Scribd
Upload
27 views

Triangulation

Triangulation is a method of surveying that uses angular measurements to determine locations of points. It has several objectives including establishing accurate control for large area surveys, determining accurate locations for engineering projects, and assisting in determining the size and shape of the Earth. Triangulation networks are classified based on their intended use and scale, from first order national networks down to local third order networks. Careful selection of station locations and network layout is important to maximize accuracy and allow for redundant measurements. Fieldwork involves reconnaissance, erecting signals, measuring baselines and angles, and astronomical observations.

Uploaded by

A R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views

Triangulation

Triangulation is a method of surveying that uses angular measurements to determine locations of points. It has several objectives including establishing accurate control for large area surveys, determining accurate locations for engineering projects, and assisting in determining the size and shape of the Earth. Triangulation networks are classified based on their intended use and scale, from first order national networks down to local third order networks. Careful selection of station locations and network layout is important to maximize accuracy and allow for redundant measurements. Fieldwork involves reconnaissance, erecting signals, measuring baselines and angles, and astronomical observations.

Uploaded by

A R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

TRIANGULATION

POINTS TO BE DISCUSSED

• What is Triangulation.
• Objectives of Triangulation.
• Principle of Triangulation.
• Triangulation figures or System.
• Classification of Triangulation.
• Inter visibility of triangulation stations (examples)
• Selection of triangulation stations.
• Measurements of Horizontal angle
OBJECTIVES OF TRIANGULATION

• to establish accurate control for plane and geodetic surveys of large


• areas
• to establish accurate control for photogrammetric surveys of large
areas
• to assist in the determination of the size and shape of the earth
• to determine accurate locations of points in engineering works
OBJECTIVES OF TRIANGULATION

1. Fixing center line and abutments of long bridges over large rivers.
2. Fixing center line, terminal points, and shafts for long tunnels.
3. Transferring the control points across wide sea channels, large
water bodies ,etc.
4. Detection of crustal movements, etc.
5. Finding the direction of the movement of clouds.
CLASSIFICATION

• First order (primary)- to determine the shape and


size of the earth, to cover a vast area like a country

• Second order (secondary)- network within first


order triangulation, for a region/province

• Third order (tertiary)- within second order


triangulation, for detailed engineering and
location surveys
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF THE LAYOUT OF TRIANGLES

• Simple triangles should be preferably equilateral.


• Braced quadrilaterals should be preferably approximate squares.
• Centered polygons should be regular
• The arrangement should be such that the computations can be done
through two or more independent routes.
• The arrangement should be such that at least one route and
preferably two routes form well conditioned triangles.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF THE LAYOUT OF TRIANGLES

• Angles of simple triangles should not be less than 45°, and in the case
of quadrilaterals, no angle should be less than 30°. In the case of
centered polygons, no angle should be less than 40°.
• The sides of the figures should be of comparable lengths. Very long
lines and very short lines should be avoided.
• The layout should be such that it requires least work to achieve
maximum progress.
WELL CONDITIONED TRIANGLE

• any error in angular measurement has a minimum


effect upon the computed lengths
• To ensure that two sides of any triangle are equally
affected, these should, therefore, be equal in length.
• This condition suggests that all the triangles must,
therefore, be isosceles
• best shape of an isosceles triangle is that triangle
whose base angles are 56°14' each
• a triangle having an angle less than 30° or more than 120° should
not be considered.
STRENGTH OF FIGURE
A figure which gives the least error in calculated length of the last line in the
system due to the shape of the triangle and the composition of he figures.
• Sine values changes more rapidly for smaller angles than for larger ones, it
is evident that the percent error in computed side of a triangle will be
larger if the side is opposite a small angle than if it is opposite a larger one.
• Therefore, in choosing the stations for a system of triangulation, it is matter
of great importance that the angles shall be of such size that the required
degree of accuracy is maintained in the computed results.
• also in a system of triangles which is more complex than a chain of simple
triangles, there will be a variety of paths through the system whereby the
length of any given side be computed and it is important to choose the
route which will yield the highest accuracy.
STRENGTH OF FIGURE

• square of the probable error (L²) that would occur in the sixth place of
the logarithm of any side, if the computations are carried from a
known side through a single chain of triangles after the net has been
adjusted for the side and angle conditions
• d is the probable error of an observed direction in seconds of arc, and
R is a term which represents the shape of figure
STRENGTH OF FIGURE

• D = the number of directions observed excluding the known side of


the figure,
• δA,δB ,δC = the difference per second in the sixth place of logarithm
of the sine of the distance angles A, B and C, respectively. (Distance
angle is the angle in a triangle opposite to a side), and
STRENGTH OF FIGURE

• n = the total number of lines including the known side in a figure,


• n' = the number of lines observed in both directions including the
known side,
• S = the total number of stations, and
• S' = the number of stations occupied.
TRIANGULATION SURVEY
FIELD WORK

• Reconnaissance
• Erection of signals and towers
• Measurement of base line
• Measurement of horizontal angles
• Measurement of vertical angles
• Astronomical observations to determine the azimuth of the lines.
RECONNAISSANCE

• Examination of terrain to be surveyed.


• Selection of suitable sites for measurement of base lines.
• Selection of suitable positions for triangulation stations.
• Determination of intervisibility of triangulation stations.
• Selection of conspicuous well-defined natural points to be used as
intersected points.
• Collection of miscellaneous information regarding:
a. Access to various triangulation stations
b. Transport facilities
c. Availability of food, water, etc.
d. Availability of labor
e. Camping ground.
INSTRUMENTS

• Small theodolite and sextant for measurement of angles.


• Prismatic compass for measurement of bearings.
• Steel tape.
• Aneroid barometer for ascertaining elevations.
• Heliotropes for ascertaining intervisibility.
• Binocular.
• Drawing instruments and material.
• Guyed ladders, creepers, ropes, etc., for climbing trees.
SIGNALS AND TOWERS

• signal is a device erected to define the exact position of


a triangulation station so that it can be observed from
other stations
• tower is a structure over a station to support the
instrument and the observer, and is provided when the
station or the signal, or both are to be elevated
NON LUMINOUS SIGNALS –
Pole signal, target signal, pole and brush signal, beacons
LUMINOUS SIGNALS
Sun signals – Heliotrope
Night signals - Oil lamps, electric lamps, acetylene lamps,
Magnesium lamps
NON- LUMINOUS SIGNALS

You might also like