinones, and Arquizal
Theory)

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

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Conceptual Framework
The researchers adopted the system approach shown in the three interrelated

elements of input, thru-put (process) and output in study. The details subsumed under

each of these basic elements were shown in the next page. A schematic diagram as

illustrated on figure 2 encompassed certain standard for input and processes linked to

achieved the desired output of the study.

Input represented the base or starting point of the study consisted of the effects of

Rice Tariffication Law to the rice farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte; the profile of

the respondents in terms of (a) farm area (b) years of farming experience and (c) farmers

association membership; effects of the law to the rice farmers in terms of income and

livelihood of the respondents in terms of; (a)economic status (b) innovations in farming

(c)livelihood and (d) sustenance and facilities.

Process- This was followed by the procedures to be done by the researchers to

complete the study. The approval of title in Proposal Defense, creation and validation of

questionnaires, upon approval Conduct of Survey, next is the retrieval of questionnaires

and finally, tallying tabulation and interpretation of data to come up with identifying the

effect of rice tariffication law to the rice farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte.

Output refers to the flyers containing the recommendations of the researchers

based on the findings of the study for the implementing agency and for the respondents

of the study.

Feedback serves as monitoring scheme for the entire element of the system.

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OUTPUT

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Flyers containing the
The Effects of Rice The approval of title recommendations of
Tariffication Law to the in Proposal Defense the researchers
rice farmers in Vinzons, based on the findings
Creation and of the study for the
Camarines Norte
validation of implementing agency
The profile of the and for the
questionnaires
respondents in terms of: respondents of the
a. Farm areab. Years of study.
Approval Conduct of
Farming Experience
Survey
c. FarmersAssociation
Membership Retrieval of
questionnaires
Effects of Rice
Tariffication to the rice Tallying tabulation
farmers in terms of: and interpretation of
(a)economic status data
(b) innovations in farming
(c)livelihood
(d) sustenance and
facilities

FEEDBACK

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

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to describe the socio-demographic profile of rice farmers; 2) to

estimate the actual and expected satisfaction in rice farming and 3) to document
significant
determinants affecting the level of satisfaction of the rice farmers under Philippine R
Statement of The Problem

This study aimed to assessed and determined the Effects of Rice Tariffication Law to

the rice farmers in the Municipality of Vinzons, Camarines Norte.

Specifically, this seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the households engaged in farming in

Vinzons, Camarines Norte in terms of:

1.1 Farm Area

1.2 Years of Farming Experience

1.3 Farmers Association Membership

2. What are the effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the rice farmers of Vinzons,

Camarines Norte in terms of?

2.1 Economic Status

2.2 Innovations in Farming

2.3 Livelihood

2.4 Sustenance and Facilities

3. What output can be made based from the findings of the study?

Assumption of The Study

The study was conducted based on the following assumptions:

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1. The rice farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte experience the brunt force of the effect

of the Rice Tariffication Law in regards to falling palay prices in the market.

2. Lack of training and innovations is threatening the future and advancement of rice

farming in Vinzons, Camarines Norte.

3. Increasing difficulty to keep up with higher prices of inputs such as fertilizers, seeds

and pesticides increase the burden in the livelihood of farmers and discourages them

to excel in their field.

Scope and Limitations

This study was focused on the effects of the implementation of the Rice

Tariffication Law (RTL) in Vinzons, Camarines Norte. It is a third-class municipality

which has a vast land area intended for farming. The researchers have two sets of

respondents; for the quantitative part – the study was conducted among sixty-four (64)

local rice farmers who manually work, harvest, and plant rice crops in the Municipality of

Vinzons; and for the qualitative part of the study – the respondents were five (5) farmers

associations presidents, two (2) officers from the Municipal Agricultural Office in

Vinzons and three (3) from the Provincial Agriculturist Office in Camarines Norte. The

study was conducted from February to May, 2022.

For the limitations of the study, all participating local farmers must be a member

of a Farmers Cooperatives and Association (FCAS) and must have worked in rice

farming for at least two years or more before the implementation of the RTL and

continued farming up to this date in order to share familiarity of work and comparison of

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their lives before and after the RTL; and for presidents and employees of agricultural

government office must have served for more than three (3) years.

Significance of The Study

The study would be beneficial to the following sectors of society:

Rice Farmers. The study will provide an avenue for them to share their

perspectives and difficulties after the implementation of the Rice Tariffication Law based

on their own experiences.

Community. The result of the study will provide awareness to the community of

Vinzons, Camarines Norte about the real-life situation of their rice farmers and this hopes

to encourage them to patronize more the locally produced rice instead of the imported

rice.

Barangay Officials. The result of the study will broaden their knowledge about

the rice tariffication law’s policies and will provide them ideas on why and how they’ll

aid the rice farmers needs in terms of their projects.

Local Government. The result of the study will assist relevant government

entities in addressing various farmer problems related to the law.

Researchers Themselves. Through this study, the researchers will be able to

participate actively in promoting more scholarly discourse on the topic, thereby raising

awareness for a larger purpose and exercise the learnings they earned as a Legal

Management Student.

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Future researchers. This research will serve as a guide, a valid piece of

information and reference in pursuing further study about the Implementation of Rice

Tariffication Law.

Definitions of Terms

To facilitate better appreciation and comprehension, the following important

terms have been defined operationally and conceptually:

Agriculturist a person who cultivates the land and grow crops on it. In this study

this refers to rice cultivation technicians from Local Government of Vinzons, Camarines

Norte.

Effects a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause. In

this study this refers to the direct change in the life, livelihood and production of rice.

Farm a tract of land devoted to agricultural purposes. In this study this refers to

agricultural land exclusively use for rice cultivation.

Farmers a person who cultivate land or crops or raises animals. In this study this

refers to those who work in agriculture, primarily in the production of rice. The

municipality of Vinzons, Camarines Norte is home to some of these local farmers.

Intervention is the act or instance of intervening. In this study this refers to the

aid rice farmers received from government such as fertilizers, seeds, loans, and trainings.

Liberalization to make liberal or more liberal. In this study this refers to the

removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods wherein the

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importation of rice can now be unlimited volumes and without applying for any license

except getting SPSIC issued by DA-BPI.

Minimum Access Volume (MAV) refers to the volume or quantity of a specific

agricultural commodity that may be imported with a lower tariff as committed by the

Philippines to WTO.

Quantitative Restriction refers to the allowable amount or quantity of goods that

may be imported into the country rice allows the government to limit the volume of rice

that could be imported by the Philippines each year. 

Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF) is allocated with Php10B

budget coming from the tariff collection from imported rice to improve rice farmers’

competitiveness and income amidst liberalization of the Philippine rice trade policy that

lifted quantitative restrictions on rice imports and replaced it with tariffs, among others.

Rice Tariffication Law pertains to Republic Act No. 11203 which amends the

Agricultural Tariffication Act of 1996. Its objectives are to stabilize rice prices, increase

food security and reduce inefficiencies and corruption in the rice procurement system.

The law replaces the system of quantitative restriction (QR) on rice importation with a

purely tariff system.

Sustenance and Facility the maintaining of someone or something in life or

existence. A place, amenity, or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose. In

this study this refers to the ability to retain knowledge gain in trainings and seminars, and

proper utilization of inputs and machineries.

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Tariffs are taxes imposed by government on imported goods to serve as revenues

and to restrict trade and protect the domestic producers by making imported goods more

expensive. In this study this refers to the taxes collected by the government from

imported rice from which proceeds are exclusively directed to RCEF.

Notes

Cororaton C. B. 2004. Can the poor benefit from the removal of QR on rice?

https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidspn0404.pdf

Villareal I. 2019. Theory and Reality of Rice Tariffication Law

https://admuaea.org/2019/10/13/theory-and-reality-of-the-tariffication-of-rice/

Casinillo L. 2020 Econometric Modelling on Satisfaction in Rice Farming Under

Philippine Rice Tariffication Law https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344446855

Santiago, D. 2019 Philippines Rice Imports by Country. Retrieved from http://www.

Philippinesaroundtheworld.com/Philippines-rice-imports-by-country/

House of Representatives. 2019. An Act liberalizing the importation, exportation and

trading of rice, lifting for the purpose the quantitative import restriction on rice, and for

other purposes.

http://www.congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/ra_17/RA11203.pdf.Accessed:April 14, 2019

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Pena K.D. 2022 Imports’ continuing impact on PH farmers: Like dislocating the

kneecaps https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1555077/

Harnecker M.2005 The Class Struggle

https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/periodicals/theoretical-review/harnecker-cs.pdf

Cole D. 2021. Karl Marx's Theory of Class Conflict https://study.com/learn/lesson/karl-

marx-conflict-theory-class-conflict-struggle.html

Juneja P. 2015. Kurt Lewin’s Change Management Model: The Planned Approach to

Organizational Change https://www.managementstudyguide.com/kurt-lewins-change-

management-model.htm

Espania E. 2016 Kurt Lewin's change model: A critical review of the role of leadership

and employee involvement in organizational change

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies on the effect of rice

tariffication law in the lives of rice farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte. It also

discussed the synthesis of the state-of- the- art and gap-bridged by the study.

Related Literature

Presented in this section are the related literatures coming from books and any

other related articles related to our study.

In a literature of Deaton (1989) who studied the effect of higher rice prices

resulting from Thailand’s export liberalization program. He found that middle-income

farmers gained the most from such a price shock because their net sales were large

relative to their income. Simulating the effect of export liberalization on rice prices in

Vietnam using a spatial-equilibrium model.

In a literature of Minot and Goletti (1998) Showed that eliminating the rice

export quota would increase the average retail price of rice by 19%–26% depending on

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the region. They used household survey data to show that these price changes would

have a slightly beneficial impact in terms of poverty reduction.

In a literature of Bakhshoodeh (2010) who examined the impact of the change in

price of imported rice due to exchange-rate unification on the domestic rice prices among

the households in Iran. The author reported that the percentage increase in the domestic

rice prices between 2002 and 2003 was higher for the poorest households (39%) than for

the richest households (20%) in the rural areas.

In a literature of Ha et al. (2015) who studied the effect of quota policy and free

trade scenarios on Vietnam’s domestic rice prices. They showed that rice prices would

fall by 17% in the Mekong River Delta and 18% in the South East region with an export

quota, while prices would rise by more than 30% in those two regions under a free-trade

scenario.

In the literature of Ali et al. (2019) Estimated that the domestic rice price in

Malaysia would drop by 15.8% under a free-trade scenario and 16.5% under a scenario

combining free trade and achieving self-sufficiency through a positive productivity

shock.

Using the IRRI Global Rice Model (IGRM) in the literature of Hoang and

Meyers (2015) investigated the effect of trade liberalization in five major rice trading

countries of Southeast Asia. The results of their simulation for the Philippines showed

that the retail price of rice would decline by 19% in 2020 when state trading enterprises

(STE) implicit tariffs are eliminated. Moreover, they showed that retail prices of rice in

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the Philippines would decline more by 33% in 2020 when both the ASEAN Free Trade

Agreement (AFTA) and State Trading Enterprises (STE) tariffs are removed.

In the literature of Dawe and Maltsoglou (2014), and Minot and Dewina (2015)

explained that marketing margins are unlikely to increase proportionately when food

prices increase, as costs are likely to increase only by relatively small amounts. If

marketing margins are fixed in absolute terms, and there is instantaneous transmission of

prices between farmgate and retail, the percentage change in farmgate prices should

increase more than the percentage change in consumer prices.

In the literature of Mina, J.C., Barlis, P.T., Vega, N.C. and Subia, G.S. (2019)

showed that the initial impact of the law that had already experienced by the selected

farmers was the declining farm gate prices of “palay”. This situation affected their

income and livelihood. Despite this problem, most of the farmers responded that they

would continue in rice farming because this is the only way they know how to earn a

living.

In a literature of Palis (2020) showed that the majority of the farmers did not

want their children to be rice farmers. Most of them aspired to their children's college

education for they want them to work on non-farming jobs in urban areas or abroad.

Logistic regression showed that age and number of children of farmers increase the

likelihood that a farmer aspires for at least one of his or her children to be rice farmers.

On the other hand, gender, tenure, and economic status of the province decrease that

likelihood. The physical and economic hardships experienced in rice farming are the

major reasons farmers do not like their children to follow their steps.

