Manuel S.

Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering

An Autonomous University

LESSON 1:
BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS
ENBC 323 – Engineering Utilities 2
3rd Year Civil Engineering

ENGR. DANIELLE JOSEPH H. BUBAN, RMEE

FACULTY – Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the lesson, the student must be able to:
1. Recognize and discuss the basic thermodynamics concepts
2. Identify the different thermodynamic properties involved in
different substances
3. Solve and illustrate problems involving the basic concepts of
thermodynamics
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS?
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS?
Thermodynamics is a branch of science that treats various phenomena of
energy and the related properties of matter, especially of the laws of
transformation of heat into other form of energy and vice versa.

Thermodynamics is the science of the relationship between heat,

work, temperature, and energy. In broad terms, thermodynamics
deals with the transfer of energy from one place to another and
from one form to another. The key concept is that heat is a form of
energy corresponding to a definite amount of mechanical work.
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
An intensive property is one that does not depend on the mass of the substance
or system.

The properties of matter that do not depend on the size or quantity

of matter in any way are referred to as an intensive property of
matter. Temperatures, density, colour, melting and boiling point, etc.,
all are intensive properties as they will not change with a change in
size or quantity of matter. The density of 1 litre of water or 100 litres
of water will remain the same as it is an intensive property.
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
An extensive property of a system depends on the system size or the amount of
matter in the system.

There are properties such as length, mass, volume, weight, etc. that
depend on the quantity or size of the matter, these properties are
called an extensive property of matter and their value changes if the
size or quantity of matter changes. Suppose we have two boxes
made up of the same material, one has a capacity of four litres while
the other has a capacity of ten litres. The box with ten litres capacity
will have more amount of matter as compared to that of a four-litre
box.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

WHAT IS PRESSURE AND

TEMPERATURE?
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

WHAT IS PRESSURE???
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the
surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.

Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive

from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure,
𝑁
the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square meter ;
𝑚2
similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi) is the traditional unit
of pressure in the imperial and U.S. customary systems.
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

WHAT IS PRESSURE???
Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric
pressure; the atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure.

Manometric units such as the centimeter of water, millimeter of

mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms
of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

WHAT IS PRESSURE???
Simply, Pressure can be expressed mathematically by the
formula
𝑭
𝐏=
𝑨

Where:
P = Pressure
F = Force
A = Area
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF PRESSURE
GAGE PRESSURE
The pressure of a fluid or system measured by pressure measuring instruments

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
The force exerted by the column of atmosphere per unit area at the surface of
the earth. It is the intensity of force per unit area due to the weight of the atmosphere

STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

The pressure of the atmosphere measured at the surface of the earth near sea
level
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF PRESSURE
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
The pressure of a fluid or system with reference to an absolute
zero pressure
a. Absolute pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒

b. Absolute pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

CONVERSTION OF PRESSURE
Note:
✓ Pgage = negative (-) when the pressure is vacuum.
✓ Perfect vacuum is -101.325.

1 Patm = 101.325 kPa

1 Patm = 101.325 kPa
= 14.7 psi
= 1.032 kg/sq. cm
= 29.92 in Hg
= 760 mmHg
= 760 torr
= 1.013 bar
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

WHAT IS TEMPERATURE??
Temperature
- measure of intensity of heat. The degree of hotness or
coldness

➢ Absolute temperature
- the temperature measured from absolute zero.

➢ Absolute zero
- the temperature at which the molecules stop moving.
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

WHAT IS TEMPERATURE??
• Relation between temperature scales:
9
𝐹 = 𝐶 + 32 𝑅 = 𝐹 + 460
5
5
𝐶= 𝐹 − 32 𝐾 = 𝐶 + 273
9

TEMPERATURE INTERVAL/CHANGE
– the difference between two temperature readings from the same scale,
and the change in temperature through which the body is heated.

𝟏𝑪𝒐 = 𝟗ൗ𝟓 𝑭𝒐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒.
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

States that the object will accelerate in the direction and directly
proportional to the unbalanced force acting on it.

𝑎0
𝐹 ∝𝑎𝐹 =𝑚
𝑔𝑐
Where;
F = unbalance force
m = mass of the object
𝑎0 = observed acceleration or local acceleration
= 9.81m/sec. square = 32.2 ft/sec. square
𝑘𝑔−𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 −𝑓𝑡
𝑔𝑐 = proportionality constant = 1 = 32.2
𝑁−𝑠 2 𝑙𝑏𝑓 −𝑠 2
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

Density and Specific Volume

The density is defined as mass per unit volume and the specific volume is defined as volume per
unit mass. Specific volume is the inverse of density.
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉

Specific Weight
This defined as weight (force) of the thermodynamic substance per unit volume.
𝐹 𝑚𝑔𝑜 𝑔𝑜
𝛾= = =𝜌
𝑉 𝑣𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐