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In the literature of Nueva and Tanaleon (2021) found out that most of the farmers

are aware of the implementation of RTL particularly through their access to social media

such as radio and televisions, Facebook, and other online sources. On the views of

farmers on RTL, it was found out that the majority of the farmers believe that their

economic situations are being affected such as inflation, loss of profit, and failure of the

harvest. On the issues encountered in the implementation of RTL, the following are

found out: (1) continuous inflation rate in commodities and other basic needs, (2) high

pricing fertilizer and pesticides, and (3) decrease in the yields of crop production.

In a literature of Casinilo (2019) showed that the farmers' actual satisfaction is

relatively lower compared to expected satisfaction. This is due to negative effects of

RTL. The study documented a significant socio-demographic determinants of

satisfaction in farming, namely: gender, marital status, education and rice farm

ownership. Income from rice farming has inverse effect on satisfaction. Farmers with

high income also experience high expenses in agricultural inputs which negatively

affects their well-being. A low other monthly income of farmers has a chance of being

satisfied in rice farming. Satisfied farmers spend more time in farming and results to

higher opportunity cost for other income activities. Furthermore, household

consumption, household assets, and household expense positively affects satisfaction of

farmers due to the benefits and comfort.

Related Studies

In a study of Briones (2019) discusses scenarios for Philippine agriculture related

to tariffication from 2015 to 2030. The study finds, unsurprisingly, that tariffication is

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disadvantageous to the palay sub-sector in terms of area harvested, yield, and production.

The reduced protection of rice adversely affects even the agricultural sector as a whole,

with sector growth slowing down further with tariffication (compared to growth under

status quo). However, import growth accelerates with tariffication, together with

consumer demand for rice, consistent with more affordable retail price of the commodity.

In a study of Cororaton and Yu (2019) draw out the distributional implications

implement a Computable General Equilibrium Models (CGE) model with poverty

microsimulation. They find that tariffication, supposing tariff revenues were allocated as

cash transfers improves income distribution and reduces poverty.

In the study of Acosta and Kagatsume (2003) they used a spatial-equilibrium

model to show that the domestic prices of rice would decrease by 20% when the ASEAN

FREE TRADE AREA (AFTA) tariff is eliminated in combination with an overall

reduction of tariffs and domestic support to comply with World Trade Organization

(WTO) rules.

In the study of Perez and Pradesha (2019) they used the International Food Policy

Research Institute (IFPRI) International Model for the Policy Analysis of Agricultural

Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) and estimated that both farm and retail prices of rice

would decrease by 26% when quantitative restrictions (QR) are removed and a 35%

import tariff is imposed.

In the study of Balié and Valera (2020) they used the IRRI Global Rice Model

(IGRM) and examined the impact of the quantitative restrictions (QR) removal in 2019

and the imposition of different import tariff scenarios on the domestic rice prices. Their

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study revealed that farm and retail prices at the national level would decrease by 30%

and 17% in 2019, respectively. At the regional level, they found a heterogeneous

production response to the policy reform, with rice farm prices falling between 14% in

the ARMM region and 23% in SOCCSKSARGEN region.

Based on Computable General Equilibrium Models used in a study of Cockburn

et al. (2008) estimated that the domestic price in the Philippines would decrease by 2.7%

for irrigated paddy rice and 3.3% for non-irrigated paddy rice when the tariffs for all

agricultural and industrial sectors are fully eliminated.

In the study of Palis et al. (2015) they found out that Filipino rice farmers are

trapped in the cycle of poverty since most of them have insufficient capital to commence

rice cultivation. Like most of the farmer participants in the FGDs, they branded

themselves as borrowers or mangungutang. With high input costs, they are forced to

borrow money from informal lenders who charge them with high-interest rates, or traders

who require them to sell their produce immediately after harvest with a low paddy price.

According to the studies by NEDA, the International Rice Research Institute

(IRRI), and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the law is expected to

accelerate agricultural growth and facilitate the structural transformation of the economy

with GDP increasing by at least 0.13 percent compared to the baseline in 2025.

In a study of Ravallion (1990), who analyzed first-order effect of rice price in

Bangladesh, showed that poor rural households suffer from higher rice prices and

induced changes in wages while rich rural households’ gain.

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In the study of Cororaton and Yu (2019) showed that the elimination of the

quantitative restrictions (QR) and imposition of 35% tariff in the Philippines would

lower farm and retail prices by 3.7% and 10.9%, respectively.

In the Study by Dr. Ramon Clarete of University of the Philippines suggests that,

considering an exchange rate of Php54 to 1 US dollar, a 35% tariff rate, and 10%

marketing cost, the price of well-milled rice could be brought down from P39 to P31 per

kilo with rice tariffication. As the weight of rice is at around 10% in the consumer price

index (CPI), this translates to a decrease in inflation by 2.5 percentage points, and even

twice that of the poor’s consumer price index (CPI) (Clarete 2018)

In the study of Dullas and Acoba (2013), and Sarmiento (2011) they found out

that farmers in the country have high level of satisfaction and are also resilient despite of

the hardships. This is because they are motivated and optimistic for their work farm and

family.

According to Tobias (2019), in the Philippines, local rice farmers’ income is

negatively affected by the Rice Tariffication Law (RTL) due to the oversupply of cheap

rice coming from the outside country. At first, the main concern of the Law is to help

expand the access of Filipinos to cheap rice and prevent inflation pitch brought in large

part by the supply. But the side effect is the low price of rice farmer’s output which drop

their income low while the price of agricultural inputs is increasing through time.

In the study of Dawe et al. (2006), about the Philippine context, made this point

directly: “Like all changes, rice trade liberalization would have both positive and

negative effects. Lower palay and rice prices would of course hurt palay farmers,

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especially those with large surpluses to sell. On the other hand, lower prices would

benefit the many poor consumers who spend more than 20% of their income on rice

alone.

In the study of Casinillo, L. F. (2020). found out that most of the farmers are

aware of the implementation of RTL particularly through their access to social media

such as radio and televisions, Facebook, and other online sources. On the views of

farmers on RTL, it was found out that the majority of the farmers believe that their

economic situations are being affected such as inflation, loss of profit, and failure of the

harvest. On the issues encountered in the implementation of RTL, the following are

found out: (1) continuous inflation rate in commodities and other basic needs, (2) high

pricing fertilizer and pesticides, and (3) decrease in the yields of crop production.

In the study of Balié and Valera, (2020) and the Family Income and Expenditure

Survey (FIES) showed that the rice tariffication law (RTL) reduces consumer and

producer rice prices, which affects households on the production and the consumption

sides. Because a large majority of households are net buyers of rice and the policy reform

reduces rice prices, most households benefit from the reform. Overall, the effects of the

reform on poverty are beneficial. The poorest quintiles are positively affected, while the

richest quintiles are unaffected or slightly worse-off.

Synthesis of the State of the Art

The review of related literature and studies centered on several topics related

about rice tariffication law. These were presented both at the local and foreign setting.

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The literature presented gives the readers an idea about rice tariffication law, the

impact of rice prices to our farmers and eliminating the rice exportation quota that

resulted to increase the average retail price of rice by 19% - 26% depending on the

region, Minot and Goletti (1998). Rice is the most widely consumed staple food for over

the world’s human population especially here in the Philippines. There was an issue on

availability of rice product in our domestic market, to avoid this, the Philippine

government passes a law that help to provide enough rice product in our market. This

law called An Act Liberalizing the Importation, Exportation and Trading of Rice, lifting

for the Purpose the Quantitative Import Restriction on Rice, and For Other Purposes also

known as Republic Act 11203 or rice tariffication law.

The study also includes the discussion that Filipino rice farmers are trapped in the

cycle of poverty since most of them have insufficient capital to commence rice

cultivation. Like most of the farmer participants in the focus group discussion (FGD)s,

they branded themselves as borrowers or mangungutang. With high input costs, they are

forced to borrow money from informal lenders who charge them with high-interest rates,

or traders who require them to sell their produce immediately after harvest with a low

paddy price, Palis et al. (2015)

Further, studies of Mina, J.C., Barlis, P.T., Vega, N.C. and Subia, G.S. (2019)

entitled Impact of Rice Tariffication Law in selected Rice Farmers in Nueva Ecija,

Philippines showed that the initial impact of the law that had already experienced by the

selected farmers was the declining farm gate prices of “palay”. This situation affected

their income and livelihood. Despite this problem, most of the farmers responded that

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they would continue in rice farming because this is the only way they know how to earn

a living.

Gap Bridged by the Study

This study aimed to determine the effects of rice tariffication law in the lives of

rice famer in Vinzons, Camarines Norte.

All studies have been made for the researchers to have an idea regarding rice

tariffication law from the content of related literature and related studies. There were no

general studies conducted about the effects of rice tariffication law in the lives of rice

farmer but many studies have been done in conducting the effect of rice tariffication law.

There is no study done on the effect of the Rice Tariffication Law on sustenance and

facilities designed for sole use of farmer and farmers’ community. The related study

shows the lack of research involving modern farming innovation provided for the

farmers that is a direct result of the law. This study is conducted to identify the effect of

rice tariffication law in the lives of rice farmers in Municipality of Vinzons, Camarines

Norte, to provide awareness and promote active participation of every concerned citizen

in reviewing the efficacy of the law and to provide them venue to be heard in order to

know their insights about the law and to see their current situation in the three-year reign

of Rice Tariffication Law.

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Notes

Deaton (1989) Rice Prices and Income Distribution in Thailand: A Non-Parametric

Analysis https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract

Minot and Goletti (1998) Export Liberalization and Household Welfare: The Case of

Rice in Vietnam https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs

Bakhshoodeh (2010) Impacts of world prices transmission to domestic rice markets in

rural Iran https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs

Ha et al. (2015) Rice Production, Trade and the Poor: Regional Effects of Rice Export

Policy on Households in Vietnam https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Ali et al. (2019) The impacts of trade and self-sufficiency policies on heterogeneous rice

farms in Malaysia https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Hoang and Meyers (2015) Price stabilization and impacts of trade liberalization in the

Southeast Asian rice market https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs

Dawe and Maltsoglou, (2014) Dawe D., Maltsoglou I. Marketing margins and the welfare

analysis of food price shocks https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs

Mina, J.C., Barlis, P.T., Vega, N.C. and Subia, G.S. (2019) Impact of Rice Tariffication

Law in selected Rice Farmers in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. https://dx.doi.org

Palis, (2020) Aging Filipino Rice Farmers and Their Aspirations for Their Children

https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol149no2/aging_filipino_rice_far

mers_.pd

Nueva and Tanaleon (2021) Rice Tariffication Law: Education and Views of Farmers in

the Southern Philippines.https://www.researchgate.net

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Casinilo (2019) Econometric Modelling On Satisfaction In Rice Farming Under

Philippine Rice Tariffication Law https://www.researchgate.net

Briones (2019) Does rice tariffication in the Philippines worsen income poverty and

inequality? https://www.think-asia.org

Cororaton C. and K, Yu

2019.AssessingthePovertyandDistributionalImpactofAlternativeRicePoliciesinthe

Philippines.DLSUBusiness&EconomicsReview.

Acosta and Kagatsume (2003) ASEAN Rice Sector in the WTO: Analysis of Demand

and Supply in a Liberalized Trade Environment https://muse.jhu.edu/article

Perez and Pradesha (2019) Philippine rice trade liberalization: Impacts on agriculture and

the economy, and alternative policy actions https://scholar.google.com/scholars

Balié and Valera, (2020) Distributional impacts of the rice tariffication policy in the

Philippines. https://doi.org

Balié and Valera (2020) Impacts of world prices transmission to domestic rice markets in

rural Iran https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs

Palis et al (2015) Reviewing Rice Tariffication in the Time of COVID-19: Rationale and

Road to Rice Self-Sufficiency in the Philippines https://papers.ssrn.com

NEDA (2020) RICE TARIFFICATION BENEFITS ALL FILIPINOS, ENHANCES

PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF RICE SECTOR – NEDA

https://neda.gov.ph/rice-tariffication-benefits-all-filipinos-enhances-productivity-and-

competitiveness-of-rice-sector-neda/

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Ravallion (1990), RURAL WELFARE EFFECTS OF FOOD PRICE CHANGES

UNDER INDUCED WAGE RESPONSES: THEORY AND EVIDENCE FOR

BANGLADESH https://academic.oup.com/oep/article-abstract

Clarete, 2019 Clarete R.L. Rice Reserves, Policies and Food Security: The Case of the

Philippines: (Development Alternatives, Inc. Working Paper) (2019) Retrieved from

https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/hunger-foodsecurity-nutrition/documents/

foodreservephilippines

Dullas, A. R., & Acoba, E.F. (2013). Concept of happiness among Filipino farmers: A

qualitative and quantitative view. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany.

ile:///C:/Users/Acer/Downloads/38-Article

Tobias, A. M. (2019). The Philippine Rice Tariffication Law: Implications and Issues.

Food and Fertilizer Technology Center-Agricultural policy Platform. Retrieved from

http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/index.php

Rice Dawe et al. (2006) In the Global Economy https://www.researchgate.net/

Casinillo, L. F. (2020). Econometric modelling on satisfaction in rice farming under

philippine rice tariffication law. Journal of Research and Multidisciplinary https://doi.org

Balié and Valera (2020) Impacts of world prices transmission to domestic rice markets in

rural Iran https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs

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Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter discussed the methods and procedures of research employed by the

researcher to gather the needed data. This includes the research design, sampling

technique, respondents of the study, research instrument, data gathering procedure, data

analysis and statistical treatment.

Research Design

This study employed a descriptive design, both qualitative and quantitative

analysis, to give a thorough grasp of the underlying logic, views, judgment, and

perception. It has provided insights into the problem of aids in developing concepts for

the study, and it also provides data from the respondents' perspectives. It had the ability

to capture complexities of real-life situations so that a phenomenon can be studied in

greater levels of depth. It had contributed to the development of new theories, policies

and changes in responses.

The researchers seeked to document the significant experiences of local farmers

in Vinzons, Camarines Norte, particularly their struggles, challenges, and their perception

about the effects of the implementation of Rice Tariffication Law through survey

research method. The descriptive research design is a research method that aimed to

identify characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories, it is found to be useful when

not much is known yet about the topic. The study utilized the combination of

Quantitative and Qualitative Research methods, most known as the Mixed Method to

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really have- an in-depth study of the experiences and perception of local rice farmers.

The researchers thought that by using this method the study separates itself from prior

studies for close to none have used the mixed method when studying the effects of the

Rice Tariffication Law.

Sampling Technique

The researchers utilized the Simple Random Sampling (SRS) approach, it

determined the number of respondents needed for the survey questionnaire. Random

sampling ensures that results obtained from the sample should approximate what would

have been obtained if the entire population had been measured (Campbell, 2002). In

determining the sample size the following formula is used:

n=¿ ¿

Where n refers to the sample size, z refers to confidence level, StdDev refers to

Standard Deviation and e is for margin of error. The study used 90% confidence level

which is equal to 1.645 z-score that suggests the sample with 90% certainty at the time

and assumed 10% margin of error. Since there’s limited information available about the

respondents, it assumed standard deviation of 0.5. In a population proportion 0.5 is used

to ensure the sample size is large enough to give the desired confidence level

(Anderson,2013). Thereafter, the population is known to be finite so the computed

sample size is adjusted with the formula:

n
α=
n
1+
ρ

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Where α refers to the adjusted sample size, n refers to the initial sample size and

ρ refers to the total number of households engaged in rice farming. Based on the 2019

demographic data of the Municipality of Vinzons, 1,250 households are engaged in rice

farming. The researchers selected 5.12% of the total population from the computed

adjusted sample size which consists of 64 respondents. The researchers used the

Convenience Sampling Technique which relies on data collection from population

members who are conveniently available to participate in study (Saunders &Thornhill

(2012). Therefore, the researchers selected the respondents who are conveniently

available to the barangays where the researchers conducted the survey as long as they fit

criteria needed to the profiling of the study.

The researchers utilized the Purposive Sampling Technique for the Qualitative

part of the study, it determined the respondents from the government agencies who

implements the Rice Tariffication Law and from the presidents of the farmers

associations. The researchers chose purposive sampling because it enables researchers to

consider participants’ knowledge, experience, availability, willingness to participate, and

ability to express their opinion, this technique also aims to access a particular set of

people that fits in the criteria needed (Creswell & Clark, 2007 p.  114).  As all

respondents of the study are selected because they fit particular criteria: individuals who

are 1) working in the Municipal Agriculture office of Vinzons and Provincial

Agricultural Office of Camarines Norte and 2) president of Farmers’ Associations in

Vinzons.  

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Respondents of the Study

This study selected 64 local rice farmers as respondents which is 5.12% of 1,250

– the total population of the households engaged in rice farming in the Municipality of

Vinzons for the Quantitative part of the study. The selected respondents for the

Qualitative part of the study were based on the particular criteria made by the researcher,

they are five (5) presidents of farmers associations in Vinzons, two (2) officers from the

Municipal Agricultural Office of Vinzons and three (3) from the Provincial Agriculturist

Office of Camarines Norte. This study was conducted from February to May, 2022.

Research Instrument 

The researchers gathering tool used for the Quantitative part of the study is the

self-made survey questionnaire. The questionnaire is translated into English and Filipino

language and divided into five (5) sections: (1) profile of the respondents, (2) effects of

rice tariffication law in terms of economic status, (3) livelihood, (4) innovations in

farming, and (5) sustenance and facilities. The statements pertained to the effects of Rice

Tariffication Law to the local rice farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte. The researchers

used the 5-point Likert scale to each statement. The following shows the rating scale to

be used in this study.

Rating Interpretation Description

The respondent highly

disagrees with the
1 Strongly Disagree statement about the
effects of Rice

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Tariffication Law.

The respondent partially

disagrees with the
2 Disagree statement pertaining to
the effects of Rice
Tariffication Law.

The respondent partially

agrees with the
3 Moderately Agree statement about the
effects of Rice
Tariffication Law.

The respondent agrees

with the statement
4 Agree pertaining to the effects
of Rice Tariffication
Law.

The respondent highly

believes with the
5 Strongly Agree statement about the
effects of Rice
Tariffication
Law.learning.

Table 1. 5-point likert scale

Analysis is done based on the following ranges.

RANGE INTERPRETATION

1.00 – Strongly Disagree

1.79

1.80 – Disagree
2.59

2.60 – Moderately Agree

3.39

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3.40 – Agree
4.19

4.20 – Strongly Agree

5.00

Table 2. Range and Interpretation

The researchers provided the informed consent letters to the respondents to

ensure that data collection and analysis were treated with the utmost confidentiality.

Further, the researchers formulated a set of qualitative questionnaires with open

questions, the researchers then conducted the interview in person for the Qualitative part

of the study. Before handing out the questionnaire, validation was done to determine if

the statements used conceptualizes the objective of the study that’s needed to be

measured. Validation was done through series of drafts of questions presented to the

research adviser and to the chosen validator of the researchers.

Data Gathering Procedure

Both quantitative and qualitative data are collected for the study. Before the data

gathering procedures for the respective methods, the researchers first prepared the

necessary letters to be sent to the Municipal Agricultural Office to obtain the needed data

about the total household population of rice farmers, the list of barangays involved in rice

farming and the list of registered Farmers’ Cooperative and Associations (FCA’s) in the

Municipality of Vinzons. Communication letters for the respondents for the Qualitative

respondents, which included the grounds, significance of the study and the risks of being

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a respondent that comes with it. Informed consent forms and confidentiality grounds for

the Quantitative respondents of the study were prepared as well.

Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment 

The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted as soon as collected with the use

of frequency count percentage technique and weighted mean to come up to a better and

comprehensive interpretation which is the basis of relevant and actual conclusion. These

techniques allowed the researcher to present the data in more meaningful way and have

simpler interpretation.

The researchers used the formula:

P= ( nf ) 100 %
Where P refers to the percentage, f refers to the frequency, n refers to the total

number of respondents. Descriptive research designs require descriptive statistics,

frequency and percentage statistics is used to interpret the variables of the profile of the

respondents.

Another technique used by the researchers in the study is the weighted mean.

This was used in order to determine the average responses of the respondents in the 5-

point Likert scale in the survey questionnaire. The weighted average takes into account

the relative importance of the values in the set of data.

The weighted mean formula:

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Where refers to the weighted mean,  means sum what comes after, refers

corresponding weight for each of the values, refers to the attached rate of the weight,

and n is the total number of respondents. The researchers analyzed the data gathered by

the final weighted mean, it reflects the relative importance of each answer to the given

rating scale and is commonly used in descriptive research design. It also has the effect of

smoothing out the data and enhancing its accuracy. On the other hand, the gathered data

in the Qualitative questionnaire and open-ended questions was analyzed through

summarization of the respondents’ answers.

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Notes
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-

experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Cengage Learning: Boston, MA.

Anderson C. 2013. What's the significance of 0.05 significance

http://www.p-value.info/2013/01?

Creswell, J., & Plano Clark, V. (2007) p. 114. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods

Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012) “Research Methods for Business

Students” 6th edition, Pearson Education Limited

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Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETION OF DATA

This chapter contains the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data gathered

from the respondents in Vinzons, Camarines Norte. The data was based on the questions

presented in the Statement of the Problem in Chapter 1.

Table 3 presents the Profile of the Households Engaged in Farming in Vinzons,

Camarines Norte in Terms of Farm Area.

Table 3

Profile of the Households Engaged in Farming in

Vinzons, Camarines Norte in Terms of Farm Area

Farm Area Frequency Percentage

Less than or equal to 0.5 ha 9 14%

More than 0.5 to 1ha 13 20%
More than 1 to 1.5 ha 18 28%
More than 1.5 ha 24 38%
Total 64 100%

The table tells us that 9 or 14% of the farmers in Vinzons affected by the Rice

Tariffication Law farmed an area of 0.5 hectares or less. Thirteen (13) or 20% farmed an

area of more than 0.5 to 1hectares. Eighteen (18) or 28% of the farmers farmed an area of

more than 1 to 1.5 hectares. Twenty-four (24) or 38% of the farmers in Vinzons,

Camarines Norte farmed an area of more than 1.5 hectares.

We can therefore deduce from the table that most of the farmers in Vinzons,

Camarines Norte farmed an area of more than 1.5 hectares.

Table 4 presents the profile of the households Engaged in farming in Vinzons,

Camarines Norte in terms of the number of years of farming experience.

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Table 4
Profile of the Households Engaged in Farming in
Vinzons, Camarines Norte in Terms of Years of Farming Experience

Years of Farming Frequency Percentage

Experience
5-7 years 3 5%
8 years and more 61 95%
Total 64 100%

The table shows that 3 or 5% of the farmers in Vinzons had a farming experience

of 5 – 7 years, while 61 or 95% of the farmers had a farming experience of 8 year and

above.

This simple means the majority of the farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte have

a lot of experience in rice farming.

Table 5 presents the profile of the households engaged in farming in Vinzons,

Camarines Norte in Terms of farm association membership.

We can see from the table in the next page that ten (10) or 16% were members of

the Atag Rice Farmers Association. Seven (7) or 11% were members of the Sto.

Domingo Farmers Association. Seven (7) or 11% were members of the Sto. Domingo

Vinzons Farmers Association. Ten (10) or 16% were members of the Napilihan Kapit

Bisig Magsasaka. Two (2) or 3% were members of the Buhayhay Farmers Association.

Seven (7) or 11% were members of the Magkakaisang Magbubukid ng Mantigbe. One

(1) or 2% of the farmers were members of the Angat Magsasaka Association. Twelve

(12) or 19% of the farmers In Vinzons, Caamarines Norte were members of the

Mangcruz Farmers Association. Seven (7) or 11% were members of the Samahan ng

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Makamasang Magsasaka ng Mangcawayan. And 1 or 2% of the farmers were members

of the San Isidro Labrador Small Farmers Association.

Table 5
Profile of the Households Engaged in Farming in
Vinzons, Camarines Norte in Terms of Years of Farm Association Membership

Years of Farming Experience Frequency Percentage

Atag Rice Farmers Association 10 16%
Sto. Domingo Farmers Association 7 11%
Sto. Domingo Vinzons Farmers Association 7 11%
Napilihan Kapit Bisig Magsasaka 10 16%
Buhayhay Farmers Association 2 3%
Magkakaisang Magbubukid ng Mantigbe 7 11%
Angat Magsasaka Association 1 2%
Mangcruz Farmers Association 12 19%
Samahan ng Makamasang Magsasaka ng Mangcawayan 7 11%
San Isidro Labrador Small Farmers Association 1 2%
Total 64 100%
It appears that most of the farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte were members of

the Mangcruz Farmers Association. We can therefore conclude that most of the farmers

in Vinzons affected by the Rice Tariffication Law were members of the Mangcruz

Farmers Association.