Specific Gravity or Relative Density

The ratio of the density of a substance by the density of standard substance, such as water at 4
degree C.
𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝐺 = =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 @ 4𝑜𝐶 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 @ 4𝑜 𝐶
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

FORMS OF ENERGY
1.Potential Energy
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position.
𝑔𝑜
𝑃𝐸2 − 𝑃𝐸1 = 𝑚 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
𝑔𝑐
𝑔𝑜
∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚 ∆𝑧
𝑔𝑐
2. Kinetic Energy
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion.
1𝑚
𝐾𝐸2 − 𝐾𝐸1 = 𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2
2 𝑔𝑐
1𝑚
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2
2 𝑔𝑐
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM and SURROUNDINGS

Thermodynamics system or also known as control volume is defined as a region
in space that is under consideration, it also contains mass or thermodynamic substance.
It has the specific boundaries that separate it from the external effects of the
environment.
A system can be anything, for example, a piston, pump, blower, turbine or
compressor.

Types of thermodynamic system:

Open system (steady flow system) are able to exchange energy (heat and work) and
mass across the system boundaries.
Wout Win
PE1 PE2 An open or steady-flow system
KE1 KE2 where mass and associated
min mout
energies, including heat and
U1 U2
work crosses the system
Wf1 Wf2 boundaries.
Qin Qout
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

Closed system (non-flow system) are able to exchange energy (heat and work) across the
system boundary not mass.
Wout Win
A closed or non-flow system, only
heat and work crosses the system
min = 0 mout = 0
boundaries.

Qin Qout

Isolated systems are totally isolated from the environment. There is no exchange of heat,
work, or mass across the system boundaries.
Wout = 0 Win = 0

An isolated system, no mass, heat

min = 0 mout = 0 and work crosses the system
boundaries.

Qin = 0 Qout = 0
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

Nonflow Process – a process that takes place in a closed system.

Example: compressor
Steady flow Process – a process that takes place in an open system in which the quantity of matter
within the system is constant.
Example: turbine
Non-flow work – work in a non-flow process.
𝟐
𝑾𝒏 = න 𝑷𝒅𝑽 = 𝑷 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏
𝟏
Steady flow work – the work in a steady flow process.
𝟐
𝑾𝒔 = − න 𝑽𝒅𝑷 = 𝑽 𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐
𝟏
Where:
P = pressure
V = volume
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

States that the mass going in in the system is equal to the mass going out of the system.

Mass flow rate going in the system = mass flow rate going out the system
𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡

m1 = 5 kg/s

m1 + m2 = 12 kg/s

m2 = 7 kg/s
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

The Continuity Equation

The continuity equation was derived from the law of conservation of mass.
𝑚1 = 𝑚2

𝜌1 𝑉1 = 𝜌2 𝑉2

𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2
For frictionless flow
V = A1v1= A2v2
Where:
A = cross sectional area normal to the flow, sq. meter
v = average flow velocity, m/s
V = volume flow rate, cu. Meter/sec.
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

HEAT and ENTROPY:

Heat – a form of energy associated with the kinetic random motion
of large number of molecules.
Sensible heat – the heat needed to change the temperature of the
body without changing its phase.
𝑸𝒔 = 𝒎𝑪∆𝑻
Where:
Qs = sensible heat
m = mass
ΔT = change in temperature
C = specific heat
Cwater = 1.0 cal/gm C = 1 Btu/lb F = 4.186 kJ/kg K
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

Latent heat – the heat needed by the body to change its phase without changing its
temperature.
Latent heat of fusion – solid to liquid
Latent heat of vaporization – liquid to gas
𝑸𝑳 = ±𝒎𝑳
Where:
QL = heat needed
m = mass
L = latent heat (fusion/vaporization)
(+) = heat entering; substance melts
(-) = heat leaving; substance freezes
Note:
Latent heat of fusion of ice (Lf)
= 144 Btu/lb = 334 kJ/kg = 80 cal/gm
Latent heat of vaporization of boiling water (Lv)
= 970 Btu/lb = 2257 kJ/kg = 540 cal/gm
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

Entropy – the measure of randomness of the molecules of a substance. It is also the

measure of the amount of energy that is unavailable to do useful work in a closed
system undergoing a change of state.
Enthalpy – the heat energy transferred to a substance at a constant pressure process.

Internal energy – the energy stored within the body. It is the sum of the kinetic energy
of all its constituent particles plus the sum of all the potential energies of interaction
among these particles.
𝑯 = 𝑼 + 𝑷𝑽
Where;
H = enthalpy
U = internal energy
P = absolute pressure
V = volume
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

ANY QUESTION????
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University College of Engineering

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