The farm area from table 3 and the Farmers Association Membership are one of

the required data needed to be accepted as a beneficiary of Rice Competitiveness

Enhancement Fund Programs (RCEF). This were able to help the researchers to know if

the rice farmers of Vinzons are eligible beneficiary of the programs under Rice

Tariffication Law. While the years of farming experience in table 4 is needed to ensure

that the respondents are able to compare their situation before and after the

implementation of Rice Tariffication Law.

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Table 6
Economic Effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the Rice Farmers of Vinzons

Answer

Economic Status
Strongly Agree Moderately Disagree Strongly Weighted Interpretation
Questions Agree Agree Disagree Mean

1. The Rice Tariffication Law Strongly

program for farmers helps us
improve our productivity and 1 2 3 20 38 1.56 Disagree
income.
2. We have benefited from the Rice
Competitiveness Enhancement
Fund (RCEF) assistance. 3 3 7 30 21 1.93 Disagree
3.Our financial needs had been
aided by Expanded Rice Credit
Assistance (ERCA) with minimal 3 4 5 38 14 2.18 Disagree
interest.
4. The increased local production Moderately
and yield, affordable and stable
supply of rice has more benefits for 10 7 20 13 14 2.90 Agree
me as a farmer.
5. The Rice Tariffication Law has Strongly
worsened inequality and income
poverty to the rice farmers. 45 9 4 5 1 4.46 Agree
6. Farmgate of palay and retails Strongly
price are significantly lower under
the rice tariffication law. 54 5 1 3 1 4.68 Agree
7.We struggle to face challenges in
the supply chain to reach the market
and compete with cheap imported 37 9 14 2 2 4.17 Agree
rice.
8. The inputs for our farms like Strongly
fertilizers are expensive and it
greatly affects our harvest and our 56 5 1 0 2 4.76 Agree
income.
9. The intermediaries such as the Strongly
traders, wholesalers, retailers, and
importers—have benefitted from 55 5 2 1 1 4.75 Agree
the law and not the rice farmers
ourselves.
10. We have short of funds to
secure our needs with the increase
of prices in the commodities for our 27 12 17 5 3 3.85 Agree
income is just enough to pay for our
loans.
Total 291 61 74 117 97 3.52 Agree
Legend: 1.00 – 1.79 = Strongly Disagree
1.80 – 2.59 = Disagree
2.60 – 3.39 = Moderately Agree

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3.40 – 4.19 = Agree

4.20 – 5.00 = Strongly Agree
Table 6 presents the economic effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the rice

farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte

The table tells us that when the farmers were asked if the Rice Tariffication Law

program for farmers helped them improve their productivity and income, the farmers

responded that they Strongly Disagree with a weighted mean of 1.56. When asked if

they have benefited from the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF)

assistance, the farmers responded that they Disagree with a weighted mean of 1.93.

When asked if their financial needs had been aided by Expanded Rice Credit Assistance

(ERCA) with minimal interest, the farmers said that they Disagree with a weighted mean

of 2.18. they were asked if the law increased local production and yield, affordable and

stable supply of rice has more benefits for me as a farmer, the farmers responded that

they Moderately Agree with a weighted mean of 2.90. They were asked if the Rice

Tariffication Law has worsened inequality and income poverty to the rice farmers, the

farmers responded that they Strongly Agree with a weighted mean of 4.46. They were

asked if the farmgate of palay and retails price are significantly lower under the rice

tariffication law, the farmers said that they Strongly Agree with a weighted mean of

4.68. They were likewise asked if they struggle to face challenges in the supply chain to

reach the market and compete with cheap imported rice, the farmers responded that they

Agree with a weighted mean of 4.17. Did the inputs for our farms like fertilizers are

expensive and if it greatly affected their harvest and their income, the farmers stated that

they Strongly Agree with a weighted mean of 4.76. they were asked if the intermediaries

such as the traders, wholesalers, retailers, and importers—have benefitted from the law

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and not the rice farmers ourselves, the farmers responded that they Strongly Agree with

a weighted mean of 4.75. Did they ran short of funds to secure their needs with the

increase of prices in the commodities for their income is just enough to pay for our loans,

the farmers said that they Agree with a weighted mean of 3.85. The overall response of

the farmers in Vinzons regarding the economic effect of the Rice Tarrification Law to

their status was that they Agree that it affects their economic status with a weighted mean

of 3.82.

We can deduce therefore that the rice farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte

strongly disagree that the Rice Tariffication Law program for farmers helps them

improve their productivity and income, that the law has worsened inequality and income

poverty to the rice farmers, that the farmgate of palay and retails price are significantly

lower under the rice tariffication law, that the inputs for our farms like fertilizers are

expensive and it greatly affects their harvest and their income, and that the intermediaries

such as the traders, wholesalers, retailers, and importers—have benefitted from the law

and not the rice farmers ourselves. They agree that they struggle to face challenges in the

supply chain to reach the market and compete with cheap imported rice. They however,

moderately agree that the increased local production and yield, affordable and stable

supply of rice has more benefits for me as a farmer. They disagree that they have

benefited from the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF) assistance and that

their financial needs had been aided by Expanded Rice Credit Assistance (ERCA) with

minimal interest.

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We can further conclude that the Rice Tariffication Law produces positive and

negative effects on the economic status of the farmer in Vinzons, Camarines Norte but

overall, the economic effect is with more cons than the pros for the Rice Tariffiction

Law.

Therefore, we can imply accurateness in the local study of Palis et al. (2015)

where they found out that in general – Filipino rice farmers are trapped in the cycle of

poverty since most of them have insufficient capital to commence rice cultivation. Like

most of the farmer participants in the FGDs, they branded themselves as borrowers or

mangungutang. With high input costs, they are forced to borrow money from informal

lenders who charge them with high-interest rates, or traders who require them to sell their

produce immediately after harvest with a low paddy price. As well as in the study of

Briones (2019), discusses scenarios for Philippine agriculture related to tariffication from

2015 to 2030. The study finds, unsurprisingly, that tariffication is disadvantageous to the

palay sub-sector in terms of area harvested, yield, and production. The reduced protection

of rice adversely affects even the agricultural sector as a whole, with sector growth

slowing down further with tariffication.

In the case of the rice farmers in the Municipality of Vinzons in terms of the

economic effects of the law, with little to almost no intervention from the government,

rice farmers are still deemed to suffer.

Table 7 presents the economic effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the rice

farmers of Vinzons in terms of innovation in farming.

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The table shows that when the rice farmers of Vinzons were asked if the Rice

Tariffication Law has an effect in the innovation in farming specifically in the creation of

RCEF-Seed Program (RCEF-Seed) that directly contributes in yield improvement, they

said that they Disagree with weighted mean of 2.125.

Table 7
Effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the Rice farmers of Vinzons in Terms of
Innovation in Farming
Answer

Innovations in
Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly Weighted Interpretation
Farming Agree Agree Disagree Mean

1. Creation of RCEF-Seed
Program (RCEF-Seed) that
3 6 15 18 22 2.125 Disagree
directly contributes in yield
improvement
2. The program provides
convenient way to access the
0 3 10 43 8 2.125 Disagree
Rice Competitiveness
Enhancement Fund (RCEF)
assistance.
3. The use of certified seeds 3 3 36 18 4 2.70 Moderately
of inbred rice varieties is
Agree
helpful.
4. The mobilization and
strengthening local seed
3 5 19 34 3 2.50 Disagree
production is effective.
5. There is provided 2 7 30 17 8 2.56 Disagree
fertilizers every cropping.
6. Provides support in
building farmers skills and
2 9 17 25 11 2.43 Disagree
knowledge to enable them to
modernize and innovate
themselves.
7. There is ecological pest 2 7 10 30 15 2.21 Disagree
management
8. Creation of RCEF
Mechanization Program to
0 4 4 37 19 1.89 Disagree
improve farmers' income,
yield, and ability to compete
globally.
9. There is an access and use
of appropriate mechanization
0 4 2 20 38 1.56 Strongly

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technologies from planting to Disagree

postharvest
10. There is provided cost- 0 3 3 20 38 1.54 Strongly
efficient farm machinery.
Disagree
Total 15 51 146 262 166 2.16 Disagree
Legend: 1.00 – 1.79 = Strongly Disagree
1.80 – 2.59 = Disagree
2.60 – 3.39 = Moderately Agree
3.40 – 4.19 = Agree
4.20 – 5.00 = Strongly Agree

When they were asked if the program provides convenient way to access the Rice

Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF) assistance, they replied that they Disagree

with a weighted mean of 2.125.They were also asked if the use of certified seeds of

inbred rice varieties is helpful, they said that they Moderately Agree with a weighted

mean of 2.75. When they were asked if the mobilization and strengthening of local seed

production is effective, they responded that they Disagree with a weighted mean of 2.50.

They were asked if they were provided fertilizers every cropping and they said that they

Disagree with a weighted mean of 2.56. They were asked if they agree that the law

provides support in building farmers skills and knowledge to enable them to modernize

and innovate themselves, they said they Disagree with a weighted mean of 2.43. They

were asked if in the law there is ecological pest management and they said that they

Disagree with a weighted mean of 2.21. They were asked if they agree that the law

provided for the creation of RCEF Mechanization Program to improve farmers' income,

yield, and ability to compete globally and they said they Disagree with a weighted mean

of 1.89. They were asked if they agree that in the law there is an access and use of

appropriate mechanization technologies from planting to postharvest and they replied that

they Strongly Disagree with a weighted mean of 1.56. they were asked if they agree that

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the law provided cost-efficient farm machinery and they said that they Strongly Disagree

with a weighted mean of 1.54. The overall response of the rice farmers of Vinzons in the

effect of the Rice Tariffication Law is that they disagree that it can cause innovation in

farming with an overall weighted mean of 2.16.

We can conclude from the analysis of the data that the rice farmers of Vinzons,

Camarines Norte disagree that the Rice Tariffication Law can provide innovation in

farming. We can also conclude that the rice farmers in Vinzons strongly disagree that in

the law there is an access and use of appropriate mechanization technologies from

planting to postharvest and that the law provided cost-efficient farm machinery. They

moderately agree that the law provided the use of certified seeds of inbred rice varieties

to be helpful. They however disagree that the law provides for the creation of RCEF-Seed

Program (RCEF-Seed) that directly contributes in yield improvement and that the

programs in the law provides convenient way to access the Rice Competitiveness

Enhancement Fund (RCEF) assistance, that the law provided mobilization and

strengthening of local seed production is effective, and that it provides support in

building farmers skills and knowledge to enable them to modernize and innovate

themselves, and that the law there is ecological pest management, and also that the law

provided for the creation of RCEF Mechanization Program to improve farmers' income,

yield, and ability to compete globally.

There is no related study yet regarding to the effectiveness of rice tariffication law

in terms of Innovation in Farming. The law provides several ways to help the rice farmers

become more advanced and innovate like in the seed propagation – this is also under the

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programs of Rice Competitiveness Enhance Fund, however the Municipality of Vinzons

is not one of the priorities of the Law despite having a lot of rice farmers.

Table 8 presents the economic effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the rice

farmers of Vinzons in terms of livelihood.

Table 8
Effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the Rice farmers of Vinzons in Terms of
Livelihood

Answer
Livelihood
Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly Weighted Interpretation
Agree Agree Disagree Mean
1.The Rice Tariffication Law
provides opportunity to the 0 1 4 30 29 1.64 Strongly
rice farmers to earn more in
Disagree
the world market.
2. The tariffs collected were
used to directly support rice
farmers and fund innovative
undertakings of the
government to further 0 1 13 38 12 2.09 Disagree
strengthen the rice industry.
3. Promotion of inbred rice
seeds and the organization of
rice farmers into seed growers
0 4 38 17 5 2.67 Moderately
is an advantage to sustain
livelihood. Agree
4. Encourage rice farmers to
produce much better-quality 0 5 9 37 13 2.09 Disagree
heirloom/ traditional rice
geared to exports.
5. The importation of rice 23 11 15 14 1 3.64 Agree
decreases the price of palay.
6. Trend in the ‘oversupply’
of cheap imported rice 42 10 3 8 1 4.21 Strongly
adversely affect the livelihood
Agree
of the local rice farmers.
7. The law lacks safety net for
Filipino Farmers livelihood 38 7 2 11 6 3.92 Agree
after the first three years of
implementation.

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Total 103 39 84 155 67 2.89 Moderately

Agree
Legend: 1.00 – 1.79 = Strongly Disagree
1.80 – 2.59 = Disagree
2.60 – 3.39 = Moderately Agree
3.40 – 4.19 = Agree
4.20 – 5.00 = Strongly Agree
The table tells us that when the farmers were asked if they agree that the Roice

Tariffication Law provides opportunity to the rice farmers to earn more in the world

market in terms of livelihood, they said that they Strongly Disagree with a weighted

mean of 1.64. They were asked if they agree that the tariffs collected were used to

directly support rice farmers and fund innovative undertakings of the government to

further strengthen the rice industry and they said that they Disagree with a weighted

mean of 2.09. They were asked if they agree that the law provided promotion of inbred

rice seeds and the organization of rice farmers into seed growers is an advantage to

sustain livelihood and they said they Moderately Agree with a weighted mean of 2.67.

The farmers were asked if they agree that in terms of livelihood law encourage rice

farmers to produce much better-quality heirloom/ traditional rice geared to exports and

they said they Disagree with a weighted mean of 2.09. They were also asked if the law

caused the importation of rice decreases the price of palay and they said they Agree with

a weighted mean of 3.64. The farmers Strongly Agree that the law provided for a trend

in the ‘oversupply’ of cheap imported rice adversely affect the livelihood of the local rice

farmers with a weighted mean of 4.21. The farmers were asked if they agree that the law

lacks safety net for Filipino Farmers livelihood after the first three years of

implementation and they replied that they Agree with a weighted mean of 3.92. The

overall response of the farmers in Vinzons regarding the Rice Tariffication Law

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providing for livelihood is that the farmers Moderately Agree with a weighted mean of

2.89. We can therefore conclude from the analysis of the data that the rice farmers of

Vinzons, Camarines Norte moderately agree that the Rice Tariffication Law can provide

livelihood to the farmers.

We can imply accurateness in the study of Casinillo, L. F. (2020) where the issues

encountered in the implementation of Rice Tariffication Law in the Philippines are the

continuous inflation rate in commodities and other basic needs, high pricing fertilizer and

pesticides, and decrease in the yields of crop production. With the oversupply of cheap

imported rice makes it harder for the rice farmers to make a living.

Table 9 presents the economic effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the rice

farmers of Vinzons in terms of sustenance and facilities.

Table 9
Effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the Rice farmers of Vinzons in Terms of
Sustenance and Facilities
Answer
Sustenance and Facilities
Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly Weighted Interpretation
Agree Agree Disagree Mean

1. Free usage of rice farm types 2 4 12 34 12 2.21 Disagree

of machinery and equipment
given to eligible farmers
association and registered rice
cooperative
2. Trainings for skills on rice 1 7 16 30 10 2.32 Disagree
crop production, modern rice
farming techniques, seed
production, farm mechanization
and knowledge/technology
transfer.
3. Trainings for skills on rice 2 3 14 32 13 2.23 Disagree
crop production, modern rice
farming techniques, seed
production, farm mechanization
and knowledge/technology

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transfer.
4. Rice credit assistance with 3 4 16 29 12 2.26 Disagree
minimal interest rates and
minimum collateral requirements
5. Provision of Seeds and 2 3 15 32 12 2.23 Disagree
Fertilizers to farmers in every
cropping season.
Total 10 21 73 157 59 2.25 Disagree
Legend: 1.00 – 1.79 = Strongly Disagree
1.80 – 2.59 = Disagree
2.60 – 3.39 = Moderately Agree
3.40 – 4.19 = Agree
4.20 – 5.00 = Strongly Agree

The table shows that farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte Disagrees that the

Rice Tariffication Law can provide free usage of rice farm types of machinery and

equipment given to eligible farmers association and registered rice cooperative with a

weighted mean of 2.21. They also Disagree that the law provides Trainings for skills on

rice crop production, modern rice farming techniques, seed production, farm

mechanization and knowledge/technology transfer with a weighted mean of 2.32. They

also Disagree that the law provides trainings for skills on rice crop production, modern

rice farming techniques, seed production, farm mechanization and knowledge/technology

transfer with a weighted mean of 2.23. The farmers also Disagree that the Rice

Tariffication Law can provide rice credit assistance with minimal interest rates and

minimum collateral requirements with a weighted mean of 2.26. They also Disagree that

the law has a provision of seeds and fertilizers to farmers in every cropping season with a

weighted mean of 2.23. The overall response of the rice farmers in Vinzons, Camarines

Norte if the Rice Tariffication Law can provide sustenance and facility, they responded

that they Disagree with a weighted mean of 2.25.

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We can conclude therefore that the rice farmers of Vinzons Disagree that the Rice

Tariffication Law can provide farmers with sustenance and facilities.

To examine further the effect of the Rice Tariffication Law to the farmers in

Vinzons, Camarines Norte, the researchers asked selected Presidents of Farmers

Association in Vinzons who had an average farming experience of 8 year and some

selected officers of the Municipal and Provincial Agriculture Office regarding their

perception of the Rice Tariffication Law. It was determined that selected Presidents of

Farmers Association view the law as causing the lowering of the price of palay at the

disadvantage of the farmers whose income is depleted due to the high cause of inputs.

The law provides loans to farmer but the financial assistance is limited and cannot reach

most of the farmers in need. The law provides for machineries under the mechanization

program but no machines actually arrived. Although farm inputs were provided to the

farmers, the inputs in terms of seed and fertilizers came late and in insufficient amount.

Trainings were provided but the information dissemination about the program was not

properly communicated resulting to a handful of beneficiaries.

We can therefore conclude that the Rice Tariffication Law was a failure and

benefited only a small portion of the rice farmers population. This is due to the lack of

information dissemination on the programs provided by the law, the limited financial

assistance and the insufficiency of farm machineries as proposed in the program.

The selected officers of the Municipal and Provincial Agriculture Office who had

an average of 17.5 years of experience in the agricultural office however has a both a

negative and positive perception of the effect of the law to farmers. They believe that the

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Rice Tariffication Law decrease the price of rice due to importation to the disadvantage

of the local farmers since consumers will but imported rice instead of the locally produce

rice which is more expensive. This will result to loses for the local farmers. Farmers were

provided with free palay seeds and fertilizers were subsidized but these free palay and

subsidized fertilizers were insufficient which caused most of the farmers to experience

loses. This is due to the fact that the decrease in the farmers’ cost of production

(considering the continuous increase in the prices of fertilizer) did not counter the effects

of the declining price of palay. Farm machineries were provided but not all enjoyed the

benefits of these machineries because the Agricultural Office did not have a concrete data

on the number of farmers association nor data on the needs of these farmers. Besides, the

province of Camarines Norte was not included in the RCEF Mechanization Program.

These machineries were only intended for the palay farmers registered in the Registry

System for Basic Sectors in Agriculture and not all were registered for the same reason

that they have no data on the number of farmers association existing in the area since the

information was not properly disseminated. They admit that financial assistance was

given to rice farmers in the amount of Php5,000.00 per farmer. But this amount is

insufficient and did not even reach most of the framers again due to the lack of concrete

data. Trainings were provided by the Agricultural Office and the TESDA but not all were

benefited due to lack of dissemination.

It can be seen clearly that there is a discrepancy with the implementation of

neither the law nor was the Department of Agriculture ready to implement the same

resulting to the disadvantageous effect for the local farmers. We can therefore conclude

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that the Rice Tariffication Law was a failure as far as the Province of Camarines Norte is

con

OUTPUT
The researchers have developed an output to be distributed to the rice farmers of

Vinzons, Camarines Norte; to inform them of the findings and recommendations of the

researchers. The output is designed in a way to attract the eyes of the reader, easy-to-

understand format, and to be easily distributed; hence, the researcher chose a flyer form

of output. The flyers contain information about what the Rice Tariffication Law (RTL) is,

so that all readers understand the essence of the RTL. It also discusses the programs

under RTL, the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF) which is a program

that focuses on four key components. And lastly, the flyers contain some of the findings

and recommendations of the study. The output will inform the farmers on what extent of

the loss they receive from the law for experiencing the negative impact of the law on

palay prices but not experiencing the interventions stipulated in the law because

Camarines Norte is not RCEF province. May this article inform not only farmers, but also

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those in positions of power, about the injustices that farmers face as a result of the RTL

and its consequences.

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Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation

based on the gathered data as presented and analyzed in chapter 4. This chapter also

contains both the quantitative portion of the research and the qualitative result of the

perception of the rice farmers regarding the law and the possible interventions that can

result with the implementation of the law.

Summary

This study aimed to know the effects of Rice Tariffication Law to the Rice

Farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte. Specifically, the researchers sought to answer the

following: the profile of the respondents, the effects of the Rice Tariffication Law in

terms of economic status, innovations in farming, livelihood, and sustenance and facility.

The researchers used the combination of Quantitative and Qualitative Research

methods, most known as the Mixed Method to really have- an in-depth study of the

experiences and perception of local rice farmers. A total of sixty-four (64) respondents

from local farmers in quantitative method and five (5) from farmer’s association

president and five (5) from agriculture agency for qualitative method, derived using

convenience sampling technique in quantitative and purposive sampling technique for the

qualitative part of the study. The collected data underwent statistical treatment and

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analysis. The data was translated into tables, provided with frequency, percentage rate,

and weighted mean.

Findings

The quantitative portion of this research was able to determine the following:

1. What is the profile of the households engaged in farming in Vinzons,

Camarines Norte in terms of:

It was determined that 14% of the farmers in Vinzons affected by the Rice

Tariffication Law farmed an area of 0.5 hectares or less; 20% farmed an area of more

than 0.5 to 1hectares; 28% of the farmers farmed an area of more than 1 to 1.5 hectares;

and 38% of the farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte farmed an area of more than 1.5

hectares. In terms of farming experience, it was determined that 5% of the farmers in

Vinzons had a farming experience of 5 – 7 years, 95% of the farmers had a farming

experience of 8 year and above. The data shows that 16% were members of the Atag Rice

Farmers Association; 11% were members of the Sto. Domingo Farmers Association; 11%

were members of the Sto. Domingo Vinzons Farmers Association; 16% were members of

the Napilihan Kapit Bisig Magsasaka; 3% were members of the Buhayhay Farmers

Association; 11% were members of the Magkakaisang Magbubukid ng Mantigbe; 2% of

the farmers were members of the Angat Magsasaka Association; 19% of the farmers In

Vinzons, Caamarines Norte were members of the Mangcruz Farmers Association; 11%

were members of the Samahan ng Makamasang Magsasaka ng Mangcawayan; and 2% of

the farmers were members of the San Isidro Labrador Small Farmers Association.

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2. What are the effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the rice farmers of

Vinzons, Camarines Norte in terms of:

We can summarize the economic status of farmers under the Rice Tariffication Law by

stating that the law has worsened inequality and income poverty to the rice farmers, that

the inputs for our farms like fertilizers are expensive and it greatly affects their harvest

and their income, and that the intermediaries such as the traders, wholesalers, retailers,

and importers—have benefitted from the law and not the rice farmers ourselves, that the

farmers have benefited from the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF)

assistance and that their financial needs had been aided by Expanded Rice Credit

Assistance (ERCA) with minimal interest. The response of the rice farmers of Vinzons in

the effect of the Rice Tariffication Law is that they disagree that it can cause innovation

in farming. The response of the farmers in Vinzons regarding the Rice Tariffication Law

providing for livelihood is that the farmers Moderately Agree that it does. The response

of the rice farmers in Vinzons, Camarirnes Norte to the question if the Rice Tariffication

Law can provide sustenance and facility, they responded that they Disagree.

The qualitative portion of this research was able to determine the following:

It was determined that selected Presidents of Farmers Association view the law as

causing the lowering of the price of palay at the disadvantage of the farmers whose

income is depleted due to the high cause of inputs. The law provides loans to farmer but

the financial assistance is limited and cannot reach most of the farmers in need. The law

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provides for machineries under the mechanization program but no machines actually

arrived. Although farm inputs were provided to the farmers, the inputs in terms of seed

and fertilizers came late and in insufficient amount. Trainings were provided but the

information dissemination about the program was not properly communicated resulting to

a handful of beneficiaries.

The municipal and provincial agriculturist believe that the Rice Tariffication Law

decrease the price of rice due to importation to the disadvantage of the local farmers since

consumers will but imported rice instead of the locally produce rice which is more

expensive. This will result to loses incurred by the local farmers. Farmers were provided

with free palay seeds and fertilizers were subsidized but these free palay and subsidized

fertilizers were insufficient which caused most of the farmers to experience loses. This is

due to the fact that the decrease in the farmers’ cost of production (considering the

continuous increase in the prices of fertilizer) did not counter the effects of the declining

price of palay. Farm machineries were provided but not all enjoyed the benefits of these

machineries because the Agricultural Office did not have a concrete data on the number

of farmers association nor data on the needs of these farmers. They admit that financial

assistance was given to rice farmers in the amount of Php5,000.00 per farmer. But this

amount is insufficient and did not even reach most of the framers again due to the lack of

concrete data. Trainings were provided by the Agricultural Office and by TESDA but not

all were benefited due to lack of dissemination.

3. What findings from the study can be turned into an output:

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It was determined that information dissemination fails to reached the majority of

the farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte.

Conclusions

Based on the findings above, the following conclusions were drawn for

quantitative portion:

1. What is the profile of the households engaged in farming in Vinzons,

Camarines Norte in terms of:

We can therefore deduce from the table that most of the farmers in Vinzons,

Camarines Norte farmed an area of more than 1.5 hectares, that the majority of the

farmers have a lot of experience in rice farming covering 8 years and above, and we have

concluded that most of the farmers in Vinzons affected by the Rice Tariffication Law

were members of the Mangcruz Farmers Association.

2. What are the effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the rice farmers of

Vinzons, Camarines Norte in terms of:

We can further conclude that the Rice Tariffication Law produces positive and

negative effects on the economic status of the farmer in Vinzons, Camarines Norte but

overall, the economic effect is with more cons than the pros for the farmers under the

Rice Tariffication Law. We can conclude from the analysis of the data that the rice

farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte that the Rice Tariffication Law cannot provide

innovation in farming. We can therefore conclude from the analysis of the data that the

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rice farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte that the Rice Tariffication Law can moderately

provide livelihood to the farmers. We can conclude therefore that the rice farmers of

Vinzons believed that the Rice Tariffication Law cannot provide farmers with sustenance

and facilities.

Based on the findings above, the following conclusions were drawn for qualitative

portion:

The Rice Tariffication Law was a failure since it benefited only a small portion of

the rice farmers population. This is due to the lack of information dissemination on the

programs provided by the law, the limited financial assistance and the insufficiency of

farm machineries as proposed in the program.

It can be seen clearly that there is a discrepancy with the implementation of

neither the law nor was the Department of Agriculture ready to implement the same

resulting to the disadvantageous effect for the local farmers. We can therefore conclude

that the Rice Tariffication Law was a failure as far as the Province of Camarines Norte is

concern.

3. What output can be made based from the findings of the study:

We therefore conclude that information flyers are the best way to increase

information dissemination in the farming community.

Recommendations

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The following recommendations are proposed by the researchers based on the

findings of this study:

1. What is the profile of the households engaged in farming in Vinzons,

Camarines Norte in terms of:

We recommend that all farmers join a farmers’ association for easy information

dissemination. Update the number of farmers association together with their members

and have them registered with the Registry System for Basic Sectors in Agriculture

(RSBA). Increase funds in agriculture and approve the Magna Carta for Association.

2. What are the effects of the Rice Tariffication Law to the rice farmers of

Vinzons, Camarines Norte in terms of:

Inclusion of the Province of Camarines Norte as RCEF Beneficiaries. All rice

farmers must be given the Rice Farmer Financial Assistance (RFFA) at a realistic amount

based on a study that will be conducted by the Agricultural Technician. Include all the

provinces in Bicol on the RCEF because fund of RA 11203 only focused on selected

provinces. Downloading of funds directly to the farmers and machineries to farmers

association. Focusing and monitoring of prices of palay and farm inputs so that any

changes in the price could warn the farmers and the government can make adjustments so

that the impact of any increase or decrease in prices will not have a strong impact on the

farmers economic status. It is proposed that the government subsidized the 50% price of

palay so the prices of other inputs in farming like fertilizers and pesticides will decrease.

That the officers of the Municipal and Provincial Agricultural Office consult with the

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grassroots to determine their number, needs and other data needed so that communication

can disseminated easily and benefits on further laws can reach them.

3. What output can be made based from the conclusion of the study:

Have developed a summary and easy-to-read flyer that contain information about

the Rice Tariffication Law, the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund, the findings of

the study, and its recommendations.

1.

a.

b.

c.

a.

b.

c.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX 1

Request Letter to the Municipal Agricultural Office in Vinzons

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May 6, 2022

Rosela J. Sayno
Municipal Agriculturist
Municipal Agricultural Office

Dear Madam Rosela:

Greetings of Peace!

We, the undersigned, are fourth year students of Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts
and Sciences Inc. pursuing a degree in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
major Legal Management and currently enrolled in Thesis/Feasibility Study.

We are currently conducting a research study entitled “THE EFFECTS OF RICE

TARIFFICATION LAW TO THE RICE FARMERS IN VINZONS, CAMARINES
NORTE”. In connection with this, may we humbly request from your good office
information regarding the list of registered Farmers Cooperatives and Associations
FCA’s, list of Barangays and the total household of rice farmers engaged in farming.

Your favorable response to this request will truly us in the completion of our research
work. Rest assured that all information to be gathered will be used are confidential and
exclusively for research purposes.

Thank you very much and Godspeed.

Respectfully yours,

SHYRA MAE R. ECO DARWIN R. QUIÑONES GERVIN G. ARQUIZAL

RESEARCHERS

Approved:

FLORICEL M. BALDERAMA, MAEd.

Thesis Adviser

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APPENDIX 2

Research Instruments

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Quantitative Survey Questionnaire

The Effects of Rice Tariffication Law to the

Rice Farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Direction: Please put a check mark 🗹 on the box of your answer.

(Panuto: Paki markahan ng tsek 🗹 ang kahon ng napiling sagot.)
I. Profile
a. Farm Area
(Sukat ng sakahan)
Less than or equal to 0.5 ha
(Kalahati o kulang sa kalahating ektarya.)
More than 0.5 to 1ha
(Higit kalahating ektarya hanggang isang ektarya)
More than 1 to 1.5 ha
(Higit isang ektarya hanggang isa’t kalahating ektarya)
More than 1.5 ha
(Higit isa’t kalahating ektarya.)
b. Years of Farming Experience
(Tagal ng Pagsasaka (sa taon)
5-7 years
8 years and more
c. Farmers Association Membership
Atag Rice Farmers Association
Sto. Domingo Farmers Association
Sto. Domingo Vinzons Farmers Association
Napilihan Kapit Bisig Magsasaka
Buhayhay Farmers Association
Magkakaisang Magbubukid ng Mantigbe
Angat Magsasaka Association

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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Mangcruz Farmers Association

Samahan ng Makamasang Magsasaka ng Mangcawayan
San Isidro Labrador Small Farmers Association
_______________________________________________________________________
Directions: Please put a check mark 🗹 on the the rating scale that fits the answer to each
statement.
(Panuto: Paki markahan ng tsek 🗹 sa nararapat na kahon sa ibaba kung ang pahayag na
ibinigay ay naaayon sa iyong kagustuhan. Mga Pagpipilian: Lubos na Sumasang-ayon,
Sumasang-ayon, Medyo Sumasang-ayon, Hindi Sang-ayon, Higit na Hindi Sumasang-
ayon)

Five-point Rating Scale

Ratin     Remarks   Description 
g

5 Strongly I strongly agree with the statement and believe that

Agree this really happens to myself.

4 Agree I agree with the statement and believe that

3 Moderately I slightly agree with the statement.

Agree

2 Disagree I disagree with the statement because it never

happens to myself

1 Strongly I strongly disagree with the statement because it

Disagree never really happens to myself

II. Economic Status

Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly
STATEMENT Agree Agree Disagree
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. The Rice
Tariffication Law
program for farmers
helps us improve our
productivity and
income.
(Ang mga programa ng

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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Rice Tariffication Law

ay nakatulong upang
mapalakas ang aming
pagiging produktibo at
dumami ang aming
kita.)
2. We have benefited
from the Rice
Competitiveness
Enhancement Fund
(RCEF) assistance.
(Nakinabang kami sa
Rice Competitiveness
Enhancement Fund
(RCEF) assisstance.)
3. Our financial needs
had been aided by
Expanded Rice
Credit Assistance
(ERCA) with
minimal interest.
(Ang aming pinansyal
na pangangailangan ay
natulungan ng
Expanded Rice Credit
Assistance (ERCA) na
may maliit na tubo
(interes).)
4. The increased local
production and
yield, affordable and
stable supply of rice
has more benefits for
me as a farmer.
(Mas nakatutulong sa
akin bilang
magdadanaw ang
pagdami ng ani at ang
mura at sapat na suplay
ng bigas.)
5. The Rice
Tariffication Law
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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

has worsened
inequality and
income poverty to
the rice farmers.
(Lalong pinalala ng
Rice Tariffication Law
ang di-patas na kita at
kahirapan ng mga
magdadanaw.)
6. Farmgate of palay
and retails price are
significantly lower
under the rice
tariffication law.
(Ang halaga ng
bultuhan at tingi ng
palay ay lubos na mas
mababa sa ilalim ng
Rice Tariffication Law.)
7. We struggle to face
challenges in the
supply chain to
reach the market and
compete with cheap
imported rice.
(Kami ay nahihirapan
sa pagsabay sa bilang
ng suplay na nasa
pamilihan at lumaban
sa mas mababang
halaga ng ina-angkat
na bigas.)
8. The inputs for our
farm like fertilizers
are expensive and it
greatly affects our
harvest and our
income.
(Ang abono sa aming
danawan ay mahal at
naapektuhan ang aming
ani at kita.)
9. The intermediaries

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such as the traders,

wholesalers,
retailers, and
importers—have
benefitted from the
law and not the rice
farmers ourselves.
(Ang “middle-man”
tulad ng traders,
wholesalers, at retailers
mga nag-aangkat
(importers) ang mas
nakikinabang sa Rice
Tariffication Law kaysa
sa mga magsasaka.)
10. We have short of
funds to secure our
needs with the
increase of prices in
the commodities for
our income is just
enough to pay for
our loans.
(Sa pagmahal ng mga
bilihin laging kapos
ang aming pananalapi
dahil sapat lamang ang
aming kita pambayad
utang.)
III. Innovations in Farming
Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly
STATEMENT Agree Agree Disagree
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

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1. Creation of RCEF-
Seed Program
(RCEF-Seed) has
directly helped us in
yield improvement
(Direktang nakatulong
sa pagdami ng ani ang
Rice Competitiveness
Enhancement Fund
(RCEF) – Seed
Program.)
2. The program
provides convenient
way to access the
Rice
Competitiveness
Enhancement Fund
(RCEF) assistance.
(Ang programa ay
naghandog ng maayos
at madaling paraan
para makatanggap sa
Rice Competitiveness
Enhancement Fund
(RCEF) assistance.)
3. The use of certified
seeds of inbred rice
varieties is helpful.
(Ang paggamit ng
certified na binhi ng
inbred rice varieties ay
nakatutulong.)
4. The mobilization
and strengthening
local seed
production is
effective.
(Ang pagpapalakas ng
local na produksyon ng
mga binhi ay epektibo.)
5. There is provided
fertilizers every
cropping.

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(Mayroong ibinibigay
na abono sa ilalim ng
programa sa bawat
pagtatalok.)
6. Provides support in
building farmers
skills and knowledge
to enable them to
modernize and
innovate themselves.
(Nagkakaroon ng mga
pagsasanay sa mga
magsasaka upang
matulungan maging
makabago at
madadagan ang
kaalaman sa mga
bagong paraan ng
pagsasaka.)
7. There is ecological
pest management
(Mayroon ibinibigay na
dagdag kaalaman sa
maayos na pagkontrol/
pagpuksa sa mga peste
sa sakahan.)
8. Creation of RCEF
Mechanization
Program to improve
farmers' income,
yield, and ability to
compete globally.
(Nagkaroon ng
kakayanang
makipagsabayan sa
pandaigdigan merkado
dahil sa RCEF
mechanization program
na nakapagpataas na
ani at kita.)
9. There is an access
and use of
appropriate
mechanization

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technologies from
planting to
postharvest
(Mula sa pagtatarok
hanggang sa tapos ng
pag-gagapas ay
mayroon binibigay na
maayos ng mga
makina.)
10. There is provided
cost-efficient farm
machinery.
(Mayroon ibinibigay na
matipid na mga
makinang pansakahan.)
IV. Livelihood
Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly
STATEMENT Agree Agree Disagree
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. The Rice Tariffication
Law provides
opportunity to the rice
farmers to earn more
in the world market.
(Mas nagkakaroon nang
oportunidad na kumita
ng malaki sa
pandaigdigan merkado
dahil sa Rice
Tariffication Law.)
2. The tariffs collected
were used to directly
support rice farmers
and fund innovative
undertakings of the
government to further
strengthen the rice
industry.
(Ang mga taripang na
kokolekta ay direktang
ginagamit para sa mga
magsasaka at ang mga
makabagong proyekto ng
gobyerno na nilalaanan

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ng pondo ay para
mapalakas ang
industriya ng palay.)
3. Promotion of inbred
rice seeds and the
organization of rice
farmers into seed
growers is an
advantage to sustain
livelihood.
(Ang pasulong ng inbred
rice seeds at pagsulong
sa mga organisasyon ng
mga madadanaw na
magbinhi ay
nakakatulong sa maayos
na kabuhayan.)
4. Encourage rice
farmers to produce
much better-quality
heirloom/ traditional
rice geared to exports.
(Nahihikayat ang mga
madadanaw na lumikha
nang mas dekalidad na
palay para i-export.)
5. The importation of
rice decreases the
price of palay.
(Sa pagaangkat ng palay
bumaba ang halaga ng
palay sa local na
merkado.)
6. Trend in the
‘oversupply’ of cheap
imported rice
adversely affect the
livelihood of the local
rice farmers.
(Sa pagkakaroon ng
malaking suplay ng
murang bigas ay
nakasama sa kabuhayan
ng mga local na

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magdadanaw.)
7. The law lacks safety
net for Filipino
Farmers livelihood
after the first three
years of
implementation.
(Ang Rice Tariffication
Law ay kulang na
proteksyon sa kabuhayan
ng mga magdadanaw na
Filipino sa tatlong taon
nang pagpapatupad.)
V. Sustenance and Facilities
Strongly Agre Somewhat Disagree Strongly
STATEMENT Agree e Agree Disagree
(5) (3) (2) (1)
(4)
1. Free usage of rice farm
types of machinery and
equipment given to
eligible farmers
association and
registered rice
cooperative.
(Libreng pagkuha ng mga
makabagong makina sa
pagpalay sa mga karapat-
dapat na farmers
association at
rehistradong kooperatiba.)
2. Trainings for skills on
rice crop production.
(Pagsasanay para sa mga
kakayanan sa produksyon
ng bigas.)
3. Training for skills on
modern rice farming
techniques.
(Pagsasanay para sa
modernong paraan ng
pagpapalay.)

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4. Training for skills on

seed production.
(Pagsasanay para sa
pagbibinhi.)
5. Training for skills on
usage of farm
mechanization.
(Pagsasanay sa
pagkakaroon ng mga
makinang pang-danaw.)
6. Training for additional
knowledge and
technology transfer in
rice farming.
(Pagsasanay para
karagdagang kaalaman at
teknolohiya sa
pag-papalay.)
7. Provides insurance for
calamity damages.
(Mayroong pinansyal na
tulong (insurance) tuwing
may kalamidad.)
8. Rice credit assistance
with minimal interest
rates and minimum
collateral requirements.
(Tulong sa Rice Credit
assistance na may
mababang patubo at
collateral.)
9. Provision of Seeds and
Fertilizers to farmers in
every cropping season.
(Mayroong libre/murang
binhi at abono sa mga
magdadanaw tuwing
panahon may pagtatarok.)

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Thank you, and God bless!

Maraming salamat po at pagpalain kayo ng Diyos!

The Researchers
Ang mga Tagapagsaliksik

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Qualitative Survey Questionnaire

The Effects of Rice Tariffication Law to the

Rice Farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Directions: Kindly fill out the information below.

(Panuto: Paki punan ang impormasyon sa ibaba.)

I. PROFILE

Title Position: _________________

Government Office/Farmers Association: ____________________

Years in Service: ____________________

Instructions: Kindly answer the questions with full honesty and to the extent of your
knowledge and experience.
(Panuto: Pakisuyo ng sagutin ang mga tanong nang buong katapatan at sa abot ng inyong
kaalaman at kasanayan.)
II. Effects of Rice Tariffication Law
1. What do you think is the effect of the rice tariffication law in terms of income
and livelihood to the rice farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte?
(Sa iyong palagay, ano ang naging epekto ng Rice Tariffication Law sa kita at
kabuhayan ng mga magdadanaw sa Vinzons, Camarines Norte?)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. What intervention is provided by the Rice Tariffication Law to the rice

farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte in response to the declining price of
palay?
(Anong mga interbensyon ang ibinibigay ng Rice Tariffication Law sa mga
magdadanaw ng Vinzons, Camarines Norte kaakibat ng pagbagsak ng presyo
ng palay?)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. What Mechanization Program is provided under the Rice Tariffication Law to
the rice farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte? If there is, how many
machineries are available and is it accessible to the rice farmers/associations?
(Anong Programa sa Mekanisasyon ang ibinibigay sa ilalim ng Rice
Tariffication Law sa mga magdadanaw ng Vinzons, Camarines Norte? Kung
meron man, ilan ang ipinapagamit at kung ito ba ay madaling makuha ng mga
magdadanaw o mga associations?)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

4. What financial intervention are farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte able to

acquire under the Rice Tariffication Law?
(Anong mga financial intervention ang nakukuha ng mga magdadanaw sa
ilalim ng Rice Tariffication Law?)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

5. What trainings are provided to the rice farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte
under the Rice Tariffication Law in terms of production, usage of modern
machineries, propagation of inbred seeds, pest control and proper utilization
of fertilizers?
(Anong pagsasanay ang ibinibigay sa mga magdadanaw sa ilalim ng Rice
Tariffication Law sa mga tuntunin ng produksyon, paggamit ng makabagong
makina, propagation ng inbred seeds, pest control at tamang pag gamit ng
fertilizers?)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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6. What measures do you propose to improve the accessibility and coverage of

the programs provided of the Rice Tariffication Law?
(Anong paraan ang iyong mamumungkahi upang mapahusay pa ang
accessibility at pagpapalawig ng nasasakupan ng mga programa ng Rice
Tariffication Law?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Thank you, and God bless!

Maraming salamat po at pagpalain kayo ng Diyos!

The Researchers
Ang mga Tagapagsaliksik

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APPENDIX 3

Informed Consent form for the respondents

English and Tagalog

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

Research Title: The Effects of Rice Tariffication Law to the
Rice Farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte
Researchers: Shyra Mae Eco
Darwin Quinones
Gervin Arquizal
Dear Respondents,
We are students of Camarines Norte School of Law with the course Bachelor of
Science in Business Administration and Research Major in Legal Management. We are
asking for your voluntary participation in our thesis study. Please read the following
information about the project. If you would like to participate, please sign in the
appropriate box below.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of the study is to determine and analyze
the Effects of Rice Tariffication Law in the income and livelihood of Filipino rice
farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte. The researchers chose the local rice farmers in
Vinzons because it’s one of the Municipality in Camarines Norte that has a vast land
area intended for rice farming and it produces more rice than other Municipality.
IF YOU PARTICIPATE, YOU WILL BE ASKED TO: Answer the survey
questionnaires based on your personal experiences and with honesty.
TIME REQUIRED FOR PARTICIPATION: 10 – 20 minutes
RISKS: If the questions provided will offend you or would be personal to you in
anyway, you may decline to answer any or all questions and you may withdraw your
participation at any time if you choose.
BENEFITS: The result of the study will provide awareness to the citizens of
Camarines Norte about the real-life situation of their rice farmers and will assist
relevant government entities in addressing various farmer problems related to the law.
HOW CONFIDENTIALITY WILL BE MAINTAINED: Your responses in this
research will be anonymous. The personal information obtained and your identity will
not be shown and revealed for your security. Ensured that every effort will be made
by the researcher to preserve your confidentiality.

Consent
I have read the provided information, or it has been read to me. I had the
opportunity to ask questions about it and any questions I have been asked have been
answered to my satisfaction.
By signing this form, I am attesting that I have read and understand the
information above and I freely give my consent/assent to participate in the survey.

Signature of Participant ____________________ Date: ___-___-_____

Approved:
FLORICEL M. BALDERAMA, MAEd.
Thesis Adviser

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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

KAALAMANG PAHINTULOT
Titulo ng Pag-aaral: The Effects of Rice Tariffication Law to the
Rice Farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte
Mananaliksik: Shyra Mae R. Eco
Darwin R. Quinones
Gervin G. Arquizal
Minamahal na tumugon,
Kami ang mga mag-aaral ng Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts, and Sciences sa
kursong Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in Legal Management.
Kami ay humihingi ng inyong boluntaryong partisipasyon sa amin pong thesis study.
Maari po lamang na pakibasa ang impormasyon tungkol sa aming pag-aaral. Sa
kabutihan po ng inyong puso, kung kayo ay magnais na boluntaryong makilahok maari
po lamang na pumirma sa kahon sa ibaba.
Layunin ng Thesis: Ang layunin ng pag-aaral na ito ay matukoy at suriin ang
Epekto ng Rice Tariffication Law sa kita at kabuhayan ng mga local na
magpapalay ng Vinzons, Camarines Norte. Ang mananaliksik (researchers) ay
napili ang munisipalidad ng Vinzons dahil sa malawak na danawan nito at
nakakapag-ani ng mas marami kumpara sa ibang bayan ng Camarines Norte.
Sa inyong paglalahok inaasahang na: Sumagot lamang ayon sa abot ng inyong
kaalaman at karanasan sa mga tanong na may katapatan.
Oras na gugugulin sa pagsagot: 10-30 minuto.
Magbabasakali: Kung magkakaroon ng katanungan na nakapinsala sa iyo ay
maari pong hindi ito sagutin o itigil na ang paglahok sa pag-aaral na ito ano
mang-oras na piliin ninyo.
Benipisyo: Ang resulta ng pag-aaral na ito ay magdudulot ng kamalayan sa mga
mamayan ng Camarines Norte ukol sa tunay na kalagayan ng mga magdadanaw at
makapagbibigay impormasyon sa mga ahensya ng gobyernong nakakasakop sa
implementasyon ng Rice Tariffication Law.
Paano mapapanatiling kompedensiyal: Ang inyong pong mga sagot ay itatala
naming bilang anonymous ( walang pangalan) . Ang mga personal na
impormasyon; maging ang inyong pagkakilalan ay hindi naming ilalabas para sa
inyong seguridad. Nakakasigurado po kayong lahat ng paraan ay gagawin
naminupang mapanatili ang inyong pagiging kompedensiyal.
Pahintulot
Nabasa ko ang mga nasaad na impormasyon o ito ay maayos na binasa sa akin.
Nagkaroon ako ng pagkakataon na magtanong at masagot ang lahat ng aking katanungan..
Sa akin palagda ng aking pirma sa dokumentong ito, ako ay nanunumpa na nabasa/
binasa sa akin at lubos ko itong naunawaan at malayang ikinakaloob ang aking permiso na
makilahok sa pagsusuring ito. (survey)
Lagda ng Tumugon: ________________________ Petsa ___-___-___

Approved:
FLORICEL M. BALDERAMA, MAEd. - Thesis Adviser

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APPENDIX 4

Sample Survey Questionnaires with answers

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APPENDIX 5

Communication Letters to the Related Government Agency

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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

May 12, 2022

Ronnie R. Asis
Agriculturist II
Provincial Agriculturist Office

Dear Sir Ronnie:

Greetings of Peace!

We, the undersigned, are fourth year students of Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts
and Sciences Inc. pursuing a degree in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
major Legal Management and currently enrolled in Thesis/Feasibility Study.

We are currently conducting a research study entitled “THE EFFECTS OF RICE

TARIFFICATION LAW TO THE RICE FARMERS IN VINZONS, CAMARINES
NORTE”. In connection with this, may we humbly request a portion of your time to
answer research question that is pertinent in the study.

Your favorable response to this request will truly us in the completion of our research
work. Rest assured that all information to be gathered will be used are confidential and
exclusively for research purposes.

Thank you very much and Godspeed.

Respectfully yours,

SHYRA MAE R. ECO DARWIN R. QUIÑONES GERVIN G. ARQUIZAL

RESEARCHERS

Approved:

FLORICEL M. BALDERAMA, MAEd.

Thesis Adviser

May 12, 2022

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Joey R. Ramirez
Agriculturist II
Provincial Agriculturist Office

Dear Sir Joey:

Greetings of Peace!

We, the undersigned, are fourth year students of Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts
and Sciences Inc. pursuing a degree in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
major Legal Management and currently enrolled in Thesis/Feasibility Study.

We are currently conducting a research study entitled “THE EFFECTS OF RICE

TARIFFICATION LAW TO THE RICE FARMERS IN VINZONS, CAMARINES
NORTE”. In connection with this, may we humbly request a portion of your time to
answer research question that is pertinent in the study.

Your favorable response to this request will truly us in the completion of our research
work. Rest assured that all information to be gathered will be used are confidential and
exclusively for research purposes.

Thank you very much and Godspeed.

Respectfully yours,

SHYRA MAE R. ECO DARWIN R. QUIÑONES GERVIN G. ARQUIZAL

RESEARCHERS

Approved:

FLORICEL M. BALDERAMA, MAEd.

Thesis Adviser

May 12, 2022

Rosela J. Sayno
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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Municipal Agriculturist
Municipal Agricultural Office

Dear Madam Rosela:

Greetings of Peace!

We, the undersigned, are fourth year students of Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts
and Sciences Inc. pursuing a degree in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
major Legal Management and currently enrolled in Thesis/Feasibility Study.

We are currently conducting a research study entitled “THE EFFECTS OF RICE

TARIFFICATION LAW TO THE RICE FARMERS IN VINZONS, CAMARINES
NORTE”. In connection with this, may we humbly request a portion of your time to
answer research question that is pertinent in the study.

Your favorable response to this request will truly us in the completion of our research
work. Rest assured that all information to be gathered will be used are confidential and
exclusively for research purposes.

Thank you very much and Godspeed.

Respectfully yours,

SHYRA MAE R. ECO DARWIN R. QUIÑONES GERVIN G. ARQUIZAL

RESEARCHERS

Approved:

FLORICEL M. BALDERAMA, MAEd.

Thesis Adviser

May 12, 2022

Kristina Balane
Agricultural Technologist
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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Municipal Agricultural Office

Dear Madam Kristina:

Greetings of Peace!

We, the undersigned, are fourth year students of Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts
and Sciences Inc. pursuing a degree in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
major Legal Management and currently enrolled in Thesis/Feasibility Study.

We are currently conducting a research study entitled “THE EFFECTS OF RICE

TARIFFICATION LAW TO THE RICE FARMERS IN VINZONS, CAMARINES
NORTE”. In connection with this, may we humbly request a portion of your time to
answer research question that is pertinent in the study.

Your favorable response to this request will truly us in the completion of our research
work. Rest assured that all information to be gathered will be used are confidential and
exclusively for research purposes.

Thank you very much and Godspeed.

Respectfully yours,

SHYRA MAE R. ECO DARWIN R. QUIÑONES GERVIN G. ARQUIZAL

RESEARCHERS

Approved:

FLORICEL M. BALDERAMA, MAEd.

Thesis Adviser

May 12, 2022

Cesar R. Miraña
Senior Agriculturist
Provincial Agriculturist Office
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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Dear Sir Cesar:

Greetings of Peace!

We, the undersigned, are fourth year students of Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts
and Sciences Inc. pursuing a degree in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
major Legal Management and currently enrolled in Thesis/Feasibility Study.

We are currently conducting a research study entitled “THE EFFECTS OF RICE

TARIFFICATION LAW TO THE RICE FARMERS IN VINZONS, CAMARINES
NORTE”. In connection with this, may we humbly request a portion of your time to
answer research question that is pertinent in the study.

Your favorable response to this request will truly us in the completion of our research
work. Rest assured that all information to be gathered will be used are confidential and
exclusively for research purposes.

Thank you very much and Godspeed.

Respectfully yours,

SHYRA MAE R. ECO DARWIN R. QUIÑONES GERVIN G. ARQUIZAL

RESEARCHERS

Approved:

FLORICEL M. BALDERAMA, MAEd.

Thesis Adviser

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

APPENDIX 6

Vicinity Map of Vinzons

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Plate No. 1
Map of Camarines Norte

Historical Setting

Vinzons is a third-class coastal municipality in the eastern part of the province of

Camarines Norte, it has a population of 49,042 and 19 barangays with a total land area of

14,143 ha. Vinzons is primarily a farming and fishing town. Rice, coconut and fish are

the main products.

The town of Vinzons was formerly called Tacboan but later, it was changed to

Indan. It got its present name to honor one of its greatest sons, Wenceslao Q. Vinzons

who was a former governor and former delegate to the 1935 constitutional convention.

He organized a guerilla resistance movement against the Japanese during World War II

but he was captured and executed. Vinzons was established by the Franciscan priests in

1581. Fr. Losar was the first Parish Priest who built a church in honor of St. Peter.

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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

AAA

APPENDIX 7

Documentation on Gathering of Data

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Plate 2
Data Gathering Procedure to the rice farmers

This are some of the pictures taken while the researchers are explaining the

content of Informed Consent Form to the rice farmers for documentation on the Data

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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Gathering Procedure of Quantitative Survey Questionnaires. The respondents willingly

participated and were very cooperative to the procedure of answering the questionnaire

given.

Plate 3
Data Gathering Procedure to the Association Presidents, Municipal Agricultural Office
of Vinzons and to the Provincial Agriculturist Office

This are the pictures taken while the respondents from Association Presidents,

Municipal Agricultural Office of Vinzons and the Provincial Agriculturist Office are

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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

answering the survey questionnaire for the Qualitative Part of the study.

The researchers did not encounter any problem while in the process. All the

respondents answered sincerely and with honestly, they are also very accommodating.

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

APPENDIX 8

Letter to the Validators

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 Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts, and Sciences Inc.
Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

May 12, 2022

Dan C. Del Rosario, PhD.

Dean
College of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation

Dear Dr. Del Rosario:

Greetings!
We, Shyra Mae R. Eco, Darwin R. Quinones and Gervin G. Arquizal student
researchers of BSBA Major in Legal Management of Camarines Norte School of Law,
are currently conducting a research study titled “The Effects of Rice Tariffication Law
to the Rice Farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte” This study aims to determine and
analyze the Effects of Rice Tariffication Law to the income and livelihood of Filipino
rice farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte. In order to gather the data for the current
study, the researchers prepared the attached research questionnaire. 

In this regard, we would like to request for your expertise to validate the attached self-
made survey questionnaire. Your comments and suggestions for each item will be highly
appreciated. 

We believe that your expertise will surely make this study a success.

We are hoping for your utmost consideration to this request. 

Thank you very much.

Respectfully yours,

SHYRA MAE R. ECO DARWIN R. QUINOÑES GERVIN G. ARQUIZAL

RESEARCHERS

Approved:

FLORICEL M. BALDERAMA, MAEd.

Thesis Adviser

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

March 12, 2022

Floricel M. Balderama, MAEd.

Legal Management Department
Camarines Norte School of Law

Dear Mrs. Balderama:

Greetings!
We, Shyra Mae R. Eco, Darwin R. Quinones and Gervin G. Arquizal student
researchers of BSBA Major in Legal Management of Camarines Norte School of Law,
are currently conducting a research study titled “The Effects of Rice Tariffication Law
to the Rice Farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte” This study aims to determine and
analyze the Effects of Rice Tariffication Law to the income and livelihood of Filipino
rice farmers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte. In order to gather the data for the current
study, the researchers prepared the attached research questionnaire. 

In this regard, we would like to request for your expertise to validate the attached self-
made survey questionnaire. Your comments and suggestions for each item will be highly
appreciated. 

We believe that your expertise will surely make this study a success.

We are hoping for your utmost consideration to this request. 

Thank you very much.

Respectfully yours,

SHYRA MAE R. ECO- Researcher

DARWIN R. QUINOÑES- Researcher

GERVIN G. ARQUIZAL- Researcher

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

APPENDIX 9

Certificate of Validation

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

May 16, 2022

CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION

To whom it may concern:

This is to certify that the undersigned had read, checked, and validated the content of the
Survey Questionnaire of the research titled “The Effects of Rice Tariffication Law to
the Rice Farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte” prepared by Shyra Mae R. Eco,
Darwin R. Quinone and Gervin Arquizal from Bachelor of Science in Business
Administration Major in Legal Management.

Issued upon the request of the research team for whatever purpose it may serve.

Done this 16th day of May, year 2022 at Daet, Camarines Norte.

Validated by:

Dan C. Del Rosario, PhD.

Dean
College of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

May 14, 2022

CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION

To whom it may concern:

This is to certify that the undersigned had read, checked, and validated the content of the
Survey Questionnaire of the research titled “The Effects of Rice Tariffication Law to
the Rice Farmers of Vinzons, Camarines Norte” prepared by Shyra Mae R. Eco,
Darwin R. Quinone and Gervin Arquizal from Bachelor of Science in Business
Administration Major in Legal Management.

Issued upon the request of the research team for whatever purpose it may serve.

Done this 14th day of May, year 2022 at Daet, Camarines Norte.

Validated by:

FLORICEL M. BALDERAMA, MAEd.

Thesis Professor
Legal Management Department
Camarines Norte School of Law

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Curriculum Vitae

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 Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts, and Sciences Inc.
Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

SHYRA MAE R. ECO

PERSONAL DATA
Age: 23
Date of Birth: March 26, 1999
Place of Birth: Metro Manila
Religion: Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Height: 154 cm.
Weight: 53 kls.
Address: P-2 Brgy. Parang Jose Panganiban Camarines Norte
Marital Status: Single
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Colleges
Bachelor of Science in Business Administrations, major in Legal Management
Camarines Norte School of Law
2019-Present

Bachelor of Science in Business Administrations, major in Human Resource

Management
Camarines Norte State College
S.Y. 2018-2019

High School
Senior High School
Track- Accountancy and Business Management
Mabini Colleges
S.Y. 2016-2018

Junior High School

Jose Panganiban National Highschool
S.Y. 2012-2016

Elementary
Parang Elementary School
2012

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Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

GERVIN G. ARQUIZAL

PERSONAL DATA
Age: 25
Date of Birth: August 29, 1995
Place of Birth: Camarines Norte Provincial Hospital
Religion: Evangelical Christian
Nationality: Filipino
Height: 174 cm.
Weight: 102.5 kls.
Address: P-5 Brgy. Pamorangon Daet, Camarines Norte
Marital Status: Single
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Colleges
Bachelor of Science in Business Administrations, major in Legal Management
Camarines Norte School of Law
Present

Computer Programming NCIV

Northhills College of Asia
S.Y. 2014-2016

High School
Zion Christian Academy Foundation
2012

Elementary
Gregorio Pimentel Memorial School
2008

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 Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts, and Sciences Inc.
Brgy. Itomang, Talisay Camarines Norte 4602

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

DARWIN R. QUIÑONES

PERSONAL DATA
Age: 24
Date of Birth: October 12, 1997

Place of Birth: Vinzons

Religion: Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Height: 173
Weight: 80 kls.
Address: Sitio Minaogan Brgy. Calangkawan Norte Vinzons Camarines Norte
Marital Status: Single
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Colleges
Bachelor of Science in Business Administrations, major in Legal Management
Camarines Norte School of Law
2018-Present

High School
Senior Highschool
Track- General Academic Strand
Vinzons Pilot Highschool
S.Y. 2016-2018

Junior High School

Vinzons Pilot Highschool
2016

Elementary
Vinzons Pilot Elementary School
2012

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